992:
1463:. He noted that despite the size of the UNITAF mission, a secure environment was not yet established and there was still no effective functioning government or local security/police force. The Secretary-General concluded therefore, that, should the Security Council determine that the time had come for the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II, the latter should be endowed with enforcement powers under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter to establish a secure environment throughout Somalia. The operation would therefore seek to complete the task begun by UNITAF for the restoration of peace and stability in Somalia. The new mandate would also empower UNOSOM II to assist the Somali people in rebuilding their economic, political and social life, through achieving national reconciliation so as to recreate a democratic Somali State. UNOSOM II was established by the Security Council in
1229:
2724:
1140:"The deck was stacked against UNOSOM II, to some extent, from the beginning. The US was anxious to leave, feeling they had accomplished their somewhat limited objectives, but the UN was far from ready to receive the baton. The US, which had planned for a five or six weeks mission when it agreed to head UNITAF, was ready to turn over the command by mid-January. As the UNITAF commander was able to assign humanitarian relief sectors (HRS) to non-US forces, he began—with the approval of CINCCENT and the JCS—to reduce US forces and redeploy them to their home bases. In his words,
1035:
250:
1353:
52:
743:
655:
172:
484:
665:
224:
753:
635:
198:
154:
497:
703:
605:
510:
1176:
mentioned "the offer by a Member State described in the
Secretary-General's letter to the Council of 29 November 1992 (S/24868) concerning the establishment of an operation to create such a secure environment". Resolution 794 was unanimously adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 3 December 1992, and they welcomed the United States offer to help create a secure environment for humanitarian efforts in Somalia. President
432:
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3178:
185:
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615:
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763:
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406:
341:
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237:
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645:
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thousand
Somalis had already starved to death, and 1.5 million were at risk of starvation. Some elements were actively opposing the UNOSOM intervention. Troops were shot at, aid ships attacked and prevented from docking, cargo aircraft were fired upon and aid agencies, public and private, were subject to threats, looting and extortion. By November, General
1010:, authorizing the use of "all necessary means to establish as soon as possible a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations in Somalia". The Security Council urged the Secretary-General and member states to make arrangements for "the unified command and control" of the military forces that would be involved.
1371:
determined that the presence of UNITAF troops had a "positive impact on the security situation in
Somalia and on the effective delivery of humanitarian assistance." An epidemiological survey determined approximately 10,000 lives had been saved by the military intervention. While UNITAF saw a dramatic
1211:
region in the northwest. The intervention happened twenty-two months after the fall of Barre's regime. Other critics explain the intervention as the administration's way to maintain the size and expenditures of the post-Cold War military establishment, to deflect criticism for the president's failure
1293:(2/9) along with Delta Battery 2nd Battalion 12th Marines, performed simultaneous ship to objective amphibious assaults on the Port of Mogadishu and Mogadishu International Airport, establishing a foothold for additional incoming troops. Echo and Golf Company assaulted the airport by helicopter and
1175:
Prior to
Resolution 794, the United States had approached the UN and offered a significant troop contribution to Somalia, with the caveat that these personnel would not be commanded by the UN. Resolution 794 did not specifically identify the U.S. as being responsible for the future task force, but
964:
Over the final quarter of 1992, the situation in
Somalia continued to worsen. Factions were splintering into smaller factions, and then splintered again. Agreements for food distribution with one party were worthless when the stores had to be shipped through the territory of another. Three hundred
1458:
UNITAF was only intended as a transitional body. Once a secure environment had been restored, the suspended UNOSOM mission would be revived, albeit in a much more robust form. On 3 March 1993, the
Secretary-General submitted to the Security Council his recommendations for effecting the transition
1002:
However, Boutros-Ghali felt that such action would be difficult to apply under the mandate for UNOSOM. Moreover, he realised that solving
Somalia's problems would require such a large deployment that the UN Secretariat did not have the skills to command and control it. Accordingly, he recommended
1400:
Operation
Continue Hope provided support of UNOSOM II to establish a secure environment for humanitarian relief operations by providing personnel, logistical, communications, intelligence support, a quick reaction force, and other elements as required. Navy ships were involved, from the unit USS
1195:. He had been inserted prior to official U.S. presence on a special reconnaissance mission, serving as a liaison between the U.S. Embassy and the arriving military forces while providing intelligence for both. The first Marines of UNITAF landed on the beaches of Somalia on 9 December 1992 amid a
1490:
on the multinational force. On 3 May 1993, UNOSOM II officially assumed command, and on 4 May 1993 it assumed responsibility for the operations. Despite UNOSOM II being composed of a coalition of twenty-seven countries, most of the decision makers were still
Americans, giving the United States
1013:
UNITAF has been considered part of a larger state building initiative in
Somalia, serving as the military arm to secure the distribution of humanitarian aid. However, UNITAF cannot be considered a state building initiative due to its specific, limited and palliative aims, which it nonetheless
1424:
No disarmament of the rivalling factions within Somalia was undertaken. This meant that the situation stayed stable only for the time UNITAF's overwhelming presence was deterring the fighting. Therefore, the mandate to create a "secure environment" was not achieved in a durable fashion. The
1216:, or to leave office on a high note. To many in the administration, the intervention seemed like an optimal case for the use of military force – the chances of success seemed high, while the political risks and the danger to U.S. troops appeared to be limited. Acting Secretary of State
1376:. The primary reason was due to the sharp decline in mortality rates during October 1992, before the large scale deployment of troops. Studies on the intervention noted that UNITAF had the effect of speeding up the famines conclusion by about a month. According to an assessment by the
1244:
from Naval Special Warfare Task Unit TRIPOLI began conducting beach and port hydrographic and reconnaissance survey operations in the vicinity of the landing beach, airport, and harbor. These operations lasted three days. In the early hours of 8 December 1992, elements of the
1129:, however, the relationship between CentCom and the contributing nations varied. There were a few confrontations over the methods and mandates employed by some contingents. For example, the Italian contingent was accused of bribing local militias to maintain peace, whilst the
1003:
that a large intervention force be constituted under the command of member states but authorised by the Security Council to carry out operations in Somalia. The goal of this deployment was "to prepare the way for a return to peacekeeping and post-conflict peace-building".
1421:. The Marine units from 11th Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU) were involved. The USS Anchorage docked at the port of Mogadishu and spent several days there. Over 60 Army aircraft and approximately 1,000 aviation personnel operated in Somalia from 1992 to 1994.
807:
1305:, as well as 3rd Battalion, 11th Marines (3/11 is an artillery battalion but operated as a provisional infantry battalion while in Somalia), arrived soon after the airport was secured. Elements of BLT 2/9's India Co, and 1/7 went on to secure the airport in
1499:
openly admitted that the critical posts in his headquarters were manned by Americans by May 1993, and it was observed that very few nations involved had any representation in the UN military command structure. In addition to this the representative of the
1282:. Although initially unopposed, the uncertain operating environment required using nonlinear, simultaneous forcible entry operations along multiple lines of operation from selected afloat and ashore basing throughout the amphibious operations area.
1118:(I MEF) staff made up the core of the JTF headquarters. (The name of this command started as CJTF Somalia but changed to United Task Force-UNITAF). The CJTF commanded Marine forces from I MEF (referred to as MARFOR Somalia) and Army forces from the
3764:
1396:
claimed that the intervention saved a quarter of a million Somali lives, a claim which has been disputed by other observers who have noted that there is minimal evidence to suggest that UNITAF had had any significant impact on mortality.
960:
mission in April 1992. However, the complete intransigence of the local faction leaders operating in Somalia and their rivalries with each other meant that UNOSOM I could not be performed. The mission never reached its mandated strength.
1122:(referred to as ARFOR Somalia), as well as Air Force and Navy personnel and units. There were also special operations forces components, in addition to the forces provided by countries contributing to the US-led, combined coalition.
800:
1202:
Critics of U.S. involvement argued that the U.S. government was intervening so as to gain control of oil concessions for American companies, with a survey of Northeast Africa by the World Bank and UN ranking Somalia second only to
987:
allows for "action by air, sea or land forces as may be necessary to maintain or restore international peace and security." Boutros-Ghali believed the time had come for employing this clause and moving on from peacekeeping.
793:
3750:
3639:
3337:
3588:
1384:
Refugee Policy Group, only 10,000 to 25,000 lives of the approximately 100,000 rescued by international assistance had been saved by the UNITAF and UNOSOM II interventions, and according to Professor
3632:
3300:
3429:
2949:
3966:
2931:
2919:
2042:
3936:
3231:
1207:
as the top prospective producer. However, no American and UN troops were deployed in proximity to the major oil exploration areas in the northeastern part of the country or the autonomous
3402:
1853:"Column One; The Oil Factor In Somalia;Four American Petroleum Giants Had Agreements With The African Nation Before Its Civil War Began. They Could Reap Big Rewards If Peace Is Restored"
991:
3941:
3004:
3204:
3971:
3595:
1495:, head of UNITAF, would state that although in his view UNITAF had been success US efforts and losses would be in vain if UNOSOM II was also not successful. UNOSOM II Force Commander
1056:
The vast bulk of UNITAF's total personnel strength was provided by the United States (some 25,000 out of a total of 37,000 personnel). Other countries that contributed to UNITAF were
3946:
3646:
3473:
2995:
969:
had grown confident enough to defy the Security Council formally and demand the withdrawal of peacekeepers, as well as declaring hostile intent against any further UN deployments.
3358:
3951:
3574:
3379:
2914:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3926:
2733:
3720:
3133:
1509:
983:. Diplomatic avenues having proved largely fruitless, he recommended that a significant show of force was required to bring the armed groups to heel. Chapter VII of the
872:
3901:
3743:
1337:
3395:
1486:, a United Nations led force. The major change in policy that the transition from UNITAF to UNOSOM II entailed is that the new mandate included the responsibility of
3931:
3921:
2120:
2084:
3482:
3906:
3388:
1513:
1479:
1464:
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1007:
941:
130:
126:
1180:
responded to this by initiating Operation Restore Hope on 4 December 1992, under which the United States would assume command in accordance with Resolution 794.
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3713:
3224:
3143:
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3042:
2860:
2771:
2704:
3956:
3916:
3911:
3330:
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3258:
3249:
1133:
troops were accused of over-vigorous use of force in disarming militiamen. The Canadian contingent of the operation was known by the Canadian operation name
3829:
3736:
2073:(Incorporating Change 1, 22 October 2018 ed.). Joint Chiefs of Staff: US Government Printing Office. pp. V-17 to V-18, VIII-12 to VIII-13, GL-10.
3372:
2909:
2902:
877:
3896:
3799:
3128:
2897:
110:
2638:
1875:
1151:
authorizing UNOSOM II was not passed until late March, and the first staff members were not in place and ready to start the transition until April."
3785:
3365:
3217:
3199:
3181:
3138:
1057:
1107:
For UNITAF, "the task of organizing and subordinating the units became largely a negotiation between the supplying governments and the JTF staff."
1104:
from New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Tunisia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and Zimbabwe.
3843:
3836:
3581:
3411:
2892:
1501:
1241:
1199:. The press "seemed to know the exact time and place of the Marines' arrival" and waited on the airport runway and beaches to capture the moment.
2954:
1442:
1119:
866:
2134:
3148:
2741:
2581:
2250:
2223:
1912:
1373:
827:
2763:
3771:
2833:
2829:
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1336:
Concurrently, various Somali factions returned to the negotiating table in an attempt to end the civil war. This effort was known as the
3891:
3704:
3556:
3316:
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2700:
1357:
1228:
2812:
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3690:
3660:
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2534:
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1246:
1220:
described the situation in Somalia as "a tragedy of massive proportions, and, underline this, one that we could do something about.”
1204:
3265:
2853:
2526:
2496:
1835:
1644:
2560:
1668:
United Nations, 1992, Letter dated 92/11/29 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council, page 6.
3815:
3505:
2939:
2024:
1365:
1313:, while BLT 2/9's Golf Company, and elements of the Belgian Special Forces, conducted an amphibious landing at the port city of
3451:
3444:
3437:
3351:
3240:
2869:
1475:
2606:
Miller, Laura L.; Moskos, C. (1995). "Humanitarians or Warriors?: Race, Gender, and Combat Status in Operation Restore Hope".
2486:
3667:
2573:
1364:
As UNITAF's mandate was to protect the delivery of food and other humanitarian aid, the operation was regarded as a success.
1250:
1688:
1852:
3609:
2887:
2517:
1659:
United Nations, 1992, Letter dated 92/11/24 from the Secretary-General addressed to the President of the Security Council.
1381:
984:
2764:"United States Forces, Somalia After Action Report and Historical Overview: The United States Army in Somalia, 1992–1994"
3512:
2846:
1471:
1341:
1115:
1014:
exercised forcefully. The primary objective of UNITAF was security rather than larger institution building initiatives.
3859:
3697:
1294:
1188:
1147:“knew his mission had been accomplished” and was waiting for the UN to assume the greater mission formally. However,
1928:
Baum, Matthew A. (June 2004). "How Public Opinion Constrains the Use of Force: The Case of Operation Restore Hope".
1508:, staffed his headquarters with twenty-eight US officers in key positions. Months into the operation, following the
3868:
3533:
1426:
1402:
1302:
1034:
900:
887:
3792:
3625:
3526:
3323:
2608:
1290:
3681:
3602:
2959:
2944:
1760:
Patman, R.G., 2001, ‘Beyond ‘the Mogadishu Line’: Some Australian Lessons for Managing Intra-State Conflicts’,
1418:
1352:
893:
833:
539:
93:
1100:(brigade HQ at Baidoa and three battalions), Ireland (transport company), Italy, Kuwait, Morocco, elements of
944:
to create a protected environment for conducting humanitarian operations in the southern half of the country.
3729:
2355:
The United States and Post-cold War Interventions: Bush and Clinton in Somalia, Haiti, and Bosnia, 1992–1998
907:
1987:
1751:
Relations with Humanitarian Relief Organizations: Observations from Restore Hope, Center for Naval Analysis
1714:
1344:
signed on 27 March 1993. The conference, however, had little result as the civil war continued afterwards.
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3674:
3496:
2975:
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1406:
953:
51:
3653:
3153:
2681:
2645:
1774:
1740:
1389:
1368:
1286:
1276:
1134:
1130:
1101:
976:
849:
554:
2210:
3806:
3757:
1262:
1217:
1126:
1111:
973:
966:
785:
577:
489:
2378:
2218:(Repr ed.). Solna, Sweden: Sipri, Stockholm International Peace Research Inst. pp. 56–57.
2099:
3822:
3458:
2138:
1269:
1038:
956:
in Somalia, exacerbated by a complete breakdown in civil order, the United Nations had created the
2776:
2625:
2320:
2114:
2078:
1492:
1414:
1258:
1144:
1141:
1050:
569:
2825:
1816:
Bush, George H., Address to the Nation on the Situation in Somalia, 4/12/92 On 23 December 1992,
2409:
1114:(USCINCCENT) established Joint Task Force (JTF) Somalia to perform Operation Restore Hope. The
3616:
3209:
2817:
2737:
2685:
2577:
2569:
2540:
2530:
2492:
2460:
2429:
2358:
2312:
2273:
2246:
2219:
2160:
2109:. Joint Chiefs of Staff: US Government Printing Office. pp. II-9 to II-13, IV-4 to IV-19.
1945:
1908:
1831:
1694:
1640:
1429:
was disbanded due to its conduct at UNITAF that was revealed during an investigation into the
1177:
1168:
1164:
559:
2708:
1538:
3540:
3163:
2809:
2801:
2617:
2421:
2304:
1937:
1377:
1298:
43:
1006:
Following this recommendation, on 3 December 1992 the Security Council unanimously adopted
932:) was a United States-led, United Nations-sanctioned multinational force which operated in
1539:"The United States Army in Somalia, 1992-1994 | U.S. Army Center of Military History"
1487:
1393:
882:
119:
2838:
1372:
increase in the scope of the military intervention, no more lives were saved compared to
2587:
1191:, became the first U.S. casualty of the conflict in Somalia when his vehicle struck an
936:
from 5 December 1992 until 4 May 1993. A United States initiative (code-named
3027:
2873:
2730:
2670:
2017:
1786:
1430:
1192:
996:
856:
502:
89:
1022:
17:
3885:
3194:
3032:
2677:
2629:
2185:
1941:
1611:
1505:
515:
2747:
1045:
3489:
3103:
1385:
1196:
564:
437:
1496:
1159:
2452:
2240:
1634:
3344:
3098:
3070:
1860:
1410:
1301:
rubber boat assault. The 1st Marine Division's Air Contingency Battalion (ACB),
1213:
1097:
385:
2621:
2548:
3065:
2985:
2425:
2277:
1677:
United Nations, Security Council resolution 794 (1992), 24 April 1992, para. 3
1237:
1208:
1065:
190:
103:
2464:
2433:
2316:
1964:
1949:
1574:
1552:
2544:
1483:
1460:
1451:
1447:
1254:
1061:
320:
177:
1715:"UNITED NATIONS OPERATION IN SOMALIA II (UNOSOM II) - Background (Summary)"
2212:
Humanitarian military intervention: the conditions for success and failure
2100:"Chapter II – Types of Amphibious Operations, Chapter IV – Planning Phase"
3519:
3108:
1388:
the true figure may have been even lower. Figures like Secretary-General
1318:
1073:
957:
528:
424:
359:
255:
216:
2324:
2292:
1257:. At 0540, on 9 December, the MEU performed a combined methods of entry
3088:
3050:
1575:"American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics"
1330:
1326:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1089:
1069:
933:
463:
398:
372:
281:
203:
77:
2267:
1828:
Somalia Diary: The President of CARE Tells One Country's Story of Hope
3093:
3022:
3017:
2729:. The United Nations Blue Book Series. Vol. VIII. New York, NY:
2308:
1775:
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress/SAASS-Theses/smdpage15021/6/
1741:
https://www.airuniversity.af.edu/AUPress/SAASS-Theses/smdpage15021/6/
1636:
Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention
1306:
1093:
1085:
1077:
476:
411:
346:
294:
268:
229:
2023:. United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College. p. 23.
3158:
1986:
Borchini, Charles P. (Lt. Col.); Borstelmann, Mari (October 1994).
3060:
3055:
3012:
1446:
1351:
1227:
1158:
1081:
1044:
1033:
1021:
990:
450:
333:
307:
242:
3589:
Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992
2044:
Restoring Hope: In Somalia with the Unified Task Force 1992–1993
1491:
significant control over much of the operation. Marine Lt. Gen.
1027:
980:
3213:
2842:
2135:"The General Agreement signed in Addis Ababa on 8 January 1993"
1317:. Air support was provided by the combined helicopter units of
789:
2826:
Bibliography of Contingency Operations: Somalia (Restore Hope)
1184:
2562:
Stability Operations in Somalia 1992-1993 : A Case Study
1125:
The national contingents were co-ordinated and overseen by
2410:"Fateful Encounter: The United States and UN peacekeeping"
2269:
Scramble for Africa : Darfur-intervention and the USA
1639:(1st ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. p. 155.
1467:
on 26 March 1993 and formally took over two months later.
1907:. Trenton, NJ: The Red Sea Press, Inc. pp. 156–160.
972:
In the face of mounting public pressure and frustration,
776:
Several thousand both civilians and military insurgents (
1291:
Battalion Landing Team (BLT) 2nd Battalion, 9th Marines
1253:(MEU) conducted leaflet drops over the capital city of
3647:
Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990
2453:"US Backs Up UN in Somalia, Protecting Its Investment"
1261:
into the city of Mogadishu and surrounding areas from
1516:, the US would effectively take lead of the mission.
1504:
in Somalia and head of UNOSOM II, retired US Admiral
3575:
Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992
1898:
1896:
1612:"United Nations Operation In Somalia I – (Unosom I)"
1482:, which marked the transfer of power from UNITAF to
3566:
3472:
3421:
3248:
3121:
3079:
3041:
3003:
2994:
2968:
2930:
2880:
2639:"The Effort to Save Somalia August 1992-March 1994"
2576:: Peacekeeping and Stability Operations Institute.
2293:"The Lessons of Somalia: Not Everything Went Wrong"
1876:"Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey"
2669:
2137:. United States Institute of Peace. Archived from
1830:. Atlanta, Georgia: Longstreet Press. p. 73.
817:United Nations Intervention in Somalia (1992–1995)
3967:United Nations Security Council subsidiary organs
3721:Residential Lead-Based Paint Hazard Reduction Act
2018:"A Comparative Analysis of Offensive Air Support"
1693:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 86.
3937:Military operations involving the United Kingdom
3744:Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act
2672:Losing Mogadishu: Testing U.S. Policy in Somalia
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1553:"United Nations Operation in Somalia UNSOM 1992"
1338:Conference on National Reconciliation in Somalia
3942:Military operations involving the United States
36:
3972:United States Marine Corps in the 20th century
1905:From Tyranny to Anarchy: The Somali Experience
1149:United Nations Security Council Resolution 814
942:United Nations Security Council Resolution 794
3947:Pakistan military presence in other countries
3714:Housing and Community Development Act of 1992
3225:
2854:
2772:United States Army Center of Military History
2705:United States Army Center of Military History
2701:"The United States Army in Somalia 1992-1994"
2050:. United States Marines Corps. pp. 31–34
1297:, while Fox Company secured the port with an
1236:The operation began on 6 December 1992, when
801:
8:
68:(6 months, 4 weeks and 1 day)
27:1992–1993 UN peacekeeping mission in Somalia
3952:Military operations of the Somali Civil War
3737:Individuals with Disabilities Education Act
2119:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2083:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3418:
3232:
3218:
3210:
3000:
2861:
2847:
2839:
808:
794:
786:
33:
3927:Military operations involving New Zealand
3800:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990
2818:Global Security on Operation Restore Hope
2519:Somalia Operations : Lessons Learned
2340:Peacekeeping and the International System
2098:Joint Publication 3-02 (4 January 2019).
2069:Joint Publication 3-0 (17 January 2017).
3786:North American Wetlands Conservation Act
3203:) is being considered for deletion. See
2726:The United Nations and Somalia 1992-1996
2488:The Somali Conflict: Prospects for Peace
1058:1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
940:), UNITAF was charged with carrying out
3902:Military operations involving Australia
3844:Water Resources Development Act of 1992
3837:Water Resources Development Act of 1990
3765:Matsunaga Hydrogen RD&D Act of 1990
3582:Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
2810:UN Department of Peacekeeping: UNOSOM 2
2802:UN Department of Peacekeeping: UNOSOM 1
2447:
2445:
2443:
2379:"United Nations Operation in Somalia 2"
2186:"United Nations Operation in Somalia I"
1530:
1242:special warfare combatant-craft crewmen
695:
597:
164:
3932:Military operations involving Pakistan
3922:Military operations involving Malaysia
2414:Survival: Global Politics and Strategy
2403:
2401:
2399:
2112:
2076:
2041:Mroczkowski, Dennis P. (Col.) (2005).
1730:; Ramsbothan and Woodhouse, 1999, 225.
1510:5 June 1993 killings of the Pakistanis
1443:United Nations Operation in Somalia II
3907:Military operations involving Belgium
2204:
2202:
1988:"PSYOP in Somalia: The Voice of Hope"
1787:"Security Council resolutions – 1992"
7:
3962:United Nations operations in Somalia
3772:National Environmental Education Act
2830:U.S. Army Center of Military History
2030:from the original on 12 August 2014.
1470:One day prior to the signing of the
3917:Military operations involving Italy
3912:Military operations involving India
3705:U.S. Global Change Research Program
3691:Global Change Research Act of 1990
3661:Integrated Farm Management Program
3134:Presidency of the Security Council
1690:Exit Strategies and State Building
1247:4th Psychological Operations Group
25:
3207:to help reach a consensus. ›
2527:National Defense University Press
1851:Fineman, Mark (18 January 1993).
1096:(medical company at Waajid), the
979:presented several options to the
3897:Humanitarian military operations
3816:Pollution Prevention Act of 1990
3610:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
3177:
3176:
2734:Department of Public Information
2272:. Black Rose Books. p. 71.
1965:"United States PSYOP in Somalia"
1942:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2004.00028.x
1874:Hassan, Abdiqani (21 May 2008).
1366:United Nations Secretary-General
1088:(brigade HQ and one battalion),
761:
751:
741:
731:
721:
711:
701:
673:
663:
653:
643:
633:
623:
613:
603:
521:
508:
495:
482:
469:
456:
443:
430:
417:
404:
391:
378:
365:
352:
339:
326:
313:
300:
287:
274:
261:
248:
235:
222:
209:
196:
183:
170:
158:
152:
50:
3957:Somalia–United States relations
3241:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
3200:Presidency of George H. W. Bush
1807:Security Council Resolution 794
1476:United Nations Security Council
1405:. The ships included the ship
3668:Stewardship Incentives Program
3144:Reform of the Security Council
2574:United States Army War College
1930:Presidential Studies Quarterly
1251:15th Marine Expeditionary Unit
1187:paramilitary officer from the
1:
2888:Charter of the United Nations
2016:Buer, Eric F. (Maj.) (2002).
1903:Adam, Dr. Hussein M. (2008).
1826:Johnston, Dr. Philip (1994).
985:Charter of the United Nations
3139:Chapter VI of the UN Charter
2699:Stewart, Richard W. (2003).
2668:Stevenson, Jonathan (1995).
2357:. Regina Books. p. 33.
2291:Crocker, Chester A. (1995).
1232:U.S. and Italian light armor
1116:I Marine Expeditionary Force
1049:Participating forces of the
66:5 December 1992 – 4 May 1993
3698:National Climate Assessment
2950:Counter-Terrorism Committee
2245:. Free Press. p. 214.
2209:Seybolt, Taylor B. (2012).
1762:Small Wars and Insurgencies
1295:Amphibious Assault Vehicles
1189:Special Activities Division
1084:(one battalion), Ethiopia,
118:
102:
3988:
3892:Battles involving Botswana
3403:Presidential proclamations
2644:. Joint History Office of
2622:10.1177/0095327x9502100406
2609:Armed Forces & Society
1440:
1427:Canadian Airborne Regiment
1403:Amphibious Readiness Group
1303:1st Battalion, 7th Marines
3853:
3793:Oil Pollution Act of 1990
3626:Energy Policy Act of 1992
3430:Joint session of Congress
3324:White House horseshoe pit
3172:
2637:Poole, Walter S. (2005).
2559:Harned, Glenn M. (2016).
2457:Christian Science Monitor
2426:10.1080/00396339408442722
2353:Brune, Lester H. (1998).
1555:. Australian War Memorial
1360:armored personnel carrier
1358:Paratrooper Battalion 261
878:UN killings of protestors
823:
583:
545:
141:
58:
49:
41:
3869:Clinton administration →
3682:Wetlands Reserve Program
3603:Civil Rights Act of 1991
3373:Supreme Court candidates
3205:templates for discussion
2960:Military Staff Committee
2945:Peacebuilding Commission
2516:Allard, Kenneth (1995).
2408:Berdal, Mats R. (1994).
2338:Norrie MacQueen (2006).
2161:"Operation Restore Hope"
1687:Caplan, Richard (2012).
540:Somali National Alliance
94:Somali National Alliance
3860:← Reagan administration
3730:Immigration Act of 1990
3513:Chemical Weapons Accord
2485:Bradbury, Mark (1994).
2239:Maren, Michael (1997).
1764:, Vol, 12, No. 1, p. 69
1633:Clarke, Walter (1997).
1437:Transition to UNOSOM II
1340:and it resulted in the
3779:National Space Council
3675:USDA Rural Development
3527:1991 Madrid Conference
3149:Security Council mural
2976:United Nations Command
2775:. 2003. Archived from
1455:
1392:and American diplomat
1361:
1333:, and HC-11's DET 10.
1233:
1172:
1120:10th Mountain Division
1053:
1042:
1031:
999:
938:Operation Restore Hope
873:Pakistani Peacekeepers
546:Commanders and leaders
37:Operation Restore Hope
18:Operation restore hope
3654:Forest Legacy Program
3359:Judicial appointments
3154:Arria formula meeting
2682:Naval Institute Press
2646:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2107:Amphibious Operations
1963:Friedman, Herbert A.
1472:Addis Ababa Agreement
1450:
1369:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
1355:
1342:Addis Ababa Agreement
1287:ground combat element
1231:
1162:
1135:Operation Deliverance
1131:French Foreign Legion
1102:No. 40 Squadron RNZAF
1048:
1037:
1025:
994:
977:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
954:humanitarian disaster
584:Casualties and losses
555:Boutros Boutros-Ghali
92:operational success,
3807:Truth in Savings Act
3758:Lead and Copper Rule
3633:FDIC Improvement Act
3483:Soviet Union summits
3331:Presidential pardons
2266:Funk, Kevin (2009).
1997:. United States Army
1863:on 24 February 2012.
1502:UN Secretary-General
1127:U.S. Central Command
1112:U.S. Central Command
1064:(January-May 1993),
974:UN Secretary-General
967:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
578:Mohamed Farrah Aidid
3830:1992 VRA Amendments
3823:Ryan White CARE Act
3338:International trips
2141:on 29 December 2006
1859:: 1. Archived from
1719:peacekeeping.un.org
1512:and the passing of
1454:area of operations.
3557:NAFTA negotiations
3548:Unified Task Force
3506:Invasion of Panama
3412:Clinton transition
2981:Unified Task Force
2525:. Washington, DC:
2165:Globalsecurity.org
1493:Robert B. Johnston
1456:
1380:based independent
1362:
1259:amphibious assault
1234:
1183:Larry Freedman, a
1173:
1145:Robert B. Johnston
1142:Lieutenant General
1054:
1051:United States Navy
1043:
1032:
1000:
926:Unified Task Force
570:Robert B. Johnston
96:political victory
3879:
3878:
3617:Acid Rain Program
3468:
3467:
3452:1992 SOTU Address
3445:1991 SOTU Address
3438:1990 SOTU Address
3389:Executive actions
3317:Broccoli comments
3310:Vomiting incident
3190:
3189:
3117:
3116:
2940:Military Observer
2743:978-92-1-100566-0
2583:978-0-9861865-8-5
2570:Carlisle Barracks
2554:on 8 August 2022.
2252:978-0-7432-2786-5
2225:978-0-19-955105-7
1914:978-1-56902-288-7
1857:Los Angeles Times
1178:George H. W. Bush
1169:Thomas Mikolajcik
1165:George H. W. Bush
919:
918:
784:
783:
560:George H. W. Bush
137:
136:
16:(Redirected from
3979:
3872:
3863:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3707:
3700:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3656:
3649:
3642:
3635:
3628:
3619:
3612:
3605:
3598:
3591:
3584:
3577:
3559:
3550:
3543:
3541:Somali Civil War
3536:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3499:
3492:
3485:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3419:
3414:
3405:
3398:
3396:Executive orders
3391:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3345:Oval Office desk
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3303:
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3261:
3234:
3227:
3220:
3211:
3180:
3179:
3164:Small Five Group
3001:
2870:Security Council
2863:
2856:
2849:
2840:
2828:compiled by the
2791:
2789:
2787:
2782:on 1 August 2022
2781:
2768:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2750:on 8 August 2022
2746:. Archived from
2720:
2718:
2716:
2707:. Archived from
2695:
2675:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2654:
2648:. Archived from
2643:
2633:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2593:on 17 April 2018
2592:
2586:. Archived from
2567:
2555:
2553:
2547:. Archived from
2524:
2503:
2502:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2449:
2438:
2437:
2405:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2375:
2369:
2368:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2309:10.2307/20047117
2288:
2282:
2281:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2242:The Road to Hell
2236:
2230:
2229:
2217:
2206:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2118:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2074:
2071:Joint Operations
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2038:
2032:
2031:
2029:
2022:
2013:
2007:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1992:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1823:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1684:
1678:
1675:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1608:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1535:
1309:and the city of
1299:economy of force
1249:attached to the
981:Security Council
888:Checkpoint Pasta
818:
810:
803:
796:
787:
766:
765:
764:
756:
755:
754:
746:
745:
744:
736:
735:
734:
726:
725:
724:
716:
715:
714:
706:
705:
704:
692:
678:
677:
676:
668:
667:
666:
658:
657:
656:
648:
647:
646:
638:
637:
636:
628:
627:
626:
618:
617:
616:
608:
607:
606:
594:
527:
525:
524:
514:
512:
511:
501:
499:
498:
488:
486:
485:
475:
473:
472:
462:
460:
459:
449:
447:
446:
436:
434:
433:
423:
421:
420:
410:
408:
407:
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395:
394:
384:
382:
381:
371:
369:
368:
358:
356:
355:
345:
343:
342:
332:
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329:
319:
317:
316:
306:
304:
303:
293:
291:
290:
280:
278:
277:
267:
265:
264:
254:
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241:
239:
238:
228:
226:
225:
215:
213:
212:
202:
200:
199:
189:
187:
186:
176:
174:
173:
161:
157:
156:
155:
60:
59:
54:
44:Somali Civil War
34:
21:
3987:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3976:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3866:
3857:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3756:
3751:JFK Records Act
3749:
3742:
3735:
3728:
3719:
3712:
3703:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3645:
3638:
3631:
3624:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3596:Cannabis policy
3594:
3587:
3580:
3573:
3567:Domestic policy
3562:
3555:
3546:
3539:
3534:New world order
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3495:
3488:
3481:
3464:
3457:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3428:
3417:
3410:
3401:
3394:
3387:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3315:
3308:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3244:
3238:
3208:
3191:
3186:
3168:
3113:
3075:
3037:
2990:
2964:
2926:
2876:
2867:
2798:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2751:
2744:
2723:
2714:
2712:
2711:on 19 June 2022
2698:
2692:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2641:
2636:
2605:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2537:
2522:
2515:
2512:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2459:. 25 May 1993.
2451:
2450:
2441:
2407:
2406:
2397:
2387:
2385:
2377:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2297:Foreign Affairs
2290:
2289:
2285:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2075:
2068:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2039:
2035:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2000:
1998:
1995:Special Warfare
1990:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1915:
1902:
1901:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1721:
1713:
1712:
1708:
1701:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1610:
1609:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1558:
1556:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1488:nation-building
1459:from UNITAF to
1445:
1439:
1394:Chester Crocker
1350:
1226:
1157:
1020:
950:
922:
921:
920:
915:
901:Black Hawk Down
883:Abdi House raid
819:
816:
814:
773:
770:
762:
760:
752:
750:
742:
740:
732:
730:
722:
720:
712:
710:
702:
700:
694:
693:
690:
686:
685:
682:
674:
672:
664:
662:
654:
652:
644:
642:
634:
632:
624:
622:
614:
612:
604:
602:
596:
595:
592:
574:
536:
533:
522:
520:
509:
507:
496:
494:
483:
481:
470:
468:
457:
455:
444:
442:
431:
429:
418:
416:
405:
403:
392:
390:
379:
377:
366:
364:
353:
351:
340:
338:
327:
325:
314:
312:
301:
299:
288:
286:
275:
273:
262:
260:
249:
247:
236:
234:
223:
221:
210:
208:
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195:
184:
182:
171:
169:
163:
162:
153:
151:
150:
133:
122:
113:
106:
80:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3985:
3983:
3975:
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3969:
3964:
3959:
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3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
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3883:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3864:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3796:
3789:
3782:
3775:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3747:
3740:
3733:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3701:
3687:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3509:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3493:
3478:
3476:
3474:Foreign policy
3470:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3423:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3355:
3348:
3341:
3334:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3185:
3184:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3047:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3028:United Kingdom
3025:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2972:
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2966:
2965:
2963:
2962:
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2936:
2934:
2928:
2927:
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2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2884:
2882:
2878:
2877:
2874:United Nations
2868:
2866:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2823:
2815:
2807:
2797:
2796:External links
2794:
2793:
2792:
2760:
2742:
2731:United Nations
2721:
2696:
2691:978-1557507884
2690:
2665:
2655:on 29 May 2022
2634:
2616:(4): 615–637.
2603:
2582:
2556:
2536:978-0160455773
2535:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2477:
2439:
2395:
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2364:978-0941690904
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120:UN Resolution
117:
116:
112:
108:
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100:
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95:
91:
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84:
83:
79:
75:
72:
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30:
19:
3867:
3858:
3547:
3459:Chicken Kiev
3266:Inauguration
3198:
3104:Sierra Leone
2980:
2955:Peacekeeping
2932:Organization
2784:. Retrieved
2777:the original
2770:
2752:. Retrieved
2748:the original
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2709:the original
2671:
2657:. Retrieved
2650:the original
2613:
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2588:the original
2561:
2549:the original
2518:
2510:Bibliography
2487:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2456:
2420:(1): 30–50.
2417:
2413:
2386:. Retrieved
2382:
2373:
2354:
2348:
2342:. Routledge.
2339:
2333:
2300:
2296:
2286:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2234:
2211:
2189:. Retrieved
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2164:
2155:
2143:. Retrieved
2139:the original
2129:
2106:
2093:
2070:
2064:
2052:. Retrieved
2043:
2036:
2011:
1999:. Retrieved
1994:
1981:
1969:. Retrieved
1967:. Psywarrior
1958:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1904:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:
1869:
1861:the original
1856:
1846:
1827:
1821:
1812:
1803:
1791:. Retrieved
1781:
1769:
1761:
1756:
1747:
1735:
1724:16 September
1722:. Retrieved
1718:
1709:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1664:
1655:
1635:
1628:
1616:. Retrieved
1585:. Retrieved
1581:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1547:
1533:
1469:
1457:
1423:
1399:
1386:Alex de Waal
1363:
1335:
1284:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1235:
1201:
1197:media circus
1182:
1174:
1167:and General
1139:
1124:
1109:
1106:
1055:
1039:Turkish Army
1026:Indian Army
1012:
1005:
1001:
971:
963:
951:
937:
929:
925:
923:
906:
899:
892:
865:
850:
844:Restore Hope
843:
841:
832:
777:
691:~300 wounded
565:Bill Clinton
438:Saudi Arabia
142:Participants
88:
42:Part of the
29:
3243:(1989–1993)
3193:‹ The
3099:South Korea
3071:Switzerland
2898:Chapter VII
2145:30 November
2054:13 February
1411:USS Peleliu
1218:Eagleburger
1098:Indian Army
1018:Composition
851:Deliverance
717:75+ wounded
707:153 wounded
386:New Zealand
111:Chapter VII
3886:Categories
3259:Transition
3066:Mozambique
2986:UN Mandate
2910:Resolution
2388:2 December
2303:(3): 2–8.
2278:1342130779
2191:2 December
2170:2 December
2001:2 December
1971:2 December
1793:29 January
1618:29 January
1520:References
1415:USS Duluth
1378:Washington
1285:The MEU's
1238:Navy SEALs
1212:to act in
1209:Somaliland
1171:in Somalia
1163:President
1066:Bangladesh
948:Background
757:2+ wounded
737:23 wounded
727:36 wounded
191:Bangladesh
104:UN Charter
3640:FIRRE Act
3129:Elections
3081:2024–2025
3043:2023–2024
3005:Permanent
2893:Chapter V
2630:144654522
2491:. Oxfam.
2465:0882-7729
2434:0039-6338
2317:0015-7120
2115:cite book
2079:cite book
1950:0360-4918
1885:26 August
1587:4 October
1525:Footnotes
1514:UNSCR 837
1497:Cevik Bir
1484:UNOSOM II
1461:UNOSOM II
1452:UNOSOM II
1277:USS
1270:USS
1263:USS
1255:Mogadishu
1224:Operation
1062:Australia
867:UNOSOM II
842:UNITAF /
778:per Aidid
767:4 wounded
747:3 wounded
619:24 killed
609:43 killed
593:82 killed
321:Indonesia
178:Australia
3520:Gulf War
3497:Helsinki
3422:Speeches
3273:Timeline
3250:Timeline
3195:template
3182:Category
3109:Slovenia
2969:Missions
2834:Archived
2821:Archived
2813:Archived
2805:Archived
2786:7 August
2754:8 August
2736:. 1996.
2715:6 August
2659:7 August
2597:8 August
2545:32155661
2325:20047117
2025:Archived
1789:. Un.org
1614:. Un.org
1401:Peleliu
1374:UNOSOM I
1319:HMLA-267
1279:Rushmore
1074:Botswana
1041:briefing
958:UNOSOM I
828:UNOSOM I
679:1 killed
669:1 killed
659:1 killed
649:3 killed
639:3 killed
629:6 killed
529:Zimbabwe
425:Pakistan
360:Malaysia
256:Ethiopia
217:Botswana
73:Location
3352:Cabinet
3301:1992–93
3197:below (
3122:Related
3089:Algeria
3051:Ecuador
2996:Members
2872:of the
1880:Reuters
1582:Fas.org
1478:passed
1356:German
1348:Results
1331:HMM-164
1327:HMH-466
1323:HMH-363
1315:Kismayo
1311:Bardera
1265:Tripoli
1090:Germany
1070:Belgium
995:UNOSOM
934:Somalia
464:Tunisia
399:Nigeria
373:Morocco
282:Germany
204:Belgium
78:Somalia
3432:(1989)
3366:Thomas
3094:Guyana
3023:Russia
3018:France
2920:vetoed
2740:
2688:
2628:
2580:
2572:, PA:
2543:
2533:
2495:
2470:17 May
2463:
2432:
2383:Un.org
2361:
2323:
2315:
2276:
2249:
2222:
1948:
1911:
1834:
1697:
1643:
1559:31 May
1474:, the
1307:Baidoa
1275:, and
1272:Juneau
1214:Bosnia
1094:Greece
1086:France
1078:Canada
930:UNITAF
526:
513:
500:
487:
477:Turkey
474:
461:
448:
435:
422:
412:Norway
409:
396:
383:
370:
357:
347:Kuwait
344:
331:
318:
305:
295:Greece
292:
279:
269:France
266:
253:
240:
230:Canada
227:
214:
201:
188:
175:
159:UNITAF
85:Result
3490:Malta
3061:Malta
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3013:China
2915:lists
2881:Power
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1973:2012
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