151:, in 1914 Bridgman attempted to redefine unobservable entities concretely in terms of the physical and mental operations used to measure them. Accordingly, the definition of each unobservable entity was uniquely identified with the instrumentation used to define it. From the beginning objections were raised to this approach, in large part around the inflexibility. As Boyd notes, "In actual, and apparently reliable, scientific practice, changes in the instrumentation associated with theoretical terms are routine. and apparently crucial to the progress of science. According to a 'pure' operationalist conception, these sorts of modifications would not be methodologically acceptable, since
605:
informal perception, the greater the number it will achieve on our respective hardness scales. Furthermore, experimental results obtained using these measurement methods has shown that the hardness number can be used to predict the stress required to permanently deform steel, a characteristic that fits in well with our idea of resistance to permanent deformation. However, there is not always a simple relationship between the various hardness scales. Vickers and
Rockwell hardness numbers exhibit qualitatively different behaviour when used to describe some materials and phenomena.
299:
486:, refers to heat "flowing" between "infinite reservoirs". This is all highly abstract and unsuited for the day-to-day world of science and trade. In order to make the idea concrete, temperature is defined in terms of operations with the gas thermometer. However, these are sophisticated and delicate instruments, only adapted to the national standardization laboratory.
346:
25:
281:, in a process context, also can denote a working method or a philosophy that focuses principally on cause and effect relationships (or stimulus/response, behavior, etc.) of specific interest to a particular domain at a particular point in time. As a working method, it does not consider issues related to a domain that are more general, such as the
847:. "Science is knowledge agreed upon by members of society. Only those constructs based upon operations which are public and repeatable are admitted to the body of science. ... A term or proposition has meaning (denotes something) if, and only if, the criteria of its applicability or truth consist of concrete operations which can be performed."
412:
One referenced project pulled together fluid experts, including some who were expert in the numeric modeling related to computational fluid dynamics, in a team with computer scientists. Essentially, it turned out that the computer guys did not know enough to weigh in as much as they would have liked.
395:
Science uses computing. Computing uses science. We have seen the development of computer science. There are not many who can bridge all three of these. One effect is that, when results are obtained using a computer, the results can be impossible to replicate if the code is poorly documented, contains
123:, operational definitions have undisputed practical applications. This is especially so in the social and medical sciences, where operational definitions of key terms are used to preserve the unambiguous empirical testability of hypothesis and theory. Operational definitions are also important in the
464:
and behaviorism in psychology" were powerfully applied in the early part of the 20th century. However, computation has changed the landscape. He notes that we need to distinguish four levels of "irreversible physical and computational abstraction" (Platonic abstraction, computational approximation,
759:
of any and every operation including that of denoting. In this sense discrimination is the fundamental operation of all science. ... We must define the criteria by which we determine the applicability of a term in a given instance and then ... maintain constant vigil against the human tendency to
420:
projects experienced similarly that there is a trade-off between trying to teach programming to a domain expert versus getting a programmer to understand the intricacies of a domain. That, of course, depends upon the domain. In short, any team member has to decide which side of the coin to spend
604:
In all these, a process is defined for loading the indenter, measuring the resulting indentation, and calculating a hardness number. Each of these three sequences of measurement operations produces numbers that are consistent with our subjective idea of hardness. The harder the material to our
451:
In advanced modeling, with the requisite computational support such as knowledge-based engineering, mappings must be maintained between a real-world object, its abstracted counterparts as defined by the domain and its experts, and the computer models. Mismatches between domain models and their
159:'object' (or class of objects)." However, this rejection of operationalism as a general project destined ultimately to define all experiential phenomena uniquely did not mean that operational definitions ceased to have any practical use or that they could not be applied in particular cases.
399:
Many times, issues are related to persistence and clarity of use of variables, functions, and so forth. Also, systems dependence is an issue. In brief, length (as a standard) has matter as its definitional basis. What pray tell can be used when standards are to be computationally framed?
103:
Operational definitions are also used to define system states in terms of a specific, publicly accessible process of preparation or validation testing. For example, 100 degrees
Celsius may be operationally defined as the process of heating water at sea level until it is observed to boil.
403:
Hence, operational definition can be used within the realm of the interactions of humans with advanced computational systems. In this sense, one area of discourse deals with computational thinking in, and with how it might influence, the sciences. To quote the
American Scientist:
87:
of "fear" (the construct) often includes measurable physiologic responses that occur in response to a perceived threat. Thus, "fear" might be operationally defined as specified changes in heart rate, galvanic skin response, pupil dilation, and blood pressure.
781:: 115. "Operational definitions consist of the specification of procedures and expected outcomes (procedures used for producing and measuring a phenomenon) as the necessary criteria for establishing that the terms defined are empirically meaningful."
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Vandervert, L. (1988). Operational definitions made simple, useful, and lasting. In M. Ware & C. Brewer (Eds.), Handbook for teaching statistics and reseas (pp. 132–134). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates. (Original work published
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computational mirrors can raise issues apropos this topic. Techniques that allow the flexible modeling required for many hard problems must resolve issues of identity, type, etc. which then lead to methods, such as duck typing. Many domains, with a
82:
specifies concrete, replicable procedures designed to represent a construct. In the words of
American psychologist S.S. Stevens (1935), "An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept." For example, an operational
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is a specific constellation of stars in the sky, hence the process of forming Virgo cannot be an operational definition, since it is historical and not repeatable. Nevertheless, the process whereby we locate Virgo in the sky
100:, also known as a construct. Scientists should describe the operations (procedures, actions, or processes) that define the concept with enough specificity such that other investigators can replicate their research.
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focus, use limit theory, of various sorts, to overcome the duck test necessity with varying degrees of success. Yet, with that, issues still remain as representational frameworks bear heavily on what we can know.
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activity at universities. An academic suggested that a subject matter area becomes a discipline when there are more than a dozen university departments using the same name for roughly the same subject matter.
424:
The
International Society for Technology in Education has a brochure detailing an "operational definition" of computational thinking. At the same time, the ISTE made an attempt at defining related skills.
755:. "We must first define an operation; and, if we are to be consistent, we must define it operationally. An operation is the performance which we execute in order to make known a concept. ... is the
825:
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits many of the behaviors used to define a state of fear, with selected target areas of the amygdala producing specific effects (Fig. 1).
436:, thereby opening up issues of limits that are related to being human. As in, many times, computational results have to be taken at face value due to several factors (hence the
263:"There is no true value of any characteristic, state, or condition that is defined in terms of measurement or observation. Change of procedure for measurement (change of
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repeatable, so in this way, Virgo is operationally defined. In fact, Virgo can have any number of definitions (although we can never prove that we are talking about the
229:
collapsed, killing 35 construction workers. The subsequent enquiry found that the failure arose because engineers had specified the supply of a quantity of
493:(ITS) is used, defining temperature in terms of characteristics of the several specific sensor types required to cover the full range. One such is the
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in this context lacked an operational definition, so there was no test for accepting or rejecting a particular shipment or for controlling quality.
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functional abstraction, and value computation). Then, we must rely on interactive methods, that have behavior as their focus (see duck test).
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Collberg, C., Roebsting, T. (2016) "Repeatability in
Computer Systems Research" Communications of the ACM, Vol. 59, No. 3, pages 62–69 (via
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In arguing for an object-based methodology, Peter Wegner suggested that "positivist scientific philosophies, such as operationalism in
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Roepstorff, A. & Jack, A. (2004). "Trust or
Interaction? Editorial introduction, Special Issue: Trusting the Subject? (Part 2)."
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conductors, separated by a specified distance. This definition is too abstract for practical measurement, so a device known as a
448:, working design, etc.) that are not guaranteed to be repeatable, may have been costly to attain (time and money), and so forth.
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need to be operationally defined before they become amenable to scientific investigation, for example, through processes such as
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440:'s necessity arises) that even an expert cannot overcome. The end proof may be the final results (reasonable facsimile by
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Lang, P. J.; Davis, M.; Ohman, A. (2000). "Fear and anxiety: animal models and human cognitive psychophysiology".
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placed great importance on the value of using operational definitions in all agreements in business. As he said:
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read into a concept more than is contained in the operations by which it is determined." (emphasis in original).
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Roepstorff, A. & Jack, A. (2003). "Editorial introduction, Special Issue: Trusting the
Subject? (Part 1)."
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Of these, indentation hardness itself leads to many operational definitions, the most important of which are:
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A recognized skill is tolerance for ambiguity and being able to handle open-ended problems. For instance, a
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is a procedure agreed upon for translation of a concept into measurement of some kind." – W. Edwards Deming
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The computer revolution has profoundly affected how we think about science, experimentation, and research.
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Hyman, Bronwen and
Shephard, Alfred H. (1980) "Zeitgeist: The Development of an Operational Definition",
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Hermans, H. J. M. (1996). "Voicing the self: from information processing to dialogical interchange."
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system can enhance its operational aspect and thereby its stability through more involvement by the
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Ribes-Inesta, Emilio "What Is Defined In Operational Definitions? The Case Of Operant Psychology",
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147:, who felt that the expression of scientific concepts was often abstract and unclear. Inspired by
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M. H. Marx (Ed.), Theories in contemporary psychology (pp. 47–76). New York: MacMillan.
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Green, C. D. (1992). "Of Immortal Mythological Beasts: Operationism in Psychology."
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A Neurocomputational Perspective— The Nature of Mind and the Structure of Science,
1051:"Operational Definition of Computational Thinking" (for K–12 Education) 2011 (via
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of a material. It is a slightly vague, subjective idea, somewhat like the idea of
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Stevens, S. S. (1935). The operational definition of psychological concepts.
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Hardcastle, G. L. (1995). "S.S. Stevens and the origins of operationism."
1038:"Computational Thinking in Science" American Scientist, Jan/Feb 2017 (via
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What is defined in operational definitions? The case of operant psychology
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An operational definition is designed to model or represent a concept or
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Defining a concept in terms of specific, replicable actions or procedures
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the notion of operational definitions is closely related to the idea of
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Langfeld, H.S. (1945). Introduction to the Symposium on Operationism.
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Thus, their role, to their chagrin, many times was "mere" programmer.
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179:, that is, as providing the operations needed to define these terms.
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Operational definitions are often most challenging in the fields of
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The Elimination of Metaphysics Through Logical Analysis of Language
1084:(1977) "Interdisciplinary science on campus – the elusive dream",
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can be viewed as the introduction of operational definitions for
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Weight: a measurement of gravitational force acting on an object
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origins of the concept, particularly its close association with
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Depraz, N. (1999). "The phenomenological reduction as praxis."
143:, indicates that the modern concept owes its origin in part to
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Neurophilosophy— Toward a unified science of the mind/brain,
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Stevens, S. S. (1935). The operational basis of psychology.
267:) or observation produces a new number." – W. Edwards Deming
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On the Current Status of the Issue of Scientific Realism
190:, that is, definitions based upon what can be measured.
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A cake can be operationally defined by a cake recipe.
1221:
Leahy, Thomas H. (1980) "The Myth of Operationism",
573:
Rebound, or dynamic, hardness measured with a Shore
999:Jiřà Blank; Pavel Exner; Miloslav HavlĂÄŤek (1994).
559:. In fact, it leads to three more specific ideas:
551:, there is no abstract physical concept of the
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1268:Learning Psychology: Operational Definitions
8:
1064:Wegner, P. () "Beyond Computable Functions"
505:against operationally defined fixed points.
240:In his managerial and statistical writings,
155:definition must be considered to identify a
46:. There might be a discussion about this on
1103:History and Theory of Psychology Course, in
1068:Page 37 American Mathematical Society (via
632:Virgo), and any number may be operational.
1300:
1286:
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1002:Hilbert Space Operators in Quantum Physics
396:errors, or if parts are omitted entirely.
594:– using a pyramidal diamond indenter; and
383:Learn how and when to remove this message
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
662:
139:entry on scientific realism, written by
1261:Operationism and logical positivism, in
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491:International Temperature Scale of 1990
978:. Imperial College Press. p. 95.
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653:Theoretical vs operational definition
7:
1143:Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1066:Specification of Parallel Algorithms
201:, where intuitive concepts, such as
925:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
137:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
725:Theoretical/ Conceptual definition
355:tone or style may not reflect the
14:
681:of measurement of an object on a
310:to comply with Knowledge (XXG)'s
1250:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1239:Journal of Consciousness Studies
1176:Journal of Consciousness Studies
951:. London: Springer. p. 58.
600:– using a diamond cone indenter.
588:– using a 10 mm steel ball;
478:The thermodynamic definition of
365:guide to writing better articles
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297:
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501:, with specified construction,
1153:Churchland, Patricia. (1986).
883:"the definition of validation"
793:Journal of Affective Disorders
745:American Journal of Psychology
1:
1086:Chemical and Engineering News
805:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00343-8
769:Ribes-Iñesta, Emilio (2003).
563:Scratch hardness measured on
1266:Thomson — Waddsworth, eds.,
1223:Journal of Mind and Behavior
1215:Journal of Mind and Behavior
862:APA Dictionary of Psychology
169:special theory of relativity
516:is defined in terms of the
484:Nicolas LĂ©onard Sadi Carnot
430:knowledge-based engineering
418:knowledge-based engineering
1439:
1270:Research Methods Workshops
1171:, Little, Brown & Co..
1167:Dennett, Daniel C. (1992).
1160:Churchland, Paul. (1989).
975:Lectures on Quantum Theory
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115:Despite the controversial
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1146:Carnap, Rudolph. (1959).
1005:. Springer. p. 252.
570:Indentation hardness; and
217:On October 15, 1970, the
858:"operational definition"
489:For day-to-day use, the
323:may contain suggestions.
308:may need to be rewritten
1230:Behavior and Philosophy
1187:Theory & Psychology
1169:Consciousness Explained
775:Behavior and Philosophy
669:Operational definition
609:The constellation Virgo
359:used on Knowledge (XXG)
145:Percy Williams Bridgman
1259:Stevens, S. S. (1963).
1203:Psychological Bulletin
1124:Boyd, Richard. (1959).
945:NMJ Woodhouse (2003).
666:Theoretical definition
659:Theoretical definition
644:appear in response to
598:Rockwell hardness test
531:is used to define the
363:See Knowledge (XXG)'s
265:operational definition
252:operational definition
173:simultaneity of events
98:theoretical definition
80:operational definition
1423:Philosophy of science
1196:Philosophy of Science
1040:My American Scientist
592:Vickers hardness test
586:Brinell hardness test
495:electrical resistance
434:subject-matter expert
1101:Ballantyne, Paul F.
972:C. J. Isham (1995).
921:"Scientific Realism"
845:doi:10.1037/h0056973
838:Psychological Review
642:academic disciplines
36:confusing or unclear
1141:The way things are.
753:doi:10.2307/1415841
751:(2): 323–324, 330.
636:Academic discipline
621:constellation Virgo
539:Mechanical hardness
44:clarify the article
1121:. N.Y.: Routledge.
948:Special relativity
887:www.dictionary.com
705:Operationalization
121:logical positivism
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1355:Genus–differentia
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646:interdisciplinary
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357:encyclopedic tone
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312:quality standards
242:W. Edwards Deming
231:flat steel plate.
184:quantum mechanics
125:physical sciences
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1256:(7–8), v–xxii.
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