Opposition research - Knowledge (XXG)

1215:, commissioned a report in response to the materials Reagan's staff had released in support of Bork's nomination. Prepared by a panel of lawyers, including two Duke University law professors, the 78-page became known as "The Biden Report." The report detailed Bork's record, and analyzed the pattern of his rulings, and deeming him to be a conservative "activist" rather than an impartial jurist. Ultimately, Bork's embattled nomination failed, and Anthony Kennedy (no relation to Ted) was later confirmed to fill the position. The fierce research-based opposition to Bork's nomination attracted significant media attention, even though a 1016:, with its own budget of $ 1.1 million. These staff amassed information on eight Democratic presidential candidates based on data from voting records, Congressional Record speeches, media clippings and transcripts, campaign materials, all of which was stored on a computer for easy access. In this way the Reagan team was able to track inconsistencies and attack them. This original data base evolved into a network that linked information gleaned by Republicans in all 50 states, creating a master data base accessible to high-ranking Republican staff, even aboard 1109:'s deputy research director during the presidential campaign, spent much of the cycle rebutting viral online attacks on Obama's character and biography under the rubric of "Stop the Smears." Shortly thereafter, amid speculations that she would be conducting research against political opponents, she was reassigned as Research Director to the DNC. Politico.com reported on February 27, 2009 that "the counsel's office – which doesn't face the sort of rapid-response demands that were common in the late Clinton years – doesn't plan to fill the research post." 1411:, alleging that Spitzer's campaign finances were conducted improperly. In November of that same year, Stone sent a letter to the FBI detailing Spitzer's sexual preferences with prostitutes and sexual props, right down to his black calf-length socks. Stone was considered to be an authoritative source because he frequented the same prostitutes himself as a client. A subsequent Justice Department investigation produced evidence that ultimately led to Spitzer's resignation as governor. Bruno, Stone's client, has been a longtime political enemy of Spitzer. 50: 475:"Oppo dumps" are used by political campaigns to systematically supply files of damaging information to press outlets, including matters of the public record, video footage from party archives and private collections, as well as private intelligence gathered by operatives. Many prime time television and radio news commentaries rely on this supply of party-generated material because it is free, and therefore more cost-effective than paying investigative reporters. 1324:

to remove politically motivated research from the hands of public employees "was more or less shot down." Though Stetler has not been charged, 12 former House members and members of their staff were charged with diverting public funds for political campaign work. Stetler was among those subpoenaed, said Chuck Ardo, a spokesman for Democratic Gov. Ed Rendell. The hearing will be held before President Judge Richard Lewis in September.

235: 861:, a Democratic opposition researcher attracted notoriety and built a reputation not for deploying his skills against Republican opponents, but for using them against other Democrats in the primary races. Working for retired Army general Wesley Clark, Lehane sought to establish a media "narrative" that Howard Dean was hypocritical and dishonest, based on surveys of his administrative archive as governor of Vermont. 747:. Carter's staff believed the book to have been stolen from the White House, but the inquiry did not uncover any credible evidence that any law had been violated. The House of Representatives conducted its own investigation, and concluded in a 2,314-page report that the Reagan staff had two copies of the book, one from Reagan's campaign director 504:

advocates and surreptitious technologies that few Internet users understand. Data becomes "richer" about political actors, policy options, and the diversity of actors and opinion in the public sphere, but citizenship is "thinner" by virtue of "the ease in which people can become politically expressive without being substantively engaged."

951:) who had dissented with Nixon policy, especially on the subject of Vietnam, with the intent of prompting Internal Revenue Service investigations. The full extent of Nixon's surveillance of private citizens solely on the basis of their dissent was not known until years after Nixon was forced to resign, as former staff members such as 1265:, research director for the DNC. Alito's "record" had been pointedly altered to present him in a negative light. While the incident was not unusual, it received publicity in prominent places because it drew attention to the "meta-data" that is often unwittingly stored in documents that are altered and forwarded electronically. 964:

campaign officially known as "Opponents List" and "Political Enemies Project." The official purpose, as described by the White House Counsel's Office, was to "screw" Nixon's political enemies, by means of tax audits from the IRS, and by manipulating "grant availability, federal contracts, litigation, prosecution, etc."

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In early July 2009 Alaska governor Sarah Palin announced that she would be resigning as governor, partly due to complications from opposition research and ethics inquiries after her inclusion on the 2008 GOP presidential race ballot as John McCain's running mate. At a later news conference Palin told

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Another technique is to position information or personnel within media outlets. Often the information is video footage gathered in campaign-funded "tracker programs" wherein videographers use candidates' itineraries to track them and record as many remarks as possible, since anything they say can and

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The research is usually conducted in the time period between announcement of intent to run and the actual election; however political parties maintain long-term databases that can cover several decades. The practice is both a tactical maneuver and a cost-saving measure. The term is frequently used to

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investigations. The "Prowler" quoted "a DNC staffer" as saying, "She realized that she could do more with all the material she saw outside of the building than inside where she'd be bound by the rules and legalities of the White House Counsel's Office. Now she isn't. She's good at what she does; her

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quoted an unnamed "official" as saying, "On the surface, it looks like things in the database that were determined not to be viable threats were never deleted but should have been", the official said. "You can also make the argument that these things should never have been put in the database in the

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is the informal name of what started as a list of President Richard Nixon's major political opponents compiled by Charles Colson, written by George T. Bell (assistant to Colson, special counsel to the White House) and sent in memorandum form to John Dean on September 9, 1971. The list was part of a

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has a black love child" whisper campaign in South Carolina. Anonymous telephone pollsters, upon determining that a voter was pro-McCain, asked the question, "Would you be more or less likely to vote for John McCain if you knew he had fathered a black child out of wedlock?" The question was not overt

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alleged that millions in public funds were paid to state employees who did such research on the 2006 and 2004 campaigns of Democrats in the state. Stetler left the House after 2006 to become the state's revenue secretary. A former aide, Dan Wiedemer testified before grand jurors that the suggestion

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on the eve of the confirmation vote showed that very few Americans could name the nominee in question, much less recall his rulings. A new verb was later coined; "to bork" a candidate or nominee by mounting such voluminous research and vocal opposition that the person in question would be forced to

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for the Supreme Court, "concerned" citizens seeking to block his confirmation offered information that Brandeis was a "radical Zionist", even though he was not a practicing Jew. Brandeis aggressively outmaneuvered his detractors by mounting his own opposition research efforts, including a carefully

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was an African-American convicted murderer released on a weekend furlough during Governor Dukakis's tenure, who escaped and committed a brutal rape in Maryland, also stabbing his victim's husband. Atwater is also credited with originating "push polls" and "whisper campaigns" that use disinformation

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before she was legally divorced from her first husband. Jackson had married her in 1791 on the strength of a statement from her husband that he had divorced her; Jackson had two wedding ceremonies, the not-recognizable one of 1791 and the legally corrective one of 1794. His political opponents used

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reporters, "Obviously conditions had changed so drastically on August 29, the day I was tapped to be VP", she said. "The opposition research and the games that began there — which I think is the new normal in Alaska politics, until I hand the reins over to Sean Parnell — have been so distracting."

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Robert Bork's America is a land in which women would be forced into back-alley abortions, blacks would sit at segregated lunch counters, rogue police could break down citizens' doors in midnight raids, schoolchildren could not be taught about evolution, writers and artists could be censored at the

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A 2005 analysis of digital media strategies published by the American Academy of Political Science took the view that new technologies enable "political elites" to use database and Internet technologies to do opposition research more easily, but they use data-mining techniques that outrage privacy

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obviously serving as a board member of a failed bank whose owners had been imprisoned for bank fraud. When the Alexander campaign raised the issue of Clement's financial ties with the convicted felons, Clement denied any connection. When the Alexander campaign produced the photograph as evidence,

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pleaded guilty on January 7, 2010, to illegal use of state resources for campaign activities, including opposition research against the political opponents of incumbent officeholders during 2007. These seven were Democrats; a total of 25 indictments have been handed down to a mix of Democrats and

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to launch his own internet campaign against McCain, and succeeded in crippling the trust of voters McCain had attracted. The Bush camp knew, as the general public did not, that in reality, John McCain was the adoptive father of a dark-skinned Bangladeshi refugee who was rescued by his wife Cindi.

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that coalesces around a certain issue. In the U.S., both the Republican and Democratic parties employ full-time "Directors of Research" and maintain databases on opponents. In recent years the task of opposition research has been privatized in many areas. Full-time companies with permanent staff

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because Brown's ads were independently funded and produced. Academic research into the Bush archives decades later revealed that a Bush staffer, Candice Strother, had released a dossier of information on Willie Horton to Elizabeth Fediay, of the non-profit group that contracted for the ad. (The

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activist groups. Research on corporate or political opponents may enable activist groups to target neighborhoods from which to increase their numbers, to refine their focus or "target", to pinpoint the target's vulnerabilities, to reveal hidden sources of funding or little-known connections, to

495:, was unseated because of videotape of the senator calling a videographer/opposition researcher a "macaca" or monkey. The name was considered to be an ethnic slur, and Allen's campaign could not overcome the damage when the incident was broadcast widely in mainstream media and on the internet. 600:

Instead of reporting that you spent $ 3,000 on a 'background check and public records search on Congressman X,' list the expenditure as 'issue research' or simply 'research'... One bonus financial filing tip: warn your candidate about spending campaign funds on fancy restaurants for 'strategy

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Political strategies for campaigns often include coaching on preventive measures to avoid providing too much information in public disclosure procedures that can provide ammunition for opponents' opposition researchers, particularly in itemized expenditure reports. "To eliminate some of these

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confirmed that the material had come from an IP address affiliated with the Cox campaign. Citing an Associated Press analysis, CNN reported that Knowledge (XXG) being used as a "popular tool" for opposition researchers became so widespread a problem that Knowledge (XXG) altered its submission

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Another technique is to infiltrate the opposition's operations and position a paid informant there. "Gray propaganda" techniques are often used to release damaging information to news media outlets without its source being identified properly, a technique inherited from disinformation tactics

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In the 2008 presidential election, opposition researchers for Barack Obama unearthed the fact that John Edwards had paid $ 400 for haircuts at campaign expense, and supplied Politico's Ben Smith with the tip, according to a memoir later published by campaign manager David Plouffe. Though the

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had used to prepare Reagan. The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Justice Department investigated to see how the information had been obtained by the Reagan camp. Two law professors filed suit in federal district court in Washington to request a special investigation, based on the 1978

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reported on its "Washington Prowler" blog that Daly was posted in the White House Counsel's Office for "about a month", and thus had access to "reams of Bush administration documents related to such things as the firings of U.S. Attorney, the use and internal debate over the

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improperly accessed 500 FBI files compiled for security checks of Reagan and Bush staffers in previous administrations. Craig Livingstone, said to be hired by Mrs. Clinton with dubious credentials, resigned amid public outcry. In testimony under oath during the

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Opposition research differs immensely depending on the size and funding of a campaign, the ethics of the candidate, and the era in which it is conducted. Information gathering can be classified into three main categories: open-source research enabled by the

304:, educational, or financial history or activities, as well as prior media coverage, or the voting record of a politician. Opposition research can also entail using "trackers" to follow an individual and record their activities or political speeches. 1200:

whim of the Government, and the doors of the Federal courts would be shut on the fingers of millions of citizens for whom the judiciary is – and is often the only – protector of the individual rights that are the heart of our democracy.

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reported that Curt Levey, executive director of the Committee for Justice, had noted that conservatives were "focusing opposition research efforts on 17 women, whom they have divided into two tiers based on their perceived chances."

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to ask Miers at her confirmation hearings. The activists' thinly veiled hope is that Miers will reveal ignorance of the law and give senators a reason to oppose her." Miers later withdrew her name from consideration for the court.

868:, is considered to be the "architect" of George W. Bush's election to the governor's office in Texas, and to the presidency in 2000 and 2004. In the 2000 race, Rove is credited with masterminding the push poll that initiated the " 890:

reported that "The legacy of the Democratic National Committee itself is hardly clear going forward. Mr. Obama effectively subsumed all the responsibilities in his campaign: fundraising, voter turn-out and opposition research.

441:, " and maintenance of human systems of informants. Increasingly, data-mining of electronic records is used. Information is then stored for future use, and disseminated in a variety of ways. A local election sometimes has a 712:

this information decades later against him, and he fought many duels over his wife's honor. Rachel Robards died before Jackson took office in his first term; he maintained that the stress of the opposition had killed her.

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to oversee the recount of the disputed Presidential election in Miami-Dade County in 2000. Stone is credited with organizing the street demonstrations and eventual shut-down of the recount in that pivotal county.

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who penned an editorial condemning "the most homogeneous, self-centered, and self-complacent community in the United States." Brandeis was confirmed after four months of hearings, in a Senate vote of 47–22.

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In the 1992 presidential campaign, Republicans reported that they spent $ 6 million on a "state of the art (opposition research) war machine" to investigate Bill Clinton, who was running against

842:. In the same election, the Clinton campaign paid more than $ 100,000 to a private investigator to look into allegations about Clinton's womanizing, investigating more than two dozen women. 835:

strategies to alienate voters from opponents. A biography of Atwater, quotes him as saying in an interview toward the end of his life that he regretted some of his less ethical techniques.

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found himself amidst an investigation when he rejected a plan that would have shifted the job of opposition research from employees on the state payroll to private firms. Attorney General

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attributed the acquisition of the documents to Casey, who claimed to know nothing about them, and an analysis of Carter campaign documents found in the "Afghanistan" files of Reagan aide

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In February 2009, Shauna Daly, a former opposition researcher for the Democratic National Committee was appointed as a researcher for the White House's Office of Legal Counsel. Daly was

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File-sharing between operatives of political parties is quite common. In the 2008 presidential election, a dossier of opposition research against Republican vice-presidential nominee

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presidential campaign by a female Republican volunteer: "...an article appeared in a Washington newspaper describing the 'opposition research' program at Republican headquarters..."

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on your campaign's dime just looks bad. The press may poke a little fun at your candidate's expense; your donors may feel their donation in being misspent and may never give again.

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in the presidential race 1980, Reagan's campaign staff acquired under mysterious circumstances a 200-page briefing book, including information on Carter's strategy, which staffers

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reported that Republican conservative advocacy groups were conducting opposition research against her: "Groups are circulating lists of questions they want members of the

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pioneered "collaborative citizen-reporting projects" based on groups of volunteers examining public documents that shed light on the George W. Bush administration's

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sent out mailers targeting 26-year-old Emanuel Pleitez, grouping Pleitez's Facebook photos to suggest that he parties to excess with alcohol, and fraternizes with

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Boudin, Michael (1976). Urofsky, Melvin I.; Levy, David W.; Brandeis, Louis D. (eds.). "Justice Brandeis: The Confirmation Struggle and the Zionist Movement".

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administration, White House staffers compiled lists of names of political opponents, journalists who had criticized Nixon, and artists and actors (such as

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specializing in media productions or "grassroots" operations have replaced volunteers and campaign officials. Political media consultants may also opt for

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dedicated to reading through all of the opponents' public statements and their voting records; others initiate whisper campaigns that employ techniques of

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Candidates and incumbents who benefit from opposition research often choose to remain uninformed about their campaign's operations and tactics, to ensure

1375:"Far from being detached observers, reporters constantly call oppo staffs looking for tidbits and sometimes trading information", wrote three reporters, 430: 351:. This manual for warriors describes the necessity for understanding an opponent's weaknesses, for using spies, and for striking in moments of weakness. 553:

staffers alter Knowledge (XXG) content. However, anyone who wanted to could simply bypass this by using an IP address not associated with Capitol Hill.

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Kennedy's speech prompted a rapid-response opposition research effort from Democrats, but the White House waited two and a half months to respond. The

1072:, were implicated in efforts to use data collected on Democratic-appointed federal attorneys as ground for dismissal. Also during this administration, 1020:. Though this RNC database was accessible to both the Reagan White House and campaign team, no evidence has surfaced that U.S. federal dollars funded 382:

participated, often writing under assumed names. This tradition of robust attack was replicated later in the American colonies, when writers such as

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encouraged citizen examination of such public domain records as Mitt Romney's financial disclosure statements and Bill Clinton's income statements.

544:, revealed Cox's campaign had added information from an opposition research dossier to a Knowledge (XXG) page on Taylor. Knowledge (XXG) co-founder 1056: 781:

is considered to be the "father" of modern aggressive "oppo" techniques. Atwater honed his style working in his native South Carolina for Senator

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constructed chart that exposed the social and financial connections of the group, mostly from Boston's Back Bay, and including Harvard president

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potential issues your campaign should take the time to review the wording of your campaign finance reports", advises one strategist writing for

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or "black ops" to deliberately mislead the public by advancing a pre-determined "narrative" that will present the opponent in a negative light.

2616: 2611: 925:(FBI) agents to the Democratic National Convention in Atlantic City, N.J., to avert assassination attempts, and to monitor his political rival 1902:

Rottinghaus, Brandon; Bereznikova, Zlata (September 2006). "Exorcising Scandal in the White House: Presidential Polling in Times of Crisis".

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will be used against them, as was the case in former Senator George Allen's "macaca moment." In the 2006 election cycle, a Virginia senator,

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is said to have gathered information that was damaging to opponents and used it in attacks against them. He accused one political opponent,

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having an extramarital affair: "We can't have any of our principal speakers refer to it, but the people down the line can get it out."

675: 1035: 809:. During the 1988 presidential campaign, dozens of RNC researchers worked three shifts around the clock to feed the then-burgeoning 541: 1982: 1366:. At this time, Brown confirmed that he had been the source of four mainstream media stories that had received attention from the 983: 519: 367: 1047:

special prosecutor's investigation, Mrs. Clinton stated that she had neither hired Livingstone nor improperly perused the files.

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on a political opponent or other adversary that can be used to discredit or otherwise weaken them. The information can include

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revealed that the U.S. government kept a sizeable database of information about 126 domestic peace activist groups, including

2011: 1856: 492: 249: 1407:, resigned after leaving threatening phone messages on the answering machine of the 85-year-old father of New York Governor 2213: 1303:'s 2002 campaign for the U.S. Senate, Alexander's campaign staff received an anonymous mailing of a photograph of opponent 2606: 2517: 1817: 1250: 1021: 1013: 1009: 883: 798: 1515: 1188:

for appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1987, prompting a Senate floor speech from Democratic Massachusetts senator

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Congressional and presidential opposition research is often conducted by or funded by a political party, lobbying group,

2596: 2232: 1951: 994:, arguing that the executive branch had the power to prosecute journalists as they saw fit, under the provisions of the 454: 1599: 1580: 1457: 602: 1368: 1238: 1208: 619: 606: 416:, suggested that the GOP keep files on individuals as insurance against future races, rather than "scramble" in an 2074: 1315:

In the Pennsylvania state legislature in July 2009, former state House Democratic Campaign Committee Chair, Rep.

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helped turn voters away from Dukakis and towards the Republican, although Atwater and Bush were protected by

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Erik, Schellzig (Associated Press) "Opposition Research is 'Dark Art' for Campaigns", Jackson, Tennessee,

2367:(May 27, 2001). "On Language: Judge fights 'borking' needed to ston court packing'? The End of Minority". 2263: 2184: 1363: 1246: 1111: 986:

to conduct opposition research and retaliate against political opponents and critical journalists such as

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https://www.couriermail.com.au/ipad/swot-tactics-used-in-2009/news-story/d8db36ec900bd56d74acfa0fc49313cf

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because they bore striking resemblance to the opposition research being disseminated by Citizens United.

2372: 2112: 1660:(2005). "Deep Democracy, Thin Citizenship: The Impact of Digital Media in Political Campaign Strategy". 995: 904: 818: 650:

Despite protestations that key party personnel had no knowledge of the dossiers it was later revealed a

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at previous elections which formed the basis of negative attack messaging for a 'rapid response unit'.

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In October 2011, a media storm erupted in Australia over the leaking of 'dirt files' compiled by the

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in the 1824 and 1828 presidential elections unearthed his marriage records to imply that he was an

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Opposition research also has its origins in military planning, as evident in such ancient texts as

148: 529:. The text of the mailer suggested Pleitez, posing with a Latino stage actress and using a Latino 2293: 1677: 1453: 991: 810: 724: 106: 41: 674:, demanding payment for her part in project War Room. The War Room's mandate was to "disempower 1848: 1842: 1253:

gathered and circulated information on the "anti-civil rights" and "anti-immigrant" rulings of

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refer not just to the collection of information but also how it is utilized, as a component of

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Horton story had been completely public for an entire year, part of news coverage that won a

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Matthew Cooper, Gloria Borger, and Michael Barone, "Dirty Tricks? Cheap Shots? Says Who?"

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Associated Press, "Seven Former House Aides Plead Guilty in State Corruption Scandal",

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Associated Press, "Special Prosecutor Sought in Briefing Book Case," October 26, 1983.

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to replace her. Upon inspection, the documents were revealed to have been amended by

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Two former opposition researchers for the RNC appointed to Justice Department posts,

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In the 2000 presidential election, longtime opposition researcher and Nixon loyalist

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The practice of using tips from opposition research sources was examined in 1994 by

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was disbanded in 2008, after investigations into the bribery activities directed at

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occurred on December 17, 1971, in an article that describes the infiltration of the

1404: 1333: 1269: 1254: 1233: 1212: 1137:) of material that will have Republicans scrambling. At least that's what we hope." 1106: 1077: 1031: 858: 797:, Atwater encouraged and helped direct what was then the advanced oppo work of the 756: 739: 731: 628: 550: 465: 409: 383: 371: 362:, opposition research took the form of scandal-mongering pamphlet wars between the 682:

campaigns" and set a pro-ANC agenda using a range of media, without revealing the

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and civil rights activists. Johnson later also placed his Republican challenger,

2554:"Political Consultant Resigns After Allegations of Threatening Spitzer's Father" 2376: 1400: 1320: 1304: 1216: 1189: 1185: 975: 971: 948: 869: 850: 846: 814: 778: 772: 752: 545: 522: 515: 461: 334: 329: 2525: 2389:

Charlie Savage, "Guess Who's Doing Opposition Research Against Harriet Miers?"

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continues to fund a research department, after the 2008 presidential election,

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Brian Bumsted, "House Leaders Subpoenaed In Legislative Corruption Scandal",

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In 2006, the campaign manager of Georgia Democratic gubernatorial candidate

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techniques, which simulate wide popular appeal for a candidate's platform.

2518:"Muckrakers and the Mudslinger: Should Media Treat Floyd Brown Seriously?" 903:: In 1940, the White House accidentally taped a conversation of President 1342: 907:

instructing a lower level aide to disseminate a rumor about his opponent

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opposition research strategist had been compiling the files as part of a

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investigate scare tactics, and to augment a legislative initiative.

2289: 1211:, under the direction of Delaware senator and presidential hopeful 1192:, which later became known as the "Robert Bork's America" speech: 526: 2406:(November 7, 2005). "Beware Your Trail of Digital Fingerprints". 1847:(1st Perennial classics ed.). New York: Perennial. pp. 1403:, a political consultant in the employ of New York state senator 2197:

J.M. Bayer & J. Rodota. "Computerized Opposition Research".

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California's 32nd congressional district special election, 2009

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Schroeder, Christopher H.; Peck, Jeffrey (September 2, 1987).

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Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

670:(ANC) was exposed when Sihle Bolani filed an affidavit in the 328:, of murdering one wife to make room for another. He attacked 549:

guidelines and set up alerts so that its operators know when

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Clement claimed his role was only an informal advisory one.

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The first appearance of the phrase "opposition research" in

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Opposition research became systematized in the 1970s, when

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conducted opposition research and published their results.

2312:"Report Assails Bork's Record On Constitutional Questions" 775:, but Will denied it, calling Carter "a recidivist liar." 1430:"Researchers dig deeper for dirt on political opposition" 730:

In preparation for Ronald Reagan's debate with President

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operative had been engaged to help compile the dossiers.

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indicated they came from three White House offices: the

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should criminal charges be brought against researchers.

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On July 7, 2005, soon after the resignation of Justice

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time at the White House means we've got a mother load (

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Hakim, Danny; Confessore, Nicholas (April 23, 2007).

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was posted in its entirety on a political blog site,

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Ed Magnuson, "I Never Knew There Was Such a Thing,"

1716:"Campaign Manager Resigns Amid Knowledge (XXG) Flap" 1545:. Norman OK: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 2212:George Lardner Jr.; Susan Schmidt (June 27, 1996). 1735:Roots to Power: A Manual for Grassroots Organizing 1099:first place until they were confirmed as threats." 751:, future head of the Central Intelligence Agency. 510:photos became a tool of opposition researchers in 2426:"Wider World of Choices to Fill Souter's Vacancy" 933:, under FBI surveillance, with a federal wiretap. 2233:"Pentagon Will Review Database on U.S. Citizens" 1818:"Inside the ANC's "black ops" election campaign" 1579:Smith, Ben; Bresnehan, John (2 September 2008). 1159:, as well as a group headed by former President 561:Opposition research is a necessary component of 1640:"In Dixie, Signs of a Rising Biracial Politics" 1272:announced his intent to retire from the court, 569:In the presidential election of 2008, the blog 2147:Franklin Roosevelt, quoted in John J. Pitney, 2075:"Dirty Tricks, South Carolina and John McCain" 453:employed by intelligence agencies such as the 2003:Bad Boy: The Life and Politics of Lee Atwater 1697:"Facebook Photos Used as Opposition Research" 257: 8: 2172:Facts on File, Watergate and the White House 1447: 1445: 1443: 1268:On May 2, 2009, after Supreme Court Justice 1167:past presidents. Brandeis sent the chart to 2489:, "Ex-aide's Testimony in Probe Revealed", 1972:, Princeton University Press, 2004, p. 141. 849:was recruited by former Secretary of State 2318:. The Associated Press. September 4, 1987. 873:slander, but it prompted the president of 785:and to elect Congressman (later Governor) 347:, published in the 5th century BC by 264: 250: 29: 2214:"Livingstone Resigns, Denying Ill Intent" 1780:Campaigns & Elections/Politics blog, 1581:"Documents Detail Palin's Political Life" 1076:(CIFA), an intelligence gathering arm of 1983:"A Beloved Mug Shot For the Bush Forces" 1287:Mississippi State Sovereignty Commission 1883:, New York: HarperCollins, 1994, p. 17. 1420: 1057:Dismissal of U.S. attorneys controversy 40: 27:Political negative campaigning practice 2528:on June 17, 2018 – via Highbeam. 643:and further revelations that a former 533:hand sign, was "flashing gang signs". 2185:Dick Cheney's Memos from 30 Years Ago 1794:LNP caught with 'personal dirt files' 1340:. Kurtz surveyed the major networks, 1293:Pennsylvania House of Representatives 7: 2231:Pincus, Walter (December 15, 2001). 2092:Davis, Richard H. (March 21, 2004). 978:suggested in a now-infamous memo to 1480:. New York: Insight Books. p. 1452:Mencimer, Stephanie (30 May 2008). 1428:Schouten, Fredreka (23 May 2012). 1074:Counterintelligence Field Activity 577:. Other organizations such as the 575:U.S. attorneys firings controversy 25: 2094:"The Anatomy of a Smear Campaign" 1758:Arnoldy, Ben (October 17, 2007). 1257:, by then nominated by President 901:Franklin Roosevelt Administration 826:for the Lawrence (Massachusetts) 499:Digital media and Knowledge (XXG) 2571:Weiss, Murray (April 24, 2008). 2516:Kurtz, Howard (April 19, 1994). 2111:Smith, Ben (November 10, 2009). 1950:Will, George (August 11, 2005). 1916:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.02559.x 1619:Scherer, Michael (14 May 2007). 1598:McArdle, Megan (31 March 2008). 984:United States Justice Department 233: 2476:Associated Press, July 7, 2009. 2073:Banks, Ann (January 14, 2008). 1989:. October 3, 1988. p. A22. 1841:Remini, Robert Vincent (2001). 1714:Hamby, Peter (April 26, 2006). 1231:to the U.S. Supreme Court, the 923:Federal Bureau of Investigation 857:In the 2004 presidential race, 727:in the 1860 presidential race. 2131:"Dean Steps Down as DNC Chair" 1904:Presidential Studies Quarterly 1291:Seven aides to members of the 1: 2617:Political campaign techniques 2612:Election campaign terminology 2201:. No. 6. pp. 26–27. 1879:Quoted in Harold Holzer, ed. 1251:Democratic National Committee 1051:George W. Bush Administration 1022:The Opposition Research Group 1014:The Opposition Research Group 1010:Republican National Committee 982:that the White House use the 974:presidency, Deputy Assistant 884:Democratic National Committee 799:Republican National Committee 2540:U.S. News & World Report 2149:The Art of Political Warfare 1695:Blake, Aaron (May 7, 2009). 1542:The Art of Political Warfare 1389:U.S. News & World Report 1103:Barack Obama Administration: 455:Office of Strategic Services 320:In the 1st century BC, 2054:Green, Joshua (June 2004). 2000:Brady, John Joseph (1997). 1881:The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1778:"TMI Can Sink Your Report," 1776:Brent Barksdale, quoted in 1638:Bass, Jack (May 11, 2008). 1600:"Prime Time for Oppo Dumps" 1458:Center for Public Integrity 1142:U.S. Supreme Court examples 959:began to disclose details. 2633: 2573:"'Two on One' vs. Spitzer" 2262:"The Washington Prowler", 1844:The life of Andrew Jackson 1369:Columbia Journalism Review 1284: 1239:Senate Judiciary Committee 1209:Senate Judiciary Committee 1054: 620:political action committee 431:Freedom of Information Act 2504:Pittsburgh Tribune-Review 2199:Campaigns & Elections 1764:Christian Science Monitor 1621:"The Matt Drudge Primary" 1146:In 1916, after President 761:National Security Council 668:African National Congress 370:parties. Writers such as 332:in speeches known as the 1674:10.1177/0002716204270139 1539:Pitney, John J. (2000). 1296:Republican politicians. 1165:American Bar Association 864:A protege of Atwater's, 745:Ethics in Government Act 614:Funding and institutions 531:voter registration drive 486:Trackers and videography 2491:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 1952:"Briefing Book Baloney" 1528:(subscription required) 1349:The Wall Street Journal 895:U.S. executive examples 672:Johannesburg High Court 420:fashion, race by race. 2542:, July 6, 1992, p. 41. 2264:The American Spectator 1364:Whitewater controversy 1112:The American Spectator 1028:Clinton Administration 1004:: In 1984, during the 915:Johnson Administration 695:Presidential elections 652:Liberal National Party 645:Australian Labor Party 641:Liberal National Party 611: 290:collecting information 69:Grassroots fundraising 53: 2485:Tracie Mauriello and 2174:, vol. 1, pp. 96–97". 2029:No Place for Amateurs 1733:Staples, Lee (2003). 1034:administration, the " 1002:Reagan Administration 996:Espionage Act of 1917 917:: In 1964, President 905:Franklin D. Roosevelt 819:plausible deniability 767:and Domestic Adviser 719:, the law partner of 666:In January 2017, the 601:meetings.' Eating at 598: 480:plausible deniability 457:during World War II. 288:) is the practice of 52: 42:Political campaigning 18:Opposition researcher 2607:Election campaigning 2278:The Yale Law Journal 2137:. November 10, 2008. 2060:The Atlantic Monthly 1395:Political infighting 1362:as a witness in the 1336:, media analyst for 961:Nixon's Enemies List 937:Nixon Administration 875:Bob Jones University 607:Morton's Steak House 414:Nixon Administration 310:negative campaigning 167:Negative campaigning 2597:Opposition research 2522:The Washington Post 2253:, February 7, 2009. 1514:Naughton, James M. 1504:Kamber, p. 11. 1338:The Washington Post 1247:Sandra Day O'Connor 1161:William Howard Taft 968:Ford Administration 585:Preventive measures 579:Sunlight Foundation 571:Talking Points Memo 557:Grassroot campaigns 316:Origins and history 282:opposition research 240:Politics portal 149:Post-truth politics 89:Opposition research 2467:, August 31, 2008. 2454:, January 7, 2010. 2452:Themorningcall.com 2430:the New York Times 2408:The New York Times 2369:The New York Times 2335:Cardozo Law Review 2316:The New York Times 2135:The New York Times 1987:The New York Times 1796:– The World Today. 1644:The New York Times 1274:The New York Times 992:The New York Times 888:The New York Times 811:24-hour news cycle 801:against Democrats 725:Stephen A. Douglas 395:The New York Times 54: 2042:Too Close to Call 2006:. Da Capo Press. 1968:Tali Mendelburg, 1822:amabhungane.co.za 1658:Howard, Philip N. 1355:Los Angeles Times 1328:Mass media ethics 1201: 927:Robert F. Kennedy 919:Lyndon B. Johnson 840:George H. W. Bush 795:George H. W. Bush 763:, Vice President 435:covert operations 388:Benjamin Franklin 274: 273: 194:Voter suppression 16:(Redirected from 2624: 2581: 2580: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2549: 2543: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2524:. Archived from 2513: 2507: 2500: 2494: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2461: 2455: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2437: 2418: 2412: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2371:. p. SM12. 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2342: 2326: 2320: 2319: 2308: 2302: 2301: 2273: 2267: 2260: 2254: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2167: 2161: 2158: 2152: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2089: 2083: 2082: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2051: 2045: 2040:Jeffrey Toobin, 2038: 2032: 2027:Dennis Johnson, 2025: 2019: 2017: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1979: 1973: 1966: 1960: 1959: 1947: 1941: 1940:, July 11, 1983. 1934: 1928: 1927: 1899: 1893: 1890: 1884: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1838: 1832: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1797: 1791: 1785: 1784:, July 17, 2009. 1774: 1768: 1767: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1635: 1629: 1628: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1605:Atlantic Monthly 1595: 1589: 1588: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1511: 1505: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1454:"Dirty Politics" 1449: 1438: 1437: 1425: 1399:In spring 2007, 1223:After President 1198: 1184:nominated Judge 1008:presidency, the 787:Carroll Campbell 769:Stuart Eizenstat 749:William J. Casey 354:In 18th-century 266: 259: 252: 238: 237: 217:Campaign manager 134:Get out the vote 129:Election promise 30: 21: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2625: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2587: 2586: 2585: 2584: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2551: 2550: 2546: 2537: 2533: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2506:, July 3, 2009. 2501: 2497: 2493:, July 22, 2009 2487:Dennis B. Roddy 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2462: 2458: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2433: 2424:(May 2, 2009). 2422:Savage, Charlie 2420: 2419: 2415: 2402: 2401: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2363: 2362: 2358: 2354:(2007), p. 283. 2352:The Gallup Poll 2350: 2346: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2266:, March 2, 2009 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2237:Washington Post 2230: 2229: 2225: 2218:Washington Post 2211: 2210: 2206: 2196: 2195: 2191: 2183: 2179: 2169: 2168: 2164: 2160:Pitney, p. 126. 2159: 2155: 2146: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2113:"A Haircut Tip" 2110: 2109: 2105: 2091: 2090: 2086: 2072: 2071: 2067: 2056:"Playing Dirty" 2053: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2026: 2022: 2014: 1999: 1998: 1994: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1963: 1956:Washington Post 1949: 1948: 1944: 1935: 1931: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1859: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1826: 1824: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1800: 1792: 1788: 1775: 1771: 1757: 1756: 1752: 1745: 1744:978-027596997-4 1732: 1731: 1727: 1713: 1712: 1708: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1637: 1636: 1632: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1597: 1596: 1592: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1569:Pitney, p. 108. 1568: 1564: 1557: 1556:978-080613263-1 1538: 1537: 1533: 1527: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1492: 1491:978-030645628-2 1477:Poison Politics 1470: 1469: 1465: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1397: 1330: 1317:Stephen Stetler 1301:Lamar Alexander 1289: 1283: 1169:Walter Lippmann 1157:Lawrence Lowell 1144: 1118:USA PATRIOT Act 1095:Washington Post 1082:Duke Cunningham 1070:Monica Goodling 1066:Timothy Griffin 1063: 1040:Hillary Clinton 1024:or its efforts. 980:Donald Rumsfeld 931:Barry Goldwater 909:Wendell Willkie 897: 807:Michael Dukakis 721:Abraham Lincoln 717:William Herndon 697: 692: 664: 637: 616: 587: 559: 518:. Front-runner 501: 488: 426: 318: 270: 232: 227: 226: 207: 199: 198: 169: 159: 158: 139:Gevald campaign 124:Retail politics 109: 99: 98: 84: 74: 73: 64: 35:Politics series 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 2630: 2628: 2620: 2619: 2614: 2609: 2604: 2599: 2589: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2563: 2558:New York Times 2544: 2531: 2508: 2495: 2478: 2469: 2456: 2443: 2413: 2404:Tom Zeller Jr. 2395: 2382: 2365:William Safire 2356: 2344: 2321: 2303: 2290:10.2307/795344 2284:(4): 591–596. 2268: 2255: 2242: 2223: 2220:. p. A01. 2204: 2189: 2177: 2162: 2153: 2140: 2122: 2103: 2084: 2065: 2046: 2033: 2020: 2012: 1992: 1974: 1961: 1958:. p. A23. 1942: 1929: 1910:(3): 493–505. 1894: 1885: 1872: 1857: 1833: 1809: 1798: 1786: 1769: 1750: 1743: 1725: 1706: 1687: 1649: 1630: 1611: 1590: 1571: 1562: 1555: 1531: 1506: 1497: 1490: 1472:Kamber, Victor 1463: 1439: 1419: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1396: 1393: 1385:Michael Barone 1377:Matthew Cooper 1329: 1326: 1282: 1279: 1259:George W. Bush 1225:George W. Bush 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1163:and a host of 1152:Louis Brandeis 1148:Woodrow Wilson 1143: 1140: 1139: 1138: 1100: 1048: 1025: 999: 965: 953:Charles Colson 934: 912: 896: 893: 824:Pulitzer Prize 803:Walter Mondale 783:Strom Thurmond 765:Walter Mondale 736:David Stockman 709:Rachel Robards 701:Andrew Jackson 696: 693: 691: 688: 663: 660: 636: 633: 615: 612: 586: 583: 558: 555: 500: 497: 487: 484: 447:disinformation 425: 422: 406:Ken Khachigian 380:Henry Fielding 376:Jonathan Swift 344:The Art of War 317: 314: 272: 271: 269: 268: 261: 254: 246: 243: 242: 229: 228: 225: 224: 222:Campaign staff 219: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 191: 189:Smear campaign 186: 181: 176: 170: 165: 164: 161: 160: 157: 156: 154:Text messaging 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 110: 105: 104: 101: 100: 97: 96: 91: 85: 80: 79: 76: 75: 72: 71: 65: 60: 59: 56: 55: 45: 44: 38: 37: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2629: 2618: 2615: 2613: 2610: 2608: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2578: 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