760:
771:, who favored annexation, became President of the United States in 1897, a new treaty of annexation was signed and sent to United States Senate for approval. In response, the Hawaiian Patriotic League and its female counterpart petitioned Congress, opposing the annexation treaty. In September and October of that year, Hui Aloha Ê»Äina collected 556 pages for a total of 21,269 signatures of native Hawaiians â or over half of native residents â opposing annexation. Hui KÄlaiÊ»Äina collected around 17,000 signatures for restoring the monarchy, but their version has been lost to history.
695:
signed at
Washington by Messrs. Hatch, Thurston, and Kinney, purporting to cede those Islands to the territory and dominion of the United States. I declare such a treaty to be an act of wrong toward the native and part-native people of Hawaii, an invasion of the rights of the ruling chiefs, in violation of international rights both toward my people and toward friendly nations with whom they have made treaties, the perpetuation of the fraud whereby the constitutional government was overthrown, and, finally, an act of gross injustice to me.
662:
39:
643:
497:
claimed that
Liliuokalani only surrendered after being convinced that the provisional government was supported by the United States and fearing a bloody military conflict. According to Blount, she was told by the revolutionaries that the U.S. president would consider her case after surrendering. After reviewing the report, Cleveland decided not to send back the treaty he had withdrawn. Blount's findings were disputed by the provisional government.
601:
1453:
677:- but the attempt was quelled by Republic of Hawaii supporters. Those leading the attempt were jailed, along with Liliuokalani, who was accused of not stopping the revolt. Native Hawaiian women made and wore striped dresses in solidarity with those imprisoned, and the womenâs branch of the Hui Aloha Ê»Äina cared for the families of those who were jailed.
658:(Hawaiian Political Association). The majority of native Hawaiians refused to sign an oath of loyalty to the provisional government, and continually protested against the proposed constitution of 1894 - the womenâs branch of the Hui Aloha Ê»Äina wrote to western foreign ministers, calling the constitution âilliberal and despoticâ.
745:
I implore the people of this great and good nation, from whom my ancestors learned the
Christian religion, to sustain their representatives in such acts of justice and equity as may be in accord with the principles of their fathers, and to the Almighty Ruler of the universe, to him who judgeth righteously, I commit my cause.
729:
Because it is proposed by said treaty to confiscate said property, technically called the crown lands, those legally entitled thereto, either now or in succession, receiving no consideration whatever for estates, their title to which has been always undisputed, and which is legitimately in my name at
694:
I, Liliuokalani of Hawaii, by the will of God named heir apparent on the tenth day of April, A.D. 1877, and by the grace of God Queen of the
Hawaiian Islands on the seventeenth day of January, A.D. 1893, do hereby protest against the ratification of a certain treaty, which, so I am informed, has been
576:
for the protection of
British interests; the ship's captain predicted that Liliuokalani would be restored by the U.S. military. In a November 1893 meeting with Willis, Liliuokalani indicated that she wanted the revolutionaries punished and their property confiscated, despite Willis' desire for her to
744:
Therefore I, Liliuokalani of Hawaii, do hereby call upon the
President of that nation, to whom alone I yielded my property and my authority, to withdraw said treaty (ceding said Islands) from further consideration. I ask the honorable Senate of the United States to decline to ratify said treaty, and
669:
The Royal
Hawaiian Band refused to take the oath of loyalty, and were promptly fired, and, without a wage, were told that they would âsoon be eating rocksâ. The band reformed separately from the government and performed in the United States to raise awareness for the Hawaiian cause. The âRock-eating
617:
I Liliuokalani, by the Grace of God and under the
Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Queen, do hereby solemnly protest against any and all acts done against myself and the Constitutional Government of the Hawaiian Kingdom by certain persons claiming to have established a Provisional Government of
739:
Because, by treating with the parties claiming at this time the right to cede said territory of Hawaii, the
Government of the United States receives such territory from the hands of those whom its own magistrates (legally elected by the people of the United States, and in office in 1893) pronounced
719:
Because my people, about forty thousand in number, have in no way been consulted by those, three thousand in number, who claim the right to destroy the independence of Hawaii. My people constitute four-fifths of the legally qualified voters of Hawaii, and excluding those imported for the demands of
709:
Because the
President of the United States, the Secretary of State, and an envoy commissioned by them reported in official documents that my government was unlawfully coerced by the forces, diplomatic and naval, of the United States; that I was at the date of their investigations the constitutional
580:
On December 19, 1893, while meeting with the leaders of the provisional government, Willis presented a letter written by Liliuokalani, in which she agreed to grant amnesty to the revolutionaries if she was restored as queen. During the conference, Willis told the provisional government to surrender
434:
to replace the 1887 one. If adopted, the new constitution would revoke many of the foreigners' powers, and put the queen back in control of the Kingdom. The proposal was backed by the majority of the native population; however, it was naturally opposed by the Americans and other foreigners. Hoping
406:
was a result of progressive governmental control by foreigners and their descendants who were coming in increasing numbers to the islands of Hawaii. Many of these foreigners bought Hawaiian land and invested in the lucrative Hawaiian sugar industry. In 1887, these men forced the then reigning king,
625:
Now to avoid any collision of armed forces, and perhaps the loss of life, I do this under protest and impelled by said force yield my authority until such time as the Government of the United States shall, upon facts being presented to it, undo the action of its representatives and reinstate me in
724:
Because said treaty ignores, not only the civic rights of my people, but, further and longer across the land, the hereditary property of their chiefs. Of the 4,000,000 acres composing the territory said treaty offers to annex, 1,000,000 or 915,000 acres has in no way been heretofore recognized as
496:
After withdrawing the annexation treaty, Cleveland sent an emissary (Blount) to investigate the circumstances surrounding the revolution and the situation in Hawaii. The report stated that the provisional government was not established with the consent or approval of the Hawaiian people. It also
734:
Because said treaty ignores, not only all professions of perpetual amity and good faith made by the United States in former treaties with the sovereigns representing the Hawaiian people, but all treaties made by those sovereigns with other and friendly powers, and it is thereby in violation of
714:
Because neither the above-named commission nor the government which sends it has ever received any such authority from the registered voters of Hawaii, but derives its assumed powers from the so-called committee of public safety, organized on or about the seventeenth day of January, 1893, said
704:
Because that protest and my communications to the United States Government immediately thereafter expressly declare that I yielded my authority to the forces of the United States in order to avoid bloodshed, and because I recognized the futility of a conflict with so formidable a power.
699:
Because the official protests made by me on the seventeenth day of January, 1893, to the so-called Provisional Government was signed by me, and received by said government with the assurance that the case was referred to the United States of America for arbitration.
621:
That I yield to the superior force of the United States of America whose Minister Plenipotentiary, His Excellency John L. Stevens, has caused United States troops to be landed at Honolulu and declared that he would support the Provisional Government.
588:
announced that the settlement of the situation in Hawaii would be left up to Congress, citing Willis' unsatisfactory progress. Cleveland said that Willis had carried out the letter of his directions, rather than their spirit.
443:
while royalist leaders formed the Committee of Law and Order in support of the queen and the government. The situation soon escalated as both sides armed themselves. Fearing for American safety, the United States called on
826:
455:
to protect American interests. Although the Americans were sworn to neutrality and never fired a shot, they did intimidate the royalist defenders, and Queen Lili'uokalani, fearing bloodshed, conceded.
715:
committee being composed largely of persons claiming American citizenship, and not one single Hawaiian was a member thereof, or in any way participated in the demonstration leading to its existence.
187:
581:
to Liliuokalani and allow Hawaii to return to its previous condition, but Dole refused to comply with his demands, claiming that he was not subject to the authority of the United States.
325:
79:
630:
Dole received her letter, but neither read it nor challenged her claim of surrendering to the "superior force of the United States of America." He then sent representatives to
794:
to Congress which convened in December. After presenting the petition to the U.S. Senate and then lobbying senators, they were able to force the treaty's failure in 1898.
249:
1038:
1013:
989:
Report Committee Foreign Relations, United States Senate, Accompanying Testimony, Executive Documents transmitted Congress January 1, 1893, March 10, 1891, p 2144
967:
569:, the provisional government and citizens of Hawaii were ready to rush to arms if necessary, but it was widely believed that Willis' threat of force was a bluff.
759:
869:
1085:
318:
1569:
431:
244:
749:
Done at Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America, this seventeenth day of June, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-seven.
1574:
725:
other than the private property of the constitutional monarch, subject to a control in now way differing from other items of a private estate.
311:
291:
20:
1385:
1348:
1321:
1300:
1226:
1154:
1129:
1508:
141:
1192:
1489:
1441:
397:
342:
110:
64:
423:, ending the Hawaiian sugar industry's dominance in the North American market and depressing prices, pushing Hawaii into turmoil.
1527:
1461:
531:
474:
369:
358:
350:
182:
105:
415:, which stripped him of much of his power, in turn creating a constitutional monarchy. In 1890, the United States enacted the
910:
She...defended her act by showing that, out of a possible 9,500 native voters in 1892, 6,500 asked for a new Constitution.
28:
440:
1269:
1090:
1018:
1400:
229:
1292:
213:
522:
unannounced, bringing an anticipation of an American invasion to restore the monarchy, which became known as the
516:
208:
802:
1149:. A John Hope Franklin Center Book (4. print ed.). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 134â135.
1124:. A John Hope Franklin Center Book (4. print ed.). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. pp. 136â137.
1043:
146:
998:
History of later years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the revolution of 1893 By William De Witt Alexander, p 103
787:
775:
553:
203:
791:
783:
661:
655:
254:
1221:. A John Hope Franklin Center Book (4. print ed.). Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press. p. 139.
542:
527:
427:
381:
151:
74:
1062:
972:
779:
674:
642:
452:
298:
161:
38:
1452:
651:
489:, citing the opposition of Hawaiian citizens to annexation. The provisional government then became the
1423:
412:
264:
177:
380:
of Hawaii. Cleveland retracted the treaty on March 4, 1893, and launched an investigation headed by
1499:
1470:
921:
798:
572:
On December 16, 1893, the British Minister to Hawaii was given permission to land marines from HMS
559:
506:
259:
156:
120:
364:'s administration. But the treaty of annexation came up for approval under the administration of
1481:
1070:
926:
548:, directing their guns toward the capital. He also ordered Rear Admiral John Irwin to organize a
490:
269:
115:
1435:
1430:
1381:
1344:
1327:
1317:
1296:
1222:
1196:
1174:
Schamel, Wynell and Charles E. Schamel. "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii."
1150:
1125:
865:
832:
585:
549:
478:
445:
361:
1408:
1282:
768:
631:
535:
512:
403:
373:
365:
100:
48:
613:
Liliuokalani's statement yielding authority, on January 17, 1893, protested the overthrow:
470:
416:
354:
1366:
1416:
95:
600:
1563:
806:
626:
the authority which I claim as the Constitutional Sovereign of the Hawaiian Islands.
464:
385:
239:
234:
44:
1048:
377:
1311:
1286:
1264:
469:
In an attempt to undo the work of the Harrison administration, Cleveland removed
1242:
486:
408:
274:
866:"Teaching With Documents: The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii"
1331:
836:
690:
June 17, 1898 official protest from Queen Liliuokalani in Washington, DC.
534:. With the hysteria of a military assault, he staged a mock invasion with
592:
On January 11, 1894, Willis confirmed that the invasion had been a hoax.
552:
using troops on the two American ships, which was joined by the Japanese
51:
in distress and is the main symbol of the Hawaiian sovereignty movement.
1394:
1519:
420:
346:
125:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1219:
Aloha betrayed: native Hawaiian resistance to American colonialism
1147:
Aloha betrayed: native Hawaiian resistance to American colonialism
1122:
Aloha betrayed: native Hawaiian resistance to American colonialism
758:
673:
On January 5, 1895, native islanders staged an armed revolution -
660:
641:
599:
584:
A few weeks later, on January 10, 1894, U.S. Secretary of State
436:
1398:
1288:
The Hawaiian Kingdom, Volume 3: 1874â1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty
805:; the resolution resulted in Hawaii's annexation for use as a
740:
fraudulently in power and unconstitutionally ruling Hawaii.
650:
Natives of the Hawaiian Islands rallied behind two groups:
1316:. Honolulu: Curriculum Research & Development Group.
976:. Vol. 11, no. 66. January 10, 1894. p. 1.
1094:. Vol. 75, no. 4. January 11, 1894. p. 2.
1022:. Vol. 75, no. 4. January 11, 1894. p. 1.
357:âattempted to annex the land to the United States under
485:. He then retracted the treaty of annexation from the
1243:"Lili'uokalani's Protest to the Treaty of Annexation"
962:
960:
720:
labor, about the same proportion of the inhabitants.
1518:
1498:
1480:
1460:
1407:
831:. Honolulu: Papapai Mahu Press Publishing Company.
339:
Opposition to the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
419:; the new law sharply raised the country's import
1103:
1101:
1033:
1031:
1029:
763:Native Hawaiian Delegates to Washington, DC, 1897
435:for American intervention, they began planning a
670:songâ composed at the time is still sung today.
426:Following the sugar crash, in 1893 the reigning
985:
983:
755:Efforts against annexation by native Hawaiians
1549:Overthrows by a foreign power are italicized.
319:
8:
947:
945:
893:
870:National Archives and Records Administration
1170:
1168:
1166:
1395:
1193:"The 1897 Petitions Protesting Annexation"
1107:
889:
849:
790:traveled to Washington, DC to present the
686:Protest against annexation by Liliuokalani
439:. Anti-monarchists coalesced, forming the
326:
312:
80:US federal recognition of Native Hawaiians
15:
1310:Menton, Linda K.; Tamura, Eileen (1999).
1186:
1184:
797:However, in 1898, the Senate passed the
1541:Successful overthrows are in bold font.
817:
282:
221:
195:
169:
133:
87:
56:
27:
1442:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom 1893
1178:, 7 (November/December 1999): 402â408.
951:
860:
858:
1545:Failed overthrows are in normal font.
922:"On This Day: A Revolution In Hawaii"
634:to negotiate a treaty of annexation.
7:
905:
1378:Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawaii?
341:took several forms. Following the
1263:Carter, W. S., ed. (August 1897).
376:, and friend of the deposed Queen
188:125th anniversary of the overthrow
14:
1570:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
1490:1895 Counter-Revolution in Hawaii
1341:The Hawaiian Revolution (1893â94)
1313:A History of Hawaii, Student Book
1091:Manufacturers and Farmers Journal
1019:Manufacturers and Farmers Journal
398:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
65:Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom
1462:Provisional Government of Hawaii
1451:
1343:. Susquehanna University Press.
654:(Hawaiian Patriotic League) and
532:United States Minister to Hawaii
292:Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen
183:2008 occupation of Iolani Palace
37:
142:Hawaiian rebellions (1887â1895)
1380:. University of Hawaii Press.
577:grant amnesty to her enemies.
526:. Willis was the successor to
1:
1575:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
1509:Democratic Revolution of 1954
1270:Locomotive Firemen's Magazine
384:; its report is known as the
1368:National problems, 1885â1897
1339:Russ, William Adam (1992).
1063:"Minister Willis's Mission"
825:Spencer, Thomas P. (1895).
638:Efforts by native Hawaiians
515:arrived in Honolulu aboard
230:Sovereignty Restoration Day
70:Opposition to the overthrow
1591:
1365:Dewey, Davis Rich (1907).
1293:University of Hawaii Press
1265:"The Annexation of Hawaii"
665:Hui Aloha Ê»Äina for Women.
596:Native Hawaiian Opposition
504:
462:
395:
250:Proposed 1893 Constitution
214:Office of Hawaiian Affairs
1536:
1449:
1376:Van Dyke, Jon M. (2007).
1217:Silva, Noenoe K. (2006).
1145:Silva, Noenoe K. (2006).
1120:Silva, Noenoe K. (2006).
774:Four Hawaiian delegates:
675:the 1895 Wilcox rebellion
451:to land a small force of
353:âunder the leadership of
343:overthrow of the monarchy
209:Home Rule Party of Hawaii
196:Parties and organizations
1431:Wilcox Rebellion of 1889
1371:. Harper & Brothers.
1191:Noenoe K. Silva (1998).
894:Menton & Tamura 1999
852:, pp. 533, 587â588.
681:Resistance to annexation
646:Hui Aloha Ê»Äina for Men.
411:, to sign the so-called
147:Wilcox rebellion of 1889
609:Response from the queen
565:. After the arrival of
1528:Statehood Day Takeover
776:James Keauiluna Kaulia
764:
752:
666:
647:
628:
618:and for this Kingdom.
605:
511:On December 14, 1893,
382:James Henderson Blount
351:provisional government
106:Provisional Government
75:Legal status of Hawaii
1247:www.hawaii-nation.org
762:
692:
664:
645:
615:
603:
402:The overthrow of the
345:on January 17, 1893,
162:1895 Wilcox rebellion
1436:Burlesque Conspiracy
1401:Overthrows in Hawaii
1283:Kuykendall, Ralph S.
803:SpanishâAmerican War
710:ruler of my people.
413:Bayonet Constitution
265:Hawaiian Organic Act
245:Bayonet Constitution
178:Hawaiian Renaissance
134:Historical conflicts
29:Hawaiian sovereignty
1500:Territory of Hawaii
1176:Social Education 63
1086:"Quiet at Honolulu"
1074:. January 14, 1894.
1051:. January 12, 1894.
973:Clinton Morning Age
799:Newlands Resolution
735:international law.
507:Black Week (Hawaii)
441:Committee of Safety
428:Queen Lili'uokalani
260:Newlands Resolution
222:Documents and ideas
157:Black Week (Hawaii)
152:Leper War on Kauaʻi
111:Government in Exile
1482:Republic of Hawaii
1071:The New York Times
1044:The Morning Herald
1039:"Willis Has Acted"
930:. January 28, 1893
927:The New York Times
780:David Kalauokalani
765:
667:
648:
606:
491:Republic of Hawaii
481:as captain of USS
475:Minister to Hawaii
432:a new constitution
270:Apology Resolution
1557:
1556:
1417:Battle of Kuamo'o
1387:978-0-8248-3210-0
1350:978-0-945636-43-4
1323:978-0-937049-94-5
1302:978-0-87022-433-1
1228:978-0-8223-3350-0
1156:978-0-8223-3350-0
1131:978-0-8223-3350-0
1014:"Hawaiian Papers"
586:Walter Q. Gresham
550:landing operation
479:Gilbert C. Wiltse
362:Benjamin Harrison
336:
335:
204:Aloha Ê»Äina Party
1582:
1455:
1409:Hawaiian Kingdom
1396:
1391:
1372:
1354:
1335:
1306:
1278:
1251:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1195:. Archived from
1188:
1179:
1172:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1096:
1095:
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1067:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1035:
1024:
1023:
1010:
999:
996:
990:
987:
978:
977:
968:"Defied By Dole"
964:
955:
949:
940:
939:
937:
935:
918:
912:
903:
897:
896:, pp. 21â23
887:
881:
880:
878:
876:
862:
853:
847:
841:
840:
828:Kaua Kuloko 1895
822:
769:William McKinley
632:Washington, D.C.
558:and the British
404:Hawaiian Kingdom
366:Grover Cleveland
328:
321:
314:
299:Kaua Kuloko 1895
49:Hawaiian Kingdom
41:
16:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1580:
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1560:
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1558:
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1532:
1520:State of Hawaii
1514:
1494:
1476:
1456:
1447:
1403:
1388:
1375:
1364:
1361:
1359:Further reading
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1338:
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1236:
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1173:
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1114:
1108:Kuykendall 1967
1106:
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1083:
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958:
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943:
933:
931:
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919:
915:
904:
900:
892:, p. 593;
890:Kuykendall 1967
888:
884:
874:
872:
864:
863:
856:
850:Kuykendall 1967
848:
844:
824:
823:
819:
815:
809:military base.
788:John Richardson
757:
750:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
688:
683:
652:Hui Aloha Ê»Äina
640:
611:
598:
509:
503:
471:John L. Stevens
467:
461:
417:McKinley Tariff
400:
394:
355:Sanford B. Dole
332:
52:
47:represents the
30:
12:
11:
5:
1588:
1586:
1578:
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1162:
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1112:
1097:
1077:
1054:
1025:
1000:
991:
979:
956:
941:
913:
908:, p. 67:
898:
882:
854:
842:
816:
814:
811:
792:KÅ«Ê»Ä Petitions
756:
753:
687:
684:
682:
679:
656:Hui KÄlaiÊ»Äina
639:
636:
610:
607:
597:
594:
505:Main article:
502:
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463:Main article:
460:
457:
396:Main article:
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255:KÅ«Ê»Ä Petitions
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1424:Paulet Affair
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1199:on 2012-03-17
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513:Albert Willis
508:
500:
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477:, as well as
476:
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466:
465:Blount Report
459:Blount Report
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438:
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429:
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386:Blount Report
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240:Morgan Report
238:
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235:Blount Report
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170:Modern events
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60:
55:
50:
46:
45:Hawaiian flag
43:The inverted
40:
36:
35:
32:
26:
22:
18:
17:
1548:
1540:
1507:
1469:
1440:
1422:
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1367:
1340:
1312:
1287:
1274:
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1257:Bibliography
1246:
1237:
1218:
1212:
1201:. Retrieved
1197:the original
1175:
1146:
1140:
1121:
1115:
1089:
1080:
1069:
1057:
1049:United Press
1042:
1017:
994:
971:
932:. Retrieved
925:
916:
909:
901:
885:
873:. Retrieved
845:
827:
820:
796:
784:William Auld
773:
766:
748:
743:
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733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
689:
672:
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649:
629:
624:
620:
616:
612:
604:Liliuokalani
591:
583:
579:
573:
571:
566:
561:
554:
545:Philadelphia
544:
537:
528:James Blount
523:
518:
510:
495:
482:
468:
447:
425:
401:
378:Liliuokalani
374:expansionist
338:
337:
297:
290:
69:
952:Carter 1897
801:due to the
730:this date.
487:U.S. Senate
88:Governments
57:Main issues
1564:Categories
1471:Black Week
1203:2011-11-27
813:References
524:Black Week
501:Black Week
392:Background
359:Republican
275:Akaka Bill
906:Russ 1992
560:HMS
543:USS
536:USS
446:USS
430:proposed
121:Territory
1332:49753910
1285:(1967).
837:19662315
574:Champion
562:Champion
409:KalÄkaua
370:Democrat
116:Republic
96:Chiefdom
31:movement
21:a series
19:Part of
934:30 June
875:30 June
807:Pacific
453:Marines
421:tariffs
372:, anti-
101:Kingdom
1384:
1347:
1330:
1320:
1299:
1225:
1153:
1128:
835:
786:, and
767:After
567:Corwin
555:Naniwa
519:Corwin
483:Boston
448:Boston
347:Hawaii
23:on the
1066:(PDF)
538:Adams
517:USRC
283:Books
126:State
1382:ISBN
1345:ISBN
1328:OCLC
1318:ISBN
1297:ISBN
1277:(2).
1223:ISBN
1151:ISBN
1126:ISBN
936:2011
877:2011
833:OCLC
541:and
437:coup
368:, a
530:as
473:as
349:'s
1566::
1326:.
1295:.
1291:.
1275:23
1273:.
1267:.
1245:.
1183:^
1165:^
1100:^
1088:.
1068:.
1047:.
1041:.
1028:^
1016:.
1003:^
982:^
970:.
959:^
944:^
924:.
868:.
857:^
782:,
778:,
493:.
388:.
1390:.
1353:.
1334:.
1305:.
1249:.
1231:.
1206:.
1159:.
1134:.
938:.
879:.
839:.
327:e
320:t
313:v
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