326:
384:, which was also a common cause of death among children across Canada at that time; but, students also died from other causes, including other diseases, fire, accident, drowning, and hypothermia, some of which occurred while running away from school. Some residential schools had mortality rates of 30% or more. The mortality rates at residential schools were much higher than the mortality rates of Canadian children as a whole. Many deaths were the result of neglect, as schools frequently denied basic medical care or assistance to their students until just before they died; in many cases, school staff did not bother searching for missing children until the next day.
407:, the deputy superintendent of Indian Affairs from 1913 to 1932, who supported the assimilation policy said in 1910, "it is readily acknowledged that Indian children lose their natural resistance to illness by habitating so closely in these schools and that they die at a much higher rate than in their villages. But this alone does not justify a change in the policy of this Department, which is being geared towards the final solution of our Indian Problem." In 1914 he added, "the system was open to criticism. Insufficient care was exercised in the admission of children to the schools. The well-known predisposition of Indians to
522:, in the spring of 2013. Webstad recounted her first day of residential schooling at six years old, when she was stripped of her clothes, including the new orange shirt her grandmother bought her, which was never returned. The orange shirt now symbolizes how the residential school system took away the indigenous identities of its students. However, the association of the colour with the First Nations goes back to antiquity, the colour represents sunshine, truth-telling, health, regeneration, strength and power.
388:
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adults and the educational achievement of their children and grandchildren, who were frequently raised in low-income homes. It also found that the sexual and physical abuse received at the schools created life-long trauma in residential school survivors, trauma and abuse which was often passed down to their children and grandchildren, which continues to create victims of the residential school system today.
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Today, Orange Shirt Day exists as a legacy of the SJM Project, and
September 30, the annual date of the event, signifies the time of year when Indigenous children were historically taken from their homes to residential schools. The official tagline of the day, "Every Child Matters", reminds Canadians
960:
has been used because of the historical nature of the article and the precision of the name. It was, and continues to be, used by government officials, Indigenous peoples and historians while referencing the school system. The use of the name also provides relevant context about the era in which the
485:
to their children, leading to 70% of Canada's
Aboriginal languages being classified as endangered. It found that the deliberately poor education offered at the residential school system created a poorly educated indigenous population in Canada, which impacted the incomes those students could earn as
313:
was faced with a country with disparate cultures and identities and wanted to forge a new
Canadian identity to unite the country and ensure its survival. It was Macdonald's goal to absorb the First Nations into the general population of Canada and extinguish their culture. In 1878, he commissioned
533:
practices are also encouraged, drawing from
Webstad's experience in particular. For instance, many communities have held memorial walks, film screenings, and public lectures to raise awareness about Indigenous history. Accordingly, school boards across Canada have begun to use this event to teach
425:
By the 1950s, the government began to relax restrictions on the First
Nations of Canada and began to work towards shutting the schools down. The government seized control of the residential schools from the churches in 1969 and, by the 1980s, only a few schools remained open, with the last school
858:
The Orange Shirt
Society then approved of other Indigenous artists creating orange shirts. Their policy states that while they retain copyright over Orange Shirt Day, other people and organizations may make their own shirts provided that some of the profits go towards the Orange Shirt Society or
322:. One year later, Davin reported that only residential schools could separate aboriginal children from their parents and culture and cause them "to be merged and lost" within the nation. Davin argued that the government should work with the Christian churches to open these schools.
461:
was formed to investigate the relationship between indigenous peoples in Canada, the government of Canada, and
Canadian society as a whole. When its final report was presented five years later, it led the government to make a statement of reconciliation in 1998 and established the
854:
In 2017, the supply of official orange shirts did not meet demand. As a workaround, some communities created their own shirts. Designer Carey Newman made one that sold out in under two days. Newman's father attended a residential school and his design commemorated this.
361:
to seize children from reserves and bring them to the residential schools. When parents came to take their children away from the schools, the pass system was created, banning
Indigenous people from leaving their reserve without a pass from an Indian agent.
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I join with all
Canadians on this first National Day for Truth and Reconciliation to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive
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1315:"The great aim of our legislation has been to do away with the tribal system and assimilate the Indian people in all respects with the other inhabitants of the Dominion as speedily as they are fit to change." John A. Macdonald, 1887
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added
September 30th to their relevant legislations as a holiday to some extent. As of March 2023, NDTR is a statutory holiday for all workers in British Columbia, Northwest Territories, Prince Edward Island, and Yukon.
768:
to make September 30 a paid statutory holiday in the province. The legislation was passed on March 9, 2023, making National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a statutory holiday for provincial workers, via amendments to the
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The Orange Shirt Society was founded by the people involved in the creation of Orange Shirt Day, and is headquartered in Williams Lake, British Columbia. Every year, they release an official Orange Shirt Day
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apologized for its role in the residential school system. The Anglican church followed suit in 1992. Some Catholic organizations have apologized for their role in the residential school system and, in 2009,
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expressed sorrow for the experiences of the residential school survivors, but the Roman Catholic Church had not formally apologized for its role in the residential school system. In 2017, Prime Minister
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377:, the chair of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission later stated that they only included deaths of children that they had records for and that the true number of deaths could be as high as 6,000.
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tabled a new bill on September 29, 2020, proposing Orange Shirt Day become a national statutory holiday, similar to the previous proposal by Jolibois. The new holiday would be officially named the
259:, whose personal clothing—including a new orange shirt—was taken from her during her first day of residential schooling, and never returned. The orange shirt is thus used as a symbol of the forced
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were discovered earlier that year. Trudeau ignored the invitation, and his schedule showed him having meetings in Ottawa that day. However, Trudeau instead took an unannounced private holiday in
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Orange Shirt Day was first established as an observance in 2013, as part of an effort to promote awareness and education of the residential school system and the impact it has had on
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403:. Bryce's report was leaked to journalists, prompting calls for reform from across the country. Despite this public outcry, Bryce's recommendations were largely ignored.
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666:
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851:, which features a design by an Indigenous artist and the tagline "Every Child Matters"; proceeds from the sales of the shirt go towards the Orange Shirt Society.
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was rampant. Over the course of the system's existence—more than a century long—approximately 150,000 children were placed in residential schools nationally. The
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to find out what happened at the schools. The commission released its final report in 2015, which found that the Indian residential school system was an act of "
3994:
3667:
3514:
3254:
2098:
1033:
651:
587:
474:
435:
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370:
271:
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515:
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357:. When the separation of children from their parents was resisted, the government responded by making school attendance compulsory in 1894 and empowered the
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575:, where it passed on March 21, 2019. However, the bill was unable to make it through the Senate before parliament was dissolved ahead of an election.
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that recognized the legacy of residential schools; September 30 was one of the dates considered. The Heritage Committee chose Orange Shirt Day, and
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The schools aimed to eliminate Indigenous language and culture and replace it with English or French language and Christian beliefs. Pictured is
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was common and students were forced to work to help raise money for the school. Students were beaten for speaking their indigenous languages.
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National Day for Truth and Reconciliation was first observed as a federal holiday in 2021. On the first year it was observed, Prime Minister
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1979:
2012:
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to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a holiday for territorial government employees and territorially-regulated businesses.
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1200:
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Banners advertising Orange Shirt Day flying in Williams Lake, BC – a city located within T'exelc (Williams Lake First Nation territory)
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brought Bill 47 into force, making National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a statutory holiday for all employees in the territory.
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319:
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1937:
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Orange Shirt Day was first established as an observance in 2013, as part of an effort to promote awareness and education of the
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unanimously approved National Truth and Reconciliation Day as statutory holiday in the province. The bill was sponsored by MLA
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to officially recognize September 30 as a provincial statutory holiday for residents, which passed on November 17 that year.
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in 2017 encouraged people across Canada to participate in this commemorative and educational event. The following year, the
373:
details deaths of approximately 3,200 children in residential schools, representing a 2.1% mortality rate. However, Justice
2533:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation Adopted as New Statutory Holiday for all Employees in the Northwest Territories"
380:
Most of the recorded student deaths at residential schools took place before the 1950s. The most common cause of death was
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1886:
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reported to the Department of Indian Affairs in 1897 about the high student mortality rates at residential schools due to
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Beginning in 1883, the government began funding Indian residential schools across Canada, which were run primarily by the
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to mark Orange Shirt Day by highlighting the stories of various residential school survivors. The special received two
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Many schools did not communicate the news of the deaths of students to the students' families, burying the children in
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2652:
1547:
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and Best Picture Editing in a Factual Program or Series (Craig Anderson, Cathy Gulkin, James Kinistino and Ken Yan).
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The day was elevated to a statutory holiday for federal workers and workers in federally-regulated workplaces by the
2627:"Television Nominees Announced For 2021 Canadian Screen Awards, 'Schitt's Creek' Leads The Pack With 21 Nominations"
590:(now referred to as 200 "targets of interest" by Dr. Sarah Beaulieu who performed the search) were discovered in an
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Le Jour du chandail orange, en septembre, est une journée très importante qui gagne en popularité partout au pays.
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system was established, specifically one in which Indigenous peoples in Canada were homogeneously referred to as
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191:
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apologized in 2008, on behalf of the federal Cabinet, for the Indian residential school system and created the
3144:
2328:
568:
418:; in one-third of recorded deaths, the names of the students who had died were not recorded. In some schools,
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3815:
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1026:"Indigenous business leader disappointed National Day for Truth and Reconciliation not a provincial holiday"
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868:
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441:
346:
306:
2956:
2841:"Where to Purchase Orange Shirts by Indigenous Designers for the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
2150:
2121:"Government of Canada Encourages Participation in Orange Shirt Day to Honour Residential Schools Survivors"
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other Indigenous charities and causes, and meet other technical requirements as stated on their website.
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3400:
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801:
690:
404:
338:
260:
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31:
3140:
2266:"Anthropologist explains how she concluded 200 children were buried at the Kamloops Residential School"
2151:"'Another step forward': Date of proposed holiday for reconciliation still needs to be set | CBC News"
717:
to allow for NWT employees to observe the holiday that year. The following year, on June 3, 2022, the
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912:
750:
698:
315:
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communities for over a century. The impact of the residential school system has been recognized as a
233:
2765:
2236:"Liberal government tables bill to make Sept. 30 a national holiday to remember residential schools"
3785:
3612:
2675:
1302:
906:
482:
354:
3010:
2004:
838:
709:
In 2021, subsequently following the federal government's creation of the new federal holiday, the
662:
of the Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc described his lack of attendance as a "gut punch to the community."
598:, all parties in the House of Commons agreed to fast-track the bill, which passed in the House by
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1112:
900:
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614:
199:
35:
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Conditions at the schools were rough, as schools were underfunded and the infectious disease of
1143:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation declared statutory holiday in Northwest Territories"
481:" against the First Nations of Canada, as it disrupted the ability of parents to pass on their
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3800:
3755:
3634:
3548:
3297:
3219:
2901:
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599:
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310:
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1113:"The Employment Standards Code Amendment and Interpretation Amendment Act (Orange Shirt Day)"
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3543:
3447:
3442:
3307:
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2980:
2359:"Queen says she's joining Canadians to reflect on National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
1449:
1379:
678:
603:
350:
217:
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1968:
981:
is limited throughout the article to proper nouns and references to government legislation.
62:
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3057:
3039:
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1297:
659:
552:
511:
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asked the Pope to issue an apology over its role in the Indian residential school system.
374:
342:
330:
270:
in 2021, and named "National Day for Truth and Reconciliation", in light of the claims of
256:
176:
164:
133:
2575:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation on track to become statutory day in the Yukon"
2993:
1909:"Orange Shirt Day: How a 6-year-old's 1st day at residential school inspired a movement"
3263:
2506:"Trudeau says 'denialism' rising as nation marks holiday for indigenous reconciliation"
785:
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591:
470:
451:
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3973:
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3770:
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3622:
3280:
3032:
2385:"The Queen's message to mark Canada's first National Day of Truth and Reconciliation"
1945:
1232:"Yukon legislature unanimously approves Truth and Reconciliation Day as stat holiday"
545:
210:
2724:
2475:
2414:
1846:
1779:
1669:
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3325:
2814:"'Power of inspiration': Kwagiulth artist's Orange Shirt Day design sells out fast"
610:
419:
408:
400:
381:
366:
105:
2446:"Trudeau travels on National Day for Truth and Reconciliation for Tofino vacation"
658:, attracting widespread criticism from the public and media alike. KĂşkpi7 (Chief)
647:
2678:, "Stop, listen and watch: Stories to take in on Truth and Reconciliation Day"].
2601:"B.C. to make National Day for Truth and Reconciliation a paid statutory holiday"
3914:
3368:
2445:
761:
754:
686:
396:
391:
Comparative death rates per 1,000 for school aged children in Canada (1921–1965)
206:
17:
2917:
1878:
1262:"Royal assent given to bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
3805:
3225:
3130:
3119:
3108:
3097:
3086:
2900:, edited by P. Webstad and J. Sorley. Victoria, BC: Medicine Wheel Education.
2788:"Orange Shirt Day movement growing, but shirts themselves can be hard to find"
739:
559:
announced that it was considering tabling a bill in Parliament to establish a
3118:
School District 27 Residential Schools and Reconciliation. January 6, 2014. "
2091:"Sudbury schools honour Indigenous children who attended residential schools"
3760:
2961:
2638:
302:
1555:
510:
The inspiration for Orange Shirt Day came from residential school survivor
1088:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation - Province of British Columbia"
665:
In 2023's National Truth and Reconciliation Day, Justin Trudeau said that
630:
for federal government employees and private-sector employees to whom the
3884:
2178:"Truth and Reconciliation Day may be Canada's next new statutory holiday"
2065:"Reconciliation week: Orange Shirt Day arrives early at B.C. Legislature"
682:
518:(SJM) Residential School Commemoration Project and Reunion event held in
221:
2299:"MPs fast-track bill creating national day for truth and reconciliation"
842:
Teachers in a Canadian school wearing orange shirts for Orange Shirt Day
3597:
2913:
2890:
848:
694:
255:
The use of an orange shirt as a symbol was inspired by the accounts of
229:
1057:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation to be observed on Sept. 30"
606:
unanimously six days later and received royal assent on June 3, 2021.
198:
federal government employees and private-sector employees to whom the
3703:
586:. On May 28, 2021, the day after it was reported that the remains of
1414:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 1: Origins to 1939"
263:
of Indigenous children that the residential school system enforced.
1171:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation | Government of Nunavut"
995:"National Day for Truth and Reconciliation – is it a paid holiday?"
3710:
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples Act
2939:
Butterfly Books Recommends: Two Picture Books for Orange Shirt Day
970:
837:
702:
386:
324:
237:
3024:
1714:"Canada's Residential Schools: The History, Part 2: 1939 to 2000"
411:
resulted in a very large percentage of deaths among the pupils."
3231:
3161:
3145:
What is Orange Shirt Day? Bob Joseph- Indigenous Master Trainer
2877:, edited by E. Bullen. Victoria, BC: Medicine Wheel Education.
2415:"Truth and Reconciliation: Trudeau slammed for taking vacation"
1423:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada. Archived from
578:
During the subsequent parliamentary session, Heritage Minister
272:
over 1,000 unmarked graves near former residential school sites
3109:
Eddy Charlie shares his story of survival for Orange Shirt Day
27:
Canadian day of remembrance for victims of residential schools
2476:"Trudeau visits First Nation to apologise after holiday snub"
1967:
Sinclair, Murray; Littlechild, Wilton; Wilson, Marie (2015).
1809:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1712:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1412:
Sinclair, Murray; Wilson, Marie; Littlechild, Wilton (2015).
1201:"Province observes National Day for Truth and Reconciliation"
669:
was on the rise, and the whole truth needed to be uncovered.
2558:
P.E.I. to recognize National Day of Truth and Reconciliation
3680:
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women
3011:
Understanding the National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
2875:
The Orange Shirt Story: The True Story of Orange Shirt Day
1380:"Report on industrial schools for Indians and half-breeds"
1291:"CBC, APTN to air special on residential school survivors"
1055:
Government of New Brunswick, Canada (September 22, 2022).
529:
Education on the history of residential schools and their
1517:"Why so many children died at Indian Residential Schools"
2205:"Indigenous stat holiday bill destined to die in Senate"
824:
In September 2021, CBC Television aired the documentary
183:), is a Canadian holiday to recognize the legacy of the
728:
of Prince Edward Island introduced an amendment to the
2009:
Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada
1609:"10 quotes John A. MacDonald made about First Nations"
1347:
Johnson, J.K.; Marshall, Tabitha (November 28, 2017).
1318:"10 quotes John A. Macdonald made about First Nations"
810:
Best Children's or Youth Non-Fiction Program or Series
526:
that all peoples' cultural experiences are important.
169:
Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation
52:
Journée nationale de la vérité et de la réconciliation
3044:
Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre
2764:. Orange Shirt Society. June 23, 2021. Archived from
2653:"Webstad documentary Returning Home premieres at UBC"
1942:
Indian Residential School History and Dialogue Centre
1820:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from
1723:. Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Archived from
1086:
Ministry of Indigenous Relations and Reconciliation.
794:
Every Child Matters: Reconciliation Through Education
650:
nation near Kamloops, B.C., near the place the first
2758:"Orange Shirt Society Branding and Copyright Policy"
1847:"Phyllis (Jack) Webstad's story in her own words..."
1780:"Trudeau asks Pope Francis to apologise for schools"
827:
We Know the Truth: Stories to Inspire Reconciliation
557:
Department of Canadian Heritage and Multiculturalism
3900:
Richard Cardinal: Cry from a Diary of a MĂ©tis Child
3829:
3769:
3732:
3723:
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3590:
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3357:
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3306:
3240:
3203:
3196:
139:
129:
119:
111:
101:
90:
82:
72:
45:
815:Webstad was profiled in the 2021 documentary film
3959:Index of articles related to Indigenous Canadians
2329:"43rd PARLIAMENT, 2nd SESSION: JOURNALS, No. 106"
719:Legislative Assembly of the Northwest Territories
2203:Somos, Christy; Aiello, Rachel (June 21, 2019).
1944:. University of British Columbia. Archived from
125:2021 (National Day for Truth and Reconciliation)
2839:Stringer-Holden, Bridget (September 15, 2021).
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1407:
1405:
2725:"THE Official 2021 Orange Shirt Day t-shirt!!"
171:), originally and still colloquially known as
3980:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
3173:
3098:Phyllis Webstad Orange Shirt Day Presentation
673:Provincial/territorial government recognition
475:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
436:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
371:Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada
8:
2752:
2750:
1818:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1721:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
1421:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
936:. Permanent Committee on Canadian Heritage,
884:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
798:National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation
94:National day to recognize the impact of the
50:
3837:Portrayals of the residential school system
965:rather than by language that distinguishes
646:had been invited to spend the day with the
550:Minister of Indigenous and Northern Affairs
3729:
3650:
3354:
3200:
3180:
3166:
3158:
3120:Murray Sinclair – Truth and Reconciliation
1811:"Canada's Residential Schools: The Legacy"
305:on the treaties signed between it and the
61:
42:
1510:
1508:
1506:
944:from the original on September 13, 2019.
889:Canadian Indian residential school system
652:Indian residential school unmarked graves
584:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
301:inherited the responsibility of advising
289:Canadian Indian residential school system
185:Canadian Indian residential school system
153:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
96:Canadian Indian residential school system
46:National Day for Truth and Reconciliation
3527:Violence against WetĘĽsuwetĘĽen protesters
2937:Antoniades, Helen. September 27, 2018. "
320:residential schools in the United States
4025:Indigenous child displacement in Canada
3131:St. Joseph's Residential School Stories
3046:. University of British Columbia. 2020.
2851:from the original on September 28, 2021
2735:from the original on September 30, 2021
2705:from the original on September 29, 2021
2339:from the original on September 23, 2021
2278:from the original on September 30, 2022
2234:Ballingall, Alex (September 29, 2020).
2157:from the original on September 29, 2021
2101:from the original on September 28, 2021
1915:from the original on September 28, 2021
1889:from the original on September 29, 2021
1856:from the original on September 30, 2021
1491:from the original on September 29, 2021
1036:from the original on September 13, 2021
925:
796:, a television special produced by the
711:Government of the Northwest Territories
2297:Reynolds, Christopher (May 28, 2021).
2011:. Government of Canada. May 24, 2018.
1932:
1930:
1873:
1871:
1790:from the original on September 5, 2021
1577:Smith, Maximilian (October 31, 2019).
626:The legislation made September 30th a
594:cemetery on the grounds of the former
459:Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples
2957:17 books to read for Orange Shirt Day
2794:from the original on October 31, 2020
2486:from the original on January 29, 2022
2395:from the original on October 18, 2021
2365:from the original on November 4, 2022
2153:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
2005:"Commemorative promotional resources"
1481:"Truth and Reconciliation Commission"
1285:
1283:
1255:
1253:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1195:
1193:
1191:
790:Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
7:
3995:Recurring events established in 2013
3608:Justice for our Stolen Children Camp
3188:Violence and discrimination against
3129:Shaw TV Northern BC. May 24, 2013. "
2531:LLP, McLennan Ross (July 12, 2022).
2456:from the original on October 2, 2021
2425:from the original on October 1, 2021
2246:from the original on August 13, 2021
2215:from the original on August 15, 2021
2131:from the original on August 15, 2021
1760:from the original on August 14, 2021
1527:from the original on October 1, 2021
1359:from the original on August 17, 2021
1165:
1163:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1020:
1018:
1016:
989:
987:
3668:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
3276:First Nations nutrition experiments
3107:ProvinceofBC. September 29, 2018. "
2820:from the original on August 5, 2018
2184:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
2176:Hwang, Priscilla (March 27, 2019).
1985:from the original on August 4, 2021
1976:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
1650:from the original on April 10, 2021
1619:from the original on April 18, 2021
1328:from the original on April 18, 2021
1147:Government of Northwest Territories
915:, a grassroots initiative in Turkey
617:, issued a message marking the day:
205:provincial government employees in
3936:The Unnatural and Accidental Women
2556:Chang, Arturo. 2021 September 9. "
1686:from the original on June 24, 2021
1613:Indigenous Corporate Training, Inc
1589:from the original on July 26, 2021
1552:Canadian Public Health Association
1390:from the original on July 20, 2021
596:Kamloops Indian Residential School
501:Canadian residential school system
297:in 1867, the ministers in the new
25:
3697:An Act to amend the Criminal Code
3096:johndellca. September 24, 2016. "
3073:Indigenous Corporate Training Inc
2444:Burke, Ashley (October 1, 2021).
2309:from the original on May 31, 2021
2045:from the original on July 1, 2022
2015:from the original on July 3, 2022
190:As of March 2023, NDTR is a
3556:Death of Regis Korchinski-Paquet
2071:from the original on May 3, 2019
1670:"A Condensed Timeline of Events"
1515:Hopper, Tristan (May 29, 2021).
1460:from the original on May 1, 2021
1450:"Indian Act and the Pass System"
760:In February 2023, B.C. Minister
507:communities for over a century.
283:Indian residential school system
3751:British Columbia Treaty Process
3085:CBC News. September 28, 2018. "
2998:Canadian Children's Book Centre
1879:"The Story of Orange Shirt Day"
879:National Indigenous Peoples Day
744:Legislative Assembly of Nunavut
543:Minister of Indigenous Services
520:Williams Lake, British Columbia
144:National Indigenous Peoples Day
538:Federal government recognition
1:
3990:2013 establishments in Canada
2994:Orange Shirt Day Reading List
1677:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
1479:Moran, Ry (October 5, 2020).
1454:Indigenous Corporate Training
1322:Indigenous Corporate Training
1260:Bryden, Joan (June 3, 2021).
503:and the impact it has had on
464:Aboriginal Healing Foundation
359:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
3190:Indigenous peoples in Canada
3062:Centennial College Libraries
2986:University of Manitoba Press
2896:Orange Shirt Society. 2020.
1754:Facing History and Ourselves
874:Indigenous peoples in Canada
514:, who shared her story at a
4005:Indigenous events in Canada
3811:Old-growth logging protests
3087:What Orange Shirt Day means
3038:September 22, 2020, at the
2658:September 30, 2021, at the
1378:Davin, Nicholas F. (1879).
534:children about the system.
495:History of Orange Shirt Day
4076:
3578:Judge David William Ramsay
2981:Orange Shirt Day Booklist!
2970:Books for Orange Shirt Day
2923:November 26, 2021, at the
2333:House of Commons of Canada
938:House of Commons of Canada
909:, United States of America
806:9th Canadian Screen Awards
433:
309:of Canada. Prime Minister
286:
29:
4055:Fashion-related occasions
4050:Genocide remembrance days
4030:Public holidays in Canada
3949:
3699:for trafficking of minors
3566:Saskatoon freezing deaths
3250:Residential school system
3069:What is Orange Shirt Day?
1583:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1548:"History of tuberculosis"
1485:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1353:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1205:www.princeedwardisland.ca
764:introduced a bill in the
742:gave royal assent at the
60:
3640:Walking With Our Sisters
3561:Killing of Chantel Moore
3455:Winnipeg serial killings
3214:Gradual Civilization Act
2944:October 1, 2021, at the
2873:Webstad, Phyllis. 2018.
2731:. Orange Shirt Society.
2701:. Orange Shirt Society.
1750:"The Churches Apologize"
1355:. Anthony Wilson-Smith.
773:Employment Standards Act
730:Employment Standards Act
656:Tofino, British Columbia
430:Truth and Reconciliation
345:; but also included the
318:to write a report about
155:(sometimes shortened to
30:Not to be confused with
4010:Anti-bullying campaigns
4000:Annual events in Canada
3816:Trans Mountain pipeline
3539:Gustafsen Lake standoff
3143:. September 28, 2019. "
3056:April 18, 2021, at the
1579:"Peter Henderson Bryce"
1349:"Sir John A. MacDonald"
1296:April 19, 2021, at the
869:First Nations in Canada
737:Commissioner of Nunavut
609:On September 30, 2021,
442:United Church of Canada
347:United Church of Canada
181:Jour du chandail orange
123:2013 (Orange Shirt Day)
3791:Caledonia land dispute
3645:Women's Memorial March
3405:Healthcare inequality
3293:High Arctic relocation
2695:"Orange Shirt Society"
2632:April 1, 2021, at the
2391:. September 30, 2021.
2097:. September 30, 2019.
1756:. September 20, 2019.
1032:. September 11, 2021.
843:
749:In November 2022, the
648:Tk'emlúps te Secwépemc
624:
615:Canada's head of state
602:. The bill passed the
392:
334:
180:
168:
51:
4035:September observances
4020:Fall events in Canada
3985:Observances in Canada
3490:Jean Virginia Sampare
3475:Tammy Lamondin-Gagnon
2768:on September 28, 2021
2684:, September 30, 2021.
2666:, September 30, 2021.
2664:Williams Lake Tribune
1969:"The Survivors Speak"
1786:. BBC. May 29, 2017.
1638:Wilson, Kory (2014).
1558:on September 28, 2021
841:
802:Canadian Screen Award
784:On October 11, 2020,
691:Northwest Territories
619:
569:private member's bill
405:Duncan Campbell Scott
390:
339:Roman Catholic Church
328:
226:Northwest Territories
32:Day of Reconciliation
3871:Missing and Murdered
3431:Missing and Murdered
3271:Forced sterilization
2651:Monica Lamb-Yorski,
2482:. October 18, 2021.
1236:Vancouver Is Awesome
1207:. September 30, 2022
940:. November 8, 2018.
913:I Apologize campaign
751:Legislature of Yukon
699:Prince Edward Island
512:Phyllis Jack Webstad
483:indigenous languages
316:Nicholas Flood Davin
268:Parliament of Canada
257:Phyllis Jack Webstad
234:Prince Edward Island
3786:Burnt Church Crisis
3613:Moose Hide campaign
3485:Helen Betty Osborne
3384:Criminal sentencing
3358:Structural violence
3205:Settler colonialism
2989:. October 18, 2018.
2965:. CBC/Radio-Canada.
1266:Winnipeg Free Press
1238:. November 24, 2022
907:Native American Day
804:nominations at the
780:Film and television
677:The governments of
355:Presbyterian Church
4060:Scandals in Canada
3796:Clayoquot protests
3389:Mass incarceration
3362:and discrimination
3075:. August 28, 2020.
3064:. August 27, 2020.
2845:Vancouver Magazine
2762:OrangeShirtDay.org
2729:orangeshirtday.org
2699:orangeshirtday.org
2681:The Globe and Mail
2607:. February 7, 2023
2303:The Globe and Mail
2271:The Globe and Mail
1978:. pp. 39–45.
1938:"Orange Shirt Day"
1883:OrangeShirtDay.org
1850:OrangeShirtDay.org
1306:, October 9, 2020.
901:National Sorry Day
844:
715:Public Service Act
632:Canada Labour Code
611:Queen Elizabeth II
516:St. Joseph Mission
393:
335:
200:Canada Labour Code
36:Reconciliation Day
3967:
3966:
3954:Indigenous rights
3945:
3944:
3801:Keystone Pipeline
3756:Yukon Land Claims
3719:
3718:
3635:Sisters in Spirit
3586:
3585:
3470:Pamela Holopainen
3344:
3343:
3298:RCMP dog killings
3220:Numbered Treaties
3141:Wilbur Sargunaraj
2906:978-1-989122-43-3
2642:, March 30, 2021.
2581:. October 6, 2022
2537:McLennan Ross LLP
2512:. October 1, 2023
2274:. July 15, 2021.
2242:. Jordan Bitove.
1827:on March 28, 2021
1730:on March 26, 2021
1546:Hopper, Tristan.
1456:. June 23, 2015.
1324:. June 28, 2016.
724:In 2021, Premier
628:statutory holiday
600:unanimous consent
580:Steven Guilbeault
565:Georgina Jolibois
561:statutory holiday
479:cultural genocide
447:Pope Benedict XVI
426:closing in 1996.
311:John A. Macdonald
299:Cabinet of Canada
250:cultural genocide
192:statutory holiday
149:
148:
56:
16:(Redirected from
4067:
4040:Remembrance days
3902:
3864:Highway of Tears
3821:UnistĘĽotĘĽen Camp
3778:Water protection
3776:
3737:
3730:
3651:
3544:Ipperwash Crisis
3518:
3515:Police brutality
3505:Lisa Marie Young
3495:Loretta Saunders
3460:Immaculate Basil
3443:Highway of Tears
3435:Indigenous Women
3434:
3361:
3355:
3336:Indian hospitals
3232:Role of the RCMP
3201:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3159:
3051:Orange Shirt Day
3033:Orange Shirt Day
3028:
3027:
3025:Official website
3017:Orange Shirt Day
2898:Orange Shirt Day
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2836:
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2673:
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2605:British Columbia
2597:
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2434:
2432:
2430:
2421:. October 2021.
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2389:The Royal Family
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2335:. May 28, 2021.
2325:
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2240:The Toronto Star
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1657:
1655:
1640:"The Indian Act"
1635:
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1626:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1596:
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1574:
1568:
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1554:. Archived from
1543:
1537:
1536:
1534:
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1512:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1476:
1470:
1469:
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1465:
1446:
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1437:
1435:
1430:on March 5, 2017
1429:
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1375:
1369:
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1366:
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1307:
1289:Kelly Townsend,
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1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1001:. September 2022
999:www.cfib-fcei.ca
991:
982:
977:peoples. Use of
955:
949:
948:
930:
895:Other Countries:
735:In spring 2022,
679:British Columbia
573:House of Commons
351:Methodist Church
218:British Columbia
173:Orange Shirt Day
76:Orange Shirt Day
65:
55:
54:
48:
43:
21:
18:Orange Shirt Day
4075:
4074:
4070:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4064:
3970:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3941:
3898:
3878:The Pass System
3825:
3774:
3771:Land protection
3765:
3746:Specific claims
3735:
3725:
3715:
3684:
3655:
3649:
3618:REDress Project
3582:
3571:Neil Stonechild
3516:
3509:
3448:list of victims
3432:
3425:
3396:Food insecurity
3359:
3350:
3340:
3302:
3286:Kimelman Report
3236:
3192:
3186:
3155:
3082:
3058:Wayback Machine
3040:Wayback Machine
3023:
3022:
3019:
3007:
2950:Butterfly Books
2946:Wayback Machine
2934:
2925:Wayback Machine
2870:
2868:Further reading
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2674:
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2660:Wayback Machine
2650:
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2634:Wayback Machine
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1949:
1948:on July 1, 2021
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782:
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660:Rosanne Casimir
640:
553:Carolyn Bennett
540:
497:
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469:Prime Minister
438:
432:
416:unmarked graves
375:Murray Sinclair
343:Anglican Church
331:Fort Resolution
291:
285:
280:
216:all workers in
140:Related to
134:Phyllis Webstad
130:Started by
124:
120:First time
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4015:Awareness days
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3704:Project E-Pana
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3421:Long-term DWAs
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3414:Joyce Echaquan
3411:
3409:Brian Sinclair
3403:
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3392:
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3381:
3379:Climate change
3376:
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713:amended their
674:
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644:Justin Trudeau
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2277:
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2100:
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2014:
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1989:September 23,
1981:
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1557:
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1526:
1523:. Postmedia.
1522:
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1495:September 26,
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934:"TĂ©moignages"
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808:in 2021, for
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546:Jane Philpott
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457:In 1991, the
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453:
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440:In 1986, the
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211:New Brunswick
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3857:Foster Child
3855:
3850:Finding Dawn
3848:
3708:
3696:
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3603:History wars
3480:Serena McKay
3369:Birth alerts
3326:Potlatch ban
3262: /
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2897:
2874:
2853:. Retrieved
2844:
2834:
2822:. Retrieved
2816:. CBC News.
2808:
2796:. Retrieved
2790:. CBC News.
2782:
2770:. Retrieved
2766:the original
2761:
2737:. Retrieved
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2698:
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2578:
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2540:. Retrieved
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2458:. Retrieved
2449:
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2427:. Retrieved
2418:
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2367:. Retrieved
2353:
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2332:
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2302:
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2269:
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2248:. Retrieved
2239:
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2217:. Retrieved
2208:
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2181:
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2159:. Retrieved
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2124:
2115:
2103:. Retrieved
2094:
2085:
2073:. Retrieved
2067:. CBC News.
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2039:First People
2038:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2008:
1999:
1987:. Retrieved
1975:
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1946:the original
1941:
1917:. Retrieved
1911:. CBC News.
1903:
1891:. Retrieved
1882:
1858:. Retrieved
1849:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1822:the original
1817:
1804:
1792:. Retrieved
1783:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1753:
1744:
1732:. Retrieved
1725:the original
1720:
1688:. Retrieved
1676:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1643:
1633:
1621:. Retrieved
1612:
1603:
1591:. Retrieved
1582:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1551:
1541:
1529:. Retrieved
1520:
1493:. Retrieved
1484:
1474:
1462:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1432:. Retrieved
1425:the original
1420:
1392:. Retrieved
1383:
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1321:
1311:
1301:
1270:. Retrieved
1265:
1240:. Retrieved
1235:
1209:. Retrieved
1204:
1178:. Retrieved
1174:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:
1122:December 12,
1120:. Retrieved
1116:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1066:December 12,
1064:. Retrieved
1060:
1050:
1038:. Retrieved
1029:
1003:. Retrieved
998:
978:
962:
957:
953:
945:
928:
894:
893:
857:
853:
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793:
783:
772:
759:
748:
734:
729:
723:
714:
708:
676:
664:
641:
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608:
583:
577:
567:submitted a
541:
531:assimilation
528:
524:
509:
498:
468:
456:
439:
424:
420:sexual abuse
413:
409:tuberculosis
401:tuberculosis
394:
382:tuberculosis
379:
367:tuberculosis
364:
336:
292:
265:
261:assimilation
254:
243:
189:
172:
160:
156:
152:
150:
106:September 30
91:Significance
40:
3915:Secret Path
3738:land claims
3654:Commissions
3401:Foster care
3321:Pass system
3316:Stereotypes
2918:Lay summary
2824:October 20,
2798:October 20,
2490:January 29,
2399:October 18,
2369:November 4,
2161:October 24,
2135:October 20,
2125:newswire.ca
2075:October 20,
1919:October 19,
1644:OpenText BC
1061:www2.gnb.ca
903:, Australia
771:province's
762:Harry Bains
755:Annie Blake
726:Dennis King
687:Nova Scotia
638:Controversy
397:Peter Bryce
207:Nova Scotia
157:T&R Day
78:T&R Day
73:Also called
3974:Categories
3922:This River
3806:Oka Crisis
3734:Indigenous
3255:gravesites
3226:Indian Act
3197:Background
2974:49th Shelf
2914:1989122434
2891:0993869491
2883:0993869491
2676:John Doyle
2516:October 1,
2460:October 2,
2429:October 1,
2250:October 7,
2209:ctvnews.ca
1893:October 2,
920:References
740:Eva Aariak
701:, and the
588:215 bodies
505:Indigenous
353:, and the
278:Background
246:Indigenous
3761:Land Back
3591:Responses
2962:CBC Books
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2585:April 8,
2579:yukon.ca
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2419:BBC News
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