505:, variables such as wind, web support, temperatures, humidity, and silk supply all proved to be variables in web construction. When studied against the tests of nature, the spiders were able to decide what shape to make their web, how many capture spirals, or the width of their web. Though it could be expected for these spiders to just know these things, it is not well researched yet as to just how the arachnid knows how to change their web design based on their surroundings. Some scientists suggest that it could be through the spider's spatial learning on their environmental surroundings and the knowing of what will or will not work compared to natural behavioristic rules.
745:
prey to be eaten, the small size may indicate little nutritional value. Larger-bodied male araneids may be advantageous when mating on a mating thread because the thread is constructed from the edge of the web orb to structural threads or to nearby vegetation. Here larger males may be less likely to be cannibalized, as the males are able to copulate while the female is hanging, which may make them safer from cannibalism. In one subfamily of
Araneid that uses a mating thread, Gasteracanthinae, sexual cannibalism is apparently absent despite extreme size dimorphism.
646:β an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two groups of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet much similarity exists between their web forms and web construction behaviors. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely
113:
135:
257:
362:
2881:
420:
400:
370:
412:
599:
568:. Vollrath and Selden (2007) make the bold proposition that insect evolution was driven less by flowering plants than by spider predation β particularly through orb webs β as a major selective force. On the other hand some analyses have yielded estimates as high as 265 Mya, with a large number (including Dimitrov et al 2016) intermediate between the two.
347:
440:. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk.
537:– the yellow and banded garden spiders of North America – is a prime example. As orb-weavers age, they tend to have less production of their silk; many adult orb-weavers can then depend on their coloration to attract more of their prey. The band may be a lure for prey, a marker to warn birds away from the web, and a
741:, which is commonly found throughout the Araneidae. Evidence suggests a negative correlation between sexual size dimorphism and instances of sexual cannibalism. Other evidence, however, has shown that differences in cannibalistic events among araneids when having smaller or slightly larger males is advantageous.
678:
Araneid species either mate at the central hub of the web, where the male slowly traverses the web, trying not to get eaten, and when reaching the hub, mounts the female; or the male constructs a mating thread inside or outside the web to attract the female via vibratory courtship, and if successful,
563:
and their insect pollinators occurred. Fossil evidence shows that the orb web was in existence at this time, which permitted a concurrent radiation of the spider predators along with their insect prey. The capacity of orbβwebs to absorb the impact of flying prey led orbicularian spiders to become the
455:
Many orb-weavers build a new web each day. Most orb-weavers tend to be active during the evening hours; they hide for most of the day. Generally, towards evening, the spider consumes the old web, rests for about an hour, then spins a new web in the same general location. Thus, the webs of orb-weavers
451:
insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting and/or stinging. Much of the orb-spinning spiders' success in capturing insects depends on the web not being visible to the prey, with the stickiness of the web increasing the visibility, thus decreasing the chances of capturing prey. This leads to
744:
Some evidence has shown that extreme dimorphism may be the result of males avoiding detection by the females. For males of these species, being smaller in size may be advantageous in moving to the central hub of a web so female spiders may be less likely to detect the male, or even if detected as
704:
When males mated with a nonsibling female, the duration of their copulation was prolonged, and consequently the males were cannibalized more frequently. When males mated with a sibling female, they copulated briefly, thus were more likely to escape cannibalism. By escaping, their chance of mating
700:
species. Whether a male survives his first copulation depends on the duration of the genital contact; males that jump off early (before 5 seconds) have a chance of surviving, while males that copulate longer (greater than 10 seconds) invariably die. Prolonged copulation, although associated with
541:
for the spider when it sits in the web. The stabilimentum may decrease the visibility of the silk to insects, thus making it harder for prey to avoid the web. The orb-web consists of a frame and supporting radii overlaid with a sticky capture spiral, and the silks used by orb-weaver spiders have
634:
The two superfamilies, Deinopoidea and
Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The latter weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the former use dry fibrils and sticky silk. The Deinopoidea (including the
589:
wastewater treatment plant called for help to deal with over 100 million orb-weaver spiders, living in a community that managed to spin a phenomenal web that covered some 4 acres of a building, with spider densities in some areas reaching 35,176 spiders per cubic meter.
734:, the idea that bigger females can produce more eggs, thus more offspring. Although a great deal of evidence points towards the greatest selection pressure on larger female size, some evidence indicates that selection can favor small male size, as well.
3444:
contain the oldest known spider web and orbβweaving spider; both specimens are at least 110 million years old. The new findings, along with an analysis of the proteins in spider silk, indicate that orbβweaving spiders date as far back as 144 million
661:
and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single or a dual origin. While early molecular analysis provided more support for a
493:
analog. The globule is hung from a silken thread dangled by the spider from its front legs. The pheromone analog attracts male moths of only a few species. These get stuck on the globule and are reeled in to be eaten. Both genera of
723:
Araneids often exhibit size dimorphism typically known as extreme sexual size dimorphism, due to the extent of differences in size. The size difference among species of
Araneidae ranges greatly. Some females, such as those of the
624:. Several fossils provide direct evidence that the three major orb-weaving families, namely the Araneidae, Tetragnathidae, and Uloboridae, had evolved by this time, about 140 Mya. They probably originated during the Jurassic (
2969:"Rounding up the usual suspects: a standard target-gene approach for resolving the interfamilial phylogenetic relationships of ecribellate orb-weaving spiders with a new family-rank classification (Araneae, Araneoidea)"
564:
dominant predators of aerial insects in many ecosystems. Insects and spiders have comparable rates of diversification, suggesting they co-radiated, and the peak of this radiation occurred 100 Mya, before the origin of
705:
again with an unrelated female likely would be increased. These observations suggest that males can adaptively adjust their investment based on the degree of genetic relatedness of the female to avoid
696:, the much smaller males are attacked during their first copulation and are cannibalized in up to 80% of the cases. All surviving males die after their second copulation, a pattern observed in other
657:, the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage
282:
often found in gardens, fields, and forests. The
English word "orb" can mean "circular", hence the English name of the group. Araneids have eight similar eyes, hairy or spiny legs, and no
3582:
730:, can be at least 9 times larger than the male, while others are only slightly larger than the male. The larger size female is typically thought to be selected through
5635:
3522:
5674:
666:
origin, other evidence indicates that orb-weavers evolved earlier phylogenetically than previously thought, and were extinct at least three times during the
4371:
4348:
5609:
2967:
Dimitrov, Dimitar; Benavides, Ligia R.; Arnedo, Miquel A.; Giribet, Gonzalo; Griswold, Charles E.; Scharff, Nikolaj & Hormiga, Gustavo (2016).
5648:
3516:
Blackledge, Todd A.; Scharff, Nikolaj; Coddington, Jonathan A.; SzΓΌts, Tamas; Wenzel, John W.; Hayashi, Cheryl Y. & Agnarsson, Ingi (2009).
571:
Most arachnid webs are vertical and the spiders usually hang with their heads downward. A few webs, such as those of orb-weavers in the genus
4273:
4173:
3755:
3713:
3618:
581:
species are semisocial and live in communal webs. In Mexico, such communal webs have been cut out of trees or bushes and used for living
4308:
3926:
Schneider, J.M.; Gilberg, S.; Fromhage, L. & Uhl, G. (2006). "Sexual conflict over copulation duration in a cannibalistic spider".
3322:
Garb, Jessica E.; DiMauro, Teresa; Vo, Victoria & Hayashi, Cheryl Y. (2006). "Silk genes support the single origin of orb webs".
4402:
4217:
5653:
5661:
4091:
Elgar, M. A. (1990). "Sexual dimorphism in leg-length among orb-weaving spiders: a possible role for sexual cannibalism".
4541:
3288:
5518:
5495:
3880:
Elgar, Mark (1991). "Sexual
Cannibalism, Size Dimorphism, and Courtship Behavior in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneidae)".
3820:
Garrison, N; Rodriguez, L. J.; Agnarsson, I; Coddington, J.A.; Griswold, Charles E.; Hamilton, C.A; Hedin, M. (2016).
3032:
5588:
3041:
404:
134:
4319:
720:
refers to physical differences between males and females of the same species. One such difference can be in size.
5679:
5601:
3701:
3643:
PeΓ±alver, Enrique; Grimaldi, David A. & DelclΓ²s, Xavier (2006). "Early
Cretaceous spider web with its prey".
2894:
290:
3580:
Vollrath, Fritz & Selden, Paul (2007). "The role of behavior in the evolution of spiders, silks, and webs".
3223:"Age variation in the body coloration of the orb-weaver spider Alpaida tuonabo and its implications on foraging"
4166:
The Orb-Weaving
Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae
338:) belong to a different group of spiders. Their webs are strikingly similar, but use a different kind of silk.
3286:
Blackledge, Todd A. & Wenzel, John W. (2000). "The evolution of cryptic spider silk: a behavioral test".
447:
that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a
5435:
4323:
3434:
3333:
4337:
3773:"Phylogenomics, diversification dynamics, and comparative transcriptomics across the spider tree of life"
631:). Based on new molecular evidence in silk genes, all three families are likely to have a common origin.
5710:
5289:
4573:
4395:
4367:
4344:
706:
391:
231:
5751:
5523:
385:
5728:
3143:
5746:
5689:
5557:
5482:
4840:
4357:
3784:
3531:
3234:
3100:
2968:
754:
687:
616:
3338:
2597:
5148:
3197:
3030:
Dimitrov, Dimitar; Hormiga, Gustavo (2021-01-07). "Spider
Diversification Through Space and Time".
1937:
731:
469:
112:
5774:
5213:
5057:
4549:
4016:"The Phylogenetic Basis of Sexual Size Dimorphism in Orb-Weaving Spiders (Araneae, Orbiculariae)"
3943:
3897:
3670:
3599:
3414:
3359:
3179:
3124:
3069:
3001:
1827:
1739:
1123:
738:
692:
654:
542:
exceptional mechanical properties to withstand the impact of flying prey. The orb-weaving spider
129:
121:
548:
produces a unique orb-web with a characteristic missing sector, similar to other species of the
5715:
4328:
1915:
982:
5697:
5544:
5271:
5065:
4771:
4279:
4269:
4248:
4240:
4195:
4169:
4152:
4037:
3996:
3905:
3853:
3802:
3751:
3747:
3740:
3735:
3709:
3705:
3694:
3689:
3662:
3645:
3559:
3493:
3406:
3398:
3351:
3324:
3268:
3250:
3171:
3163:
3116:
3061:
3053:
2993:
2886:
1255:
717:
544:
531:, a crisscross band of silk through the center of the web. It is found in several genera, but
443:
The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey
5738:
5640:
4060:"Factors driving extreme sexual size dimorphism of a sit-and-wait predator under low density"
3595:
3379:"Web-building behaviour in the orb-weaving spider Zygiella x-notata: influence of experience"
1816:
5702:
4990:
4964:
4758:
4625:
4388:
4226:
4100:
4071:
4027:
3986:
3978:
3935:
3889:
3843:
3833:
3792:
3654:
3591:
3549:
3539:
3483:
3475:
3390:
3343:
3297:
3258:
3242:
3155:
3108:
3045:
2983:
2311:
2245:
1904:
1079:
1046:
1035:
949:
621:
533:
272:
309:). Araneid webs are constructed in a stereotypical fashion, where a framework of nonsticky
5412:
5345:
5257:
5042:
4832:
4776:
4617:
4594:
3466:
2795:
2388:
1717:
1189:
762:
726:
560:
528:
354:
256:
5473:
1306:β Caribbean, Asia, Oceania, South America, North America, Central America, Africa, Europe
4298:
3788:
3535:
3238:
3104:
5596:
5583:
5234:
5193:
5122:
4869:
4737:
4713:
4703:
4646:
4533:
4262:
4188:
4104:
4076:
4059:
3991:
3962:
3848:
3821:
3554:
3517:
3488:
3461:
3263:
3222:
3049:
2850:
2564:
2531:
2355:
1970:
1728:
603:
448:
361:
324:
323:) were formerly included in the Araneidae; they are closely related, being part of the
320:
3159:
313:
is built up before the spider adds a final spiral of silk covered in sticky droplets.
5768:
5198:
5185:
5127:
5048:
5034:
5008:
4998:
4969:
4856:
4827:
4745:
4676:
4525:
4513:
4501:
4478:
4303:
3690:"The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses"
3073:
2751:
2729:
2630:
2586:
2410:
2377:
2267:
1530:
1486:
784:
647:
510:
374:
206:
70:
3947:
3674:
3603:
3418:
3183:
3005:
452:
a trade-off between the visibility of the web and the web's prey-retention ability.
5368:
5363:
5340:
5325:
5266:
5203:
5073:
4941:
4920:
4877:
4804:
4766:
4599:
4589:
4557:
4470:
4183:
2880:
2685:
2641:
2575:
2487:
2476:
2443:
2234:
1805:
1640:
1618:
1552:
1310:
1277:
1101:
1090:
1068:
960:
883:
828:
817:
795:
663:
658:
495:
319:
are also produced by members of other spider families. The long-jawed orb weavers (
283:
240:
5487:
3939:
3363:
5549:
5500:
1042:β Asia, Oceania, Africa, North America, South America, Costa Rica, Cuba, Portugal
301:
worldwide, the
Araneidae comprise one of the largest family of spiders (with the
293:, including many well-known large or brightly colored garden spiders. With 3,108
5666:
5622:
5467:
5335:
5298:
5279:
5243:
5172:
5156:
5105:
5096:
5087:
4928:
4898:
4794:
4654:
4437:
3198:"Exploration behaviour and behavioural flexibility in orb-web spiders: A review"
2913:
2696:
2674:
2509:
2399:
2366:
2333:
2289:
2223:
2146:
2135:
2124:
2047:
2025:
1871:
1849:
1794:
1673:
1596:
1519:
1420:
1321:
1288:
1266:
938:
894:
683:
643:
461:
437:
419:
310:
306:
176:
45:
3246:
5383:
5374:
5355:
5316:
5307:
5228:
5180:
5164:
5140:
5135:
5114:
5078:
5029:
5013:
4982:
4974:
4911:
4848:
4799:
4729:
4721:
4708:
4695:
4638:
4612:
4581:
4565:
4459:
4032:
4015:
3797:
3772:
3518:"Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era"
3301:
2876:
2839:
2784:
2718:
2707:
2619:
2542:
2520:
2344:
2256:
2157:
2058:
2014:
2003:
1959:
1882:
1783:
1684:
1662:
1651:
1574:
1563:
1464:
1431:
1409:
1387:
1376:
1343:
1200:
1178:
1145:
1134:
1024:
916:
905:
872:
850:
839:
667:
565:
556:
538:
516:
475:
433:
335:
327:
316:
302:
279:
216:
90:
55:
17:
4283:
4252:
4199:
4168:. Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Vol. 23. Ottawa: NRC Research Press.
4156:
3402:
3254:
3167:
3120:
3057:
639:β a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released.
5570:
5330:
5284:
5248:
5003:
4861:
4818:
4812:
4785:
4659:
4607:
4431:
3658:
3544:
3378:
3347:
2828:
2817:
2773:
2663:
2652:
2454:
2432:
2322:
2300:
2278:
2212:
2201:
2168:
2080:
2069:
1992:
1981:
1948:
1838:
1695:
1541:
1453:
1442:
1365:
1332:
1244:
1233:
1211:
1013:
993:
806:
636:
586:
582:
573:
490:
486:
481:
424:
399:
379:
369:
331:
166:
146:
95:
4041:
4000:
3982:
3909:
3857:
3806:
3666:
3563:
3497:
3479:
3410:
3394:
3355:
3272:
3065:
2997:
520:
look like plant seeds or thorns hanging in their orb-webs. Some species of
411:
4380:
4194:. Pictured key nature series (1st ed.). Dubuque, IA: W. C. Brown Co.
3175:
2285:β Mexico, South America, Asia, Papua New Guinea, Central America, Trinidad
598:
5531:
5458:
5452:
5350:
5208:
4959:
4936:
4753:
4443:
4231:
4208:
2861:
2762:
2740:
2608:
2179:
2102:
1893:
1860:
1706:
1629:
1607:
1222:
1167:
1156:
1112:
971:
927:
861:
773:
626:
457:
186:
85:
80:
65:
60:
50:
5510:
5221:
5021:
4630:
3901:
3838:
3128:
2553:
2465:
2421:
2113:
2036:
1926:
1772:
1750:
1497:
1475:
1398:
1299:
1057:
1003:
346:
294:
100:
75:
5536:
2988:
1350:β Asia, Oceania, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, South America, Africa
5627:
4425:
4412:
3088:
2941:
2498:
2190:
2091:
1761:
1585:
1508:
1354:
444:
269:
196:
156:
5614:
5429:
3893:
3221:
GΓ‘lvez, Dumas; AΓ±ino, Yostin; De la O, Jorge M. (26 February 2018).
3112:
278:. They are the most common group of builders of spiral wheel-shaped
5575:
2109:β Asia, Africa, Europe, Oceania, North America, Cuba, South America
5723:
4118:
3441:
2806:
608:
597:
418:
410:
398:
368:
360:
345:
298:
4247:. Australian Naturalist Library (2nd ed.). Sydney: Collins.
524:
have very long, horn-like spines protruding from their abdomens.
467:
Some orb-weavers do not build webs at all. Members of the genera
432:
Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat
330:. The family Arkyidae has been split off from the Araneidae. The
1911:β Asia, North America, South America, Central America, Caribbean
1449:β Oceania, United States, South America, Central America, Africa
5433:
4498:
4456:
4384:
4164:
Dondale, C. D.; Redner, J. H.; Paquin, P.; Levi, H. W. (2003).
3619:"Orb-Weaver Spiders Stuff A Treatment Plant With A 4-Acre Web"
3089:"Insect Perception of Spider Orb Webs in Three Light Habitats"
2472:β Malaysia, Mexico, Central America, South America, Madagascar
5562:
3144:"Design Variability in Web Geometry of an Orb-Weaving Spider"
1779:β Asia, Africa, South America, Europe, Oceania, North America
857:β North America, Central America, South America, Asia, Europe
701:
cannibalism, enhances sperm transfer and relative paternity.
3142:
Vollrath, Fritz; Downes, Mike; Krackow, Sven (1997-10-01).
3822:"Spider phylogenomics: untangling the spider tree of life"
3377:
Venner, Samuel; Pasquet, Alain; Leborgne, Raymond (2000).
2791:β South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
2208:β South America, Central America, Caribbean, North America
2010:β South America, Caribbean, Central America, North America
1999:β North America, Caribbean, South America, Central America
1988:β South America, Central America, North America, Caribbean
1482:β South America, North America, Central America, Caribbean
577:, have the orb hidden within a tangled space of web. Some
4314:
3025:
3023:
3021:
4014:
Gustavo, H.; Scharff, N. & Coddington, J. (2000).
3462:"Oldest true orb-weaving spider (Araneae: Araneidae)"
2736:β Africa, Asia, Oceania, North America, South America
2120:β Asia, Oceania, United States, Africa, South America
1944:β South America, North America, Central America, Cuba
3921:
3919:
3583:
Annual Review of
Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
5442:
4897:
4684:
4675:
4512:
4268:(2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
3746:. Stanford CA: Stanford University Press. pp.
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
956:β Central America, South America, Mexico, Caribbean
527:One feature of the webs of some orb-weavers is the
4261:
4187:
3739:
3693:
1669:β South America, Central America, Mexico, Trinidad
2780:β North America, Panama, South America, Australia
2767:Rossi, Castanheira, Baptista & Framenau, 2023
1559:β Africa, Oceania, Asia, United States, Argentina
3771:FernΓ‘ndez, R; Kallal, R.J.; Dimitrov, D (2018).
498:are highly camouflaged and difficult to locate.
4602:(funnel-webs or venomous funnel-web tarantulas)
3523:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3460:Penney, David & OrtuΓ±o, Vicente M. (2006).
1735:β North America, South America, Cuba, Guatemala
1106:Framenau, DupΓ©rrΓ©, Blackledge & Vink, 2010
365:Spiderlings in the web near where they hatched
4396:
4053:
4051:
3575:
3573:
3455:
3453:
3451:
2868:β North America, Asia, Ukraine, South America
2549:β Belize, North America, Argentina, Caribbean
1537:β Oceania, Asia, United States, Africa, Chile
1282:Framenau, Vink, McQuillan & Simpson, 2022
8:
4993:(wandering spiders or tropical wolf spiders)
2538:β Australia, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea
508:The spiny orb-weaving spiders in the genera
4372:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
4349:Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences
2942:"Currently valid spider genera and species"
2936:
2934:
5430:
4903:
4688:
4681:
4518:
4509:
4495:
4453:
4403:
4389:
4381:
3967:sacrifice themselves to unrelated females"
3961:Welke, K.W. & Schneider, J.M. (2010).
737:Araneids also exhibit a phenomenon called
456:are generally free of the accumulation of
255:
111:
31:
4552:(atypical tarantulas or purseweb spiders)
4230:
4075:
4064:Biological Journal of the Linnean Society
4031:
3990:
3875:
3873:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3847:
3837:
3796:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3553:
3543:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3487:
3337:
3262:
2987:
1152:β Oceania, South America, Mexico, Jamaica
769:β Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)
489:produce sticky globules, which contain a
5420:are families with more than 1000 species
3736:"The monophyletic origin of the orb web"
3596:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110221
2824:β South America, Mexico, Jamaica, Panama
1933:β South America, Central America, Mexico
1757:β Mexico, South America, Central America
1691:β Asia, North America, Greenland, Africa
1416:β South America, Central America, Mexico
1128:Tanikawa, Yamasaki & Petcharad, 2021
987:Tanikawa, Yamasaki & Petcharad, 2021
2905:
3742:Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution
3696:Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution
2602:Framenau, Castanheira & Vink, 2022
2571:β Africa, Asia, North America, Europe
2428:β Caribbean, Paraguay, Mexico, Panama
1240:β Sierra Leone, Mauritius, Madagascar
7:
5729:2B89CE18-3C9C-82A6-7C0A-BC3395AF9323
5690:a3da5e1c-0613-4c02-8479-3258dc474d6f
5602:6a362a0d-76a5-4d0a-a45f-6ba58a86b0a6
2098:β Papua New Guinea, India, Indonesia
1955:β North America, South America, Cuba
614:The oldest known true orb-weaver is
4058:Legrand, R.S.; Morse, D.H. (2000).
3617:Alford, Justine (2 November 2014).
2758:β Asia, South America, South Africa
4851:(violin spiders, assassin spiders)
4105:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1990.tb04044.x
4077:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2000.tb01283.x
3050:10.1146/annurev-ento-061520-083414
25:
460:common to other species, such as
5090:(sheet weavers or money spiders)
4119:"Family: Araneidae Clerck, 1757"
3734:Coddington, Jonathan A. (1986).
2879:
2536:Framenau & Castanheira, 2022
2404:Cabra-GarcΓa & Hormiga, 2020
1920:Framenau & Castanheira, 2022
1744:Castanheira & Framenau, 2023
1656:Framenau & Castanheira, 2021
1460:β Asia, Papua New Guinea, Africa
1119:β South America, Central America
767:Castanheira & Framenau, 2023
653:If the orb-weaver spiders are a
133:
5752:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0102
4544:(Australian funnel-web spiders)
2043:β Singapore, Indonesia, Myanmar
552:genus in the Araneidae family.
4304:Spiders of northwestern Europe
3738:. In Shear, William A. (ed.).
3692:. In Shear, William A. (ed.).
2948:. Natural History Museum, Bern
1832:Tanikawa & Petcharad, 2023
780:β South America, North America
757:accepts the following genera:
1:
5051:(flat-bellied ground spiders)
4528:(mouse spiders and relatives)
4125:. Natural History Museum Bern
3963:"Males of the orb-web spider
3940:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.012
3160:10.1016/S0031-9384(97)00186-8
2866:F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902
2789:F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
2703:β Madagascar, Asia, Australia
2283:F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
2032:β Papua New Guinea, Australia
1997:F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1903
1986:F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904
1372:β Australia, Papua New Guinea
989:β China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
945:β United States, Panama, Cuba
824:β Madagascar, Cameroon, Congo
802:β North America, Brazil, Cuba
791:β Congo, Madagascar, Cameroon
679:mating occurs on the thread.
4914:(araneomorph funnel weavers)
2318:β Myanmar, Vietnam, Malaysia
1821:Framenau & Kuntner, 2022
1337:Framenau & Scharff, 2009
4568:(cork-lid trapdoor spiders)
4093:Journal of Zoology (London)
3033:Annual Review of Entomology
2714:β Myanmar, Papua New Guinea
2679:Harmer & Framenau, 2008
2360:Joseph & Framenau, 2012
2021:β South America, Costa Rica
1174:β Russia, Kazakhstan, India
1018:Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
855:Chamberlin & Ivie, 1942
436:with sticky spiral capture
428:waiting on its web for prey
247:
5791:
4864:(long-legged cave spiders)
4560:(brushed trapdoor spiders)
4536:(folding trapdoor spiders)
4339:Gasteracantha cancriformis
4260:Foelix, Rainer F. (1996).
4209:"The new orb-weaver genus
3688:Shear, William A. (1986).
3247:10.1038/s41598-018-21971-0
2918:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
2857:β Azerbaijan, India, China
2811:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1882
2800:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895
2197:β Brazil, Chile, Argentina
1909:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
1768:β Congo, Seychelles, Yemen
1733:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
1581:β Sri Lanka, Italy, Israel
1513:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1897
1403:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890
1183:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871
1084:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877
1051:Kallal & Hormiga, 2018
954:O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1889
405:Gasteracantha cancriformis
5408:
4906:
4882:Trogloraptor marchingtoni
4691:
4521:
4508:
4494:
4466:
4452:
4420:
4033:10.1080/10635159950127330
3798:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.064
3702:Stanford University Press
3148:Physiology & Behavior
2895:List of Araneidae species
2844:Court & Forster, 1988
2813:β Brazil, Guyana, Bolivia
2670:β South America, Honduras
2615:β South America, Honduras
2173:Court & Forster, 1988
2162:Court & Forster, 1993
1900:β Central and East Africa
1878:β India, China, Indonesia
1856:β Panama, Mexico, Jamaica
1601:Zhu, Kim & Song, 1997
1405:β Mexico, Panama, Ecuador
1293:Court & Forster, 1988
1249:Court & Forster, 1988
753:As of May 2024, the
291:cosmopolitan distribution
254:
246:
239:
130:Scientific classification
128:
119:
110:
34:
5358:(cribellate orb weavers)
5292:(long jawed orb-weavers)
4944:(anyphaenid sac spiders)
4740:(crevice weaver spiders)
4576:(wafer trapdoor spiders)
4311:, Arachnology Home Pages
2450:β Madagascar, Seychelles
2175:β Australia, New Zealand
2164:β Australia, New Zealand
1163:β Australia, New Zealand
1108:β Australia, New Zealand
813:β New Zealand, Australia
585:. In 2009, workers at a
357:at the center of the web
334:or hackled orb-weavers (
5159:(red and black spiders)
5099:(liocranid sac spiders)
4843:(tube-dwelling spiders)
4779:(midget ground weavers)
4641:(funnel-web tarantulas)
4633:(tree trapdoor spiders)
4584:(funnel-web tarantulas)
4341:, spinybacked orbweaver
4320:Orb weavers of Kentucky
4190:How to Know the Spiders
4147:Crompton, John (1950).
3659:10.1126/science.1126628
3545:10.1073/pnas.0901377106
3440:"Two pieces of Spanish
3348:10.1126/science.1127946
3302:10.1093/beheco/11.2.142
2692:β South America, Panama
2648:β Mexico, South America
2439:β Africa, Asia, Oceania
2395:β Asia, Africa, Oceania
2186:β Algeria, Asia, Europe
2142:β South America, Africa
1570:β Asia, Europe, Algeria
1328:β Asia, Africa, Oceania
1273:β United States, Mexico
1130:β Africa, Asia, Oceania
5188:(running crab spiders)
5081:(white-tailed spiders)
4923:(tangled nest spiders)
4748:(large-clawed spiders)
4724:(false violin spiders)
4324:University of Kentucky
4149:The Life of the Spider
3983:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0214
3480:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0506
3432:"Detangling History".
3395:10.1006/anbe.1999.1327
1383:β Australia, Indonesia
713:Sexual size dimorphism
611:
429:
416:
408:
396:
366:
358:
5711:Paleobiology Database
5216:(nursery web spiders)
5151:(cave cobweb spiders)
5143:(spurred orb-weavers)
5060:(dwarf sheet spiders)
5016:(net-casting spiders)
4807:(palp-footed spiders)
4649:(bald-legged spiders)
4368:University of Florida
4345:University of Florida
4213:(Araneae: Araneidae)"
3438:: 24. September 2006.
3087:Craig, C. L. (1988).
2637:β South America, Cuba
2351:β Malaysia, Indonesia
2230:β Congo, South Africa
1207:β South Africa, Congo
846:β Colombia, Argentina
707:inbreeding depression
601:
422:
414:
402:
372:
364:
349:
5597:Fauna Europaea (new)
5301:(tangle-web spiders)
5068:(tree trunk spiders)
5024:(intertidal spiders)
4953:(orb-weaver spiders)
4315:World Spider Catalog
4299:Spiders of Australia
4207:Levi, H. W. (1993).
4151:. New York: Mentor.
4123:World Spider Catalog
2946:World Spider Catalog
2802:β Cuba, Mexico, Peru
1438:β Costa Rica, Brazil
932:Song & Zhu, 1999
755:World Spider Catalog
635:Uloboridae), have a
627:200 to 140
617:Mesozygiella dunlopi
5274:(dwarf orb-weavers)
4761:(lampshade spiders)
4732:(woodlouse hunters)
4481:(segmented spiders)
4473:(segmented spiders)
3789:2018CBio...28E1489F
3783:(9): 1489β1497.e5.
3536:2009PNAS..106.5229B
3239:2018NatSR...8.3599G
3105:1988FuEco...2..277C
2415:Mi & Peng, 2011
2239:Brito Capello, 1867
1218:β Africa, Sri Lanka
1194:Mi & Wang, 2018
1064:β Myanmar, Ethiopia
732:fecundity selection
353:sp. sitting on the
268:are members of the
5308:Theridiosomatidae
5272:Symphytognathidae
5260:(huntsman spiders)
5167:(disc web spiders)
4985:(dark sac spiders)
4835:(spitting spiders)
4620:(dwarf tarantulas)
4375:Featured Creatures
4359:Neoscona crucifera
4352:Featured Creatures
4264:Biology of Spiders
4241:Main, Barbara York
4232:10.1155/1993/97657
4020:Systematic Biology
3965:Argiope bruennichi
3839:10.7717/peerj.1719
3289:Behavioral Ecology
3227:Scientific Reports
3093:Functional Ecology
2406:β Brazil, Paraguay
2272:Mello-LeitΓ£o, 1939
2054:β Chile, Argentina
2052:Mello-LeitΓ£o, 1940
1592:β Chile, Argentina
1414:Mello-LeitΓ£o, 1932
1229:β Indonesia, Japan
1185:β Asia, Madagascar
739:sexual cannibalism
693:Argiope bruennichi
655:monophyletic group
612:
503:Araneus diadematus
430:
417:
409:
397:
367:
359:
266:Orb-weaver spiders
122:Argiope catenulata
41:Cretaceousβpresent
35:Orb-weaver spiders
5762:
5761:
5698:Open Tree of Life
5436:Taxon identifiers
5427:
5426:
5404:
5403:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5378:
5359:
5320:
5311:
5302:
5293:
5275:
5261:
5252:
5238:
5237:(jumping spiders)
5225:
5217:
5189:
5176:
5168:
5160:
5152:
5144:
5131:
5118:
5109:
5100:
5091:
5082:
5069:
5061:
5052:
5038:
5025:
5017:
4994:
4986:
4978:
4954:
4945:
4932:
4931:(termite hunters)
4924:
4915:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4878:Trogloraptoridae
4873:
4872:(armored spiders)
4865:
4852:
4844:
4836:
4822:
4808:
4789:
4780:
4772:Mecysmaucheniidae
4762:
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4716:(coneweb spiders)
4699:
4698:(pelican spiders)
4671:
4670:
4663:
4662:(true tarantulas)
4650:
4642:
4634:
4621:
4618:Mecicobothriidae
4603:
4585:
4577:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4490:
4489:
4482:
4474:
4275:978-0-19-509594-4
4175:978-0-660-18898-0
3757:978-0-8047-1203-3
3715:978-0-8047-1203-3
3530:(13): 5229β5234.
2989:10.1111/cla.12165
2887:Arthropods portal
2867:
2856:
2845:
2834:
2823:
2812:
2801:
2790:
2779:
2768:
2757:
2746:
2735:
2724:
2713:
2702:
2691:
2690:Taczanowski, 1879
2680:
2669:
2658:
2647:
2636:
2625:
2614:
2603:
2592:
2581:
2570:
2559:
2548:
2537:
2526:
2515:
2505:β Cameroon, Congo
2504:
2493:
2482:
2471:
2460:
2449:
2438:
2427:
2416:
2405:
2394:
2383:
2372:
2361:
2350:
2339:
2328:
2317:
2306:
2295:
2284:
2273:
2262:
2251:
2240:
2229:
2218:
2207:
2196:
2185:
2174:
2163:
2152:
2141:
2130:
2119:
2108:
2097:
2086:
2075:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2031:
2020:
2009:
1998:
1987:
1976:
1965:
1954:
1943:
1932:
1921:
1910:
1899:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1855:
1844:
1833:
1822:
1811:
1800:
1789:
1778:
1767:
1756:
1745:
1734:
1723:
1712:
1701:
1690:
1679:
1668:
1657:
1646:
1636:β Asia, Australia
1635:
1624:
1613:
1602:
1591:
1580:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1514:
1503:
1492:
1481:
1470:
1459:
1448:
1437:
1426:
1415:
1404:
1393:
1382:
1371:
1360:
1349:
1338:
1327:
1316:
1305:
1294:
1283:
1272:
1261:
1250:
1239:
1228:
1217:
1206:
1195:
1184:
1173:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1129:
1118:
1107:
1096:
1085:
1074:
1063:
1052:
1041:
1030:
1019:
1009:
999:
988:
977:
966:
955:
944:
933:
922:
911:
900:
889:
878:
867:
856:
845:
834:
823:
812:
801:
790:
779:
768:
718:Sexual dimorphism
642:They also have a
629:million years ago
559:, a radiation of
545:Zygiella x-notata
473:in the Americas,
289:The family has a
263:
262:
235:
27:Family of spiders
16:(Redirected from
5782:
5755:
5754:
5742:
5741:
5732:
5731:
5719:
5718:
5706:
5705:
5693:
5692:
5683:
5682:
5670:
5669:
5667:NBNSYS0000050529
5657:
5656:
5644:
5643:
5631:
5630:
5618:
5617:
5605:
5604:
5592:
5591:
5579:
5578:
5566:
5565:
5553:
5552:
5540:
5539:
5527:
5526:
5514:
5513:
5504:
5503:
5491:
5490:
5478:
5477:
5476:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5431:
5376:
5357:
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5273:
5259:
5250:
5236:
5219:
5215:
5187:
5174:
5166:
5158:
5150:
5142:
5130:(pirate spiders)
5129:
5117:(shield spiders)
5116:
5107:
5098:
5089:
5080:
5067:
5059:
5050:
5037:(velvet spiders)
5036:
5023:
5015:
4992:
4984:
4976:
4965:Cheiracanthiidae
4952:
4943:
4930:
4922:
4913:
4904:
4879:
4871:
4863:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4821:(cellar spiders)
4820:
4806:
4788:(goblin spiders)
4787:
4778:
4777:Ochyroceratidae
4760:
4747:
4739:
4731:
4723:
4715:
4697:
4689:
4682:
4661:
4648:
4640:
4632:
4626:Microstigmatidae
4619:
4601:
4583:
4575:
4574:Cyrtaucheniidae
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4527:
4519:
4510:
4496:
4480:
4472:
4454:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4382:
4287:
4267:
4256:
4236:
4234:
4225:(3β4): 127β136.
4203:
4193:
4179:
4160:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4055:
4046:
4045:
4035:
4011:
4005:
4004:
3994:
3958:
3952:
3951:
3928:Animal Behaviour
3923:
3914:
3913:
3877:
3862:
3861:
3851:
3841:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3745:
3731:
3720:
3719:
3699:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3577:
3568:
3567:
3557:
3547:
3513:
3502:
3501:
3491:
3457:
3446:
3439:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3383:Animal Behaviour
3374:
3368:
3367:
3341:
3319:
3306:
3305:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3266:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3202:academic.oup.com
3194:
3188:
3187:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3084:
3078:
3077:
3027:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
2991:
2973:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2910:
2889:
2884:
2883:
2865:
2855:C. L. Koch, 1834
2854:
2843:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2799:
2788:
2777:
2766:
2755:
2744:
2733:
2722:
2711:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2667:
2659:β China, Myanmar
2656:
2646:Keyserling, 1879
2645:
2634:
2623:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2569:C. L. Koch, 1836
2568:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2527:β Mexico, Brazil
2524:
2513:
2502:
2491:
2480:
2470:Keyserling, 1881
2469:
2458:
2447:
2436:
2425:
2414:
2403:
2393:C. L. Koch, 1843
2392:
2381:
2370:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2326:
2315:
2304:
2293:
2282:
2271:
2261:Caporiacco, 1940
2260:
2250:Keyserling, 1886
2249:
2246:Paraplectanoides
2238:
2227:
2217:Keyserling, 1886
2216:
2205:
2194:
2183:
2172:
2161:
2150:
2139:
2128:
2117:
2106:
2095:
2084:
2074:Caporiacco, 1947
2073:
2062:
2051:
2040:
2030:KulczyΕski, 1911
2029:
2018:
2007:
1996:
1985:
1974:
1963:
1952:
1941:
1930:
1919:
1908:
1897:
1886:
1875:
1864:
1853:
1843:Wunderlich, 2004
1842:
1831:
1820:
1809:
1799:Caporiacco, 1934
1798:
1787:
1776:
1765:
1754:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1710:
1699:
1688:
1677:
1666:
1655:
1644:
1634:Keyserling, 1886
1633:
1622:
1611:
1600:
1589:
1578:
1567:
1557:C. L. Koch, 1843
1556:
1545:
1534:
1523:
1512:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1469:Caporiacco, 1954
1468:
1457:
1446:
1436:Keyserling, 1885
1435:
1424:
1413:
1402:
1391:
1381:Walckenaer, 1837
1380:
1369:
1358:
1347:
1336:
1325:
1314:
1303:
1292:
1281:
1270:
1259:
1248:
1237:
1226:
1215:
1204:
1196:β China, Vietnam
1193:
1182:
1171:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1127:
1117:Keyserling, 1884
1116:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1050:
1039:
1028:
1017:
1007:
997:
986:
975:
964:
953:
942:
931:
923:β Ethiopia, Asia
920:
909:
901:β Central Africa
898:
890:β Central Africa
887:
876:
865:
854:
843:
832:
821:
810:
799:
788:
777:
766:
630:
622:Lower Cretaceous
561:flowering plants
373:Close-up of the
259:
230:
138:
137:
115:
105:
42:
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
5790:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5780:
5779:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5750:
5745:
5737:
5735:
5727:
5722:
5714:
5709:
5701:
5696:
5688:
5686:
5678:
5673:
5665:
5660:
5652:
5647:
5639:
5634:
5626:
5621:
5613:
5608:
5600:
5595:
5587:
5582:
5574:
5569:
5561:
5556:
5548:
5543:
5535:
5530:
5522:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5486:
5481:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5438:
5428:
5423:
5413:Spider taxonomy
5388:
5346:Trochanteriidae
5290:Tetragnathidae
5043:Gallieniellidae
4889:
4870:Tetrablemmidae
4685:Non-entelegynes
4667:
4647:Paratropididae
4595:Halonoproctidae
4534:Antrodiaetidae
4504:
4486:
4462:
4448:
4416:
4409:
4363:N. domiciliorum
4295:
4290:
4276:
4259:
4239:
4206:
4182:
4176:
4163:
4146:
4142:
4140:Further reading
4137:
4128:
4126:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4057:
4056:
4049:
4013:
4012:
4008:
3960:
3959:
3955:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3894:10.2307/2409679
3879:
3878:
3865:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3777:Current Biology
3770:
3769:
3765:
3758:
3733:
3732:
3723:
3716:
3700:. Stanford CA:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3616:
3615:
3611:
3579:
3578:
3571:
3515:
3514:
3505:
3467:Biology Letters
3459:
3458:
3449:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3339:10.1.1.623.4339
3321:
3320:
3309:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3206:
3204:
3196:
3195:
3191:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3113:10.2307/2389398
3086:
3085:
3081:
3029:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3008:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2932:
2922:
2920:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2885:
2878:
2875:
2745:Grasshoff, 1971
2591:Grasshoff, 1970
2514:Blackwall, 1865
2448:Grasshoff, 1971
2362:β Oceania, Asia
2274:β South America
2228:Grasshoff, 1970
2219:β Asia, Oceania
2131:β Asia, Oceania
2008:Sundevall, 1833
1898:Grasshoff, 1970
1788:Grasshoff, 1970
1766:Grasshoff, 1970
1724:β Africa, Yemen
1647:β South America
1614:β Asia, Oceania
1535:Sundevall, 1833
1502:Grasshoff, 1970
1471:β French Guiana
1427:β South America
1394:β South America
1190:Chorizopesoides
1075:β South America
978:β Oceania, Asia
967:β South America
751:
727:Nephila pilipes
715:
690:orb-web spider
676:
625:
596:
479:in Africa, and
344:
250:, 3108 species
229:
132:
106:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5788:
5786:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5766:
5760:
5759:
5757:
5756:
5743:
5733:
5720:
5707:
5694:
5684:
5671:
5658:
5645:
5632:
5619:
5606:
5593:
5584:Fauna Europaea
5580:
5567:
5554:
5541:
5528:
5515:
5505:
5492:
5479:
5464:
5448:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5415:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5402:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5319:(crab spiders)
5313:
5305:
5295:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5251:(bark hunters)
5246:
5241:
5231:
5226:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5194:Phrurolithidae
5191:
5186:Philodromidae
5183:
5178:
5175:(lynx spiders)
5170:
5162:
5154:
5146:
5138:
5133:
5125:
5123:Megadictynidae
5120:
5112:
5108:(wolf spiders)
5102:
5094:
5084:
5076:
5074:Homalonychidae
5071:
5063:
5055:
5045:
5040:
5032:
5027:
5019:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4967:
4962:
4957:
4947:
4939:
4934:
4926:
4918:
4907:
4901:
4895:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4888:
4887:
4875:
4867:
4859:
4854:
4846:
4838:
4830:
4825:
4815:
4810:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4782:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4756:
4751:
4746:Gradungulidae
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4706:
4704:Austrochilidae
4701:
4692:
4686:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4660:Theraphosidae
4657:
4655:Porrhothelidae
4652:
4644:
4636:
4628:
4623:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4579:
4571:
4563:
4555:
4547:
4539:
4531:
4526:Actinopodidae
4522:
4516:
4506:
4505:
4499:
4492:
4491:
4488:
4487:
4485:
4484:
4479:Heptathelidae
4476:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4457:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4440:
4434:
4428:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4410:
4408:
4407:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4355:
4335:
4326:
4317:
4312:
4306:
4301:
4294:
4293:External links
4291:
4289:
4288:
4274:
4257:
4237:
4204:
4180:
4174:
4161:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4135:
4110:
4099:(3): 455β470.
4083:
4070:(4): 643β664.
4047:
4026:(3): 435β462.
4006:
3977:(5): 585β588.
3953:
3934:(4): 781β788.
3915:
3888:(2): 444β448.
3863:
3812:
3763:
3756:
3721:
3714:
3680:
3653:(5781): 1761.
3635:
3609:
3569:
3503:
3474:(3): 447β450.
3447:
3424:
3389:(3): 603β611.
3369:
3332:(5781): 1762.
3307:
3296:(2): 142β145.
3278:
3213:
3189:
3154:(4): 735β743.
3134:
3099:(3): 277β282.
3079:
3042:Annual Reviews
3017:
2982:(3): 221β250.
2959:
2930:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2858:
2847:
2836:
2825:
2814:
2803:
2792:
2781:
2770:
2759:
2748:
2737:
2726:
2715:
2704:
2693:
2682:
2671:
2660:
2649:
2638:
2627:
2616:
2605:
2594:
2583:
2572:
2561:
2550:
2539:
2528:
2517:
2506:
2495:
2484:
2473:
2462:
2459:Schenkel, 1936
2451:
2440:
2429:
2426:Schenkel, 1953
2418:
2417:β India, China
2407:
2396:
2385:
2374:
2363:
2352:
2341:
2330:
2319:
2308:
2307:β Africa, Asia
2297:
2286:
2275:
2264:
2253:
2242:
2241:β Asia, Africa
2231:
2220:
2209:
2198:
2187:
2176:
2165:
2154:
2143:
2132:
2121:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2087:β South Africa
2077:
2066:
2055:
2044:
2033:
2022:
2019:Schenkel, 1953
2011:
2000:
1989:
1978:
1971:Melychiopharis
1967:
1964:Lawrence, 1968
1956:
1945:
1942:Holmberg, 1876
1934:
1923:
1912:
1901:
1890:
1879:
1868:
1867:β Asia, Europe
1857:
1846:
1845:β Asia, France
1835:
1824:
1813:
1810:Framenau, 2011
1802:
1791:
1780:
1769:
1758:
1747:
1736:
1725:
1714:
1703:
1702:β South Africa
1692:
1689:Ausserer, 1871
1681:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1626:
1615:
1604:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1560:
1549:
1538:
1527:
1516:
1505:
1494:
1483:
1472:
1461:
1450:
1439:
1428:
1417:
1406:
1395:
1384:
1373:
1362:
1351:
1340:
1329:
1318:
1317:β Asia, Africa
1307:
1296:
1285:
1274:
1263:
1260:Urquhart, 1891
1252:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1208:
1197:
1186:
1175:
1164:
1153:
1142:
1141:β Africa, Asia
1131:
1120:
1109:
1098:
1087:
1076:
1065:
1054:
1043:
1032:
1021:
1010:
1000:
990:
979:
968:
957:
946:
935:
924:
913:
902:
891:
880:
869:
858:
847:
844:Holmberg, 1883
836:
825:
814:
803:
792:
789:Tullgren, 1910
781:
770:
750:
747:
714:
711:
675:
672:
604:Argiope lobata
595:
592:
383:sp. (possibly
343:
340:
321:Tetragnathidae
261:
260:
252:
251:
244:
243:
237:
236:
224:
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
200:
199:
194:
190:
189:
184:
180:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
154:
150:
149:
144:
140:
139:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
43:
37:
26:
24:
18:Orb-web spider
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5787:
5776:
5773:
5772:
5770:
5753:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5734:
5730:
5725:
5721:
5717:
5712:
5708:
5704:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5581:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5538:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5497:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5450:
5449:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5432:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5379:
5377:(ant spiders)
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5314:
5312:
5310:(ray spiders)
5306:
5304:
5303:
5296:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5262:
5255:
5253:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5239:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5199:Physoglenidae
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5171:
5169:
5163:
5161:
5155:
5153:
5147:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5103:
5101:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5085:
5083:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5053:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5009:Cycloctenidae
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4999:Cyatholipidae
4997:
4995:
4989:
4987:
4981:
4979:
4977:(sac spiders)
4973:
4971:
4970:Cithaeronidae
4968:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4955:
4948:
4946:
4942:Anyphaenidae
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4927:
4925:
4921:Amaurobiidae
4919:
4917:
4916:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4883:
4876:
4874:
4868:
4866:
4860:
4858:
4857:Stenochilidae
4855:
4853:
4847:
4845:
4841:Segestriidae
4839:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4828:Plectreuridae
4826:
4824:
4823:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4805:Palpimanidae
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:
4783:
4781:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4759:Hypochilidae
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4738:Filistatidae
4736:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4694:
4693:
4690:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4677:Araneomorphae
4674:
4664:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4616:
4614:
4613:Macrothelidae
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4600:Hexathelidae
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4558:Barychelidae
4556:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4538:
4532:
4530:
4524:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4514:Mygalomorphae
4511:
4507:
4503:
4502:Opisthothelae
4497:
4493:
4483:
4477:
4475:
4471:Liphistiidae
4469:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4422:
4419:
4414:
4406:
4401:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4376:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4350:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4192:
4191:
4185:
4184:Kaston, B. J.
4181:
4177:
4171:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4139:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4078:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3966:
3957:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3922:
3920:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3876:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3764:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3737:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3681:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3647:
3639:
3636:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3584:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3428:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3373:
3370:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3326:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3282:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3217:
3214:
3203:
3199:
3193:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3083:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2935:
2931:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:β New Zealand
2842:
2841:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2793:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2730:Trichonephila
2727:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2705:
2701:Hasselt, 1882
2699:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2665:
2661:
2657:Thorell, 1898
2655:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2631:Spintharidius
2628:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2562:
2560:β West Africa
2556:
2555:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2507:
2503:Thorell, 1899
2501:
2500:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2456:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2411:Porcataraneus
2408:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2378:Poecilopachys
2375:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2327:Thorell, 1899
2325:
2324:
2320:
2316:Thorell, 1895
2314:
2313:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2268:Paraverrucosa
2265:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2140:Kuntner, 2013
2138:
2137:
2133:
2129:L. Koch, 1872
2127:
2126:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2041:Thorell, 1890
2039:
2038:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1865:Thorell, 1878
1863:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1711:Kuntner, 2006
1709:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1627:
1623:Nicolet, 1849
1621:
1620:
1616:
1612:Thorell, 1877
1610:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1531:Gasteracantha
1528:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1487:Exechocentrus
1484:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1359:Thorell, 1898
1357:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1326:Thorell, 1868
1324:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:β New Zealand
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:β New Zealand
1280:
1279:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1251:β New Zealand
1247:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1227:Thorell, 1890
1225:
1224:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:Thorell, 1869
1170:
1169:
1165:
1161:Thorell, 1868
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:L. Koch, 1872
1148:
1147:
1143:
1139:Thorell, 1868
1137:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1040:Audouin, 1826
1038:
1037:
1033:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1001:
996:
995:
991:
985:
984:
980:
974:
973:
969:
963:
962:
958:
952:
951:
947:
941:
940:
936:
930:
929:
925:
919:
918:
914:
908:
907:
903:
897:
896:
892:
886:
885:
881:
875:
874:
870:
864:
863:
859:
853:
852:
848:
842:
841:
837:
831:
830:
826:
820:
819:
815:
809:
808:
804:
798:
797:
793:
787:
786:
785:Acantharachne
782:
776:
775:
771:
765:
764:
760:
759:
758:
756:
748:
746:
742:
740:
735:
733:
729:
728:
721:
719:
712:
710:
708:
702:
699:
695:
694:
689:
685:
684:cannibalistic
680:
673:
671:
669:
665:
660:
656:
651:
649:
648:synapomorphic
645:
640:
638:
632:
628:
623:
619:
618:
610:
606:
605:
600:
593:
591:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
569:
567:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
546:
540:
536:
535:
530:
529:stabilimentum
525:
523:
522:Gasteracantha
519:
518:
513:
512:
511:Gasteracantha
506:
504:
499:
497:
496:bolas spiders
492:
488:
484:
483:
478:
477:
472:
471:
465:
463:
459:
453:
450:
446:
441:
439:
435:
427:
426:
421:
415:Araneidae web
413:
407:
406:
401:
394:
393:
388:
387:
382:
381:
376:
375:cephalothorax
371:
363:
356:
355:stabilimentum
352:
348:
341:
339:
337:
333:
329:
326:
322:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
274:
271:
267:
258:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
233:
228:
225:
222:
221:
218:
215:
213:Superfamily:
212:
211:
208:
207:Araneomorphae
205:
202:
201:
198:
195:
192:
191:
188:
185:
182:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
168:
165:
162:
161:
158:
155:
152:
151:
148:
145:
142:
141:
136:
131:
127:
124:
123:
118:
114:
109:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
33:
30:
19:
5443:
5417:
5373:
5369:Xenoctenidae
5364:Viridasiidae
5341:Trechaleidae
5326:Titanoecidae
5315:
5299:Theridiidae
5297:
5267:Stiphidiidae
5258:Sparassidae
5256:
5249:Senoculidae
5233:
5204:Phyxelididae
5181:Penestomidae
5157:Nicodamidae
5104:
5097:Liocranidae
5088:Linyphiidae
5086:
5066:Hersiliidae
5049:Gnaphosidae
5047:
4975:Clubionidae
4950:
4949:
4929:Ammoxenidae
4910:
4881:
4817:
4813:Periegopidae
4784:
4767:Leptonetidae
4590:Euctenizidae
4374:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4338:
4330:
4329:Pictures of
4263:
4244:
4222:
4216:
4210:
4189:
4165:
4148:
4127:. Retrieved
4122:
4113:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4067:
4063:
4023:
4019:
4009:
3974:
3970:
3964:
3956:
3931:
3927:
3885:
3881:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3780:
3776:
3766:
3741:
3695:
3683:
3650:
3644:
3638:
3626:. Retrieved
3622:
3612:
3587:
3581:
3527:
3521:
3471:
3465:
3433:
3427:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3329:
3323:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3230:
3226:
3216:
3205:. Retrieved
3201:
3192:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3037:
3031:
3009:. Retrieved
2979:
2975:
2962:
2950:. Retrieved
2945:
2921:. Retrieved
2917:
2908:
2860:
2849:
2838:
2833:Archer, 1960
2827:
2816:
2805:
2794:
2783:
2778:McCook, 1888
2772:
2761:
2750:
2739:
2728:
2717:
2706:
2695:
2686:Testudinaria
2684:
2673:
2662:
2651:
2642:Taczanowskia
2640:
2629:
2618:
2607:
2596:
2585:
2580:Benoit, 1962
2576:Singafrotypa
2574:
2563:
2552:
2541:
2530:
2519:
2508:
2497:
2492:Strand, 1916
2488:Pseudopsyllo
2486:
2477:Pseudartonis
2475:
2464:
2453:
2444:Prasonicella
2442:
2431:
2420:
2409:
2398:
2387:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2343:
2332:
2321:
2310:
2299:
2296:β Madagascar
2294:Emerit, 1994
2288:
2277:
2266:
2263:β Madagascar
2255:
2244:
2235:Paraplectana
2233:
2222:
2211:
2200:
2189:
2178:
2167:
2156:
2145:
2134:
2123:
2112:
2101:
2090:
2079:
2068:
2057:
2046:
2035:
2024:
2013:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1969:
1958:
1947:
1936:
1925:
1914:
1903:
1892:
1889:β Madagascar
1887:Emerit, 1970
1881:
1870:
1859:
1848:
1837:
1826:
1815:
1806:Lariniophora
1804:
1793:
1782:
1771:
1760:
1749:
1738:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1694:
1683:
1672:
1667:GuΓ©rin, 1839
1661:
1650:
1641:Hingstepeira
1639:
1628:
1619:Heterognatha
1617:
1606:
1595:
1584:
1573:
1568:Archer, 1951
1562:
1551:
1546:Benoit, 1962
1540:
1529:
1518:
1507:
1496:
1493:β Madagascar
1485:
1474:
1463:
1458:Archer, 1951
1452:
1441:
1430:
1419:
1408:
1397:
1386:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1311:Cyphalonotus
1309:
1298:
1287:
1278:Courtaraneus
1276:
1271:Archer, 1941
1265:
1254:
1243:
1232:
1221:
1210:
1199:
1188:
1177:
1166:
1155:
1144:
1133:
1122:
1111:
1102:Backobourkia
1100:
1091:Austracantha
1089:
1086:β Madagascar
1078:
1069:Aspidolasius
1067:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1029:Butler, 1873
1023:
1012:
1008:Clerck, 1757
1002:
998:Clerck, 1863
992:
981:
976:Strand, 1929
970:
961:Amazonepeira
959:
948:
937:
926:
921:Archer, 1951
915:
904:
899:Karsch, 1879
893:
888:Strand, 1913
884:Aethrodiscus
882:
877:Pocock, 1902
871:
860:
849:
838:
829:Actinacantha
827:
818:Acrosomoides
816:
811:Karsch, 1878
805:
796:Acanthepeira
794:
783:
772:
761:
752:
743:
736:
725:
722:
716:
703:
697:
691:
681:
677:
674:Reproduction
664:monophyletic
659:paraphyletic
652:
641:
633:
615:
613:
607:in southern
602:
578:
572:
570:
554:
549:
543:
532:
526:
521:
515:
509:
507:
502:
500:
480:
474:
468:
466:
454:
442:
431:
423:
403:
390:
384:
378:
350:
315:
288:
284:stridulating
275:
265:
264:
226:
203:Infraorder:
120:
29:
5623:iNaturalist
5468:Wikispecies
5375:Zodariidae
5356:Uloboridae
5336:Trachelidae
5317:Thomisidae
5285:Synotaxidae
5280:Synaphridae
5244:Selenopidae
5235:Salticidae
5220:(including
5214:Pisauridae
5165:Oecobiidae
5149:Nesticidae
5141:Mysmenidae
5115:Malkaridae
5079:Lamponidae
5014:Deinopidae
4983:Corinnidae
4912:Agelenidae
4899:Entelegynae
4849:Sicariidae
4833:Scytodidae
4795:Orsolobidae
4754:Huttoniidae
4730:Dysderidae
4722:Drymusidae
4714:Diguetidae
4696:Archaeidae
4639:Nemesiidae
4582:Dipluridae
4566:Ctenizidae
4438:Chelicerata
4436:Subphylum:
4377:website HOE
4211:Lewisepeira
3704:. pp.
3590:: 819β846.
3435:Smithsonian
3233:(1): 3599.
3044:: 225β241.
2822:Simon, 1895
2769:β Australia
2756:Simon, 1895
2697:Thelacantha
2681:β Australia
2675:Telaprocera
2635:Simon, 1893
2613:Simon, 1897
2604:β Australia
2558:Simon, 1894
2547:Simon, 1887
2510:Pycnacantha
2481:Simon, 1903
2437:Simon, 1895
2400:Popperaneus
2382:Simon, 1895
2371:Simon, 1895
2367:Poecilarcys
2349:Simon, 1895
2340:β Australia
2338:Simon, 1894
2334:Phonognatha
2305:Simon, 1895
2290:Parmatergus
2252:β Australia
2224:Paralarinia
2195:Simon, 1879
2184:Simon, 1864
2147:Nicolepeira
2136:Nephilingis
2125:Nephilengys
2118:Leach, 1815
2107:Simon, 1864
2085:Simon, 1903
2063:Simon, 1895
2048:Molinaranea
2026:Micropoltys
1975:Simon, 1895
1953:Simon, 1903
1922:β Australia
1876:Simon, 1864
1872:Macracantha
1850:Lewisepeira
1828:Leviaraneus
1823:β Australia
1812:β Australia
1795:Larinioides
1777:Simon, 1874
1746:β Australia
1740:Kangaraneus
1722:Simon, 1885
1713:β Sri Lanka
1700:Simon, 1903
1674:Hypsacantha
1597:Guizygiella
1590:Simon, 1879
1579:Simon, 1884
1520:Galaporella
1515:β Indonesia
1491:Simon, 1889
1480:Simon, 1895
1447:Simon, 1864
1425:Simon, 1895
1421:Encyosaccus
1370:Simon, 1894
1348:Simon, 1864
1339:β Australia
1322:Cyrtarachne
1315:Simon, 1895
1304:Menge, 1866
1289:Cryptaranea
1267:Colphepeira
1262:β Australia
1238:Simon, 1895
1216:Simon, 1889
1205:Simon, 1895
1124:Bijoaraneus
1097:β Australia
1073:Simon, 1887
1062:Simon, 1895
1053:β Australia
939:Allocyclosa
895:Aetrocantha
866:Simon, 1895
835:β Indonesia
833:Simon, 1864
822:Simon, 1887
778:Simon, 1895
688:polyandrous
644:calamistrum
620:, from the
566:angiosperms
555:During the
462:black widow
392:E. pustuosa
342:Description
325:superfamily
307:Linyphiidae
177:Chelicerata
173:Subphylum:
5384:Zoropsidae
5229:Psechridae
5173:Oxyopidae
5136:Miturgidae
5128:Mimetidae
5106:Lycosidae
5058:Hahniidae
5030:Dictynidae
4951:Araneidae
4862:Telemidae
4819:Pholcidae
4800:Pacullidae
4786:Oonopidae
4709:Caponiidae
4542:Atracidae
4460:Mesothelae
4432:Arthropoda
4129:2022-12-08
3971:Biol. Lett
3623:IFLScience
3207:2022-10-23
3011:2016-10-18
2976:Cladistics
2923:5 December
2901:References
2840:Zealaranea
2785:Wagneriana
2747:β Tanzania
2734:Dahl, 1911
2723:Dahl, 1914
2719:Togacantha
2712:Berg, 1899
2708:Thorellina
2668:Levi, 1995
2624:Levi, 1995
2620:Spinepeira
2543:Scoloderus
2525:Levi, 1992
2521:Rubrepeira
2494:β Cameroon
2345:Pitharatus
2329:β Cameroon
2257:Pararaneus
2206:Marx, 1883
2158:Novakiella
2151:Levi, 2001
2096:Levi, 1983
2076:β Tanzania
2059:Nemoscolus
2015:Micrepeira
2004:Micrathena
1960:Megaraneus
1938:Mastophora
1931:Levi, 1997
1883:Madacantha
1854:Levi, 1993
1784:Lariniaria
1755:Levi, 1997
1685:Hypsosinga
1678:Dahl, 1914
1663:Hypognatha
1652:Hortophora
1645:Levi, 1995
1575:Glyptogona
1564:Gibbaranea
1524:Levi, 2009
1465:Eustacesia
1432:Epeiroides
1410:Enacrosoma
1392:Levi, 1991
1388:Dubiepeira
1377:Dolophones
1344:Cyrtophora
1201:Cladomelea
1179:Chorizopes
1146:Carepalxis
1135:Caerostris
1095:Dahl, 1914
1025:Aranoethra
965:Levi, 1989
943:Levi, 1999
917:Agalenatea
910:Dahl, 1914
906:Afracantha
873:Aethriscus
851:Aculepeira
840:Actinosoma
800:Marx, 1883
668:Cretaceous
557:Cretaceous
539:camouflage
517:Micrathena
476:Cladomelea
470:Mastophora
386:E. heroine
336:Uloboridae
332:cribellate
328:Araneoidea
303:Salticidae
248:186 genera
217:Araneoidea
167:Arthropoda
5775:Araneidae
5501:Araneidae
5488:Araneidae
5474:Araneidae
5444:Araneidae
5331:Toxopidae
5035:Eresidae
5004:Cybaeidae
4991:Ctenidae
4608:Idiopidae
4550:Atypidae
4500:Suborder
4458:Suborder
4444:Arachnida
4424:Kingdom:
4284:300192823
4253:849736139
4200:681432632
4157:610423670
3882:Evolution
3832:: e1719.
3403:0003-3472
3334:CiteSeerX
3255:2045-2322
3168:0031-9384
3121:0269-8463
3074:221235817
3058:0066-4170
2952:16 August
2829:Yaginumia
2818:Xylethrus
2774:Verrucosa
2664:Tatepeira
2653:Talthybia
2455:Pronoides
2433:Prasonica
2384:β Oceania
2373:β Tunisia
2323:Pherenice
2301:Pasilobus
2279:Parawixia
2213:Ordgarius
2202:Ocrepeira
2169:Novaranea
2081:Nemospiza
2070:Nemosinga
1993:Metepeira
1982:Metazygia
1949:Mecynogea
1916:Mangrovia
1839:Leviellus
1696:Ideocaira
1658:β Oceania
1542:Gastroxya
1526:β Ecuador
1454:Eriovixia
1443:Eriophora
1366:Deliochus
1361:β Myanmar
1333:Cyrtobill
1245:Colaranea
1234:Coelossia
1212:Clitaetra
1014:Araniella
994:Arachnura
983:Aoaraneus
807:Acroaspis
637:cribellum
587:Baltimore
583:fly paper
579:Metepiera
574:Metepeira
491:pheromone
487:Australia
482:Ordgarius
464:spiders.
425:Araneidae
380:Eriophora
276:Araneidae
241:Diversity
227:Araneidae
187:Arachnida
153:Kingdom:
147:Eukaryota
5769:Category
5532:BugGuide
5508:BioLib:
5453:Wikidata
5351:Udubidae
5209:Pimoidae
5022:Desidae
4960:Arkyidae
4937:Anapidae
4631:Migidae
4430:Phylum:
4426:Animalia
4415:families
4243:(1976).
4186:(1953).
4042:12116421
4001:20410027
3948:53171331
3910:28567867
3858:26925338
3807:29706520
3675:34828913
3667:16794072
3604:54518303
3564:19289848
3498:17148427
3419:41339367
3411:10715183
3356:16794073
3273:29483535
3184:38948237
3066:32822555
3006:34962403
2998:34715728
2873:See also
2862:Zygiella
2763:Venomius
2741:Umbonata
2725:β Africa
2609:Spilasma
2582:β Africa
2516:β Africa
2483:β Africa
2180:Nuctenea
2103:Neoscona
2065:β Africa
1977:β Brazil
1966:β Africa
1894:Mahembea
1861:Lipocrea
1707:Indoetra
1680:β Africa
1630:Heurodes
1608:Herennia
1548:β Africa
1223:Cnodalia
1168:Cercidia
1157:Celaenia
1113:Bertrana
1031:β Africa
972:Anepsion
928:Alenatea
912:β Africa
862:Acusilas
774:Acacesia
594:Taxonomy
550:Zygiella
458:detritus
449:venomous
317:Orb webs
286:organs.
223:Family:
163:Phylum:
157:Animalia
143:Domain:
5739:6261573
5222:Halidae
4442:Class:
4413:Araneae
4411:Extant
4366:on the
4354:website
4343:on the
4333:species
4331:Mangora
4309:Araneae
4245:Spiders
3992:2936157
3902:2409679
3849:4768681
3785:Bibcode
3748:319β363
3706:364β400
3646:Science
3628:6 April
3555:2656561
3532:Bibcode
3489:1686203
3445:years."
3325:Science
3264:5827658
3235:Bibcode
3176:9284492
3129:2389398
3101:Bibcode
2554:Sedasta
2466:Pronous
2422:Pozonia
2312:Perilla
2153:β Chile
2114:Nephila
2037:Milonia
1927:Manogea
1905:Mangora
1817:Leviana
1773:Larinia
1751:Kapogea
1625:β Chile
1504:β Congo
1498:Faradja
1476:Eustala
1399:Edricus
1300:Cyclosa
1256:Collina
1080:Augusta
1058:Artonis
1047:Artifex
1036:Argiope
1004:Araneus
950:Alpaida
879:β Congo
698:Argiope
682:In the
534:Argiope
501:In the
351:Argiope
297:in 186
295:species
197:Araneae
193:Order:
183:Class:
5736:uBio:
5703:201929
5687:NZOR:
5641:104406
5576:1ARANF
4282:
4272:
4251:
4218:Psyche
4198:
4172:
4155:
4040:
3999:
3989:
3946:
3908:
3900:
3856:
3846:
3805:
3754:
3712:
3673:
3665:
3602:
3562:
3552:
3496:
3486:
3417:
3409:
3401:
3364:889557
3362:
3354:
3336:
3271:
3261:
3253:
3182:
3174:
3166:
3127:
3119:
3072:
3064:
3056:
3004:
2996:
2835:β Asia
2796:Witica
2626:β Peru
2593:β Asia
2499:Psyllo
2461:β Asia
2389:Poltys
2191:Oarces
2092:Neogea
1834:β Asia
1801:β Asia
1790:β Asia
1762:Kilima
1718:Isoxya
1603:β Asia
1586:Gnolus
1509:Friula
1355:Deione
1020:β Asia
934:β Asia
868:β Asia
749:Genera
445:insect
299:genera
273:family
270:spider
234:, 1757
232:Clerck
5724:Plazi
5716:57485
5654:82737
5636:IRMNG
5628:47535
5589:10666
5459:Q5883
3944:S2CID
3898:JSTOR
3826:PeerJ
3671:S2CID
3600:S2CID
3442:amber
3415:S2CID
3360:S2CID
3180:S2CID
3125:JSTOR
3070:S2CID
3040:(1).
3002:S2CID
2972:(PDF)
2914:"orb"
2851:Zilla
2807:Wixia
2598:Socca
2565:Singa
2532:Salsa
2356:Plebs
1729:Kaira
609:Spain
5680:6913
5675:NCBI
5649:ITIS
5615:7359
5610:GBIF
5571:EPPO
5563:8819
5537:1972
5524:1376
5519:BOLD
5511:1475
5418:Bold
4361:and
4280:OCLC
4270:ISBN
4249:OCLC
4196:OCLC
4170:ISBN
4153:OCLC
4038:PMID
3997:PMID
3906:PMID
3854:PMID
3803:PMID
3752:ISBN
3710:ISBN
3663:PMID
3630:2015
3560:PMID
3494:PMID
3407:PMID
3399:ISSN
3352:PMID
3269:PMID
3251:ISSN
3172:PMID
3164:ISSN
3117:ISSN
3062:PMID
3054:ISSN
2994:PMID
2954:2017
2925:2015
2752:Ursa
2587:Siwa
763:Abba
686:and
514:and
438:silk
434:webs
311:silk
305:and
280:webs
46:Preκ
5747:WSC
5662:NBN
5558:EoL
5550:6MF
5545:CoL
5496:AFD
5483:ADW
4227:doi
4223:100
4101:doi
4097:220
4072:doi
4028:doi
3987:PMC
3979:doi
3936:doi
3890:doi
3844:PMC
3834:doi
3793:doi
3655:doi
3651:312
3592:doi
3550:PMC
3540:doi
3528:106
3484:PMC
3476:doi
3391:doi
3344:doi
3330:312
3298:doi
3259:PMC
3243:doi
3156:doi
3109:doi
3046:doi
2984:doi
1553:Gea
485:in
389:or
377:on
5771::
5749::
5726::
5713::
5700::
5677::
5664::
5651::
5638::
5625::
5612::
5599::
5586::
5573::
5560::
5547::
5534::
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4095:.
4068:71
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