Organ transplantation in China

711:, for instance, researchers analyzed data on voluntary organ transplants from 2010 to 2018. Datasets were drawn from two national sources, several sub-national jurisdictions, and individual Chinese hospitals. The researchers found compelling evidence of "human-directed data manufacture and manipulation" in the national datasets, as well as "contradictory, implausible, or anomalous data artefacts" in the provincial datasets, which suggests that the data "may have been manipulated to enforce conformity with central quotas." Among the findings was that the purported rate of growth in voluntary donations was derived from a simple quadratic equation, with nearly perfect model parsimony. These findings appear to undermine official claims about the extent of voluntary organ donations in China. The authors of the 635:, which stipulated that medical centres must meet new requirements for transplant services; the provinces were made responsible for plans for clinical applications. Establishments performing transplantation were thereby obliged to incorporate considerations for ethics, medical and surgical expertise, and intensive care. In April 2006, the Committee of Clinical Application of Human Organ Transplantation Technologies was created to standardise clinical practice; a national summit on clinical management took place in November 2006 which issued a declaration outlining regulatory steps. Professor Guo Shuzhong conducted a series of 185: 551:

drugs used globally, which matches China's national statistics. Michael Millis, professor of Surgery and chief of the Section of Transplantation of the University of Chicago Hospitals, corroborated that China is phasing out the organ transplantation of executed prisoners, and is moving towards a voluntary, donation-based system. José Nuñez, medical officer in charge of global organ transplantation at the WHO, noted that China is reaching global standards in organ transplantation, and believed that in a few years, China will be leading the field.

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commercial organ collection from condemned prisoners, who would only be able to donate to their immediate relatives. Other safeguards implemented under the legislation include documentation of consent for organ removal from the donor, and review of all death sentences by the Supreme People's Court. Transplant professionals are not involved until death is declared. A symposium among legal and medical professionals was held in April 2008 to discuss the diagnostic criteria for brain death for donors of transplant organs.

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complicit in the organ trade, facilitated by the use of mobile execution chambers, or "death vans". Amnesty speculated that this profitable trade might explain China's refusal to consider abolishing the death penalty, which is used on between 1,770 (official figure) and 8,000 (Amnesty estimates) prisoners annually. Corpses are typically cremated before relatives or independent witnesses can view them, fuelling suspicions about the fate of internal organs.

428:, the 800-member British Transplantation Society also criticised China's use of death-row prisoners' organs in transplants, on the grounds that as it is impossible to verify that organs are indeed from prisoners who have given consent; the WMA once again condemned the practice on similar grounds. A BBC news report by Rupert Wingfield-Hayes in September 2006 showed negotiations with doctors in No 1 Central Hospital in Tianjin for a liver transplant. 304:. In October 2004, Peking University People's Hospital Liver Transplantation Center executed two cases of living related liver transplantation involving complex blood vessel anatomy. In 2002, the Chinese media reported surgeon Dr Zheng Wei successfully transplanted a whole ovary at the Zhejiang Medical Science University to a 34-year-old patient, Tang Fangfang, from her sister. In April 2006, the Xijing military hospital in Xian carried out a 271:

annually by 2005, China still has one of the largest transplant programmes in the world. China explores innovative surgery, such as the world's first flesh and bone face transplant, performed by Professor Guo Shuzhong. Organ donation, however, has met resistance, and involuntary organ donation is illegal under Chinese law, as it is against Chinese tradition and culture, which attach symbolic life affirming importance to the kidney and heart.

360:(WHO) condemned the practice of extracting organs from executed prisoners due to the difficulty of knowing if they had given consent. Growing concern led other professional societies and human rights organisations to condemn the practice in the 1990s, and to question the way in which the organs were obtained. The WHO starting drafting an international guideline (WHA44.25) on human organ transplants in 1987 which resulted in the 724:

in China. A report produced by David Matas and David Kilgour cites the China International Transplantation Assistant Centre website as saying "it may take only one week to find out the suitable (kidney) donor, the maximum time being one month..." It is possible for international buyers to schedule their surgeries in advance which is not possible in systems which rely on voluntary organ donation.

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transplants, doctors involved in commercial trade of organs will face fines and suspensions; only a few hospitals will be certified to perform organ transplants. As a result of a systematic overhaul, the number of institutions approved for transplants has been reduced from more than 600 in 2007 to 87 as at October 2008; another 77 have received provisional approval from the Ministry of Health.

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University described three cases of living related liver transplantation. In 2003 a landmark brain-death case involving switched off ventilation came to the attention of the public and made a big impact on medical ethics and legislation. The first successful brain-death organ donation soon followed. From October 2003 to July 2006, 52 LDLT operations were conducted at the West China Hospital,

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stated that they had "received credible information" of forced blood tests and organ examinations of "ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities" that were not forced on other prisoners. The Rapporteurs called for "China to promptly respond to the allegations of 'organ harvesting' and to allow independent monitoring by international human rights mechanisms".

679:. Funds will be made available for the families of people who voluntarily donate their organs. Chinese authorities say they hope the pilot program's success will reduce the need to take organs from death row prisoners and stem the tide of black market organs. In 2012 China officials stated they plan to phase out organ harvesting of death-row inmates. 112: 555:

without their informed consent; while other prisoners are not required to undergo such examinations.” The press release stated that UN’s human rights experts “were extremely alarmed by reports of alleged ‘organ harvesting’ targeting minorities, including Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians, in detention in China.”

3646: 335:, famous for performing the world's first face transplant, wrote that the case "raises many questions and has some critics". He alluded to a double standard writing, "I cannot imagine what would have been the reactions of the medical profession, ethics specialists, and the media if a European surgical team had performed the same operation." 405:

seen other doctors remove vital organs from executed prisoners; and the hospital where he worked sold those organs to foreigners. Harry Wu said that he had gone to "great lengths" to verify Wang's identity and that both the foundation and congressional staff members found the doctor's statements "highly credible".

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By 1999, Gutmann says that organ harvesting in Xinjiang began to decline precipitously, just as overall rates of organ transplantation nationwide were rising. The same year, the Chinese government launched a nationwide suppression of the Falun Gong spiritual group. Gutmann suggests that the new Falun

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A Chinese government panel denied the allegations in August 2016. Huang Jiefu, chairman of the National Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, noted that there were 10,057 organ transplantation surgeries performed in China in 2015, accounting for 8.5 per cent of global total, and 8 per cent of

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China has by far the shortest wait times for organ transplants in the world, and there is evidence that the execution of prisoners for their organs is "timed for the convenience of the waiting recipient." As of 2006, organ tourists to China report receiving kidney transplants within days of arriving

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reported its interview with Cheng Pei Ming, the first known survivor of China’s forced organ harvesting. Cheng, a Falun Gong practitioner, recounted how he was subjected to repeated blood tests and a subsequent forced surgery while imprisoned in China and later discovered during medical exams in the

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published the results of his own investigation. Gutmann conducted extensive interviews around with former detainees in Chinese labor camps and prisons, as well as former security officers and medical professionals with knowledge of China's transplant practices. He reported that organ harvesting from

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in writing that he had removed skin and corneas from more than 100 executed prisoners for the transplant market at the Tianjin Paramilitary Police General Brigade Hospital, and that during at least one such operation the prisoner was still breathing. Wang, a "burns specialist", said that he had also

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is illegal under Chinese law. Growing concerns about possible ethical abuses arising from coerced consent and corruption led medical groups and human rights organizations, by the 1990s, to condemn the practice. These concerns resurfaced in 2001, when a Chinese asylum-seeking doctor testified that he

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Beginning in 2010, Chinese authorities announced that the country would transition away from the use of prisoners as an organ source, and would rely entirely on voluntary donations coordinated through a centralized registry. By 2015, officials asserted that voluntary donors were the sole source for

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In June 2021, Special Rapporteurs to the United Nations Human Rights Council stated that they "were extremely alarmed by reports of alleged 'organ harvesting' targeting minorities, including Falun Gong practitioners, Uyghurs, Tibetans, Muslims and Christians, in detention in China". The Rapporteurs

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The authors of the Kilgour–Matas report reached their conclusion via circumstantial evidence and inference from this evidence. It included observations of the extremely short wait times for organs in China compared with other countries, indicating that organs were being procured on demand; the rise

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questioned "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005" and thereby inferred that "the government of China and its agencies in numerous parts of the country, in particular hospitals but also detention centres and 'people's courts', since 1999 have put to death a large but

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argued Harry Wu's July 2006 article showed his views in his 21 March letter were formed before completing his investigation, so Wu's views were not based on his full investigation. Further, Harry Wu characterized the volume of organ harvesting Annie described as "technically impossible", but it is

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in China took place in 1995, seven years after the world's first was performed in São Paulo, Brazil. Between January 2001 and October 2003, 45 patients received living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) at five different hospitals. In 2002, doctors at Xijing Hospital of the Fourth Military Medical

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agreed that the organs of prisoners should not be used for transplantation, except for members of the immediate family of the deceased. In 2008, a liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, along with a nationwide proposal to incorporate information on individual driving permits

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In December 2005, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplant was widespread—as many as 95% of all organ transplants in China derived from executions, and he promised steps to prevent abuse. In 2006, the WMA demanded that

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reached an agreement in 1998 that these practices were undesirable and that they would jointly investigate them with a view to stopping them; however, in 2000, the Chinese withdrew their cooperation. Amnesty International claimed to have strong evidence that the police, courts, and hospitals were

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A liver-transplant registry system was established in Shanghai, in 2008, which allows the monitoring of the after-care of liver recipients; at the same time a nationwide proposal was announced that would allow people to note on their driving licence that they wish to donate their organs. Despite

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In June 2021, the Special Procedures of the United Nations Human Rights Council voiced concerns over having “received credible information that detainees from ethnic, linguistic or religious minorities may be forcibly subjected to blood tests and organ examinations such as ultrasound and x-rays,

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China itself began organ transplantation in the 1960s, which grew to an annual peak of over 13,000 transplants in 2004; and, despite some deaths from infection and hepatitis, the transplant programme has been successful in saving many lives. Though the number of transplants fell to under 11,000

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The Hangzhou resolution was promulgated in front of the 2013 China National Transplantation Congress on 31 October 2013 and was presented on 2 November 2013. The resolution vows for the cessation of the harvesting of organs from executed prisoners. While not all transplantation facilities have

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reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners. The condemned prisoners have been described as "not a proper source for organ transplants" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu, and in March 2010, he announced the trial of China's first

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presented to the members of a US Congress Subcommittee by Damon Noto, the spokesperson for the organization Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting, opined: "Medical doctors outside China have confirmed that their patients have gone to China and received organs from Falun Gong practitioners".

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To further combat transplant tourism, the Health Ministry issued a notice in July 2007 in line with the Istanbul Declaration, giving Chinese citizens priority as organ recipients. In October 2007, after several years of discussions with the WHO, the Chinese Medical Association agreed to cease

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Transplantation first began in the early 1970s China, when organs were sourced from executed prisoners. Although other sources, such as brain-dead donors, had been tried, the lack of legal framework hampered efforts. Dr Klaus Chen said in 2007 that this was still the dominant pool. The Laogai

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China is not alone in encountering donation difficulties; demand outstrips supply in most countries. The world-wide shortage has encouraged some countries—such as India—to trade in human organs. Reports of organs being removed from executed prisoners in China for sale internationally had been

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and the Ministry of Health, in 10 pilot regions. In 2013, Huang Jiefu altered his position on utilizing prisoners' organs, stating that death row prisoners should be allowed to donate organs and should be integrated into the new computer-based organ allocation system. In 2018 and 2019, media

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In May 2007, the Regulation on Human Organ Transplantation came into force, banning organ trading and the removal of a person's organs without their prior written consent, and this has been favourably received by the World Health Organization and The Transplantation Society. To curb illegal

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In May 2008 two United Nations Special Rapporteurs reiterated their previous request for the Chinese authorities to adequately respond to the allegations, and to explain the source of organs which would account for the sudden increase in organ transplants in China since 2000.

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reported in August 2009 that approximately 65% of transplanted organs still came from death row prisoners, which has been described as "not a proper source for organ transplants" by Vice-Health Minister Huang Jiefu. China's first posthumous

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In December 2005, China's Deputy Health Minister acknowledged that the practice of removing organs from executed prisoners for transplants was widespread. In 2007, China issued regulations banning the commercial trading of organs, and the

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held a hearing on the topic of organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience in China. During the hearing, Gutmann described his interviews with former Chinese prisoners, surgeons and nurses with knowledge of organ harvesting practices.

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had been committed beyond reasonable doubt against China's Uyghur Muslim and Falun Gong populations, and that cutting out the hearts and other organs from living victims constitutes one of the worst mass atrocities of this century.

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Research Foundation website have a portal to display the relationship between execution and organ market in China. Concerns that some poorer countries were answering donor shortages by selling organs to richer countries led the

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In 2020, Gutmann claimed that at least 25,000 people are killed in Xinjiang for their organs each year, alleging that "fast lanes" were created to streamline the process of movement of human organs in local airports and that

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Hu, Weilie; Lu, Jun; Zhang, Lichao; Wu, Wen; Nie, Haibo; Zhu, Yunsong; Deng, Zhixiong; Zhao, Yongbing; Sheng, Wen; Chao, Qiyou; Qiu, Xiaofu; Yang, Jinghua; Bai, Ying (2006). "A preliminary report of penile transplantation".

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stated "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".

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circulating since the mid-1980s, when a 1984 regulation made it legal to harvest organs from convicted criminals with the consent of the family or if the body goes unclaimed. Development of an immunosuppressant drug,

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and the Ministry of Health. Huang Jiefu announced that the scheme, which will allow people to express their wishes on their driver's licences, would be trialled in 10 pilot regions including the cities of

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quoted former vice health minister Huang Jiefu as saying "From January 1, 2015, organ donation from voluntary civilian organ donors has become the only legitimate source of organ transplantations", and

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article also note that China's model parsimony is one to two orders of magnitude smoother than any other nation's, even those that have experienced rapid growth in their organ transplantation sector.

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By way of comparison, the median waiting time for an organ transplantation in Australia is six months to four years. In Canada, it is six years as of 2011. In the UK, it is three years.

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China, illegal trade in human body parts : hearing before the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, One Hundred Fourth Congress, first session, May 4, 1995

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in the number of annual organ transplants in China corresponded with the onset of the persecution of Falun Gong. An updated version of their report was published as a book in 2009.

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organ transplants in China. However, critics have pointed to evidence of systematic falsification of data related to voluntary organ donations, casting doubt on reform claims.

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Wang XH, Zhang F, Li XC, Qian JM, Kong LB, Huang J, et al. Clinical report on 12 cases of Living donor partial liver transplantation. Natl Med J Chin (Chin) 2002; 82: 435–439.

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investigations and academic analysis into these allegations increased. In August 2024, media outlets reported on the first known survivor of China’s forced organ harvesting.

6243: 3725:"Examining China's Organ Transplantation System: The Nexus of Security, Medicine, and Predation / Part 2: Evidence for the Harvesting of Organs from Prisoners of Conscience" 2970: 2585: 639:

experiments in Xijing hospital, leading in April 2006 to the world's first face transplant that included bone. The donor had been declared brain-dead before the operation.

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Worries about organ harvesting were renewed when China redoubled its attempts to stamp out extremism and separatism by interning a large portion of the population in the

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In December 2006, after not getting assurances from the Chinese government about allegations relating to Chinese prisoners, the two major organ transplant hospitals in

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being endorsed in 1991. However, the wording did not allow the international community to draw up any laws preventing China from continuing to trade in human organs.

3792: 3997: 1515: 301: 48: 3271: 5169: 4640: 3682: 1837: 421:, said he believed that nearly 400 hospitals in China had been involved in the transplant organ trade, with websites advertising kidney transplants for $ 60,000. 6664: 1641: 6322: 5283: 3390: 2648: 2132: 1538: 911: 496:

in the 1990s, and then spread nationwide. Gutmann estimates that some 64,000 Falun Gong prisoners may have been killed for their organs between 2000 and 2008.

3208: 3085: 1124: 846: 5559: 4239: 3647:"The Hangzhou Resolution and Report of Meeting with Minister Bin Li of the National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China" 995: 863: 533:, Professor of Bioethics, Dr. Jacob Lavee, cardiothoracic surgeon, Dr. Ghazali Ahmad, Professor Maria Fiatarone Singh, Dr. Torsten Trey, Gutmann and Matas. 5569: 5060: 5899: 5047: 3965: 3421: 5278: 3058: 2670: 2319: 7200: 4728: 3605: 2813: 932: 539:, a human rights activist, has questioned the Falun Gong's claims that Falun Gong members are specifically targeted for large-scale organ harvesting. 263:

Globally, pioneering experimental studies in the surgical technique of human organ transplantation were made in the early 1900s by the French surgeon

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practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry prompted an investigation by former Canadian Secretary of State

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Wang, X. H.; Yan, L. N.; Zhang, F.; Li, X. C.; Zhu, J. Y.; Peng, Z. H.; Liu, J. H.; Li, G. Q.; Cheng, F.; Sun, B. C.; Ge, W. G. (2006).

503:, Australia, stopped transplant training for Chinese surgeons and banned joint research programs into organ transplantation with China. 371:

convened a hearing in 1995 on the trade in human body parts in China; receiving evidence from various sources including statements from

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Reddy KC: In Land W, Dossetor JB (eds): Organ Replacement Therapy: Ethics, Justice, Commerce. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1990, p 173,

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United Nations Human Rights Special Rapporteurs Reiterate Findings on China's Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners

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during the 1990s, when members of the Uyghur ethnic group were targeted in security crackdowns and "strike hard campaigns".

3374: 3339:"Chinese doctors admitted in undercover calls that harvested organs were available, informal tribunal finds | The BMJ" 2300: 2208: 2158: 6091: 6081: 5879: 5874: 4758: 4721: 4304: 4284: 3784: 529:, edited by David Matas and Dr. Torsten Trey, was published with essays by Dr. Gabriel Danovitch, Professor of Medicine, 7195: 7091: 7086: 6498: 5811: 5757: 5725: 5552: 4833: 4342: 4269: 3439: 2426: 1475: 741: 5487: 4968: 3672: 1834: 1215: 6998: 6876: 6861: 6468: 6425: 6361: 6344: 5740: 5250: 5106: 5096: 4773: 4347: 907: 604: 576: 383: 292: 232: 6218: 2136: 1254:"Analysis of official deceased organ donation data casts doubt on the credibility of China's organ transplant reform" 873:. House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations. 12 September 2012. Archived from 2645: 2404: 6513: 6393: 6149: 6103: 6086: 6069: 5816: 5780: 5627: 5202: 5164: 5012: 4991: 4913: 4793: 4768: 4763: 4352: 4208: 4130: 3205: 3081: 2383: 1120: 975: 842: 506:

In July 2006 and April 2007, Chinese officials denied organ harvesting allegations, insisting that China abides by

5447: 4100: 1730:"Donor safety in adult living donor liver transplantation using the right lobe: Single center experience in China" 7116: 6708: 6532: 6413: 6366: 6310: 5775: 5720: 5333: 5260: 4963: 4938: 4783: 4695: 4234: 4105: 1375: 992: 874: 507: 458: 357: 350: 476: 223: 7074: 6703: 6649: 6574: 6185: 6027: 6010: 5988: 5821: 5796: 5735: 5637: 5390: 5305: 4985: 4881: 4714: 4299: 4125: 3589: 3225: 864:"Congressional Testimony:Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party" 6250: 3417: 1785:"First two cases of living related liver transplantation with complicated anatomy of blood vessels in Beijing" 1394:"The Bellagio Task Force Report on Transplantation, Bodily Integrity, and the International Traffic in Organs" 610:

In June 2019, the China Tribunal, an investigation into forced organ transplantation in China concluded that

7124: 6906: 6622: 6508: 6503: 6408: 6383: 6327: 6161: 6113: 5948: 5869: 5864: 5806: 5730: 5715: 5574: 4788: 4466: 4411: 4162: 4070: 2316: 2052: 611: 589: 3602: 3241:"China is harvesting thousands of human organs from its Uighur Muslim minority, UN human-rights body hears" 2808: 7079: 6886: 6720: 6676: 6654: 6351: 5801: 5705: 5512: 5255: 5126: 4928: 4871: 4690: 4675: 4596: 4416: 4274: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4110: 3435: 2110: 1915: 189: 7069: 7064: 7019: 6955: 6866: 6569: 6518: 6456: 6178: 6015: 6003: 5993: 5762: 5395: 5195: 5116: 5076: 4953: 4680: 4617: 4564: 4528: 4456: 4137: 4115: 4095: 4006: 3323: 1984:; Lu, J; Zhang, L; Wu, W; Nie, H; Zhu, Y; Deng, Z; Zhao, Y; Sheng, W (2006). "Penile transplantation?". 1981: 414: 400:, made contact with Harry Wu and his Laogai Research Foundation, who assisted Wang in testifying to the 372: 332: 3185: 973:

An Independent Investigation into Allegations of Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners in China

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The Slaughter: Mass Killings, Organ Harvesting, and China's Secret Solution to Its Dissident Problem

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as a result of the procedure, and had the surgery reversed fifteen days later. Following this,

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programmes in the world, peaking at over 13,000 liver and kidney transplants a year in 2004.

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HUMAN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION – A Report on Developments Under the Auspices of WHO (1987–1991)

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interpreting this as a ban on "the use of organs from executed prisoners" in January 2015.

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Li, F. G.; Yan, L. N.; Zeng, Y.; Yang, J. Y.; Lin, Q. Y.; Jiang, X. Z.; Liu, B. (2007).

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How The West Enabled China Organ Harvesting Expansion, by Frances Martel, 22 June 2019,

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Interim Provisions on Clinical Application and Management of Human Organ Transplantation

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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of the Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College and

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U.S. that segments of his liver and a portion of his lung had been surgically removed.

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Congressional Executive Commission on China Annual Report 2006, p. 59; note 224, p.201

1884: 1689:"Early experiences on living donor liver transplantation in China: Multicenter report" 1454: 1151: 308:

operation covering the cheek, upper lip, and nose of Li Guoxing, who was mauled by an

267:, and successful transplants starting spreading worldwide after the Second World War. 7189: 7134: 6881: 6715: 6554: 6356: 5677: 5665: 5507: 5368: 4622: 4612: 4533: 4497: 4327: 4185: 4180: 4142: 4055: 3623:

Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party

3370: 2993: 2810:

Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party

2616: 2384:"World Medical Association demands China stops using prisoners for organ transplants" 1705: 1688: 1181: 1087: 964: 691:

adopted the resolution, a campaign to eradicate inmate organ harvesting is underway.

684:

Organ Harvesting of Religious and Political Dissidents by the Chinese Communist Party

581: 530: 488: 468: 295:

was successfully executed in an acute leukaemia patient. The first recorded clinical

264: 3016: 2890: 2871: 2537:"Rights concerns bedevil China—Doing trade with regime must be balanced with values" 1654: 1208:"BBC World Service - Discovery, China's Organ Transplants, Tourism and Transparency" 220:

Falun Gong practitioners had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry

7174: 7059: 6931: 6896: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5482: 5477: 5467: 5385: 5380: 4549: 4523: 3847:"'Crimes against humanity': is China killing political prisoners for their organs?" 3823: 2928: 2448: 559: 3466:"World's second face transplant performed in China – health – 18 April 2006" 3320:"China Tribunal: Final judgement detailed, the hearings records, submissions etc" 2671:"Q&A: Author and analyst Ethan Gutmann discusses China’s illegal organ trade" 1997: 1959: 6753: 5670: 5655: 5462: 5420: 5415: 5363: 4886: 4745: 4627: 4279: 4218: 3436:"Internment Camps in Xinjiang's Aksu Separated by Crematorium — Radio Free Asia" 3338: 2989: 2297: 2205: 2162: 968: 653: 543: 472: 401: 241: 3904:"Transplant waiting lists and dialysis costs grow as kidney supply lags behind" 1493: 6926: 5834: 5645: 5373: 5081: 4974: 4891: 2807:

Damon Noto, M.D., Gabriel Danovitch, M.D., Charles Lee, M.D., Ethan Gutmann.

2418: 2074: 1270: 810: 620: 500: 464: 375:, the BBC, and Chinese government documents produced by human rights activist 324: 1801: 1746: 1341: 6936: 6891: 5829: 5770: 2243: 2218:, November 1995. The Laogai Research Foundation. Retrieved 24 September 2010 2192: 1207: 1035: 663: 425: 320: 3362: 3059:"Harry Wu mette in dubbio le accuse del Falun Gong sui trapianti di organi" 2206:"Senate Committee Hears How Executed Prisoners’ Organs are Sold for Profit" 2092: 2005: 1967: 1820: 1765: 1714: 1511: 1289: 3673:"China: UN human rights experts alarmed by 'organ harvesting' allegations" 3226:"China's sick tactics used against pregnant women | Queensland Times" 3138:"China: UN human rights experts alarmed by 'organ harvesting' allegations" 7011: 7004: 6317: 4820: 4670: 4357: 2396: 2317:"World Medical Association Council Resolution on Organ Donation in China" 676: 593: 536: 376: 327:

22-year-old male. Although successful, the patient and his wife suffered

3975: 3698:"ANU study says China deliberately falsifying data on organ transplants" 184: 5440: 5435: 5430: 4858: 2493: 2477: 2422: 972: 933:"Doctor Says He Took Transplant Organs From Executed Chinese Prisoners" 668: 600:

Gong prisoner population overtook Uyghurs as a major source of organs.

2767:

Response to the so-called "Revised Report on China's Organ Harvesting"

2613:"China's long history of harvesting organs from living political foes" 1541:

Autonomy and Human Rights in Health Care: An International Perspective

7106: 3354: 2386:, World Medical Association, 22 May 2006. Retrieved 24 September 2010 319:

procedure was performed in September 2006, at a military hospital in

3161:"First Known Survivor of China's Forced Organ Harvesting Speaks Out" 2512:"Ottawa urged to stop Canadians travelling to China for transplants" 1476:"The Falun Gong, organ transplantation, the holocaust and ourselves" 1304:"First Known Survivor of China's Forced Organ Harvesting Speaks Out" 1655:"Blood and marrow transplantation in mainland China (Supplement 3)" 5218: 4706: 1631:"Current Situation of Organ Donation and Transplantation in China" 1423:"Military hospital in China conducts world-first face transplants" 672: 5187: 908:"The Transplantation Society's Policy on Interactions With China" 4337: 3302:"China prison camps: Torture, brainwashing and organ harvesting" 3037:"Harry Wu questions Falun Gong's claims about organ transplants" 5191: 4710: 3979: 3143:

Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights

825:"Organ harvesting in China in 2016: This is the brutal reality" 424:

On the eve of a state visit to the United States by President

105: 69: 28: 3319: 3112:"Spotlight: Experts slam rumors of organ harvesting in China" 2449:"禁止器官买卖,中国是认真的 China steps up crackdown on organ trafficking" 2558:"Bloody Harvest, The killing of Falun Gong for their organs" 2159:"Illegal Human Organ Trade from Executed Prisoners in China" 1252:

Robertson, M.P.; Hinde, R.L.; Lavee, J. (14 November 2019).

2747:

Response to the so called "China's organ harvesting report"

203:

has taken place since the 1960s, and is one of the largest

2994:"Parliament to hear evidence of transplant abuse in China" 409:

China cease using prisoners as organ donors. According to

5023:

National Administration of Disease Control and Prevention

2259:"Chinese Doctor Tells of Organ Removals After Executions" 2133:"Draft guiding principles on human organ transplantation" 1596:"Japan's rich buy organs from executed Chinese prisoners" 1049: 1047: 1045: 1024:"China to 'tidy up' trade in executed prisoners' organs" 5018:

National Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine

1488:(3). Doctors Against Forced Organ Harvesting: 119–121. 737:

Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

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unknown number of Falun Gong prisoners of conscience".

455:

Organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in China

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Endemann, Kirstin (6 July 2006) CanWest News Service,

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WHO Guiding Principles on Human Organ Transplantation

291:

was performed in China in 1972; the first allogeneic

2059:"Harvesting organs from recently executed prisoners" 2050:

in a letter published in the November 2001 issue of

982:(free in 22 languages) organharvestinvestigation.net 761:

Government policy and organ transplantation in China

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Archived from 3440:U.S. Agency for Global Media 2948:"State Organs: Introduction" 1998:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.055 1960:10.1016/j.eururo.2006.07.026 1474:Treasure, Tom (March 2007). 1429:. London. 28 November 2008. 906:Annika Tibell (8 May 2007). 742:Experimentation on prisoners 312:while protecting his sheep. 6877:Flowers of the Four Seasons 6862:Four Treasures of the Study 6481:Water supply and sanitation 6209:Central Military Commission 6204:Outline of military history 5954:Province-level subdivisions 5137:Water supply and sanitation 4348:Kidney Foundation of Canada 3649:. Declaration of Istanbul. 3206:“The Sidney Awards Part II” 3114:. New China. 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Archived from 2254: 2248: 2228: 2219: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2129: 2123: 2122: 2120: 2118: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2086: 2045: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 2010: 2009: 1986:European Urology 1978: 1972: 1971: 1948:European Urology 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1911: 1905: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1855: 1849: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1814: 1804: 1776: 1770: 1769: 1759: 1749: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1708: 1684: 1678: 1675: 1669: 1651: 1645: 1627: 1616: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1591: 1585: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1523: 1505: 1471: 1465: 1452: 1443: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1407: 1405: 1390: 1379: 1362: 1353: 1352: 1350: 1348: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1283: 1273: 1249: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1148: 1137: 1136: 1134: 1132: 1117: 1108: 1084: 1075: 1074: 1072: 1070: 1051: 1040: 1022:Jane Macartney, 1020: 1007: 989: 983: 962: 943: 930: 924: 923: 921: 919: 903: 890: 889: 887: 885: 879: 868: 860: 851: 850: 839: 833: 832: 821: 815: 797: 774: 758: 558:In August 2024, 398:political asylum 395: 394: 317:penis transplant 289:renal transplant 212:organ harvesting 205:organ transplant 175: 168: 157: 150: 146: 143: 137: 130:improve the lead 114: 113: 106: 99: 96: 90: 78: 77: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 7236: 7235: 7231: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7225: 7186: 7185: 7184: 7179: 7166: 7159: 7152: 7139: 7111: 7029: 6989:Life expectancy 6946: 6850: 6730: 6650:Public holidays 6638:Written Chinese 6623:Intellectualism 6575:Sex trafficking 6523: 6485: 6445: 6274: 6190: 6037: 6028:Nationality law 6011:Law enforcement 5989:Judicial system 5958: 5921: 5895:Nature reserves 5885:Protected areas 5851: 5822:Water resources 5785: 5694: 5632: 5591: 5575:Economic reform 5538:1911 Revolution 5524: 5488:Jin (1115–1234) 5402: 5350: 5310: 5225: 5216: 5186: 5181: 5174: 5158:The China Study 5141: 5065: 4999: 4992:Omicron variant 4867:Avian influenza 4853: 4815: 4806:Medical schools 4779:Barefoot doctor 4740: 4738:Health in China 4735: 4705: 4700: 4645: 4632: 4601: 4585: 4569: 4538: 4512: 4493:John P. Merrill 4476: 4433: 4388: 4367:Joint societies 4362: 4333:Blood Cancer UK 4320: 4314: 4257: 4255: 4249: 4223: 4195: 4191:Vascular bypass 4167: 4042: 4009: 4004: 3974: 3973: 3956: 3949: 3947: 3943: 3936: 3934:"Archived copy" 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3886: 3884: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3827: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3798: 3796: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3707: 3705: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3671: 3670: 3666: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630:Wayback Machine 3620: 3616: 3610:Wayback Machine 3601: 3597: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3546:Wayback Machine 3531: 3529: 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3464: 3463: 3459: 3449: 3447: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3416: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3295: 3285: 3283: 3276:www.reuters.com 3269: 3268: 3264: 3254: 3252: 3238: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3213:Wayback Machine 3203: 3199: 3193:Wayback Machine 3184:Ethan Gutmann, 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3165:thediplomat.com 3159: 3158: 3151: 3146:. 14 June 2021. 3136: 3135: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3109: 3108: 3101: 3091: 3089: 3080:Matas/Kilgour. 3079: 3078: 3074: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3024:Wayback Machine 3014: 3010: 3001:Wayback Machine 2988: 2984: 2975:Wayback Machine 2965: 2961: 2955:Wayback Machine 2946: 2942: 2936:Wayback Machine 2929:T Trey articles 2927: 2923: 2917:Wayback Machine 2908: 2904: 2898:Wayback Machine 2889: 2885: 2879:Wayback Machine 2870: 2866: 2860:Wayback Machine 2851: 2847: 2841:Wayback Machine 2832: 2828: 2818:Wayback Machine 2806: 2799: 2793:Wayback Machine 2784: 2780: 2774:Wayback Machine 2764: 2760: 2754:Wayback Machine 2744: 2740: 2730:Wayback Machine 2721: 2717: 2710: 2697: 2696: 2689: 2678:Wayback Machine 2668: 2664: 2658:National Review 2653:Wayback Machine 2640: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2610: 2609: 2602: 2590:Wayback Machine 2581: 2577: 2567: 2565: 2564:on 3 April 2010 2555: 2554: 2550: 2544:Wayback Machine 2529: 2525: 2519:Wayback Machine 2505: 2501: 2489:Wayback Machine 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2447: 2446: 2442: 2432: 2430: 2417: 2410: 2408: 2395: 2394: 2390: 2382:Press release, 2381: 2377: 2371:Wayback Machine 2361: 2357: 2347:Wayback Machine 2337: 2330: 2324:Wayback Machine 2315: 2311: 2305:Wayback Machine 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2272: 2270: 2269:on 4 March 2016 2256: 2255: 2251: 2239:Wayback Machine 2230:Calum MacLeod, 2229: 2222: 2213:Wayback Machine 2204: 2200: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2165:on 10 June 2010 2157: 2156: 2152: 2142: 2140: 2139:on 30 July 2010 2131: 2130: 2126: 2116: 2114: 2113:on 24 July 2010 2105: 2104: 2100: 2056: 2046: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2018: 2017: 2013: 1980: 1979: 1975: 1944: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1927: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1842:Wayback Machine 1832: 1828: 1778: 1777: 1773: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1672: 1662:Wayback Machine 1652: 1648: 1638:Wayback Machine 1628: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1600:The Independent 1593: 1592: 1588: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1553: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1521: 1519: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1462:Wayback Machine 1453: 1446: 1436: 1434: 1421: 1420: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1392: 1391: 1382: 1372:Wayback Machine 1363: 1356: 1346: 1344: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1312: 1310: 1308:thediplomat.com 1302: 1301: 1297: 1251: 1250: 1243: 1235: 1231: 1221: 1219: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1180: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1150: 1149: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1119: 1118: 1111: 1099:Wayback Machine 1086:Press release, 1085: 1078: 1068: 1066: 1053: 1052: 1043: 1031:Wayback Machine 1021: 1010: 1000:Wayback Machine 990: 986: 980:Wayback Machine 963: 946: 940:Wayback Machine 931: 927: 917: 915: 905: 904: 893: 883: 881: 877: 866: 862: 861: 854: 841: 840: 836: 823: 822: 818: 807:Wayback Machine 798: 777: 768:Wayback Machine 759: 755: 750: 733: 721: 701: 637:face transplant 629: 579: 569: 461: 451: 434: 346: 341: 306:face transplant 285: 261: 176: 165: 164: 163: 158: 147: 141: 138: 127: 115: 111: 100: 94: 91: 88: 79: 75: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7234: 7232: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7188: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7178: 7177: 7172: 7165: 7164: 7157: 7149: 7148: 7145: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7138: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7121: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7110: 7109: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7077: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7039: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7022: 7017: 7016: 7015: 7008: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6960: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6909: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6874: 6872:Four Gentlemen 6869: 6864: 6858: 6856: 6855:Fours of China 6849: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6791: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6740: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6674: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 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6008: 6007: 6006: 6001: 5991: 5985: 5983: 5970: 5964: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5957: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5912: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5890:National parks 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5870:Climate policy 5867: 5865:Climate change 5861: 5859: 5853: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5793: 5791: 5787: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5771:Central Plains 5760: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5691: 5690: 5685: 5675: 5674: 5673: 5668: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5631: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5618:Extreme points 5615: 5609: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5444: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5426:Three Kingdoms 5423: 5418: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5398: 5396:Warring States 5393: 5388: 5378: 5377: 5376: 5366: 5360: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5268: 5263: 5258: 5256:Historiography 5253: 5248: 5242: 5240: 5233: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5200: 5192: 5183: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5045: 5037: 5032: 5031: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5009: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4907:Plasma Economy 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4825: 4823: 4817: 4816: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4801: 4799:Classification 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4769:Women's health 4766: 4761: 4756: 4750: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4734: 4733: 4726: 4719: 4711: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4657: 4655: 4654:Related topics 4651: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4644: 4643: 4637: 4634: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4593: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4577: 4575: 4571: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4565:James D. Hardy 4562: 4557: 4555:Joel D. Cooper 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4529:James D. Hardy 4526: 4520: 4518: 4514: 4513: 4511: 4510: 4505: 4503:Elizabeth Ward 4500: 4495: 4490: 4484: 4482: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4474: 4472:Norman Shumway 4469: 4464: 4459: 4457:James D. Hardy 4454: 4448: 4446: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4409: 4408: 4407: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4389: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4370: 4368: 4364: 4363: 4361: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4324: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4265:Eurotransplant 4261: 4259: 4256:and government 4251: 4250: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4201:Organ donation 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4134: 4133: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4052: 4050: 4044: 4043: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4029: 4028: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4010: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3995: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3971: 3925: 3894: 3883:on 3 July 2013 3868: 3851:www.smh.com.au 3837: 3806: 3775: 3768: 3750: 3715: 3688: 3664: 3638: 3614: 3595: 3580: 3550: 3513: 3487: 3457: 3427: 3409: 3380: 3329: 3311: 3293: 3262: 3239:Martin, Will. 3231: 3217: 3204:David Brooks, 3197: 3177: 3149: 3129: 3099: 3072: 3050: 3028: 3008: 2982: 2979:Jewish Tribune 2959: 2940: 2921: 2902: 2883: 2864: 2845: 2826: 2797: 2778: 2758: 2738: 2715: 2709:978-1616149406 2708: 2687: 2662: 2642:Jay Nordlinger 2634: 2600: 2575: 2548: 2535:(5 July 2006) 2532:Calgary Herald 2523: 2508:Ottawa Citizen 2499: 2470: 2440: 2388: 2375: 2373:Yorkshire Post 2355: 2328: 2309: 2289: 2280: 2249: 2220: 2198: 2176: 2150: 2124: 2098: 2069:(7323): 1254. 2048:Harold Hillman 2037: 2011: 1992:(4): 664–665. 1973: 1954:(4): 851–853. 1937: 1906: 1876: 1850: 1826: 1771: 1720: 1679: 1670: 1653:Dr LU Daopei, 1646: 1617: 1586: 1570: 1551: 1529: 1466: 1444: 1411: 1380: 1378:, Geneva, 1991 1354: 1320: 1295: 1258:BMC Med Ethics 1241: 1238:Breitbart News 1229: 1199: 1173: 1138: 1109: 1076: 1041: 1008: 984: 944: 925: 891: 852: 834: 816: 775: 752: 751: 749: 746: 745: 744: 739: 732: 729: 720: 717: 700: 697: 660:organ donation 628: 625: 568: 565: 450: 447: 433: 430: 345: 342: 340: 337: 284: 281: 277:cyclosporine A 260: 257: 248:organ donation 178: 177: 160: 159: 119:The article's 118: 116: 109: 102: 101: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7233: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7158: 7155: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7133: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7122: 7120: 7118: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7081: 7080:Protestantism 7078: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7065:Folk religion 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7036: 7032: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7013: 7009: 7006: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6969:Ethnic groups 6967: 6965: 6962: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6953: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6883: 6882:Four Beauties 6880: 6878: 6875: 6873: 6870: 6868: 6865: 6863: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6853: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6739: 6737: 6733: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6721:Urban society 6719: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6678: 6677:Social issues 6675: 6673: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6655:Rural society 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6585: 6584: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6555:Chinese Dream 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6530: 6520: 6519:Space program 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6448: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6353: 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6281: 6269: 6266: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6232: 6230: 6227: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6171: 6170: 6169:State Council 6167: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6146: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6098: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6071: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6055:Civil service 6053: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6044: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5854: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5662: 5661:South Central 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5448:Jin (266–420) 5446: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5383: 5382: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5361: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5331: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291:Ethnic groups 5289: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5201: 5199: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5154: 5151: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5127:Vegetarianism 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5015: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4986:Delta variant 4984: 4981: 4978: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4970: 4969:SARS pandemic 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4929:Mental health 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4849:Biotechnology 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4818: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4800: 4797: 4796: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4732: 4727: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4639: 4638: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Donna Mansell 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4613:Alexis Carrel 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4534:Thomas Starzl 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4498:Joseph Murray 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4467:Richard Lower 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4410: 4406: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4328:Anthony Nolan 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321:organizations 4317: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4252: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4230: 4228:Complications 4226: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4186:Skin grafting 4184: 4182: 4181:Bone grafting 4179: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4064: 4062: 4059: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3989: 3987: 3982: 3981: 3978: 3967: 3961: 3942: 3935: 3929: 3926: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3898: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3869: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3841: 3838: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3810: 3807: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3716: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3680: 3679: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3618: 3615: 3612:23 March 2012 3611: 3607: 3604: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3584: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3540: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3475: 3471: 3470:New Scientist 3467: 3461: 3458: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3413: 3410: 3397: 3392: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3266: 3263: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3235: 3232: 3227: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3181: 3178: 3166: 3162: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3117: 3113: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 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1632: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1583:3-540-53687-6 1580: 1574: 1571: 1558: 1554: 1548: 1544: 1543: 1540: 1533: 1530: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1416: 1412: 1399: 1395: 1389: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1334:The Telegraph 1331: 1324: 1321: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1277: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1230: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1174: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1147: 1145: 1143: 1139: 1126: 1122: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092:] Organs" 1091: 1083: 1081: 1077: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1032: 1028: 1025: 1019: 1017: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 994: 988: 985: 981: 977: 974: 970: 966: 965:David Kilgour 961: 959: 957: 955: 953: 951: 949: 945: 941: 937: 934: 929: 926: 913: 909: 902: 900: 898: 896: 892: 876: 872: 871:Ethan Gutmann 865: 859: 857: 853: 848: 844: 838: 835: 830: 826: 820: 817: 813: 812: 808: 804: 801: 796: 794: 792: 790: 788: 786: 784: 782: 780: 776: 772: 769: 765: 762: 757: 754: 747: 743: 740: 738: 735: 734: 730: 728: 725: 718: 716: 714: 710: 705: 698: 696: 692: 688: 685: 680: 678: 674: 670: 665: 661: 656: 655: 648: 644: 640: 638: 634: 626: 624: 622: 616: 613: 608: 606: 601: 597: 595: 591: 587: 583: 582:Ethan Gutmann 578: 574: 566: 564: 561: 556: 552: 548: 545: 540: 538: 534: 532: 531:Arthur Caplan 528: 523: 520: 515: 511: 509: 504: 502: 497: 495: 490: 489:Ethan Gutmann 485: 481: 478: 474: 470: 469:David Kilgour 466: 460: 456: 448: 446: 444: 439: 431: 429: 427: 422: 420: 416: 412: 406: 403: 399: 388: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 365: 363: 359: 354: 352: 343: 338: 336: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 313: 311: 307: 303: 298: 294: 290: 282: 280: 278: 272: 268: 266: 265:Alexis Carrel 258: 256: 253: 249: 244: 243: 237: 234: 228: 225: 224:investigation 222:. An initial 221: 216: 213: 208: 206: 202: 195: 191: 186: 182: 174: 171: 156: 153: 145: 135: 132:and read the 131: 125: 122: 117: 108: 107: 98: 86: 81: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 7070:Christianity 7060:Confucianism 7020:Urbanization 6956:Demographics 6932:Gang of Four 6897:Four Symbols 6796:Martial arts 6570:Prostitution 6457:Architecture 6311:Central bank 6179:Vice Premier 6131:United front 6060:Constitution 6016:Penal system 5994:Human rights 5931:Subdivisions 5769: / 5765: / 5688:Southwestern 5683:Northwestern 5386:Western Zhou 5334:Yellow River 5284:1949–present 5155: 5117:Prostitution 5077:Demographics 5048: 5040: 4954:Tuberculosis 4810: 4550:Fikri Alican 4524:Fikri Alican 4399: 3948:. Retrieved 3941:the original 3928: 3916:. Retrieved 3907: 3897: 3885:. Retrieved 3881:the original 3871: 3859:. Retrieved 3850: 3840: 3828:. Retrieved 3824:the original 3819: 3809: 3797:. Retrieved 3788: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3741:. Retrieved 3732: 3728: 3718: 3706:. 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Retrieved 2137:the original 2127: 2117:23 September 2115:. Retrieved 2111:the original 2101: 2066: 2062: 2051: 2028:. Retrieved 2014: 1989: 1985: 1976: 1951: 1947: 1940: 1928:. Retrieved 1920:The Guardian 1919: 1909: 1897:. Retrieved 1888: 1879: 1867:. Retrieved 1863:the original 1853: 1845: 1829: 1792: 1788: 1774: 1737: 1733: 1723: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1673: 1665: 1649: 1608:. Retrieved 1599: 1589: 1573: 1561:. Retrieved 1542: 1539: 1532: 1520:. Retrieved 1485: 1479: 1469: 1437:24 September 1435:. Retrieved 1426: 1402:. Retrieved 1396:. icrc.org. 1345:. Retrieved 1333: 1323: 1311:. Retrieved 1307: 1298: 1261: 1257: 1237: 1232: 1220:. Retrieved 1211: 1202: 1190:. Retrieved 1176: 1166:24 September 1164:. Retrieved 1155: 1131:25 September 1129:. Retrieved 1102: 1089: 1067:. Retrieved 1058: 1034: 987: 928: 916:. Retrieved 884:14 September 882:. 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