2511:
2748:. The problem of high specific investment costs for machinery, such as steam boilers, are overcome due to the low working pressures in ORC power plants. Another advantage is the long operational life of the machine due to the characteristics of the working fluid, that unlike steam is non eroding and non corroding for valve seats tubing and turbine blades. The ORC process also helps to overcome the relatively small amount of input fuel available in many regions because an efficient ORC power plant is possible for smaller sized plants.
20:
1736:
1845:
42:
2436:
1612:
3342:
2450:
3328:
1806:
2974:
design (or sizing) purpose, and for part-load simulation. Dynamic models, on the other hand, also account for energy and mass accumulation in the different components. They are particularly useful to implement and simulate control strategies, e.g. during transients or during start & Another key aspects of ORC modeling is the computation of the organic fluid
2973:
Simulating ORC cycles requires a numerical solver in which the equations of mass and energy balance, heat transfer, pressure drops, mechanical losses, leakages, etc. are implemented. ORC models can be subdivided into two main types: steady-state and dynamic. Steady-state models are required both for
2759:
vary in temperature from 50 to 350 °C. The ORC is therefore perfectly adapted for this kind of application. However, it is important to keep in mind that for low-temperature geothermal sources (typically less than 100 °C), the efficiency is very low and depends strongly on heat sink
2831:
Since the purpose of the ORC focuses on the recovery of low grade heat power, a superheated approach like the traditional
Rankine cycle is not appropriate. Therefore, a small superheating at the exhaust of the evaporator will always be preferred, which disadvantages "wet" fluids (that are in
2840:
Unlike water, organic fluids usually suffer chemical deteriorations and decomposition at high temperatures. The maximum hot source temperature is thus limited by the chemical stability of the working fluid. The freezing point should be lower than the lowest temperature in the cycle.
2812:
is of key importance in low temperature
Rankine Cycles. Because of the low temperature, heat transfer inefficiencies are highly prejudicial. These inefficiencies depend very strongly on the thermodynamic characteristics of the fluid and on the operating conditions.
2796:
Recently so called windthermal energy turbines are discussed that could convert wind energy directly into medium temperature heat (up to 600°C). They can be combined with a thermal storage and could suitably be matched with ORC to generate electricity.
1784:
During the expansion: Only a part of the energy recoverable from the pressure difference is transformed into useful work. The other part is converted into heat and is lost. The efficiency of the expander is defined by comparison with an isentropic
2712:
The organic
Rankine cycle technology has many possible applications, and counts more than 2.7 GW of installed capacity and 698 identified power plants worldwide. Among them, the most widespread and promising fields are the following:
1331:
2775:
technology in place of the usual steam
Rankine cycle. The ORC allows electricity generation at lower capacities and lower collector temperature, and hence the possibility for low-cost, small scale decentralized
2982:(EOS) such as Peng–Robinson should be avoided since their accuracy is low. Multiparameter EOS should be preferred, using e.g. state-of-the-art thermophysical and transport properties databases.
2849:
A fluid with a high latent heat and density will absorb more energy from the source in the evaporator and thus reduce the required flow rate, the size of the facility, and the pump consumption.
3365:
2668:
1758:
where it is evaporated, passed through an expansion device (turbine, screw, scroll, or other expander), and then through a condenser heat exchanger where it is finally re-condensed.
2732:
plant on a domestic water heater), or to industrial and farming processes such as organic products fermentation, hot exhausts from ovens or furnaces (e.g. lime and cement kilns),
3647:
2873:
The fluid should be non-corrosive, non-flammable, and non-toxic. The ASHRAE safety classification of refrigerants can be used as an indicator of the fluid dangerousness level.
3476:
Ziviani, Davide; Gusev, Sergei; Schuessler, Stefan; Achaichia, Abdennacer; Braun, James E.; Groll, Eckhard A.; Paepe, Michel De; van den Broek, Martijn (13 September 2017).
3509:
Galloni, E.; Fontana, G.; Staccone, S. (25 July 2015). "Design and experimental analysis of a mini ORC (organic
Rankine cycle) power plant based on R245fa working fluid".
2699:
2788:
to provide on-demand recovery of up to 70% of their instantaneous electricity generation, and can be a fairly efficient alternative to other types of electrical storage.
1166:
1111:
1056:
863:
816:
731:
684:
596:
549:
1641:
767:
635:
1001:
2816:
In order to recover low-grade heat, the fluid generally has a lower boiling temperature than water. Refrigerants and hydrocarbons are two commonly used components.
3819:
1342:
500:
1230:
839:
792:
707:
660:
572:
525:
3079:
2800:
However, due to the Carnot
Efficiency of the Turbine, it may be more efficient to use the thermal energy as heat itself rather than to generate electricity.
2481:
1792:
that lower the amount of power recoverable from the cycle. Likewise, the temperature difference between the heat source/sink and the working fluid generates
2781:
464:
2657:
1320:
3981:
1353:
3418:
2692:
1976:
3708:
3380:
923:
3661:
2985:
Various tools are available for the above purposes, each presenting advantages and drawbacks. The most common ones are reported hereunder.
1634:
1221:
457:
335:
890:
273:
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3812:
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3106:
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1405:
1379:
900:
354:
2303:
4047:
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2123:
306:
1458:
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1911:
929:
328:
1844:
4085:
3626:
2604:
2167:
1627:
1558:
90:
1453:
4121:
3805:
3682:
1996:
1533:
1306:
283:
2744:
Biomass is available all over the world and can be used for the production of electricity on small to medium size scaled
4032:
918:
121:
111:
3478:"Employing a Single-Screw Expander in an Organic Rankine Cycle with Liquid Flooded Expansion and Internal Regeneration"
3538:
Sustainable energy conversion through the use of
Organic Rankine Cycles for waste heat recovery and solar applications
3062:
2467:
126:
116:
24:
1788:
In the heat exchangers: The working fluid takes a long and sinuous path which ensures good heat exchange but causes
3946:
3836:
3076:
2724:
is one of the most important development fields for the organic
Rankine cycle (ORC). It can be applied to heat and
2337:
1448:
1410:
1374:
86:
4100:
3403:
2858:
2440:
2016:
1203:
951:
397:
210:
200:
3022:
2862:
2777:
2721:
2389:
2327:
2001:
1956:
1946:
1876:
4055:
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4065:
4011:
3347:
3208:
2902:
2454:
2332:
2322:
2026:
1961:
1615:
1443:
1240:
943:
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418:
407:
73:
19:
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2824:
2785:
2634:
2418:
2227:
2212:
2160:
2021:
1941:
1735:
1707:
1548:
1468:
1265:
349:
103:
78:
3886:
3584:
Quoilin, Sylvain; Broek, Martijn Van Den; Declaye, SĂ©bastien; Dewallef, Pierre; Lemort, Vincent (2013).
2912:
2733:
2262:
2207:
2197:
2036:
1951:
1703:
1483:
1060:
373:
219:
68:
2832:
two-phase state at the end of the expansion). In the case of dry fluids, a regenerator should be used.
1727:, similar in principle to ORC but developed for other applications, were in use as early as the 1890s.
1690:. The fluid allows heat recovery from lower-temperature sources such as biomass combustion, industrial
4070:
3772:
3448:
3415:
3132:
2769:
2594:
2540:
2396:
2291:
2135:
2041:
1901:
1563:
1488:
1478:
278:
152:
140:
3447:. 7th International Conference on Cooling & Heating Technologies. Vol. 88. p. 012037.
4075:
3976:
3828:
3731:"Concept study of wind power utilizing direct thermal energy conversion and thermal energy storage"
3360:
2745:
2624:
2535:
2217:
2083:
2066:
2011:
1866:
1854:
1667:
1655:
1508:
1503:
1270:
292:
258:
253:
166:
3932:
3299:
3001:
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2550:
2098:
1926:
1836:
1777:
1762:
1714:
1597:
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1208:
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440:
424:
311:
263:
248:
238:
47:
41:
1255:
845:
798:
713:
666:
578:
531:
4095:
3917:
3641:
2979:
2922:
2894:
2756:
2736:, exhaust gases from vehicles, intercooling of a compressor, condenser of a power cycle, etc.
2545:
2172:
2088:
1695:
1592:
1553:
1543:
1115:
913:
749:
741:
614:
243:
233:
175:
4037:
3752:
3742:
3600:
3518:
3489:
3456:
3452:
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2560:
2555:
2502:
2279:
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2108:
2093:
2054:
2006:
1981:
1921:
1766:
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1513:
1498:
1438:
1433:
1250:
1245:
971:
895:
363:
228:
4060:
3422:
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2031:
1986:
1916:
1773:
1718:
1463:
1311:
965:
606:
429:
190:
157:
3461:
482:
4027:
3986:
3971:
3956:
3891:
3881:
3876:
3851:
3375:
3370:
2809:
2401:
2374:
2347:
2315:
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1966:
1936:
1814:
1810:
1751:
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1288:
824:
777:
692:
645:
557:
510:
388:
268:
205:
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63:
33:
4115:
4090:
4006:
3961:
3922:
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3355:
3333:
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2609:
2599:
2413:
2379:
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2269:
2150:
2140:
1991:
1789:
1747:
1671:
1587:
905:
474:
435:
147:
3996:
3991:
3966:
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2962:
2729:
2614:
2352:
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1906:
1871:
1818:
1683:
1538:
1523:
1473:
956:
3399:
3747:
3730:
3522:
3494:
3477:
1761:
In the ideal cycle described by the engine's theoretical model, the expansion is
3341:
2936:
2725:
2629:
2619:
2587:
2577:
2449:
2357:
2232:
2182:
2145:
2128:
2113:
1931:
1739:
1493:
301:
3605:
4001:
3323:
2944:
2646:
2641:
2582:
2572:
2367:
2192:
2187:
2155:
2118:
2103:
1886:
1805:
1746:
The working principle of the organic
Rankine cycle is the same as that of the
1699:
1691:
1582:
1528:
3327:
3218:
General tools for thermophysical and transport properties of organic fluids
2996:
2948:
2940:
2222:
2202:
1971:
1881:
180:
3585:
3536:
3426:
3170:
2362:
2247:
2242:
1896:
1891:
1861:
1296:
1213:
1005:
413:
185:
3797:
3757:
3445:
Design of Radial Turbo-Expanders for Small
Organic Rankine Cycle System
2956:
2952:
2530:
2520:
2384:
2342:
2078:
2061:
1822:
402:
3280:
3190:
3166:
2930:
2911:: Phasing out due to Copenhagen Amendment to Montreal Protocol (e.g.
2525:
2073:
1793:
1755:
3092:
3242:
3430:
2926:
2908:
2308:
1734:
1687:
18:
3629:. Stginternational.org. Archived from the original on 2013-03-03
3194:
2406:
378:
3801:
3586:"Techno-economic survey of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems"
3662:"Power From the Sun :: Chapter 12.2 Rankine Power Cycles"
3729:
Okazaki, Tori; Shirai, Yasuyuki; Nakamura, Taketsune (2015).
3709:"ARENA boosts funding for RayGen's "solar hydro" power plant"
3042:
3425:, edited by Gershon Grossman, Faculty of Mechanical Energy,
3261:
3223:
3792:
3563:
3366:
Relative cost of electricity generated by different sources
3544:(Thesis). University of Liège, Liège, Belgium. 2011-10-04
3416:
Israeli Section of the International Solar Energy Society
3683:"RayGen focuses its energies on vast storage potential"
1702:
etc. The low-temperature heat is converted into useful
2836:
Low freezing point, high stability temperature :
1124:
1069:
1014:
974:
848:
827:
801:
780:
752:
716:
695:
669:
648:
617:
581:
560:
534:
513:
485:
2819:
Optimal characteristics of the working fluid :
4046:
4020:
3945:
3905:
3846:
3835:
1765:and the evaporation and condensation processes are
2760:temperature (defined by the ambient temperature).
1713:The technology was developed in the late 1950s by
1160:
1105:
1050:
995:
857:
833:
810:
786:
761:
725:
701:
678:
654:
629:
590:
566:
543:
519:
494:
3646:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2857:The main parameters taken into account are the
1796:destruction and reduces the cycle performance.
3813:
2768:The organic Rankine cycle can be used in the
2693:
2475:
1635:
8:
2845:High heat of vaporisation and density :
16:Variation on the Rankine thermodynamic cycle
1813:used at an experimental power plant at the
3843:
3820:
3806:
3798:
3773:"TURBODEN - Organic Rankine Cycle systems"
2700:
2686:
2658:Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
2493:
2482:
2468:
1843:
1827:
1642:
1628:
1191:
343:
162:
40:
29:
3793:Knowledge Center on Organic Rankine Cycle
3756:
3746:
3604:
3493:
3460:
1123:
1068:
1013:
973:
847:
826:
800:
779:
751:
715:
694:
668:
647:
616:
580:
559:
533:
512:
484:
3593:Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
2987:
1804:
1780:. Those irreversibilities mainly occur:
3982:Homogeneous charge compression ignition
3392:
2501:
1835:
1388:
1365:
1319:
1279:
1229:
1194:
387:
362:
291:
218:
165:
32:
3639:
3217:
3160:
3016:
1977:List of low-energy building techniques
3381:Non ideal compressible fluid dynamics
3017:General thermodynamic modeling tools
7:
3213:Open-source alternative to Matlab.
2947:of gas processing facilities (e.g.
1772:In any real cycle, the presence of
1686:temperature is lower than that of
849:
802:
717:
670:
582:
535:
355:Intensive and extensive properties
14:
3443:Arifin, M.; Pasek, A. D. (2015).
3340:
3326:
2509:
2448:
2435:
2434:
1912:Energy efficiency implementation
1682:fluid (compared to water) whose
1611:
1610:
930:Table of thermodynamic equations
2669:Topics by country and territory
2168:Ocean thermal energy conversion
1406:Maxwell's thermodynamic surface
2877:Good availability and low cost
1140:
1128:
1085:
1073:
1030:
1018:
990:
978:
1:
3462:10.1088/1757-899X/88/1/012037
2897:due to ozone depletion (e.g.
2780:units. The ORC also enables
1997:Passive solar building design
1307:Mechanical equivalent of heat
3748:10.1016/j.renene.2015.04.027
3523:10.1016/j.energy.2015.07.104
3495:10.1016/j.egypro.2017.09.239
1731:Working principle of the ORC
919:Onsager reciprocal relations
3887:Stirling (pseudo/adiabatic)
3707:Blake Matich (2020-03-20).
3126:steady-state & dynamic
3100:steady-state & dynamic
3063:Engineering Equation Solver
2804:Choice of the working fluid
2728:(for example a small scale
2674:Marketing and policy trends
2455:Renewable energy portal
2173:Renewable energy transition
1670:. It is a variation of the
1411:Entropy as energy dispersal
1222:"Perpetual motion" machines
1161:{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}
1106:{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}
1051:{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}
4138:
3606:10.1016/j.rser.2013.01.028
2885:Examples of working fluids
1708:converted into electricity
858:{\displaystyle \partial T}
811:{\displaystyle \partial V}
726:{\displaystyle \partial p}
679:{\displaystyle \partial V}
591:{\displaystyle \partial T}
544:{\displaystyle \partial S}
3404:Encyclopedia of the Earth
2859:Ozone depletion potential
2017:Sustainable refurbishment
1332:An Inquiry Concerning the
3687:www.ecogeneration.com.au
2976:thermodynamic properties
2863:global warming potential
2853:Low environmental impact
2002:Sustainable architecture
1957:Glass in green buildings
1947:Environmental technology
1877:Compact fluorescent lamp
1801:Applications for the ORC
1674:named for its use of an
1345:Heterogeneous Substances
762:{\displaystyle \alpha =}
630:{\displaystyle \beta =-}
3627:"Solar micro-generator"
3453:2015MS&E...88a2037A
3348:Renewable energy portal
3202:steady-state / dynamic
3178:steady-state / dynamic
3161:General modeling tools
3107:Cummins Super Truck WHR
3077:Simple ORC Model in EES
2757:Geothermic heat sources
2323:Human-powered transport
2027:Tropical green building
1962:Green building and wood
3300:Simulis Thermodynamics
3116:LMS Imagine.Lab Amesim
2825:saturation vapor curve
2786:thermal energy storage
2784:systems equipped with
2635:Tidal stream generator
2419:Personal rapid transit
2161:Tidal stream generator
2022:Thermal energy storage
1942:Environmental planning
1825:
1743:
1742:for the ideal/real ORC
1162:
1107:
1052:
997:
996:{\displaystyle U(S,V)}
859:
835:
812:
788:
763:
727:
703:
680:
656:
631:
592:
568:
545:
521:
496:
475:Specific heat capacity
79:Quantum thermodynamics
27:
3133:Small Scale ORC Plant
2808:The selection of the
2734:flue-gas condensation
2263:Sustainable transport
2208:Floating wind turbine
2037:Zero heating building
1952:Fossil fuel phase-out
1808:
1738:
1706:, that can itself be
1660:organic Rankine cycle
1343:On the Equilibrium of
1163:
1108:
1061:Helmholtz free energy
1053:
998:
860:
836:
813:
789:
764:
728:
704:
681:
657:
632:
593:
569:
546:
522:
497:
22:
4122:Thermodynamic cycles
4071:Regenerative cooling
3949:combustion / thermal
3848:Without phase change
3839:combustion / thermal
3829:Thermodynamic cycles
3664:. Power From the Sun
3402:, Cleveland Cutler,
2969:Modeling ORC systems
2880:Acceptable pressures
2595:Marine current power
2541:Crosswind kite power
2397:Personal transporter
2292:Wind-powered vehicle
2136:Marine current power
2042:Zero-energy building
1902:Efficient energy use
1356:Motive Power of Fire
1122:
1067:
1012:
972:
924:Bridgman's equations
901:Fundamental relation
846:
825:
799:
778:
750:
714:
693:
667:
646:
615:
579:
558:
532:
511:
483:
3361:Thermodynamic cycle
2989:
2764:Solar thermal power
2740:Biomass power plant
2722:Waste heat recovery
2717:Waste heat recovery
2625:Sustainable biofuel
2536:Carbon-neutral fuel
2497:Part of a series on
2084:Carbon-neutral fuel
2012:Sustainable habitat
1867:Building insulation
1855:Energy conservation
1831:Part of a series on
1668:thermodynamic cycle
1656:thermal engineering
1334:Source ... Friction
1266:Loschmidt's paradox
458:Material properties
336:Conjugate variables
3421:2009-01-11 at the
3082:2016-03-04 at the
2988:
2980:equation of states
2792:Windthermal energy
2551:Geothermal heating
2099:Geothermal heating
1927:Energy saving lamp
1837:Sustainable energy
1826:
1744:
1598:Order and disorder
1354:Reflections on the
1261:Heat death paradox
1158:
1103:
1048:
993:
855:
831:
808:
784:
759:
723:
699:
676:
652:
627:
588:
564:
541:
517:
495:{\displaystyle c=}
492:
465:Property databases
441:Reduced properties
425:Chemical potential
389:Functions of state
312:Thermal efficiency
48:Carnot heat engine
28:
4109:
4108:
4086:Vapor-compression
4012:Staged combustion
3941:
3940:
3906:With phase change
3317:
3316:
2895:Montreal Protocol
2752:Geothermal plants
2710:
2709:
2546:Geothermal energy
2492:
2491:
2089:Geothermal energy
1776:lowers the cycle
1774:irreversibilities
1652:
1651:
1593:Self-organization
1418:
1417:
1116:Gibbs free energy
914:Maxwell relations
872:
871:
868:
867:
834:{\displaystyle V}
787:{\displaystyle 1}
742:Thermal expansion
736:
735:
702:{\displaystyle V}
655:{\displaystyle 1}
601:
600:
567:{\displaystyle N}
520:{\displaystyle T}
448:
447:
364:Process functions
350:Property diagrams
329:System properties
319:
318:
284:Endoreversibility
176:Equation of state
4129:
4081:Vapor absorption
3844:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3750:
3735:Renewable Energy
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3669:
3658:
3652:
3651:
3645:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3608:
3590:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3543:
3533:
3527:
3526:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3473:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3440:
3434:
3413:
3407:
3397:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3209:Simple ORC model
2990:
2773:parabolic trough
2702:
2695:
2688:
2566:Run-of-the-river
2561:Hydroelectricity
2556:Geothermal power
2513:
2503:Renewable energy
2494:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2438:
2437:
2275:Electric vehicle
2124:Run-of-the-river
2109:Hydroelectricity
2094:Geothermal power
2055:Renewable energy
2007:Sustainable city
1982:Low-energy house
1922:Energy recycling
1847:
1828:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1614:
1613:
1321:Key publications
1302:
1301:("living force")
1251:Brownian ratchet
1246:Entropy and life
1241:Entropy and time
1192:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1104:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1002:
1000:
999:
994:
896:Clausius theorem
891:Carnot's theorem
864:
862:
861:
856:
840:
838:
837:
832:
817:
815:
814:
809:
793:
791:
790:
785:
772:
771:
768:
766:
765:
760:
732:
730:
729:
724:
708:
706:
705:
700:
685:
683:
682:
677:
661:
659:
658:
653:
640:
639:
636:
634:
633:
628:
597:
595:
594:
589:
573:
571:
570:
565:
550:
548:
547:
542:
526:
524:
523:
518:
505:
504:
501:
499:
498:
493:
471:
470:
344:
163:
44:
30:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4112:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4042:
4016:
3948:
3937:
3927:Organic Rankine
3901:
3855:
3852:hot air engines
3849:
3838:
3831:
3826:
3789:
3784:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3770:
3766:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3712:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3692:
3690:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3667:
3665:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3611:
3609:
3588:
3583:
3582:
3578:
3568:
3566:
3564:"ORC World Map"
3561:
3560:
3556:
3547:
3545:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3530:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3482:Energy Procedia
3475:
3474:
3470:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3423:Wayback Machine
3414:
3410:
3400:Harry Zvi Tabor
3398:
3394:
3389:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3322:
3084:Wayback Machine
3002:Simulation type
2971:
2887:
2806:
2794:
2766:
2754:
2742:
2719:
2706:
2488:
2447:
2446:
2433:
2426:
2425:
2265:
2255:
2254:
2057:
2047:
2046:
2032:Waste-to-energy
1987:Microgeneration
1917:Energy recovery
1857:
1803:
1754:is pumped to a
1733:
1725:Naphtha engines
1719:Harry Zvi Tabor
1715:Lucien Bronicki
1696:geothermal heat
1666:) is a type of
1648:
1603:
1602:
1578:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1398:
1384:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1300:
1293:
1275:
1256:Maxwell's demon
1218:
1189:
1188:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1010:
1009:
1008:
970:
969:
968:
966:Internal energy
961:
946:
936:
935:
910:
885:
875:
874:
873:
844:
843:
823:
822:
797:
796:
776:
775:
748:
747:
712:
711:
691:
690:
665:
664:
644:
643:
613:
612:
607:Compressibility
577:
576:
556:
555:
530:
529:
509:
508:
481:
480:
460:
450:
449:
430:Particle number
383:
342:
331:
321:
320:
279:Irreversibility
191:State of matter
158:Isolated system
143:
133:
132:
131:
106:
96:
95:
91:Non-equilibrium
83:
58:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4135:
4133:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4113:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4052:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4024:
4022:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3943:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3935:
3930:
3920:
3915:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3832:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3787:External links
3785:
3782:
3781:
3764:
3721:
3699:
3674:
3653:
3618:
3576:
3554:
3528:
3501:
3468:
3435:
3433:; Final draft.
3408:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3376:Working fluids
3373:
3371:Naphtha launch
3368:
3363:
3358:
3352:
3351:
3337:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3211:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3173:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2934:
2920:
2906:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2871:
2870:
2861:(ODP) and the
2855:
2854:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2828:
2805:
2802:
2793:
2790:
2765:
2762:
2753:
2750:
2741:
2738:
2718:
2715:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2638:
2637:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2514:
2506:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2458:
2444:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2402:Rail transport
2399:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2375:Roller skating
2372:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2348:Cycle rickshaw
2345:
2335:
2330:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2304:Human-electric
2299:Hybrid vehicle
2296:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2261:
2260:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2178:Renewable heat
2175:
2170:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2058:
2053:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1967:Green building
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1937:Energy storage
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1840:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1815:LUT University
1811:turbogenerator
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1790:pressure drops
1786:
1732:
1729:
1680:molecular-mass
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1377:
1375:Thermodynamics
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1338:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1289:Caloric theory
1285:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1113:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1058:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1003:
992:
989:
986:
983:
980:
977:
962:
960:
959:
954:
948:
947:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
926:
921:
916:
909:
908:
903:
898:
893:
887:
886:
881:
880:
877:
876:
870:
869:
866:
865:
854:
851:
841:
830:
819:
818:
807:
804:
794:
783:
769:
758:
755:
745:
738:
737:
734:
733:
722:
719:
709:
698:
687:
686:
675:
672:
662:
651:
637:
626:
623:
620:
610:
603:
602:
599:
598:
587:
584:
574:
563:
552:
551:
540:
537:
527:
516:
502:
491:
488:
478:
469:
468:
467:
461:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
445:
444:
443:
438:
433:
422:
411:
392:
391:
385:
384:
382:
381:
376:
370:
367:
366:
360:
359:
358:
357:
352:
333:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
317:
316:
315:
314:
309:
304:
296:
295:
289:
288:
287:
286:
281:
276:
271:
269:Free expansion
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
223:
222:
216:
215:
214:
213:
208:
206:Control volume
203:
198:
196:Phase (matter)
193:
188:
183:
178:
170:
169:
161:
160:
155:
150:
144:
139:
138:
135:
134:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
108:
107:
102:
101:
98:
97:
94:
93:
82:
81:
76:
71:
66:
60:
59:
56:
55:
52:
51:
46:The classical
45:
37:
36:
34:Thermodynamics
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4134:
4123:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4076:Transcritical
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4056:Hampson–Linde
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4048:Refrigeration
4045:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4019:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3977:Gas-generator
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:Brayton/Joule
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:Brayton/Joule
3865:
3863:
3860:
3859:
3857:
3853:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3834:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3804:
3803:
3800:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3722:
3711:. PV Magazine
3710:
3703:
3700:
3688:
3684:
3678:
3675:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3649:
3643:
3628:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3565:
3562:T. Tartiere.
3558:
3555:
3540:
3539:
3532:
3529:
3524:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Rankine cycle
3354:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3338:
3335:
3334:Energy portal
3329:
3324:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3122:and Acausal
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3008:
3006:Distribution
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2810:working fluid
2803:
2801:
2798:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:hybrid CSP-PV
2779:
2774:
2771:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2739:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2648:
2645:
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2640:
2636:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2610:Osmotic power
2608:
2606:
2605:Ocean thermal
2603:
2601:
2600:Marine energy
2598:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
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2571:
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2442:
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2431:
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2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2414:Rapid transit
2412:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Skateboarding
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
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2297:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2287:Solar vehicle
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2271:
2270:Green vehicle
2268:
2267:
2264:
2259:
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2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2151:Tidal barrage
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Marine energy
2139:
2137:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
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2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
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2043:
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2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Passive house
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
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1933:
1930:
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1923:
1920:
1918:
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1900:
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1875:
1873:
1870:
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1846:
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1824:
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1816:
1812:
1807:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1752:working fluid
1749:
1748:Rankine cycle
1741:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1672:Rankine cycle
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Self-assembly
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1559:van der Waals
1557:
1555:
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1512:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1484:von Helmholtz
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
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1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1198:
1193:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1070:
1062:
1059:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1015:
1007:
1004:
987:
984:
981:
975:
967:
964:
963:
958:
955:
953:
950:
949:
945:
940:
939:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
906:Ideal gas law
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
879:
878:
852:
842:
828:
821:
820:
805:
795:
781:
774:
773:
770:
756:
753:
746:
743:
740:
739:
720:
710:
696:
689:
688:
673:
663:
649:
642:
641:
638:
624:
621:
618:
611:
608:
605:
604:
585:
575:
561:
554:
553:
538:
528:
514:
507:
506:
503:
489:
486:
479:
476:
473:
472:
466:
463:
462:
459:
454:
453:
442:
439:
437:
436:Vapor quality
434:
432:
431:
426:
423:
421:
420:
415:
412:
409:
405:
404:
399:
396:
395:
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348:
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341:
337:
330:
325:
324:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
298:
297:
294:
290:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
274:Reversibility
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
226:
225:
224:
221:
217:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
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189:
187:
184:
182:
179:
177:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
164:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
148:Closed system
146:
145:
142:
137:
136:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
109:
105:
100:
99:
92:
88:
85:
84:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
54:
53:
49:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
26:
21:
3933:Regenerative
3926:
3862:Bell Coleman
3767:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3713:. Retrieved
3702:
3691:. Retrieved
3689:. 2020-04-23
3686:
3677:
3666:. Retrieved
3656:
3631:. Retrieved
3621:
3610:. Retrieved
3596:
3592:
3579:
3567:. Retrieved
3557:
3546:. Retrieved
3537:
3531:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3485:
3481:
3471:
3444:
3438:
3411:
3395:
3205:Open-source
3149:steady-state
3121:
3070:steady-state
3050:steady-state
3030:steady-state
3012:Description
2984:
2972:
2893:: Banned by
2872:
2856:
2848:
2839:
2830:
2818:
2815:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2767:
2755:
2746:power plants
2743:
2730:cogeneration
2726:power plants
2720:
2711:
2615:Solar energy
2353:Kick scooter
2338:Land vehicle
1907:Energy audit
1872:Cogeneration
1819:Lappeenranta
1771:
1760:
1745:
1723:
1712:
1684:vaporization
1663:
1659:
1653:
1449:Carathéodory
1380:Heat engines
1352:
1341:
1330:
1312:Motive power
1297:
957:Free entropy
928:
428:
427: /
417:
416: /
408:introduction
401:
400: /
339:
302:Heat engines
89: /
4101:Ionocaloric
4096:Vuilleumier
3918:Hygroscopic
3758:2433/235628
3741:: 332–338.
3599:: 168–186.
3517:: 768–775.
3252:Open-source
3043:Cycle-Tempo
2945:by-products
2823:Isentropic
2630:Tidal power
2620:Solar power
2588:Small hydro
2578:Micro hydro
2358:Quadracycle
2213:Forecasting
2146:Tidal power
2129:Small hydro
2114:Micro hydro
2067:Sustainable
1932:Energy Star
1740:T-s diagram
1700:solar ponds
1271:Synergetics
952:Free energy
398:Temperature
259:Quasistatic
254:Isenthalpic
211:Instruments
201:Equilibrium
153:Open system
87:Equilibrium
69:Statistical
25:Regenerator
4066:Pulse tube
4038:Mixed/dual
3715:2021-01-28
3693:2021-01-28
3668:2017-04-29
3633:2017-04-29
3612:2013-03-02
3548:2011-10-31
3387:References
3142:ProSimPlus
2647:Wind power
2642:Wave power
2583:Pico hydro
2573:Hydropower
2390:Watercraft
2368:Velomobile
2328:Helicopter
2156:Tidal farm
2119:Pico hydro
2104:Hydropower
1887:Eco-cities
1809:75 kW ORC
1785:expansion.
1778:efficiency
1763:isentropic
1692:waste heat
1583:Nucleation
1427:Scientists
1231:Philosophy
944:Potentials
307:Heat pumps
264:Polytropic
249:Isentropic
239:Isothermal
4061:Kleemenko
3947:Internal
3569:16 August
3262:FluidProp
3224:AspenProp
3181:Non-free
3009:Examples
2997:Causality
2978:. Simple
2949:isobutane
2943:, common
2941:Flammable
2333:Hydrofoil
2198:Community
1972:Heat pump
1882:Eco hotel
1564:Waterston
1514:von Mayer
1469:de Donder
1459:Clapeyron
1439:Boltzmann
1434:Bernoulli
1395:Education
1366:Timelines
1150:−
1095:−
883:Equations
850:∂
803:∂
754:α
718:∂
671:∂
625:−
619:β
583:∂
536:∂
244:Adiabatic
234:Isochoric
220:Processes
181:Ideal gas
64:Classical
23:ORC with
4116:Category
4028:Combined
3987:Humphrey
3972:Expander
3957:Atkinson
3892:Stoddard
3882:Stirling
3877:Ericsson
3837:External
3642:cite web
3427:Technion
3419:Archived
3320:See also
3309:Non-free
3290:Non-free
3243:CoolProp
3233:Non-free
3199:Acausal
3171:Simulink
3152:Non-free
3129:Non-free
3103:Non-free
3097:Acausal
3093:GT-SUITE
3080:Archived
3073:Non-free
3067:Acausal
3053:Non-free
3033:Non-free
3027:Acausal
2441:Category
2363:Tricycle
2248:Windpump
2243:Windbelt
2218:Industry
1897:Ecolabel
1892:Ecohouse
1862:Arcology
1767:isobaric
1616:Category
1554:Thompson
1464:Clausius
1444:Bridgman
1298:Vis viva
1280:Theories
1214:Gas laws
1006:Enthalpy
414:Pressure
229:Isobaric
186:Real gas
74:Chemical
57:Branches
4091:Siemens
4007:Scuderi
3923:Rankine
3488:: 379.
3449:Bibcode
3406:, 2007.
3281:Refprop
3175:Causal
3120:Causal
3047:Causal
3023:AxCYCLE
2957:propane
2953:pentane
2865:(GWP).
2827: :
2531:Biomass
2521:Biofuel
2385:Walking
2343:Bicycle
2316:Plug-in
2280:Bicycle
2238:Turbine
2228:Outline
2079:Biomass
2062:Biofuel
1823:Finland
1678:, high-
1676:organic
1539:Smeaton
1534:Rankine
1524:Onsager
1509:Maxwell
1504:Massieu
1209:Entropy
1204:General
1195:History
1185:Culture
1182:History
406: (
403:Entropy
340:italics
141:Systems
3997:Miller
3992:Lenoir
3967:Diesel
3913:Kalina
3897:Manson
3872:Carnot
3511:Energy
3191:Scilab
3167:MATLAB
2931:R245fa
2925:(e.g.
2869:Safety
2526:Biogas
2439:
2233:Rights
2074:Biogas
1794:exergy
1756:boiler
1750:: the
1658:, the
1529:Planck
1519:Nernst
1494:Kelvin
1454:Carnot
744:
609:
477:
419:Volume
334:Note:
293:Cycles
122:Second
112:Zeroth
4021:Mixed
3776:(PDF)
3589:(PDF)
3542:(PDF)
3431:Haifa
2993:Tool
2927:R134a
2917:R-123
2909:HCFCs
2770:solar
2309:Twike
2183:Solar
1688:water
1577:Other
1544:Stahl
1499:Lewis
1489:Joule
1479:Gibbs
1474:Duhem
167:State
127:Third
117:First
4033:HEHC
4002:Otto
3648:link
3571:2016
3271:Free
3195:Xcos
2963:PFCs
2923:HFCs
2913:R-22
2903:R-12
2899:R-11
2891:CFCs
2407:Tram
2223:Lens
2203:Farm
2193:Wind
2188:Wave
1717:and
1704:work
1549:Tait
379:Heat
374:Work
104:Laws
3753:hdl
3743:doi
3601:doi
3519:doi
3490:doi
3486:129
3457:doi
2937:HCs
2778:CSP
1817:in
1664:ORC
1654:In
1392:Art
338:in
4118::
3751:.
3739:83
3737:.
3733:.
3685:.
3644:}}
3640:{{
3597:22
3595:.
3591:.
3515:90
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3480:.
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3429:,
3304:/
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3266:/
3247:/
3228:/
3193:/
3169:/
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2951:,
2939::
2929:,
2915:,
2901:,
1821:,
1769:.
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3603::
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1138:p
1135:,
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1129:(
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1101:S
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1080:,
1077:T
1074:(
1071:A
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1040:+
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1031:)
1028:p
1025:,
1022:S
1019:(
1016:H
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988:V
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979:(
976:U
853:T
829:V
806:V
782:1
757:=
721:p
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674:V
650:1
622:=
586:T
562:N
539:S
515:T
490:=
487:c
410:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
