31:
87:
209:
of excited states within the molecule. The common method of encapsulation for regular OLEDs is to seal the organic layer between glass. Flexible encapsulation methods are generally not as effective a barrier to air and moisture as glass, and current research aims to improve the encapsulation of
190:
of the ITO or disrupt the layered structure of the OLED. Although ITO is the most common and best understood anode material used in OLEDs, research has been undertaken into alternative materials that are better suited for flexible applications including
660:
Choi, K.-H.; Nam, H.-J.; Jeong, J.-A.; Cho, S.-W.; Kim, H.-K.; Kang, J.-W.; Kim, D.-G.; Cho, W.-J. (2009). "Highly flexible and transparent InZnSnOx/Ag/InZnSnOx multilayer electrode for flexible organic light emitting diodes".
624:
Leterrier, Y.; Médico, L.; Månson, J.-A. E.; Betz, U.; Escolà, M. F.; Kharrazi Olsson, M.; Atamny, F. (2004). "Mechanical integrity of transparent conductive oxide films for flexible polymer-based displays".
64:
is deposited. This enables the device to be bent or rolled while still operating. Currently the focus of research in industrial and academic groups, flexible OLEDs form one method of fabricating a
323:
Burrows, P. E.; Gu, G.; Bulovic, V.; Shen, Z.; Forrest, S. R.; Thompson, M. E. (1997). "Achieving full-color organic light-emitting devices for lightweight, flat-panel displays".
1115:
1408:
738:
Han, J.-M.; Han, J.-W.; Chun, J.-Y.; Ok, C.-H.; Seo, D.-S. (2008). "Novel
Encapsulation Method for Flexible Organic Light-Emitting Diodes using Poly(dimethylsiloxane)".
178:
Stress introduced into the organic layers may lower the efficiency or brightness of the device as it is deformed, or cause complete breakdown of the device altogether.
253:
Gustafsson, G.; Cao, Y.; Treacy, G. M.; Klavetter, F.; Colaneri, N.; Heeger, A. J. (1992). "Flexible light-emitting diodes made from soluble conducting polymers".
535:
Chiang, C.-J.; Winscom, C.; Monkman, A. (2010). "Electroluminescence characterization of FOLED devices under two type of external stresses caused by bending".
171:
into the materials. There may be residual stress from the deposition of layers onto a flexible substrate, thermal stresses due to the different coefficient of
149:, or bendable displays which can be integrated into clothing, wallpaper or other curved surfaces. Prototype displays have been exhibited by companies such as
851:
1062:
229:
437:
358:
Hebner, T. R.; Wu, C. C.; Marcy, D.; Lu, M. H.; Sturm, J. C. (1998). "Ink-jet printing of doped polymers for organic light emitting devices".
1035:
1334:
1109:
401:
Bharathan, Jayesh; Yang, Yang (1998). "Polymer electroluminescent devices processed by inkjet printing: I. Polymer light-emitting logo".
1183:
130:
In contrast, flexible OLED devices can be fabricated by deposition of the organic layer onto the substrate using a method derived from
1382:
1097:
1056:
1419:
1102:
844:
1448:
1458:
1121:
1091:
918:
1453:
1392:
1387:
1377:
1265:
201:
is another challenge for flexible OLED devices. The materials in an OLED are sensitive to air and moisture which lead to
1468:
1438:
994:
224:
162:
81:
77:
50:
1443:
837:
1177:
907:
901:
110:
1313:
1024:
106:
54:
1215:
1018:
206:
445:
1463:
1221:
17:
1318:
1068:
983:
597:
Chiang, C.-J.; Winscom, C.; Bull, S.; Monkman, A. (2009). "Mechanical modeling of flexible OLED devices".
202:
1205:
1199:
102:
61:
1210:
1084:
794:
747:
712:
670:
634:
571:
410:
367:
332:
262:
219:
1356:
1260:
1167:
1050:
1011:
938:
198:
135:
98:
58:
35:
30:
1398:
1272:
1194:
1189:
1152:
763:
383:
278:
168:
175:
of materials in the device, in addition to the external stress from the bending of the device.
1351:
1147:
1079:
172:
824:
1403:
1142:
944:
890:
802:
783:"New hybrid encapsulation for flexible organic light-emitting devices on plastic substrates"
755:
720:
678:
642:
606:
579:
544:
418:
375:
340:
305:
270:
234:
187:
179:
146:
142:
124:
65:
1308:
1298:
1245:
1006:
696:
Aguirre, C. M.; Auvray, S.; Pigeon, S.; Izquierdo, R.; Desjardins, P.; Martel, R. (2006).
192:
697:
798:
751:
716:
674:
638:
575:
414:
371:
336:
266:
912:
868:
860:
131:
583:
513:
167:
Both flexible substrate itself as well as the process of bending the device introduce
1432:
767:
387:
120:
1162:
282:
105:
approximately 100 nm thick. Regular OLEDs are usually fabricated on a glass
1277:
1240:
961:
610:
548:
467:
1255:
1250:
1232:
1172:
807:
782:
646:
91:
1372:
1346:
1303:
1293:
999:
896:
117:
781:
Liu, S.; Zhang, D.; Li, Y.; Duan, L.; Dong, G.; Wang, L.; Qiu, Y. (2008).
1074:
1045:
885:
759:
1339:
989:
954:
698:"Carbon nanotube sheets as electrodes in organic light-emitting diodes"
562:
Hsueh, C. H. (2002). "Thermal stresses in elastic multilayer systems".
724:
682:
490:
344:
296:
MacDonald, W. A. (2004). "Engineered films for display technologies".
973:
829:
422:
379:
309:
274:
186:, is brittle. Fracture of the anode can occur which can increase the
113:(PET) among others, OLEDs can be made both bendable and lightweight.
116:
Such materials may not be suitable for comparable devices based on
134:
printing, allowing the inexpensive and roll-to-roll fabrication of
86:
949:
183:
153:, which are capable of being rolled around the width of a pencil.
85:
29:
967:
150:
833:
182:(ITO), the material most commonly used as the transparent
90:
Demonstration of a battery-driven flexible OLED lamp from
127:
and the high temperature fabrication procedure involved.
109:, but by replacing glass with a flexible plastic such as
438:"Flexible electronic display will get Army field test"
1365:
1327:
1286:
1231:
1135:
1116:
Thick-film dielectric electroluminescent technology
1034:
929:
876:
867:
1409:Comparison of CRT, LCD, plasma, and OLED displays
468:"'Light emitting wallpaper' could replace bulbs"
141:Flexible OLEDs may be used in the production of
491:"Haptics brings a personal touch to technology"
845:
8:
18:Organic light-emitting diode roll-up display
1063:Surface-conduction electron-emitter display
230:Phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode
974:Active-Matrix Organic light-emitting diode
873:
852:
838:
830:
806:
210:flexible organic light emitting diodes.
53:(OLED) incorporating a flexible plastic
245:
205:of the materials themselves as well as
514:"Sony unveils ultrathin rollable OLED"
325:IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices
43:flexible organic light-emitting diode
7:
1110:Ferroelectric liquid crystal display
1184:Light-emitting electrochemical cell
740:Japanese Journal of Applied Physics
489:Michael Fitzpatrick (5 July 2010).
1383:Large-screen television technology
436:Brandon Bailey (31 January 2011).
72:Technical details and applications
25:
1057:Organic light-emitting transistor
1420:Comparison of display technology
825:Are Foldable Laptops the Future?
512:Candace Lombardi (26 May 2010).
1051:Electroluminescent Quantum Dots
97:An OLED emits light due to the
1122:Laser-powered phosphor display
298:Journal of Materials Chemistry
78:Organic LED: Working principle
1:
1388:Optimum HDTV viewing distance
1378:History of display technology
1266:Computer-generated holography
584:10.1016/S0040-6090(02)00699-5
968:Organic light-emitting diode
962:Light-emitting diode display
470:. BBC News. 30 December 2009
225:Organic light-emitting diode
51:organic light-emitting diode
611:10.1016/j.orgel.2009.07.003
549:10.1016/j.orgel.2010.08.021
1485:
1178:Vacuum fluorescent display
902:Electroluminescent display
163:List of OLED disadvantages
160:
111:polyethylene terephthalate
75:
34:Flexible OLED displays on
1417:
1025:Liquid crystal on silicon
808:10.1007/s11434-008-0088-9
647:10.1016/j.tsf.2004.01.052
1216:Fourteen-segment display
1019:Digital Light Processing
787:Chinese Science Bulletin
27:Type of computer monitor
1222:Sixteen-segment display
908:Rear-projection display
705:Applied Physics Letters
663:Applied Physics Letters
403:Applied Physics Letters
360:Applied Physics Letters
82:List of OLED advantages
1449:Electronic engineering
1069:Field-emission display
984:Liquid-crystal display
103:organic semiconductors
94:
38:
1459:Molecular electronics
1206:Eight-segment display
1200:Seven-segment display
89:
62:organic semiconductor
33:
1454:Flexible electronics
1328:Display capabilities
1211:Nine-segment display
913:Plasma display panel
760:10.1143/JJAP.47.8986
220:Flexible electronics
123:due to the need for
36:foldable smartphones
1469:Organic electronics
1439:Conductive polymers
1357:See-through display
1261:Holographic display
939:Quantum dot display
799:2008SciBu..53..958L
752:2008JaJAP..47.8986H
717:2006ApPhL..88r3104A
675:2008ApPhL..92v3302C
639:2004TSF...460..156L
599:Organic Electronics
576:2002TSF...418..182H
537:Organic Electronics
448:on February 3, 2011
415:1998ApPhL..72.2660B
372:1998ApPhL..72..519H
337:1997ITED...44.1188B
267:1992Natur.357..477G
136:printed electronics
99:electroluminescence
1444:Display technology
1399:Color Light Output
1393:High Dynamic Range
1195:Dot-matrix display
1190:Lightguide display
861:Display technology
95:
59:electroluminescent
39:
1426:
1425:
1352:Always-on display
1143:Electromechanical
1131:
1130:
746:(12): 8986–8988.
725:10.1063/1.2199461
683:10.1063/1.2937845
543:(11): 1870–1875.
442:Los Angeles Times
409:(21): 2660–2662.
345:10.1109/16.605453
173:thermal expansion
143:rollable displays
101:of thin films of
16:(Redirected from
1476:
1404:Flexible display
1366:Related articles
1246:Autostereoscopic
945:Electronic paper
891:Cathode-ray tube
874:
854:
847:
840:
831:
813:
812:
810:
778:
772:
771:
735:
729:
728:
702:
693:
687:
686:
657:
651:
650:
633:(1–2): 156–166.
627:Thin Solid Films
621:
615:
614:
605:(7): 1268–1274.
594:
588:
587:
564:Thin Solid Films
559:
553:
552:
532:
526:
525:
523:
521:
509:
503:
502:
500:
498:
486:
480:
479:
477:
475:
464:
458:
457:
455:
453:
444:. Archived from
433:
427:
426:
423:10.1063/1.121090
398:
392:
391:
380:10.1063/1.120807
355:
349:
348:
331:(8): 1188–1203.
320:
314:
313:
310:10.1039/B310846P
293:
287:
286:
275:10.1038/357477a0
250:
235:Rollable display
193:carbon nanotubes
188:sheet resistance
180:Indium tin oxide
147:electronic paper
125:lattice matching
66:rollable display
21:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1413:
1361:
1323:
1309:Slide projector
1299:Movie projector
1282:
1227:
1127:
1037:
1030:
931:
925:
878:
863:
858:
821:
816:
780:
779:
775:
737:
736:
732:
700:
695:
694:
690:
659:
658:
654:
623:
622:
618:
596:
595:
591:
561:
560:
556:
534:
533:
529:
519:
517:
511:
510:
506:
496:
494:
488:
487:
483:
473:
471:
466:
465:
461:
451:
449:
435:
434:
430:
400:
399:
395:
357:
356:
352:
322:
321:
317:
295:
294:
290:
252:
251:
247:
243:
216:
165:
159:
84:
74:
49:) is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1464:Optical diodes
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1219:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1150:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1085:Liquid crystal
1082:
1072:
1066:
1060:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1002:
997:
981:
980:
979:
978:
977:
959:
958:
957:
952:
942:
935:
933:
927:
926:
924:
923:
922:
921:
910:
905:
899:
894:
888:
882:
880:
871:
869:Video displays
865:
864:
859:
857:
856:
849:
842:
834:
828:
827:
820:
819:External links
817:
815:
814:
793:(6): 958–960.
773:
730:
711:(18): 183104.
688:
669:(22): 223302.
652:
616:
589:
570:(2): 182–188.
554:
527:
504:
481:
459:
428:
393:
366:(5): 519–521.
350:
315:
288:
244:
242:
239:
238:
237:
232:
227:
222:
215:
212:
158:
155:
121:semiconductors
73:
70:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1481:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1434:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1267:
1264:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1053:(ELQD/QD-LED)
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1033:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
992:
991:
988:
987:
985:
982:
975:
972:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
947:
946:
943:
940:
937:
936:
934:
928:
920:
917:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
903:
900:
898:
895:
892:
889:
887:
884:
883:
881:
875:
872:
870:
866:
862:
855:
850:
848:
843:
841:
836:
835:
832:
826:
823:
822:
818:
809:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
777:
774:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
734:
731:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
699:
692:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
656:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
617:
612:
608:
604:
600:
593:
590:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
558:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
531:
528:
515:
508:
505:
492:
485:
482:
469:
463:
460:
447:
443:
439:
432:
429:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
397:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
354:
351:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
319:
316:
311:
307:
303:
299:
292:
289:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:(6378): 477.
260:
256:
249:
246:
240:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
217:
213:
211:
208:
204:
200:
199:Encapsulation
196:
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
170:
164:
157:Disadvantages
156:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
128:
126:
122:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
100:
93:
88:
83:
79:
71:
69:
67:
63:
60:
57:on which the
56:
52:
48:
44:
37:
32:
19:
1314:Transparency
1287:Static media
1241:Stereoscopic
790:
786:
776:
743:
739:
733:
708:
704:
691:
666:
662:
655:
630:
626:
619:
602:
598:
592:
567:
563:
557:
540:
536:
530:
518:. Retrieved
507:
495:. Retrieved
484:
472:. Retrieved
462:
450:. Retrieved
446:the original
441:
431:
406:
402:
396:
363:
359:
353:
328:
324:
318:
301:
297:
291:
258:
254:
248:
197:
177:
166:
140:
129:
115:
96:
46:
42:
40:
1278:Fog display
1251:Multiscopic
1168:Fiber-optic
1080:Quantum dot
516:. CNET News
203:degradation
1433:Categories
1319:Laser beam
1273:Volumetric
1233:3D display
1173:Nixie tube
1153:Split-flap
1038:generation
1012:Blue Phase
932:generation
879:generation
520:3 February
497:3 February
493:. BBC News
474:3 February
452:3 February
241:References
161:See also:
92:Merck KGaA
76:See also:
1373:Scan line
1347:DisplayID
1304:Neon sign
1294:Monoscope
1136:Non-video
897:Jumbotron
768:120700195
388:119648364
207:quenching
118:inorganic
107:substrate
55:substrate
1256:Hologram
1163:Eggcrate
1148:Flip-dot
1094:display
1075:Laser TV
1046:microLED
976:(AMOLED)
930:Current
886:Eidophor
304:: 4–10.
214:See also
1340:CEA-861
970:(OLED)
955:Gyricon
795:Bibcode
748:Bibcode
713:Bibcode
671:Bibcode
635:Bibcode
572:Bibcode
411:Bibcode
368:Bibcode
333:Bibcode
283:4366944
263:Bibcode
1224:(SISD)
1118:(TDEL)
1112:(FLCD)
1059:(OLET)
1027:(LCoS)
986:(LCD)
964:(LED)
941:(QLED)
915:(PDP)
766:
386:
281:
255:Nature
169:stress
132:inkjet
1395:(HDR)
1218:(FSD)
1202:(SSD)
1186:(LEC)
1180:(VFD)
1124:(LPD)
1071:(FED)
1065:(SED)
1036:Next
1021:(DLP)
950:E Ink
904:(ELD)
893:(CRT)
764:S2CID
701:(PDF)
384:S2CID
279:S2CID
184:anode
47:FOLED
1335:EDID
1157:Vane
1103:TMOS
1098:IMoD
1092:MEMS
919:ALiS
877:Past
522:2011
499:2011
476:2011
454:2011
151:Sony
80:and
1007:LED
1000:IPS
990:TFT
803:doi
756:doi
721:doi
679:doi
643:doi
631:460
607:doi
580:doi
568:418
545:doi
419:doi
376:doi
341:doi
306:doi
271:doi
259:357
1435::
995:TN
801:.
791:53
789:.
785:.
762:.
754:.
744:47
742:.
719:.
709:88
707:.
703:.
677:.
667:92
665:.
641:.
629:.
603:10
601:.
578:.
566:.
541:11
539:.
440:.
417:.
407:72
405:.
382:.
374:.
364:72
362:.
339:.
329:44
327:.
302:14
300:.
277:.
269:.
257:.
195:.
145:,
138:.
68:.
41:A
853:e
846:t
839:v
811:.
805::
797::
770:.
758::
750::
727:.
723::
715::
685:.
681::
673::
649:.
645::
637::
613:.
609::
586:.
582::
574::
551:.
547::
524:.
501:.
478:.
456:.
425:.
421::
413::
390:.
378::
370::
347:.
343::
335::
312:.
308::
285:.
273::
265::
45:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
