2308:
2043:
2066:
trilobite faunas from the trilobite fauna of
Gondwana, and Gondwana developed distinct fauna in its tropical and temperature zones. The Tien Shan terrane maintained a biogeographic affinity with Gondwana, and the Alborz margin of Gondwana was linked biogeographically to South China. Southeast Asia's fauna also maintained strong affinities to Gondwana's. North China was biogeographically connected to Laurentia and the Argentinian margin of Gondwana. A Celtic biogeographic province also existed, separate from the Laurentian and Baltican ones. However, tropical articulate brachiopods had a more
1726:
1810:
period. Locally, some regressions occurred, but the sea level rise continued in the beginning of the Late
Ordovician. Sea levels fell steadily due to the cooling temperatures for about 3 million years leading up to the Hirnantian glaciation. During this icy stage, sea level seems to have risen and dropped somewhat. Despite much study, the details remain unresolved. In particular, some researches interpret the fluctuations in sea level as pre-Hibernian glaciation, but sedimentary evidence of glaciation is lacking until the end of the period. There is evidence of
2515:
2270:
2431:
2353:
1659:(mountain-building) was not primarily due to continent-continent collisions. Instead, mountains arose along active continental margins during accretion of arc terranes or ribbon microcontinents. Accretion of new crust was limited to the Iapetus margin of Laurentia; elsewhere, the pattern was of rifting in back-arc basins followed by remerger. This reflected episodic switching from extension to compression. The initiation of new subduction reflected a global reorganization of tectonic plates centered on the amalgamation of Gondwana.
2446:
2530:
2393:
2074:
1978:
2487:
2499:
7880:
2296:
2332:
1967:
1954:
2374:
2320:
2412:
7869:
2564:
2468:
1594:
1178:
1163:
1143:
1128:
1108:
1093:
1078:
5040:
114:
1879:
2070:, with less diversity on different continents. During the Middle Ordovician, beta diversity began a significant decline as marine taxa began to disperse widely across space. Faunas become less provincial later in the Ordovician, partly due to the narrowing of the Iapetus Ocean, though they were still distinguishable into the late Ordovician.
5018:
2123:, corresponding to an increase in the stability of carbonate and thus a new abundance of calcifying animals. Brachiopods surged in diversity, adapting to almost every type of marine environment. Even after GOBE, there is evidence suggesting that Ordovician brachiopods maintained elevated rates of speciation.
2720:
As glaciers grew, the sea level dropped, and the vast shallow intra-continental
Ordovician seas withdrew, which eliminated many ecological niches. When they returned, they carried diminished founder populations that lacked many whole families of organisms. They then withdrew again with the next pulse
1688:
There was vigorous tectonic activity along northwest margin of
Gondwana during the Floian, 478 Ma, recorded in the Central Iberian Zone of Spain. The activity reached as far as Turkey by the end of Ordovician. The opposite margin of Gondwana, in Australia, faced a set of island arcs. The accretion of
2728:
At the end of the second event, melting glaciers caused the sea level to rise and stabilise once more. The rebound of life's diversity with the permanent re-flooding of continental shelves at the onset of the
Silurian saw increased biodiversity within the surviving Orders. Recovery was characterized
3204:
system; and in all probability, much of the Shelve and the
Caradoc area, whence Murchison first published its distinctive fossils — lay within the territory of the Ordovices; … Here, then, have we the hint for the appropriate title for the central system of the Lower Paleozoic. It should be called
1561:
The
Tremadoc corresponds to the ICS's Tremadocian. The Arenig corresponds to the Floian, all of the Dapingian and the early Darriwilian. The Llanvirn corresponds to the late Darriwilian. The Caradoc covers the Sandbian and the first half of the Katian. The Ashgill represents the second half of the
2724:
Those species able to adapt to the changing conditions survived to fill the ecological niches left by the extinctions. For example, there is evidence the oceans became more deeply oxygenated during the glaciation, allowing unusual benthic organisms (Hirnantian fauna) to colonize the depths. These
1994:
On the whole, the fauna that emerged in the
Ordovician were the template for the remainder of the Palaeozoic. The fauna was dominated by tiered communities of suspension feeders, mainly with short food chains. The ecological system reached a new grade of complexity far beyond that of the Cambrian
1689:
these arcs to the eastern margin of
Gondwana was responsible for the Benambran Orogeny of eastern Australia. Subduction also took place along what is now Argentina (Famatinian Orogeny) at 450 Ma. This involved significant back arc rifting. The interior of Gondwana was tectonically quiet until the
5910:
2721:
of glaciation, eliminating biological diversity with each change. Species limited to a single epicontinental sea on a given landmass were severely affected. Tropical lifeforms were hit particularly hard in the first wave of extinction, while cool-water species were hit worst in the second pulse.
1809:
The
Ordovician saw the highest sea levels of the Paleozoic, and the low relief of the continents led to many shelf deposits being formed under hundreds of metres of water. The sea level rose more or less continuously throughout the Early Ordovician, leveling off somewhat during the middle of the
1801:
during the Sandbian, and possibly as early as the Darriwilian or even the Floian. The Dapingian and Sandbian saw major humidification events evidenced by trace metal concentrations in Baltoscandia from this time. Evidence suggests that global temperatures rose briefly in the early Katian (Boda
5963:
2065:
Ordovician geography had its effect on the diversity of fauna; Ordovician invertebrates displayed a very high degree of provincialism. The widely separated continents of Laurentia and Baltica, then positioned close to the tropics and boasting many shallow seas rich in life, developed distinct
2092:
in particular were rich and diverse, and experienced rapid diversification in many regions. Trilobites in the Ordovician were very different from their predecessors in the Cambrian. Many trilobites developed bizarre spines and nodules to defend against predators such as primitive
925:
were different from those of either the Cambrian or the Silurian systems, and placed them in a system of their own. The Ordovician received international approval in 1960 (forty years after Lapworth's death), when it was adopted as an official period of the Paleozoic Era by the
2233:, dates from the Middle Ordovician. During the Middle Ordovician there was a large increase in the intensity and diversity of bioeroding organisms. This is known as the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution. It is marked by a sudden abundance of hard substrate trace fossils such as
2101:
evolved to become swimming forms. Some trilobites even developed shovel-like snouts for ploughing through muddy sea bottoms. Another unusual clade of trilobites known as the trinucleids developed a broad pitted margin around their head shields. Some trilobites such as
1629:(present-day northern Europe) were separated from Gondwana by over 5,000 kilometres (3,100 mi) of ocean. These smaller continents were also sufficiently widely separated from each other to develop distinct communities of benthic organisms. The small continent of
2824:
Korochantseva, Ekaterina; Trieloff, Mario; Lorenz, Cyrill; Buykin, Alexey; Ivanova, Marina; Schwarz, Winfried; Hopp, Jens; Jessberger, Elmar (2007). "L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40 Ar- 39 Ar dating".
2514:
5888:
2269:
5933:
2106:
evolved long eyestalks to assist in detecting predators whereas other trilobite eyes in contrast disappeared completely. Molecular clock analyses suggest that early arachnids started living on land by the end of the Ordovician. Although solitary
6014:
4473:
4853:
Rasmussen, Christian M. Ø.; Ullmann, Clemens V.; Jakobsen, Kristian G.; Lindskog, Anders; Hansen, Jesper; Hansen, Thomas; Eriksson, Mats E.; Dronov, Andrei; Frei, Robert; Korte, Christoph; Nielsen, Arne T.; Harper, David A.T. (May 2016).
2755:
of the Late Ordovician argues that the mass extinction was a single protracted episode lasting several hundred thousand years, with abrupt changes in water depth and sedimentation rate producing two pulses of last occurrences of species.
2143:
cephalopods. Cephalopods diversified from shallow marine tropical environments to dominate almost all marine environments. Graptolites, which evolved in the preceding Cambrian period, thrived in the oceans. This includes the distinctive
2307:
6167:
5285:
Ebbestad, Jan Ove R.; Frýda, Jiří; Wagner, Peter J.; Horný, Radvan J.; Isakar, Mare; Stewart, Sarah; Percival, Ian G.; Bertero, Verònica; Rohr, David M.; Peel, John S.; Blodgett, Robert B.; Högström, Anette E. S. (November 2013).
1644:, which separated Avalonia from Baltica; the Aegir Ocean, which separated Baltica from Siberia; and an oceanic area between Siberia, Baltica, and Gondwana which expanded to become the Paleoasian Ocean in Carboniferous time. The
2779:
1940:
died out completely, except for possible rare Silurian forms. The Ordovician–Silurian extinction events may have been caused by an ice age that occurred at the end of the Ordovician Period, due to the expansion of the
1712:
parent body. It is not associated with any major extinction event. A 2024 study found that craters from this event cluster in a distinct band around the Earth, and that the breakup of the parent body may have formed a
2445:
2172:
epoch. Chitinozoans, which first appeared late in the Wuliuan, exploded in diversity during the Tremadocian, quickly becoming globally widespread. Several groups of endobiotic symbionts appeared in the Ordovician.
3196: : 1-15. From pp. 13-14: "North Wales itself — at all events the whole of the great Bala district where Sedgwick first worked out the physical succession among the rocks of the intermediate or so-called
1841:
was largely covered with shallow seas during the Ordovician. Shallow clear waters over continental shelves encouraged the growth of organisms that deposit calcium carbonates in their shells and hard parts. The
1802:
Event), depositing bioherms and radiating fauna across Europe. The early Katian also witnessed yet another humidification event. Further cooling during the Hirnantian, at the end of the Ordovician, led to the
1796:
levels were very high at the Ordovician period's beginning. By the late Early Ordovician, the Earth cooled, giving way to a more temperate climate in the Middle Ordovician, with the Earth likely entering the
3743:
Huff, Warren D.; Bergström, Stig M.; Kolata, Dennis R. (1992-10-01). "Gigantic Ordovician volcanic ash fall in North America and Europe: Biological, tectonomagmatic, and event-stratigraphic significance".
2430:
2498:
2908:
It has been suggested that the Middle Ordovician meteorite bombardment played a crucial role in the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event, but this study shows that the two phenomena were unrelated
1776:
Unlike Cambrian times, when calcite production was dominated by microbial and non-biological processes, animals (and macroalgae) became a dominant source of calcareous material in Ordovician deposits.
989:
erected a formal international system of subdivisions for the Ordovician Period and System. Pre-existing Baltoscandic, British, Siberian, North American, Australian, Chinese, Mediterranean and North-
2689:
event was preceded by a fall in atmospheric carbon dioxide (from 7000 ppm to 4400 ppm). The dip may have been caused by a burst of volcanic activity that deposited new silicate rocks, which draw CO
5986:
6852:
Young, Seth A.; Saltzman, Matthew R.; Ausich, William I.; Desrochers, André; Kaljo, Dimitri (2010). "Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial–interglacial cycles?".
1674:. Laurentia was otherwise tectonically stable. An island arc accreted to South China during the period, while subduction along north China (Sulinheer) resulted in the emplacement of ophiolites.
5019:"A null biogeographic model for quantifying the role of migration in shaping patterns of global taxonomic richness and differentiation diversity, with implications for Ordovician biogeography"
3475:
Pollock, Jeffrey C.; Hibbard, James P.; Sylvester, Paul J. (May 2009). "Early Ordovician rifting of Avalonia and birth of the Rheic Ocean: U–Pb detrital zircon constraints from Newfoundland".
2682:
in fossil brachiopods show its duration may have been only 0.5 to 1.5 million years. Other researchers (Page et al.) estimate more temperate conditions did not return until the late Silurian.
6159:
2705:
selectively affected the shallow seas where most organisms lived. It has also been suggested that shielding of the sun's rays from the proposed Ordovician ring system, which also caused the
4005:
Haack, Henning; Farinella, Paolo; Scott, Edward R. D.; Keil, Klaus (1996). "Meteoritic, Asteroidal, and Theoretical Constraints on the 500 MA Disruption of the L Chondrite Parent Body".
2011:
marine fauna. Several animals also went through a miniaturization process, becoming much smaller than their Cambrian counterparts. Another change in the fauna was the strong increase in
4267:
M. Marcilly, Chloé; Maffre, Pierre; Le Hir, Guillaume; Pohl, Alexandre; Fluteau, Frédéric; Goddéris, Yves; Donnadieu, Yannick; H. Heimdal, Thea; Torsvik, Trond H. (15 September 2022).
3838:
Ramos, Victor A. (2018). "The Famatinian Orogen Along the Protomargin of Western Gondwana: Evidence for a Nearly Continuous Ordovician Magmatic Arc Between Venezuela and Argentina".
2595:
from the Ordovician of Wisconsin have been found with an age of about 460 million years ago, a time when the land flora most likely only consisted of plants similar to non-vascular
2486:
7249:
2529:
2729:
by an unusual number of "Lazarus taxa", disappearing during the extinction and reappearing well into the Silurian, which suggests that the taxa survived in small numbers in
2295:
2207:
In the Middle Ordovician, the trilobite-dominated Early Ordovician communities were replaced by generally more mixed ecosystems, in which brachiopods, bryozoans, molluscs,
969:
may have first appeared late in the period. About 100 times as many meteorites struck the Earth per year during the Ordovician compared with today in a period known as the
6545:
Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2001). "Domiciles, not predatory borings: a simpler explanation of the holes in Ordovician shells analyzed by Kaplan and Baumiller, 2000".
6407:
6359:
6253:
6038:
5338:
4595:
4542:
4430:
4220:
4138:
3520:
Nance, R. Damian; Gutiérrez-Alonso, Gabriel; Keppie, J. Duncan; Linnemann, Ulf; Murphy, J. Brendan; Quesada, Cecilio; Strachan, Rob A.; Woodcock, Nigel H. (March 2012).
2352:
4536:
Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A.; Armstrong, Howard A.; Williams, Mark; Paris, Florentin; Sabbe, Koen; Zalasiewicz, Jan A.; Nõlvak, Jaak; Verniers, Jacques (15 August 2010).
2148:
graptolite fauna, which was distributed widely during peak sea levels in the Sandbian. Some new cystoids and crinoids appeared. It was long thought that the first true
4040:
Korochantseva, Ekaterina V.; Trieloff, Mario; Lorenz, Cyrill A.; Buykin, Alexey I.; Ivanova, Marina A.; Schwarz, Winfried H.; Hopp, Jens; Jessberger, Elmar K. (2007).
4538:"Epipelagic chitinozoan biotopes map a steep latitudinal temperature gradient for earliest Late Ordovician seas: Implications for a cooling Late Ordovician climate"
2392:
2192:
brachiopods, bryozoans, planktonic graptolites and conodonts, and many types of molluscs and echinoderms, including the ophiuroids ("brittle stars") and the first
4638:
Pohl, Alexandre; Donnadieu, Yannick; Le Hir, Guillaume; Ladant, Jean-Baptiste; Dumas, Christophe; Alvarez-Solas, Jorge; Vandenbroucke, Thijs R. A. (28 May 2016).
3625:
Torsvik, Trond H.; Rehnström, Emma F. (March 2001). "Cambrian palaeomagnetic data from Baltica: implications for true polar wander and Cambrian palaeogeography".
6893:
1696:
Towards the end of the period, Gondwana began to drift across the South Pole. This contributed to the Hibernian glaciation and the associated extinction event.
4134:"Secular oscillations in the carbonate mineralogy of reef-building and sediment-producing organisms driven by tectonically forced shifts in seawater chemistry"
2552:
were common in the Late Cambrian (perhaps earlier) and in the Ordovician. Terrestrial plants probably evolved from green algae, first appearing as tiny non-
7133:
3567:"Condensation and phosphatization of the Middle and Upper Ordovician limestones on the Malopolska Block (Poland): Response to paleoceanographic conditions"
2411:
2319:
945:, dominated the oceans, with members of the latter group probably starting their establishment on land during this time, becoming fully established by the
3290:
Wang, X.; Stouge, S.; Chen, X.; Li, Z.; Wang, C. (2009). "Dapingian Stage: standard name for the lowermost global stage of the Middle Ordovician Series".
2331:
986:
927:
5207:"Ordovician of North Iran: New lithostratigraphy, palaeogeography and biogeographical links with South China and the Mediterranean peri-Gondwana margin"
2616:
1891:
934:
7242:
3357:
2523:, atrypid brachiopods, preserved in their original positions on a trepostome bryozoan from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana
954:
6331:
6286:
6094:
5812:
4567:
4245:
3586:
1558:
and Ashgill) epochs. The corresponding rocks of the Ordovician System are referred to as coming from the Lower, Middle, or Upper part of the column.
5463:
3157:
544:
486:
1708:
is a proposed shower of meteors that occurred during the Middle Ordovician Epoch, about 467.5 ± 0.28 million years ago, due to the break-up of the
4332:"A paired apatite and calcite clumped isotope thermometry approach to estimating Cambro-Ordovician seawater temperatures and isotopic composition"
2373:
4616:
4308:
5791:"The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: Reviewing two decades of research on diversity's big bang illustrated by mainly brachiopod data"
4591:"Conodont apatite δ18O values from a platform margin setting, Oklahoma, USA: Implications for initiation of Late Ordovician icehouse conditions"
3405:
6781:
Kershaw, Stephen; Chitnarin, Anisong; Noipow, Nitipon; Forel, Marie-Béatrice; Junrattanamanee, Thitikan; Charoenmit, Jeerasak (10 June 2019).
2634:
1652:. Most of the terranes of central Asia were part of an equatorial archipelago whose geometry is poorly constrained by the available evidence.
6836:
6314:
5696:
Bergström, Stig M.; Bergström, Jan; Kumpulainen, Risto; Ormö, Jens; Sturkell, Erik (2007). "Maurits Lindström – A renaissance geoscientist".
5548:
5001:
4952:
4644:
4330:
Bergmann, Kristin D.; Finnegan, Seth; Creel, Roger; Eiler, John M.; Hughes, Nigel C.; Popov, Leonid E.; Fischer, Woodward W. (1 March 2018).
3855:
3399:
5097:
3223:
933:
Life continued to flourish during the Ordovician as it did in the earlier Cambrian Period, although the end of the period was marked by the
7235:
5355:
5263:
3783:
2467:
3161:
2219:
appeared. The planktonic graptolites remained diverse, with the Diplograptina making their appearance. One of the earliest known armoured
1613:. The Panthalassic Ocean, centered in the northern hemisphere, covered over half the globe. At the start of the period, the continents of
2667:
The most commonly accepted theory is that these events were triggered by the onset of cold conditions in the late Katian, followed by an
5246:
4970:
4273:
5739:
4046:
3054:
4921:
4091:
Jones, David S.; Brothers, R. William; Ahm, Anne-Sofie Crüger; Slater, Nicholas; Higgins, John A.; Fike, David A. (9 December 2019).
2259:
became an important process, particularly in the thick calcitic skeletons of corals, bryozoans and brachiopods, and on the extensive
3703:
3627:
3477:
3434:
843:
6783:"Microbialites and associated facies of the Late Ordovician system in Thailand: paleoenvironments and paleogeographic implications"
4426:"Orbital-scale climate changes detected in Lower and Middle Ordovician cyclic limestones using oxygen isotopes of conodont apatite"
4180:
Stanley, S. M.; Hardie, L. A. (1999). "Hypercalcification; paleontology links plate tectonics and geochemistry to sedimentology".
2962:
2042:
4832:
2644:
Period. At that time all complex multicellular organisms lived in the sea, and about 49% of genera of fauna disappeared forever;
1666:, a major mountain-building episode, was well under way in Cambrian times. This continued into the Ordovician, when at least two
6432:
6380:
5865:
2640:
The extinctions occurred approximately 447–444 million years ago and mark the boundary between the Ordovician and the following
6497:
5410:
4336:
1685:
volume of as much as 1,140 cubic kilometres (270 cu mi). Remarkably, this appears to have had little impact on life.
6591:
Porada, P.; Lenton, T. M.; Pohl, A.; Weber, B.; Mander, L.; Donnadieu, Y.; Beer, C.; Pöschl, U.; Kleidon, A. (November 2016).
1574:
The Ashgill Epoch, the last epoch of the British Ordovician, is made of four ages: the Hirnantian Age, the Rawtheyan Age, the
7072:
5218:
4211:
5889:"Patterns of turnover in Middle and Upper Ordovician brachiopods of the eastern United States: a test of coordinated stasis"
6249:"Early diversification of Ordovician chitinozoans on Baltica: New data from the Jägala waterfall section, northern Estonia"
2196:. Nevertheless, the arthropods remained abundant; all the Late Cambrian orders continued, and were joined by the new group
7913:
2730:
1785:
1725:
1581:
The Rawtheyan, the second last of the Ashgill ages, was from c. 449 Ma to c. 445 Ma. It is in the Katian Age of the ICS's
2023:
faunas of the Cambrian were succeeded by those that dominated the rest of the Paleozoic, such as articulate brachiopods,
6707:
5934:"Comparative geographic and environmental diversity dynamics of gastropods and bivalves during the Ordovician Radiation"
5840:
5383:
3327:
2697:
and lichens, which colonized land in the middle to late Ordovician, may have increased weathering enough to draw down CO
2201:
7102:
7908:
7258:
6890:
533:
7126:
2607:
Though stromatolites had declined from their peak in the Proterozoic, they continued to exist in localised settings.
7119:
7090:
5334:"The palaeogeography of early Ordovician Iapetus terranes: an integration of faunal and palaeomagnetic constraints"
2686:
2169:
1945:, as the end of the Late Ordovician was one of the coldest times in the last 600 million years of Earth's history.
1803:
1798:
7048:
3781:
Glen, R. A.; Meffre, S.; Scott, R. J. (March 2007). "Benambran Orogeny in the Eastern Lachlan Orogen, Australia".
2560:, in the middle to late Ordovician. Fossil spores found in Ordovician sedimentary rock are typical of bryophytes.
2067:
641:
627:
615:
6566:
5951:
5036:
4392:
3767:
2713:
drifted over the South Pole, ice caps formed on it, which have been detected in Upper Ordovician rock strata of
714:
6650:
Steemans, P.; Herisse, A. L.; Melvin, J.; Miller, M. A.; Paris, F.; Verniers, J.; Wellman, C. H. (2009-04-17).
6116:
Finney, Stanley C.; Bergström, Stig M. (1986). "Biostratigraphy of the Ordovician Nemagraptus gracilis Zone".
5675:
4093:"Sea level, carbonate mineralogy, and early diagenesis controlled δ13C records in Upper Ordovician carbonates"
1681:
of the Millburg/Big Bentonite bed, at about 454 Ma, was the largest in the last 590 million years. This had a
5242:"South East Asia as a part of an Ordovician Gondwanaland—a palaeobiogeographic test of a tectonic hypothesis"
1890:
For most of the Late Ordovician life continued to flourish, but at and near the end of the period there were
7531:
7526:
5205:
Ghobadi Pour, M.; Popov, L. E.; Álvaro, J. J.; Amini, A.; Hairapetian, V.; Jahangir, H. (23 December 2022).
2706:
1970:
1789:
1705:
970:
469:
6941:
Melott, Adrian; et al. (2004). "Did a gamma-ray burst initiate the late Ordovician mass extinction?".
689:
6309:
6248:
6074:
5938:
5893:
5790:
5023:
4590:
4537:
4215:
3566:
607:
5593:"A Paleozoic Stem Group to Mite Harvestmen Revealed through Integration of Phylogenetics and Development"
5570:
5433:
6597:
5171:
4374:
4042:"L-chondrite asteroid breakup tied to Ordovician meteorite shower by multiple isochron 40Ar-39Ar dating"
2752:
2576:
2260:
1758:
1738:
1682:
1671:
1228:
578:
6036:
Kröger, Björn; Yun-Bai, Zhang (March 2009). "Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician".
2073:
5166:
4268:
1977:
6960:
6861:
6739:
6665:
6606:
6593:"High potential for weathering and climate effects of non-vascular vegetation in the Late Ordovician"
6554:
6459:
6416:
6364:
6262:
6203:
6125:
6047:
5748:
5651:
5438:
5120:
4869:
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4147:
4055:
4014:
3963:
3896:
3792:
3755:
3636:
3486:
3088:
3000:
2834:
2000:
1973:
slab from the Liberty Formation (Upper Ordovician) of Caesar Creek State Park near Waynesville, Ohio.
1645:
1547:
1233:
3379:
2003:(also known as the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event) was no less remarkable; marine faunal
1268:
7903:
7862:
3150:
1847:
1622:
1582:
5552:
3952:; Wieler, Rainer (2004). "Fast delivery of meteorites to Earth after a major asteroid collision".
7025:
6984:
6950:
6763:
6699:
6570:
6520:
6355:"Diverse early endobiotic coral symbiont assemblage from the Katian (Late Ordovician) of Baltica"
6278:
6141:
6006:
5955:
5857:
5764:
5715:
5667:
5506:
5063:
4860:
4824:
4703:
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4114:
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3808:
3652:
3502:
3378:
Goldman, D.; Sadler, P.M.; Leslie, S.A.; Melchin, M.J.; Agterberg, F.P.; Gradstein, F.M. (2020),
3251:
3215:
3112:
1996:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1633:
had just rifted from Gondwana and began to move north towards Baltica and Laurentia, opening the
903:
7879:
6454:
5735:"Early–Middle Ordovician brachiopod diversification in the middle Yangtze region of South China"
5333:
5241:
4993:
4987:
4740:
Fortey, Richard A.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2005). "Late Ordovician global warming—The Boda event".
118:
Map of Earth as it appeared 460 million years ago during the Middle Ordovician, Darriwilian age
7660:
7624:
6832:
6802:
6755:
6730:
6691:
6656:
6632:
6403:"The earliest bryozoan parasite: Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) of Osmussaar Island, Estonia"
6229:
5616:
5523:
5455:
5379:"Impacts of spatial and environmental differentiation on early Palaeozoic marine biodiversity"
5307:
5140:
5068:
4997:
4948:
4895:
4816:
4808:
4783:
4779:"Did Cooling Oceans Trigger Ordovician Biodiversification? Evidence from Conodont Thermometry"
4742:
4518:
4500:
4467:
Goldberg, Samuel L.; Present, Theodore M.; Finnegan, Seth; Bergmann, Kristin D. (2021-02-09).
4396:
4379:
4300:
3979:
3930:
3912:
3885:"Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversification"
3883:
Lindskog, A.; Costa, M. M.; Rasmussen, C.M.Ø.; Connelly, J. N.; Eriksson, M. E. (2017-01-24).
3851:
3746:
3699:
3430:
3395:
3271:
3104:
2899:
2881:
2862:"Refined Ordovician timescale reveals no link between asteroid breakup and biodiversification"
2860:
Lindskog, A.; Costa, M. M.; Rasmussen, C.M.Ø.; Connelly, J. N.; Eriksson, M. E. (2017-01-24).
2806:
2036:
2032:
1754:
1385:
1201:
568:
320:
5167:"Palaeontological evidence bearing on global Ordovician–Silurian continental reconstructions"
4967:
2717:
and then-adjacent northeastern South America, which were south-polar locations at the time.
2492:
An Ordovician strophomenid brachiopod with encrusting inarticulate brachiopods and a bryozoan
1637:
between Gondwana and Avalonia. Avalonia collided with Baltica towards the end of Ordovician.
1578:
Age, and the Pusgillian Age. These ages make up the time period from c. 450 Ma to c. 443 Ma.
7754:
7629:
7598:
7395:
7015:
6976:
6968:
6869:
6794:
6747:
6681:
6673:
6622:
6614:
6562:
6512:
6468:
6424:
6372:
6323:
6270:
6219:
6211:
6194:
6133:
6086:
6055:
5998:
5947:
5902:
5849:
5804:
5756:
5734:
5707:
5659:
5606:
5515:
5502:"Patterns, processes and likely causes of the Ordovician trilobite radiation in South China"
5447:
5400:
5392:
5347:
5299:
5255:
5180:
5132:
5087:
5077:
5032:
4885:
4877:
4800:
4759:
4715:
4671:
4661:
4608:
4559:
4508:
4490:
4447:
4388:
4353:
4290:
4282:
4237:
4155:
4104:
4063:
4059:
4022:
3971:
3954:
3949:
3920:
3904:
3843:
3800:
3763:
3691:
3644:
3578:
3533:
3494:
3387:
3301:
3263:
3096:
3044:
3008:
2954:
2920:
2889:
2873:
2842:
2838:
2796:
2788:
2626:
2622:
2453:
1966:
1953:
1717:
for a period of about 40 million years, with frequent falling debris causing these craters.
1456:
1258:
1151:
1066:
1041:
895:
861:
775:
762:
180 m; rising to 220 m in Caradoc and falling sharply to 140 m in end-Ordovician glaciations
588:
303:
5591:
Garwood, Russell J.; Sharma, Prashant P.; Dunlop, Jason A.; Giribet, Gonzalo (5 May 2014).
3185:
3029:
2301:
Middle Ordovician fossiliferous shales and limestones at Fossil Mountain, west-central Utah
7723:
7619:
7557:
7452:
7421:
7390:
7106:
7094:
6897:
5597:
4974:
4913:
4269:"Understanding the early Paleozoic carbon cycle balance and climate change from modelling"
2958:
2737:
2557:
2553:
2176:
In the Early Ordovician, trilobites were joined by many new types of organisms, including
1663:
1551:
857:
339:
6917:
Planet Earth : Cosmology, Geology, & the Evolution of Life & the Environment
4777:
Trotter, J. A.; Williams, I. S.; Barnes, C. R.; Lecuyer, C.; Nicoll, R. S. (2008-07-25).
4375:"Temporal variations in tempestite thickness may be a geologic record of atmospheric CO2"
3049:
2625:
that, taken together, comprise the second largest of the five major extinction events in
1765:, calcitic cements, and invertebrate faunas with dominantly calcitic skeletons. Biogenic
6964:
6865:
6743:
6669:
6610:
6558:
6420:
6368:
6266:
6207:
6129:
6051:
5752:
5655:
4873:
4856:"Onset of main Phanerozoic marine radiation sparked by emerging Mid Ordovician icehouse"
4796:
4755:
4657:
4604:
4555:
4486:
4443:
4349:
4233:
4151:
4018:
3967:
3900:
3796:
3759:
3640:
3490:
3092:
3004:
7873:
7692:
7562:
7457:
7426:
6728:
Redecker, D.; Kodner, R.; Graham, L. E. (2000). "Glomalean fungi from the Ordovician".
6627:
6592:
6224:
6189:
5451:
4890:
4855:
4513:
4468:
4068:
4041:
3925:
3884:
3391:
3135:
2939:
2894:
2861:
2846:
2801:
2774:
2185:
1793:
1737:
shell dissolved on the sea floor, leaving a cemented mold for biological encrustation (
1555:
1329:
974:
907:
887:
708:
6310:"Tremadocian (Early Ordovician) chitinozoan biostratigraphy of South China: An update"
5501:
5288:"Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian gastropods, monoplacophorans and mimospirids"
5184:
4778:
4160:
4133:
3682:
van Staal, C.R.; Hatcher, R.D. Jr. (2010). "Global setting of Ordovician orogenesis".
2563:
1542:
The Ordovician Period in Britain was traditionally broken into Early (Tremadocian and
7897:
7593:
7583:
7552:
7515:
7447:
7416:
7029:
6902:
6782:
6703:
6574:
6528:
6524:
6402:
6354:
6282:
6145:
5861:
5835:
5768:
5719:
5698:
5671:
5351:
5287:
5259:
4685:
4118:
3812:
3506:
3305:
3116:
2661:
2583:), playing a crucial role in facilitating the colonization of land by plants through
2276:
2181:
2165:
2078:
2016:
2012:
1914:
1903:
1863:
1830:
1641:
1618:
966:
899:
868:
700:
72:
6988:
6767:
6010:
5959:
5378:
4828:
4077:
3656:
7884:
7868:
7815:
7665:
7588:
6327:
6308:
Liang, Yan; Servais, Thomas; Tang, Peng; Lu, Jianbo; Wang, Wenhui (December 2017).
5136:
3991:
2714:
2251:
2212:
2120:
2047:
1859:
1667:
1376:
631:
7068:
6751:
6137:
5206:
4704:"Trace elements indicating humid climatic events in the Ordovician–early Silurian"
6873:
6428:
6376:
6274:
6090:
6059:
5808:
4719:
4612:
4563:
4452:
4425:
4241:
4216:"Ordovician and Silurian sea-water chemistry, sea level, and climate: A synopsis"
3582:
2587:, which makes mineral nutrients available to plant cells; such fossilized fungal
2439:, Maysvillian (Upper Ordovician) near Madison, Indiana (scale bar is 5.0 mm)
914:
in the Cambrian and Silurian systems, respectively. Lapworth recognized that the
7810:
7679:
7655:
7500:
7295:
7190:
7169:
5795:
3847:
3349:
3079:
Haq, B. U.; Schutter, SR (2008). "A Chronology of Paleozoic Sea-Level Changes".
2741:
2645:
2549:
2359:
2245:
2224:
2208:
2153:
2020:
2008:
1867:
1746:
1714:
1709:
1634:
1597:
Paleogeographic map of the Earth in the middle Ordovician, 470 million years ago
1503:
1498:
1408:
1403:
1390:
1171:
1121:
1000:
950:
911:
381:
354:
47:
5434:"Ordovician faunas, island arcs and ophiolites in the Scandinavian Caledonides"
4589:
Rosenau, Nicholas A.; Hermann, Achim D.; Leslie, Stephen A. (15 January 2012).
4474:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4286:
3267:
3130:
2744:
and exposed terrestrial and marine surface-dwelling life to deadly ultraviolet
2508:
encrusting a gastropod; Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southeastern Indiana
2119:-forming corals appeared in the early Ordovician, including the earliest known
7805:
7765:
7708:
7505:
7379:
7279:
7227:
7211:
6972:
6798:
6516:
6472:
6002:
5906:
5711:
5611:
5592:
5396:
4702:
Kiipli, Enli; Kiipli, Tarmo; Kallaste, Toivo; Pajusaar, Siim (December 2017).
4358:
4331:
3804:
3695:
3538:
3521:
3498:
2672:
2584:
2580:
2458:
2417:
2364:
2343:
2338:
2256:
2235:
2229:
2149:
2136:
2116:
2094:
2055:
2024:
1995:
fauna, which has persisted until the present day. Though less famous than the
1937:
1930:
1922:
1819:
1656:
1655:
The period was one of extensive, widespread tectonism and volcanism. However,
1610:
1563:
1287:
1273:
1263:
1071:
1048:
962:
685:
444:
408:
92:
6806:
6651:
5527:
5459:
5311:
5144:
5082:
4812:
4504:
4400:
4304:
3916:
3319:
3275:
3013:
2988:
2885:
2282:
on a cobble from the Kope Formation in northern Kentucky with the cyclostome
729:
716:
656:
643:
7820:
7770:
7744:
7703:
7650:
7495:
7471:
7352:
7342:
7331:
7185:
7099:
6677:
4804:
4495:
3100:
2745:
2694:
2653:
2649:
2596:
2399:
2380:
2197:
2140:
2128:
2089:
2052:
1988:
1958:
1934:
1910:
1907:
1766:
1734:
1614:
1593:
1438:
1430:
1194:
1136:
942:
891:
876:
865:
372:
230:
113:
97:
6759:
6695:
6636:
6233:
5760:
5620:
4899:
4820:
4676:
4522:
4026:
3983:
3934:
3108:
2903:
2810:
2792:
2725:
organisms were cosmopolitan in distribution and present at most latitudes.
6686:
3648:
2215:
and echinoderms all flourished, tabulate corals diversified and the first
1177:
1162:
1142:
1127:
1107:
1092:
1077:
17:
7780:
7775:
7739:
7639:
7572:
7541:
7436:
7405:
7366:
7316:
7290:
7266:
7201:
6955:
4666:
4639:
2710:
2679:
2657:
2641:
2477:
2283:
2193:
2177:
2161:
2132:
2124:
2112:
2035:
communities. Their success epitomizes the greatly increased diversity of
1983:
1918:
1899:
1895:
1838:
1815:
1770:
1730:
1690:
1678:
1630:
1602:
1395:
1353:
1187:
1101:
1034:
990:
973:. It has been theorized that this increase in impacts may originate from
946:
938:
880:
872:
611:
390:
294:
256:
87:
82:
67:
62:
52:
6618:
6215:
5405:
3975:
3908:
2877:
2325:
Outcrop of Upper Ordovician limestone and minor shale, central Tennessee
2313:
Outcrop of Upper Ordovician rubbly limestone and shale, southern Indiana
2031:. Articulate brachiopods, in particular, largely replaced trilobites in
7794:
7734:
7484:
7321:
7305:
7087:
7052:
7020:
7003:
6075:"New Middle Ordovician (Darriwilian) faunas from the Sultanate of Oman"
6073:
Heward, A. P.; Fortey, R. A.; Miller, C. G.; Booth, G. A. (June 2023).
5092:
4295:
3292:
2940:"Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System"
2668:
2421:
2403:
2384:
2220:
2189:
2059:
2028:
1926:
1883:
1823:
1811:
1750:
1649:
1626:
1606:
922:
102:
77:
4881:
3429:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 102.
2709:, may have also led to the glaciation. As the southern supercontinent
1878:
7830:
7713:
7347:
7206:
7174:
7049:"Overview of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP's)"
6980:
5853:
5834:
Zhan, Renbin; Rong, Jiayu; Cheng, Jinghui; Chen, Pengfei (May 2005).
4763:
4109:
4092:
2216:
2039:
shell-secreting organisms in the Ordovician compared to the Cambrian.
1834:
1543:
1461:
1420:
1294:
1156:
1086:
915:
704:
635:
447:
399:
363:
7111:
5519:
3250:
Tomkins, Andrew G.; Martin, Erin L.; Cawood, Peter A. (2024-11-15).
5663:
5635:
5303:
4986:
Cooper, John D.; Miller, Richard H.; Patterson, Jacqueline (1986).
1601:
During the Ordovician, the southern continents were assembled into
5987:"Diversity and evolutionary rates of Cambro-Ordovician nautiloids"
5789:
Harper, David A. T.; Zhan, Ren-Bin; Jin, Jisuo (March–June 2015).
5549:"Palaeos Paleozoic : Ordovician : The Ordovician Period"
5483:
5481:
2630:
2592:
2588:
2572:
2562:
2157:
2108:
2072:
2041:
2004:
1976:
1965:
1952:
1877:
1724:
1648:
formed a deep embayment between Siberia and the Central Mongolian
1592:
1025:
918:
6453:
Ritchie, Alexander; Gilbert-Tomlinson, Joyce (24 November 1976).
1223:
Approximate correlation of Ordovician regional series and stages
7854:
7850:
7846:
6498:"Patterns and processes in the Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution"
6190:"The origin and early phylogenetic history of jawed vertebrates"
5836:"Early-Mid Ordovician brachiopod diversification in South China"
5733:
Song, Zhenyu; Xiao, Yunpeng; Xiao, Chuantao (19 February 2020).
4968:
Palaeos Paleozoic : Ordovician : The Ordovician Period
3186:"On the Tripartite Classification of the Lower Palaeozoic Rocks"
2461:) from northeastern Estonia; approximately 5 cm in diameter
2083:
1942:
1762:
1007:
1003:
958:
41:
7231:
7115:
2736:
An alternate extinction hypothesis suggested that a ten-second
1640:
Other geographic features of the Ordovician world included the
5566:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
2938:
Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001).
2671:, in the Hirnantian faunal stage, that ended the long, stable
1792:
comparable to those during the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum.
871:. The Ordovician spans 41.6 million years from the end of the
835:
130:
5332:
Harper, D.A.T.; Mac Niocaill, C.; Williams, S.H. (May 1996).
3252:"Evidence suggesting that earth had a ring in the Ordovician"
5932:
Novack-Gottshall, Philip M.; Miller, Arnold I. (Fall 2003).
3216:"New type of meteorite linked to ancient asteroid collision"
778:
27:
Second period of the Paleozoic Era 485–444 million years ago
6652:"Origin and Radiation of the Earliest Vascular Land Plants"
6567:
10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0524:DNPBAS>2.0.CO;2
6455:"First Ordovician vertebrates from the Southern Hemisphere"
5952:
10.1666/0094-8373(2003)029<0576:CGAEDD>2.0.CO;2
5500:
Zhiyi, Zhou; Wenwei, Yuan; Zhiqiang, Zhou (19 March 2007).
5037:
10.1666/0094-8373(2008)034[0195:ANBMFQ]2.0.CO;2
4393:
10.1130/0091-7613(1989)017<0951:TVITTM>2.3.CO;2
3768:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0875:GOVAFI>2.3.CO;2
3350:"Latest version of international chronostratigraphic chart"
817:
805:
799:
784:
2989:"The GSSP Method of Chronostratigraphy: A Critical Review"
2693:
out of the air as they erode. Another possibility is that
2567:
Colonization of land would have been limited to shorelines
832:
796:
6831:. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company. pp. 358, 360.
829:
793:
4640:"Glacial onset predated Late Ordovician climate cooling"
2156:) appeared in the Ordovician, but recent discoveries in
1784:
The Early Ordovician climate was very hot, with intense
6401:
Vinn, O.; Wilson, M.A.; Mõtus, M.-A.; Toom, U. (2014).
5432:
Pedersen, R.B.; Bruton, D.L.; Furnes, H. (March 1992).
5062:
Cocks, L. Robin M.; Torsvik, Trond H. (December 2021).
2200:. The first evidence of land plants also appeared (see
4914:"Humble moss helped to cool Earth and spurred on life"
4697:
4695:
993:
regional stratigraphic schemes are also used locally.
6247:
Nõlvak, Jaak; Liang, Yan; Hints, Olle (1 July 2019).
5887:
Patzkowsky, Mark E.; Holland, Steven M. (Fall 1997).
4989:
A Trip Through Time: Principles of Historical Geology
4469:"A high-resolution record of early Paleozoic climate"
3205:
the Ordovician System, after this old British tribe."
844:
808:
2539:) from the Ordovician near Caney Springs, Tennessee
826:
814:
790:
781:
7829:
7793:
7753:
7722:
7691:
7678:
7638:
7607:
7571:
7540:
7514:
7483:
7470:
7435:
7404:
7378:
7365:
7330:
7304:
7278:
7265:
7088:
Ordovician fossils of the famous Cincinnatian Group
6586:
6584:
6491:
6489:
5165:Fortey, Richard A.; Cocks, L.Robin M. (June 2003).
3948:Heck, Philipp R.; Schmitz, Birger; Baur, Heinrich;
3151:"International Chronostratigraphic Chart v.2015/01"
2015:organisms. The trilobite, inarticulate brachiopod,
823:
787:
758:
753:
745:
696:
680:
672:
622:
603:
595:
584:
574:
564:
559:
551:
539:
529:
524:
516:
508:
503:
123:
32:
4947:. New York: Barnes & Noble Books. p. 87.
3326:. International Commission on Stratigraphy. 2020.
2678:The ice age was possibly not long-lasting. Oxygen
2160:reveal that they probably originated in the Early
2007:increased fourfold, resulting in 12% of all known
1773:, dissolved rapidly on the sea floor after death.
1550:(subdivided into Abereiddian and Llandeilian) and
898:in 1879 to resolve a dispute between followers of
6854:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6408:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6360:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6254:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
6039:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
5377:Penny, Amelia; Kröger, Björn (18 November 2019).
5339:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4992:. Columbus: Merrill Publishing Company. pp.
4596:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4543:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4431:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4221:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
4139:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
2633:that became extinct. The only larger one was the
2127:, which appeared during the Cambrian or even the
1818:as Africa and South America, which were near the
6118:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
5634:Taylor, P.D.; Berning, B.; Wilson, M.A. (2013).
5121:"Biogeography of Ordovician and Silurian faunas"
1962:, one of the largest predators of the Ordovician
1753:was the primary inorganic marine precipitate of
5119:Cocks, L. R. M.; Fortey, R. A. (January 1990).
5064:"Ordovician palaeogeography and climate change"
4205:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4195:
1862:, which was closed off by the Late Ordovician,
1822:at the time, facilitating the formation of the
485:Subdivision of the Ordovician according to the
7002:Holland, Steven M; Patzkowsky, Mark E (2015).
6885:
6883:
4175:
4173:
4171:
3840:The Evolution of the Chilean-Argentinean Andes
3425:Torsvik, Trond H.; Cocks, L. Robin M. (2017).
2621:The Ordovician came to a close in a series of
2424:in an Ordovician limestone, southern Minnesota
2097:and nautiloids while other trilobites such as
2082:, the earliest known eurypterid, and found in
957:considerably increased the diversity of life.
7243:
7127:
5636:"Reinterpretation of the Cambrian 'bryozoan'
5240:Burrett, Clive; Stait, Bryan (October 1985).
4419:
4417:
2775:"The microfossil record of early land plants"
8:
6928:
5487:
4373:Brandt, Danita S.; Elias, Robert J. (1989).
3870:
3825:
3730:
3718:
3669:
3612:
3552:
3462:
3842:. Springer Earth System Sciences: 133–161.
2927:. International Commission on Stratigraphy.
1761:were thus very common, along with calcitic
802:
492:Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.
7688:
7480:
7375:
7275:
7250:
7236:
7228:
7151:
7134:
7120:
7112:
6079:Proceedings of the Geologists' Association
3288:Details on the Dapingian are available at
3030:"Series and Stages of the Silurian System"
7019:
6954:
6685:
6626:
6223:
5610:
5404:
5091:
5081:
4889:
4675:
4665:
4512:
4494:
4451:
4357:
4294:
4159:
4108:
4067:
3924:
3537:
3048:
3012:
2893:
2800:
1769:, like that composing the shells of most
955:Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event
3354:International Commission on Stratigraphy
3324:Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy
3158:International Commission on Stratigraphy
2263:that appear in abundance at this time.
1221:
879:(million years ago) to the start of the
6906:, 8 March 2010 (retrieved 30 June 2014)
2765:
2265:
2131:, became common and varied, especially
2675:conditions typical of the Ordovician.
2652:were greatly reduced, along with many
2168:(jawed fish) may have appeared in the
977:that formed around Earth at the time.
29:
7100:Ordovician (chronostratigraphy scale)
7004:"The stratigraphy of mass extinction"
6943:International Journal of Astrobiology
6496:Wilson, M. A.; Palmer, T. J. (2006).
6334:from the original on 13 November 2022
6315:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
6289:from the original on 13 November 2022
6188:Brazeau, M. D.; Friedman, M. (2015).
5868:from the original on 13 November 2022
5815:from the original on 13 November 2022
5567:"A Guide to the Orders of Trilobites"
4645:Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
4570:from the original on 29 December 2022
3245:
3243:
3241:
2617:Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
935:Ordovician–Silurian extinction events
7:
5466:from the original on 14 October 2023
5221:from the original on 14 October 2023
4924:from the original on 5 November 2018
4729:– via Elsevier Science Direct.
3784:Australian Journal of Earth Sciences
3522:"A brief history of the Rheic Ocean"
3060:from the original on 19 January 2022
2968:from the original on 11 January 2021
1933:were also heavily affected, and the
1886:depicting Ordovician flora and fauna
1749:geochemistry in which low-magnesium
1670:collided with Laurentia to form the
457:
431:
7849:= kiloannum (thousands years ago);
6919:(Cambridge University Press) p. 491
6097:from the original on 17 August 2023
6017:from the original on 13 August 2023
5966:from the original on 13 August 2023
5292:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
5247:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
5125:Geological Society, London, Memoirs
4943:Dixon, Dougal; et al. (2001).
4311:from the original on 7 October 2023
4274:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
4248:from the original on 17 August 2023
4047:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
3256:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
2827:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
864:, the second of six periods of the
7853:= megaannum (millions years ago);
6891:High-carbon ice age mystery solved
5740:Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences
5452:10.1111/j.1365-3121.1992.tb00475.x
5358:from the original on 16 April 2024
5266:from the original on 22 April 2024
4069:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00221.x
3392:10.1016/b978-0-12-824360-2.00020-6
2987:Lucas, Sepncer (6 November 2018).
2847:10.1111/j.1945-5100.2007.tb00221.x
1850:, and other minor oceans included
1605:, which reached from north of the
1002:The Ordovician subdivisions with "
25:
7857:= gigaannum (billions years ago).
5913:from the original on 23 July 2023
5537:– via Wiley Online Library.
4619:from the original on 7 April 2019
3628:Journal of the Geological Society
3478:Journal of the Geological Society
3427:Earth history and palaeogeography
3226:from the original on 3 April 2019
2635:Permian–Triassic extinction event
928:International Geological Congress
7878:
7867:
5551:. April 11, 2002. Archived from
5413:from the original on 3 June 2023
5100:from the original on 14 May 2023
5043:from the original on 19 May 2023
4132:Stanley, S.; Hardie, L. (1998).
3589:from the original on 22 May 2023
3330:from the original on 11 May 2022
3306:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00169.x
2773:Wellman, C.H.; Gray, J. (2000).
2528:
2513:
2497:
2485:
2466:
2444:
2429:
2410:
2391:
2379:Outcrop of Ordovician kukersite
2372:
2351:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2294:
2268:
1176:
1161:
1141:
1126:
1106:
1091:
1076:
953:are known from this period. The
886:The Ordovician, named after the
774:
112:
7075:from the original on 2016-03-06
6710:from the original on 2021-08-15
6435:from the original on 2018-08-18
6383:from the original on 2018-08-18
6353:Vinn, O.; Mõtus, M.-A. (2012).
6170:from the original on 2022-07-03
5678:from the original on 2019-06-07
5573:from the original on 2019-02-18
4835:from the original on 2022-10-06
4424:Elrick, Maya (1 October 2022).
4337:Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta
3565:Trela, Wieslaw (15 July 2005).
3408:from the original on 2023-01-06
3360:from the original on 2014-05-30
3167:from the original on 2015-04-02
2959:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i1/005
2398:Bryozoan fossils in Ordovician
7084:An Ordovician reef in Vermont.
6328:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2017.08.008
5137:10.1144/GSL.MEM.1990.012.01.08
5017:Heim, Noel A. (8 April 2016).
3386:, Elsevier, pp. 631–694,
3050:10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/005
2748:and initiated global cooling.
1826:of the Hirnantian glaciation.
849:-ee-ən, -doh-, -
1:
7296:Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)
7069:"Chazy Reef at Isle La Motte"
6752:10.1126/science.289.5486.1920
6138:10.1144/GSL.SP.1986.020.01.06
5985:Crick, Rex M. (Spring 1981).
5185:10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00115-0
4161:10.1016/S0031-0182(98)00109-6
1917:completely died out, and the
1814:during the Hirnantian on the
1745:The Ordovician was a time of
1741:of Franklin County, Indiana).
754:Atmospheric and climatic data
6874:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.02.033
6429:10.1016/j.palaeo.2014.08.021
6377:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.01.028
6275:10.1016/j.palaeo.2019.04.002
6160:"12.7: Vertebrate Evolution"
6091:10.1016/j.pgeola.2023.02.004
6060:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015
5841:Science China Earth Sciences
5809:10.1016/j.palwor.2015.03.003
5384:Nature Ecology and Evolution
5352:10.1016/0031-0182(95)00079-8
5260:10.1016/0012-821X(85)90100-1
4720:10.1016/j.chemer.2017.05.002
4613:10.1016/j.palaeo.2011.12.003
4564:10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.11.026
4453:10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111209
4242:10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.08.001
4210:Munnecke, Axel; Calner, M.;
3583:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2005.05.005
2751:Recent work considering the
2202:evolutionary history of life
1729:External mold of Ordovician
1589:Paleogeography and tectonics
1206:
1053:
906:, who were placing the same
7259:Geological history of Earth
6827:Stanley, Steven M. (1999).
3848:10.1007/978-3-319-67774-3_6
2480:from the Ordovician of Iowa
1218:Global/regional correlation
965:, continued to evolve, and
759:Sea level above present day
7930:
7532:Mississippian (323–359 Ma)
7527:Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)
7291:Holocene (present–11.7 ka)
6915:Emiliani, Cesare. (1992).
6816:– via Springer Link.
4287:10.1016/j.epsl.2022.117717
4214:; Servais, Thomas (2010).
3268:10.1016/j.epsl.2024.118991
2993:Frontiers in Earth Science
2687:late Ordovician glaciation
2629:in terms of percentage of
2614:
2437:Vinlandostrophia ponderosa
2111:date back to at least the
1804:Late Ordovician glaciation
1733:showing that the original
1257:
40:485.4 ± 1.9 – 443.8 ± 1.5
7844:
7816:Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)
7666:Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)
7149:
6973:10.1017/S1473550404001910
6799:10.1007/s10347-019-0579-y
6517:10.1080/10420940600850505
6473:10.1080/03115517708527770
6003:10.1017/S0094837300003997
5907:10.1017/S0094837300019825
5712:10.1080/11035890701292065
5612:10.1016/j.cub.2014.03.039
5397:10.1038/s41559-019-1035-7
4359:10.1016/j.gca.2017.11.015
3805:10.1080/08120090601147019
3539:10.1016/j.gsf.2011.11.008
3499:10.1144/0016-76492008-088
3136:Dictionary.com Unabridged
3028:Holland, C. (June 1985).
2740:could have destroyed the
2363:borings in an Ordovician
2342:borings in an Ordovician
2068:cosmopolitan distribution
2051:, a large filter-feeding
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1357:
1352:
1347:
1344:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1304:
1301:
1293:
1283:
1277:
1267:
1150:
1115:
1065:
1060:
997:ICS (global) subdivisions
961:, the world's first true
681:Upper boundary definition
616:Iapetognathus fluctivagus
604:Lower boundary definition
482:
128:
111:
37:
7811:Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)
7656:Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)
7501:Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)
7353:Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)
7343:Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)
6929:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
5488:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
5083:10.1016/j.gr.2020.09.008
4973:21 December 2007 at the
3871:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3826:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3731:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3719:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3670:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3613:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3553:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3463:Torsvik & Cocks 2017
3384:Geologic Time Scale 2020
3184:Charles Lapworth (1879)
3014:10.3389/feart.2018.00191
1943:first terrestrial plants
1894:that seriously affected
1799:Early Palaeozoic Ice Age
1790:sea surface temperatures
937:. Invertebrates, namely
7806:Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)
7771:Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)
7766:Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)
7709:Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)
7599:Llandovery (433–444 Ma)
7506:Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)
7317:Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)
6678:10.1126/science.1169659
5644:Journal of Paleontology
5211:Bulletin of Geosciences
4805:10.1126/science.1155814
4496:10.1073/pnas.2013083118
4060:2007M&PS...42..113K
3380:"The Ordovician Period"
3320:"The Ordovician Period"
3101:10.1126/science.1161648
2839:2007M&PS...42..113K
2707:Ordovician meteor event
2506:Protaraea richmondensis
2451:The Ordovician cystoid
1971:Fossiliferous limestone
1706:Ordovician meteor event
1700:Ordovician meteor event
1538:British stages and ages
971:Ordovician meteor event
470:Ordovician meteor event
216:−445 —
206:−450 —
196:−455 —
186:−460 —
176:−465 —
166:−470 —
156:−475 —
146:−480 —
136:−485 —
7776:Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)
7745:Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)
7704:Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)
7651:Furongian (485–497 Ma)
7496:Lopingian (252–260 Ma)
7322:Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)
7155:Lower/Early Ordovician
7047:Ogg, Jim (June 2004).
5761:10.1139/cjes-2019-0141
4945:Atlas of Life on Earth
4027:10.1006/icar.1996.0010
2793:10.1098/rstb.2000.0612
2780:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
2701:levels. The drop in CO
2568:
2346:, southeastern Indiana
2086:
2062:
1991:
1974:
1963:
1892:mass-extinction events
1887:
1742:
1598:
7781:Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)
7740:Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)
7661:Series 2 (509–521 Ma)
7348:Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)
7161:Upper/Late Ordovician
7067:Mehrtens, Charlotte.
6598:Nature Communications
5555:on December 21, 2007.
5172:Earth-Science Reviews
3889:Nature Communications
3696:10.1130/2010.2466(01)
3649:10.1144/jgs.158.2.321
2866:Nature Communications
2753:sequence stratigraphy
2585:mycorrhizal symbiosis
2577:arbuscular mycorrhiza
2571:Among the first land
2566:
2504:The heliolitid coral
2261:carbonate hardgrounds
2076:
2045:
1980:
1969:
1956:
1881:
1780:Climate and sea level
1759:Carbonate hardgrounds
1739:Waynesville Formation
1728:
1683:dense rock equivalent
1672:Appalachian Mountains
1596:
1244:North American series
690:Akidograptus ascensus
7914:1879 in paleontology
7821:Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)
7714:Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)
7594:Wenlock (427–433 Ma)
7584:Pridoli (419–423 Ma)
6829:Earth System History
6363:. 321–322: 137–141.
4667:10.1002/2016PA002928
4599:. 315–316: 172–180.
3684:Geol Soc Am Spec Pap
3672:, pp. 102, 106.
3526:Geoscience Frontiers
2925:www.stratigraphy.org
2402:oil shale, northern
2146:Nemagraptus gracilis
2001:Ordovician radiation
1846:covered much of the
1668:volcanic island arcs
1646:Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean
1247:North American stage
626:Greenpoint section,
7876: •
7865: •
7863:Geologic time scale
7625:Middle (458–470 Ma)
7589:Ludlow (423–427 Ma)
7558:Middle (383–393 Ma)
7453:Middle (237–247 Ma)
7422:Middle (164–174 Ma)
6965:2004IJAsB...3...55M
6931:, pp. 122–123.
6866:2010PPP...296..376Y
6744:2000Sci...289.1920R
6738:(5486): 1920–1921.
6670:2009Sci...324..353S
6619:10.1038/ncomms12113
6611:2016NatCo...712113P
6559:2001Palai..16..524W
6421:2014PPP...414..129V
6369:2012PPP...321..137V
6267:2019PPP...525...14N
6216:10.1038/nature14438
6208:2015Natur.520..490B
6130:1986GSLSP..20...47F
6052:2009PPP...273..174K
5753:2020CaJES..57..999S
5656:2013JPal...87..984T
4920:. 2 February 2012.
4874:2016NatSR...618884R
4797:2008Sci...321..550T
4756:2005Geo....33..405F
4658:2016PalOc..31..800P
4605:2012PPP...315..172R
4556:2010PPP...294..202V
4487:2021PNAS..11813083G
4444:2022PPP...603k1209E
4350:2018GeCoA.224...18B
4234:2010PPP...296..389M
4212:Harper, David A. T.
4152:1998PPP...144....3S
4019:1996Icar..119..182H
3976:10.1038/nature02736
3968:2004Natur.430..323H
3909:10.1038/ncomms14066
3901:2017NatCo...814066L
3873:, pp. 103–105.
3797:2007AuJES..54..385G
3760:1992Geo....20..875H
3733:, pp. 106–109.
3641:2001JGSoc.158..321T
3571:Sedimentary Geology
3491:2009JGSoc.166..501P
3190:Geological Magazine
3093:2008Sci...322...64H
3005:2018FrEaS...6..191L
2878:10.1038/ncomms14066
2280:Cystaster stellatus
1921:were much reduced.
1848:Northern Hemisphere
1583:Geologic Time Scale
1224:
1011:
746:Upper GSSP ratified
726: /
697:Upper boundary GSSP
673:Lower GSSP ratified
657:49.6829°N 57.9653°W
653: /
623:Lower boundary GSSP
596:Time span formality
7909:Geological periods
7874:Geology portal
7735:Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)
7630:Early (470–485 Ma)
7563:Early (393–419 Ma)
7458:Early (247–252 Ma)
7427:Early (174–201 Ma)
7396:Early (100–145 Ma)
7391:Late (66.0–100 Ma)
7105:2022-10-06 at the
7093:2009-01-03 at the
7021:10.1111/pala.12188
6896:2015-04-23 at the
6164:Biology LibreTexts
5507:Geological Journal
5490:, p. 112-113.
4861:Scientific Reports
4481:(6): e2013083118.
2921:"Chart/Time Scale"
2569:
2104:Asaphus kowalewski
2087:
2063:
1997:Cambrian explosion
1992:
1975:
1964:
1888:
1844:Panthalassic Ocean
1743:
1599:
1305:Chientangkiangian
1222:
1001:
904:Roderick Murchison
730:55.4400°N 3.2700°W
575:Stratigraphic unit
565:Chronological unit
552:Time scale(s) used
7891:
7890:
7789:
7788:
7755:Paleoproterozoic
7674:
7673:
7620:Late (444–458 Ma)
7553:Late (359–383 Ma)
7466:
7465:
7448:Late (201–237 Ma)
7417:Late (145–164 Ma)
7361:
7360:
7282:(present–2.58 Ma)
7270:(present–66.0 Ma)
7225:
7224:
7220:
7219:
7158:Middle Ordovician
7143:Ordovician Period
6838:978-0-7167-2882-5
6202:(7548): 490–497.
5069:Gondwana Research
5003:978-0-675-20140-7
4954:978-0-7607-1957-2
4882:10.1038/srep18884
4791:(5888): 550–554.
3950:Halliday, Alex N.
3857:978-3-319-67773-6
3721:, pp. 93–94.
3401:978-0-12-824360-2
2787:(1398): 717–732.
2623:extinction events
2611:End of the period
2556:forms resembling
2521:Zygospira modesta
2289:in the background
2275:Upper Ordovician
1755:calcium carbonate
1562:Katian, plus the
1535:
1534:
1386:Middle Ordovician
1215:
1214:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1117:Middle Ordovician
1056:
1051:
1044:
1037:
894:, was defined by
883:Period 443.8 Ma.
766:
765:
662:49.6829; -57.9653
585:First proposed by
525:Usage information
498:
497:
478:
477:
456:
455:
16:(Redirected from
7921:
7885:World portal
7883:
7882:
7872:
7871:
7834:
7798:
7758:
7727:
7724:Mesoproterozoic
7696:
7689:
7684:
7643:
7612:
7576:
7545:
7519:
7488:
7481:
7476:
7440:
7409:
7383:
7376:
7371:
7335:
7309:
7283:
7276:
7271:
7252:
7245:
7238:
7229:
7152:
7136:
7129:
7122:
7113:
7083:
7081:
7080:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7051:. Archived from
7034:
7033:
7023:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6958:
6956:astro-ph/0309415
6938:
6932:
6926:
6920:
6913:
6907:
6887:
6878:
6877:
6860:(3–4): 376–388.
6849:
6843:
6842:
6824:
6818:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6725:
6719:
6718:
6716:
6715:
6689:
6647:
6641:
6640:
6630:
6588:
6579:
6578:
6542:
6536:
6535:
6533:
6527:. Archived from
6502:
6493:
6484:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6398:
6392:
6391:
6389:
6388:
6350:
6344:
6343:
6341:
6339:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6294:
6244:
6238:
6237:
6227:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6113:
6107:
6106:
6104:
6102:
6070:
6064:
6063:
6046:(1–2): 174–183.
6033:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
5982:
5976:
5975:
5973:
5971:
5929:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5918:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5875:
5873:
5854:10.1360/03yd0586
5831:
5825:
5824:
5822:
5820:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5693:
5687:
5686:
5684:
5683:
5640:as an octocoral"
5631:
5625:
5624:
5614:
5605:(9): 1017–1023.
5588:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5578:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5545:
5539:
5538:
5536:
5534:
5514:(3–4): 297–313.
5497:
5491:
5485:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5429:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5418:
5408:
5391:(1): 1655–1660.
5374:
5368:
5367:
5365:
5363:
5346:(3–4): 297–312.
5329:
5323:
5322:
5320:
5318:
5282:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5254:(2–3): 184–190.
5237:
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5202:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5191:
5179:(3–4): 245–307.
5162:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5151:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5095:
5085:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5014:
5008:
5007:
4983:
4977:
4965:
4959:
4958:
4940:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4929:
4910:
4904:
4903:
4893:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4774:
4768:
4767:
4764:10.1130/G21180.1
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4726:
4699:
4690:
4689:
4679:
4669:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4586:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4550:(3–4): 202–219.
4533:
4527:
4526:
4516:
4498:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4421:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4407:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4327:
4321:
4320:
4318:
4316:
4298:
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4228:(3–4): 389–413.
4207:
4190:
4189:
4177:
4166:
4165:
4163:
4129:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4110:10.1130/G46861.1
4088:
4082:
4081:
4071:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3880:
3874:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3835:
3829:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3791:(2–3): 385–415.
3778:
3772:
3771:
3740:
3734:
3728:
3722:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3622:
3616:
3610:
3599:
3598:
3596:
3594:
3577:(3–4): 219–236.
3562:
3556:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3541:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3472:
3466:
3460:
3441:
3440:
3422:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3413:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3337:
3335:
3316:
3310:
3309:
3286:
3280:
3279:
3247:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3231:
3222:. 15 June 2016.
3212:
3206:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3166:
3160:. January 2015.
3155:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
2984:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2967:
2944:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2917:
2911:
2910:
2897:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2770:
2532:
2517:
2501:
2489:
2470:
2454:Echinosphaerites
2448:
2433:
2414:
2395:
2376:
2355:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2272:
2227:") vertebrates,
1816:land we now know
1617:(in present-day
1457:Lower Ordovician
1324:Neichianshanian
1259:Upper Ordovician
1250:Australian stage
1225:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1152:Lower Ordovician
1145:
1130:
1110:
1095:
1080:
1067:Upper Ordovician
1054:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1024:Lower boundary (
1012:
921:in the disputed
896:Charles Lapworth
852:
848:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
820:
819:
816:
811:
810:
807:
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
741:
740:
738:
737:
736:
735:55.4400; -3.2700
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
719:
668:
667:
665:
664:
663:
658:
654:
651:
650:
649:
646:
589:Charles Lapworth
472:
463:
458:
450:
437:
432:
411:
402:
393:
384:
375:
366:
357:
348:
333:
314:
288:
250:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
147:
142:
137:
131:
116:
107:
44:
30:
21:
7929:
7928:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7919:
7918:
7894:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7877:
7866:
7858:
7840:
7832:
7825:
7796:
7785:
7756:
7749:
7725:
7718:
7694:
7693:Neoproterozoic
7683:(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)
7682:
7681:
7680:Proterozoic Eon
7670:
7641:
7634:
7610:
7603:
7574:
7567:
7543:
7536:
7517:
7510:
7486:
7474:
7473:
7462:
7438:
7431:
7407:
7400:
7381:
7369:
7368:
7357:
7333:
7326:
7307:
7300:
7281:
7269:
7268:
7261:
7256:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7195:
7179:
7145:
7140:
7107:Wayback Machine
7095:Wayback Machine
7078:
7076:
7066:
7058:
7056:
7046:
7043:
7038:
7037:
7001:
7000:
6996:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6927:
6923:
6914:
6910:
6898:Wayback Machine
6888:
6881:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6826:
6825:
6821:
6811:
6809:
6780:
6779:
6775:
6727:
6726:
6722:
6713:
6711:
6649:
6648:
6644:
6590:
6589:
6582:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6531:
6500:
6495:
6494:
6487:
6477:
6475:
6452:
6451:
6447:
6438:
6436:
6400:
6399:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6352:
6351:
6347:
6337:
6335:
6307:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6290:
6246:
6245:
6241:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6173:
6171:
6158:
6157:
6153:
6115:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6098:
6072:
6071:
6067:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5969:
5967:
5931:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5914:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5871:
5869:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5818:
5816:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5747:(8): 999–1009.
5732:
5731:
5727:
5695:
5694:
5690:
5681:
5679:
5633:
5632:
5628:
5598:Current Biology
5590:
5589:
5585:
5576:
5574:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5547:
5546:
5542:
5532:
5530:
5520:10.1002/gj.1076
5499:
5498:
5494:
5486:
5479:
5469:
5467:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5414:
5376:
5375:
5371:
5361:
5359:
5331:
5330:
5326:
5316:
5314:
5284:
5283:
5279:
5269:
5267:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5224:
5222:
5204:
5203:
5199:
5189:
5187:
5164:
5163:
5159:
5149:
5147:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5061:
5060:
5056:
5046:
5044:
5016:
5015:
5011:
5004:
4985:
4984:
4980:
4975:Wayback Machine
4966:
4962:
4955:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4927:
4925:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4852:
4851:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4724:
4722:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4677:1854/LU-8057556
4637:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4573:
4571:
4535:
4534:
4530:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4423:
4422:
4415:
4405:
4403:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4266:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4209:
4208:
4193:
4179:
4178:
4169:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4090:
4089:
4085:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3962:(6997): 323–5.
3947:
3946:
3942:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3837:
3836:
3832:
3824:
3820:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3754:(10): 875–878.
3742:
3741:
3737:
3729:
3725:
3717:
3713:
3706:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3668:
3664:
3624:
3623:
3619:
3611:
3602:
3592:
3590:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3551:
3547:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3461:
3444:
3437:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3411:
3409:
3402:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3348:
3347:
3343:
3333:
3331:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3249:
3248:
3239:
3229:
3227:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3183:
3179:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3144:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3087:(5898): 64–68.
3078:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3057:
3032:
3027:
3026:
3022:
2986:
2985:
2981:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2859:
2858:
2854:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2738:gamma-ray burst
2704:
2700:
2692:
2627:Earth's history
2619:
2613:
2605:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2518:
2509:
2502:
2493:
2490:
2481:
2476:, a trepostome
2471:
2462:
2449:
2440:
2434:
2425:
2415:
2406:
2396:
2387:
2377:
2368:
2367:, southern Ohio
2356:
2347:
2335:
2326:
2323:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2290:
2273:
2188:, and many new
2170:Late Ordovician
1951:
1876:
1788:conditions and
1782:
1723:
1702:
1664:Taconic orogeny
1591:
1572:
1540:
1220:
1006:" according to
999:
983:
967:those with jaws
858:geologic period
850:
846:
822:
813:
777:
773:
734:
732:
728:
725:
720:
717:
715:
713:
712:
711:
661:
659:
655:
652:
647:
644:
642:
640:
639:
638:
499:
494:
493:
491:
474:
473:
468:
461:
452:
451:
442:
435:
428:
427:
423:
422:
418:
417:
413:
412:
407:
404:
403:
398:
395:
394:
389:
386:
385:
380:
377:
376:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
358:
353:
350:
349:
345:
343:
341:
338:
335:
334:
330:
328:
326:
324:
322:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
307:
305:
302:
299:
298:
290:
289:
284:
282:
280:
278:
276:
274:
272:
270:
268:
264:
261:
260:
252:
251:
246:
244:
242:
240:
238:
236:
234:
232:
228:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
119:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
39:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7927:
7925:
7917:
7916:
7911:
7906:
7896:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7823:
7818:
7813:
7808:
7802:
7800:
7791:
7790:
7787:
7786:
7784:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7768:
7762:
7760:
7751:
7750:
7748:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7731:
7729:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7700:
7698:
7686:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7671:
7669:
7668:
7663:
7658:
7653:
7647:
7645:
7636:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7616:
7614:
7605:
7604:
7602:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7586:
7580:
7578:
7569:
7568:
7566:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7549:
7547:
7538:
7537:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7523:
7521:
7516:Carboniferous
7512:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7492:
7490:
7478:
7468:
7467:
7464:
7463:
7461:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7444:
7442:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7413:
7411:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7387:
7385:
7373:
7363:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7355:
7350:
7345:
7339:
7337:
7334:(23.0–66.0 Ma)
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7319:
7313:
7311:
7308:(2.58–23.0 Ma)
7302:
7301:
7299:
7298:
7293:
7287:
7285:
7273:
7263:
7262:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7247:
7240:
7232:
7223:
7222:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7194:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7178:
7177:
7172:
7166:
7163:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7141:
7139:
7138:
7131:
7124:
7116:
7110:
7109:
7097:
7085:
7064:
7042:
7041:External links
7039:
7036:
7035:
7014:(5): 903–924.
6994:
6933:
6921:
6908:
6879:
6844:
6837:
6819:
6773:
6720:
6687:1854/LU-697223
6642:
6580:
6553:(5): 524–525.
6537:
6534:on 2008-12-16.
6511:(3): 109–112.
6485:
6467:(4): 351–368.
6445:
6393:
6345:
6300:
6239:
6180:
6166:. 2016-10-05.
6151:
6108:
6085:(3): 251–268.
6065:
6028:
5997:(2): 216–229.
5977:
5946:(4): 576–604.
5924:
5901:(4): 420–443.
5879:
5848:(5): 662–675.
5826:
5803:(1–2): 75–85.
5781:
5725:
5688:
5664:10.1666/13-029
5650:(6): 984–990.
5626:
5583:
5558:
5540:
5492:
5477:
5446:(2): 217–222.
5424:
5369:
5324:
5304:10.1144/M38.15
5298:(1): 199–220.
5277:
5232:
5217:(4): 465–538.
5197:
5157:
5111:
5054:
5031:(2): 195–209.
5009:
5002:
4978:
4960:
4953:
4935:
4905:
4845:
4769:
4732:
4714:(4): 625–631.
4691:
4652:(6): 800–821.
4630:
4581:
4528:
4459:
4413:
4365:
4322:
4259:
4191:
4167:
4124:
4103:(2): 194–199.
4083:
4032:
3997:
3940:
3875:
3863:
3856:
3830:
3828:, p. 105.
3818:
3773:
3735:
3723:
3711:
3704:
3674:
3662:
3635:(2): 321–329.
3617:
3615:, p. 112.
3600:
3557:
3555:, p. 103.
3545:
3532:(2): 125–135.
3512:
3485:(3): 501–515.
3467:
3465:, p. 102.
3442:
3435:
3417:
3400:
3370:
3341:
3311:
3300:(3): 377–380.
3281:
3237:
3207:
3202:Lower Silurian
3198:Upper Cambrian
3192:, new series,
3177:
3142:
3139:(Online). n.d.
3122:
3071:
3043:(2): 101–103.
3020:
2979:
2930:
2912:
2852:
2833:(1): 113–130.
2816:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2615:Main article:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2601:
2575:may have been
2546:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2537:Amplexograptus
2534:
2527:
2525:
2519:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2472:
2465:
2463:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2426:
2416:
2409:
2407:
2397:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2371:
2369:
2357:
2350:
2348:
2336:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2274:
2267:
2099:Aeglina prisca
2017:archaeocyathid
2013:filter-feeding
1981:The trilobite
1950:
1947:
1875:
1872:
1866:, and the new
1794:Carbon dioxide
1781:
1778:
1722:
1719:
1701:
1698:
1590:
1587:
1571:
1568:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1493:Lancefieldian
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1451:Castlemainian
1449:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1253:Chinese stage
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1238:British series
1236:
1231:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1016:
998:
995:
982:
979:
764:
763:
760:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
698:
694:
693:
682:
678:
677:
674:
670:
669:
624:
620:
619:
605:
601:
600:
597:
593:
592:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
571:
566:
562:
561:
557:
556:
555:ICS Time Scale
553:
549:
548:
541:
540:Regional usage
537:
536:
531:
530:Celestial body
527:
526:
522:
521:
518:
514:
513:
510:
509:Name formality
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
495:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
467:
466:
464:
454:
453:
441:
440:
438:
429:
425:
424:
420:
419:
415:
414:
406:
405:
397:
396:
388:
387:
379:
378:
370:
369:
361:
360:
352:
351:
337:
336:
318:
317:
301:
300:
292:
291:
263:
262:
254:
253:
227:
226:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
126:
125:
121:
120:
117:
109:
108:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
45:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7926:
7915:
7912:
7910:
7907:
7905:
7902:
7901:
7899:
7886:
7881:
7875:
7870:
7864:
7861:
7856:
7852:
7848:
7843:
7837:
7835:
7828:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7803:
7801:
7799:
7792:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7759:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7732:
7730:
7728:
7721:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7697:
7695:(539 Ma–1 Ga)
7690:
7687:
7685:
7677:
7667:
7664:
7662:
7659:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7648:
7646:
7644:
7637:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7617:
7615:
7613:
7606:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7579:
7577:
7570:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7546:
7539:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7513:
7507:
7504:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7491:
7489:
7482:
7479:
7477:
7472:Paleozoic Era
7469:
7459:
7456:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7445:
7443:
7441:
7434:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7410:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7388:
7386:
7384:
7382:(66.0–145 Ma)
7377:
7374:
7372:
7370:(66.0–252 Ma)
7364:
7354:
7351:
7349:
7346:
7344:
7341:
7340:
7338:
7336:
7329:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7303:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7264:
7260:
7253:
7248:
7246:
7241:
7239:
7234:
7233:
7230:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7167:
7165:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7148:
7144:
7137:
7132:
7130:
7125:
7123:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7108:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7074:
7070:
7065:
7055:on 2006-04-23
7054:
7050:
7045:
7044:
7040:
7031:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7008:Palaeontology
7005:
6998:
6995:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6966:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6925:
6922:
6918:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6904:
6903:New Scientist
6899:
6895:
6892:
6886:
6884:
6880:
6875:
6871:
6867:
6863:
6859:
6855:
6848:
6845:
6840:
6834:
6830:
6823:
6820:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6788:
6784:
6777:
6774:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6757:
6753:
6749:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6732:
6724:
6721:
6709:
6705:
6701:
6697:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6664:(5925): 353.
6663:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6646:
6643:
6638:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6585:
6581:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6548:
6541:
6538:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6518:
6514:
6510:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6449:
6446:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6397:
6394:
6382:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6349:
6346:
6333:
6329:
6325:
6321:
6317:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6301:
6288:
6284:
6280:
6276:
6272:
6268:
6264:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6250:
6243:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6201:
6197:
6196:
6191:
6184:
6181:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6155:
6152:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6112:
6109:
6096:
6092:
6088:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6069:
6066:
6061:
6057:
6053:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6032:
6029:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5981:
5978:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5925:
5912:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5883:
5880:
5867:
5863:
5859:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5792:
5785:
5782:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5741:
5736:
5729:
5726:
5721:
5717:
5713:
5709:
5705:
5701:
5700:
5692:
5689:
5677:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5639:
5630:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5599:
5594:
5587:
5584:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5559:
5554:
5550:
5544:
5541:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5509:
5508:
5503:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5484:
5482:
5478:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5373:
5370:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5313:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5281:
5278:
5265:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5248:
5243:
5236:
5233:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5201:
5198:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5161:
5158:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5131:(1): 97–104.
5130:
5126:
5122:
5115:
5112:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5058:
5055:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5013:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4956:
4950:
4946:
4939:
4936:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4906:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4857:
4849:
4846:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4770:
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4736:
4733:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4634:
4631:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4592:
4585:
4582:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4529:
4524:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4470:
4463:
4460:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4323:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4263:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4168:
4162:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4146:(1–2): 3–19.
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4087:
4084:
4079:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4054:(1): 113–30.
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4013:(1): 182–91.
4012:
4008:
4001:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3876:
3872:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3785:
3777:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3748:
3739:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3707:
3705:9780813724669
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3666:
3663:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3549:
3546:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3479:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3459:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3436:9781107105324
3432:
3428:
3421:
3418:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3374:
3371:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3345:
3342:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3294:
3285:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3225:
3221:
3220:Science Daily
3217:
3211:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3126:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3072:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3024:
3021:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2983:
2980:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2820:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2766:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2734:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2544:
2538:
2535:Graptolites (
2531:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:edrioasteroid
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:Palaeosabella
2238:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2217:rugose corals
2214:
2213:tentaculitids
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2186:rhynchonellid
2183:
2179:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2079:Pentecopterus
2075:
2071:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1972:
1968:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1944:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:Ptychopariida
1912:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1864:Iapetus Ocean
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1831:North America
1827:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1807:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1699:
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1694:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:Tornquist Sea
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:North America
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1530:
1529:
1526:Skullrockian
1524:
1519:
1514:
1505:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1471:
1469:Blackhillsian
1463:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1348:Chatfieldian
1341:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1241:British stage
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1217:
1210:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1004:golden spikes
996:
994:
992:
988:
985:In 2008, the
980:
978:
976:
975:a ring system
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
931:
929:
924:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Adam Sedgwick
897:
893:
890:tribe of the
889:
884:
882:
878:
875:Period 485.4
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:
840:
771:
761:
757:
752:
748:
744:
739:
710:
706:
702:
699:
695:
692:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:
617:
613:
609:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
535:
532:
528:
523:
519:
517:Name ratified
515:
511:
507:
502:
490:
489:, as of 2021.
488:
481:
471:
465:
460:
459:
449:
446:
439:
434:
433:
430:
410:
401:
392:
383:
374:
365:
356:
347:
332:
313:
297:
296:
287:
286:
259:
258:
249:
248:
225:
133:
132:
127:
122:
115:
110:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
36:
31:
19:
7859:
7795:Archean Eon
7757:(1.6–2.5 Ga)
7642:(485–539 Ma)
7611:(444–485 Ma)
7608:
7575:(419–444 Ma)
7544:(359–419 Ma)
7518:(299–359 Ma)
7487:(252–299 Ma)
7475:(252–539 Ma)
7439:(201–252 Ma)
7408:(145–201 Ma)
7367:Mesozoic Era
7267:Cenozoic Era
7142:
7077:. Retrieved
7057:. Retrieved
7053:the original
7011:
7007:
6997:
6949:(1): 55–61.
6946:
6942:
6936:
6924:
6916:
6911:
6901:
6889:Jeff Hecht,
6857:
6853:
6847:
6828:
6822:
6812:13 September
6810:. Retrieved
6790:
6786:
6776:
6735:
6729:
6723:
6712:. Retrieved
6661:
6655:
6645:
6605:(1): 12113.
6602:
6596:
6550:
6546:
6540:
6529:the original
6508:
6504:
6476:. Retrieved
6464:
6458:
6448:
6437:. Retrieved
6412:
6406:
6396:
6385:. Retrieved
6358:
6348:
6336:. Retrieved
6319:
6313:
6303:
6291:. Retrieved
6258:
6252:
6242:
6199:
6193:
6183:
6172:. Retrieved
6163:
6154:
6124:(1): 47–59.
6121:
6117:
6111:
6099:. Retrieved
6082:
6078:
6068:
6043:
6037:
6031:
6019:. Retrieved
5994:
5991:Paleobiology
5990:
5980:
5968:. Retrieved
5943:
5939:Paleobiology
5937:
5927:
5915:. Retrieved
5898:
5894:Paleobiology
5892:
5882:
5870:. Retrieved
5845:
5839:
5829:
5817:. Retrieved
5800:
5794:
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5744:
5738:
5728:
5706:(2): 65–70.
5703:
5697:
5691:
5680:. Retrieved
5647:
5643:
5637:
5629:
5602:
5596:
5586:
5575:. Retrieved
5561:
5553:the original
5543:
5533:12 September
5531:. Retrieved
5511:
5505:
5495:
5470:17 September
5468:. Retrieved
5443:
5437:
5427:
5415:. Retrieved
5406:10138/325369
5388:
5382:
5372:
5362:17 September
5360:. Retrieved
5343:
5337:
5327:
5317:17 September
5315:. Retrieved
5295:
5291:
5280:
5270:17 September
5268:. Retrieved
5251:
5245:
5235:
5225:17 September
5223:. Retrieved
5214:
5210:
5200:
5190:17 September
5188:. Retrieved
5176:
5170:
5160:
5150:17 September
5148:. Retrieved
5128:
5124:
5114:
5104:17 September
5102:. Retrieved
5073:
5067:
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5028:
5024:Paleobiology
5022:
5012:
4994:247, 255–259
4988:
4981:
4963:
4944:
4938:
4926:. Retrieved
4917:
4908:
4868:(1): 18884.
4865:
4859:
4848:
4837:. Retrieved
4788:
4782:
4772:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4723:. Retrieved
4711:
4708:Geochemistry
4707:
4649:
4643:
4633:
4621:. Retrieved
4594:
4584:
4572:. Retrieved
4547:
4541:
4531:
4478:
4472:
4462:
4435:
4429:
4406:30 September
4404:. Retrieved
4384:
4378:
4368:
4341:
4335:
4325:
4315:17 September
4313:. Retrieved
4278:
4272:
4262:
4250:. Retrieved
4225:
4219:
4185:
4181:
4143:
4137:
4127:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4051:
4045:
4035:
4010:
4006:
4000:
3959:
3953:
3943:
3892:
3888:
3878:
3866:
3839:
3833:
3821:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3751:
3745:
3738:
3726:
3714:
3687:
3683:
3677:
3665:
3632:
3626:
3620:
3591:. Retrieved
3574:
3570:
3560:
3548:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3426:
3420:
3410:, retrieved
3383:
3373:
3362:. Retrieved
3353:
3344:
3332:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3297:
3291:
3284:
3259:
3255:
3228:. Retrieved
3219:
3210:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3180:
3169:. Retrieved
3145:
3134:
3131:"Ordovician"
3125:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3040:
3036:
3023:
2996:
2992:
2982:
2970:. Retrieved
2953:(1): 19–28.
2950:
2946:
2933:
2924:
2915:
2907:
2869:
2865:
2855:
2830:
2826:
2819:
2784:
2778:
2768:
2750:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:North Africa
2684:
2677:
2666:
2639:
2620:
2606:
2570:
2548:
2536:
2520:
2505:
2473:
2457:(an extinct
2452:
2436:
2358:
2337:
2286:
2279:
2252:Osprioneides
2250:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2206:
2182:strophomenid
2175:
2164:. The first
2154:Ostracoderms
2145:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2077:
2064:
2048:Aegirocassis
2046:
1993:
1982:
1957:
1889:
1860:Khanty Ocean
1856:Paleo-Tethys
1852:Proto-Tethys
1828:
1808:
1783:
1775:
1744:
1721:Geochemistry
1703:
1695:
1687:
1676:
1661:
1654:
1639:
1600:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1560:
1554:) and Late (
1541:
1511:Xinchangian
1480:Bendigonian
1445:Whitlandian
1415:Abereiddian
1377:Whiterockian
1334:Streffordian
1318:Maysvillian
1278:Cincinnatian
1208:
1116:
1061:
984:
981:Subdivisions
949:. The first
932:
885:
769:
767:
688:
632:Newfoundland
614:
484:
293:
266:
265:
255:
229:
57:
7831:Hadean Eon
7609:Ordovician
7380:Cretaceous
7280:Quaternary
7191:Darriwilian
7170:Tremadocian
6478:12 November
6415:: 129–132.
6338:12 November
6322:: 149–163.
6293:12 November
5872:12 November
5819:12 November
5796:Palaeoworld
5774:22 November
5093:10852/83447
4623:29 December
4574:29 December
4387:(10): 951.
4296:10852/94890
3064:11 December
2742:ozone layer
2646:brachiopods
2550:Green algae
2418:Brachiopods
2383:, northern
2360:Petroxestes
2287:Corynotrypa
2246:Petroxestes
2225:ostracoderm
2209:cornulitids
2166:gnathostome
2150:vertebrates
2095:eurypterids
2025:cephalopods
2009:Phanerozoic
1938:cephalopods
1931:echinoderms
1923:Brachiopods
1904:graptolites
1902:forms like
1868:Rheic Ocean
1747:calcite sea
1715:ring system
1710:L chondrite
1635:Rheic Ocean
1546:), Middle (
1521:Cressagian
1508:Migneintian
1499:Tremadocian
1485:Moridunian
1472:Chewtonian
1409:Darriwilian
1404:Darriwilian
1391:Darriwilian
1371:Aurelucian
1361:Gisbornian
1302:Richmondian
1172:Tremadocian
1122:Darriwilian
963:vertebrates
951:land plants
912:North Wales
733: /
684:FAD of the
660: /
628:Green Point
382:Darriwilian
355:Tremadocian
7904:Ordovician
7898:Categories
7833:(4–4.6 Ga)
7797:(2.5–4 Ga)
7726:(1–1.6 Ga)
7332:Paleogene
7212:Hirnantian
7079:2006-12-27
7059:2006-04-30
6714:2022-06-08
6460:Alcheringa
6439:2014-01-09
6387:2014-06-11
6174:2022-06-07
6021:8 December
5970:8 December
5682:2022-11-23
5577:2007-12-13
5439:Terra Nova
4839:2022-06-30
4750:(5): 405.
4438:: 111209.
4281:: 117717.
3412:2023-06-08
3364:2024-05-01
3262:: 118991.
3171:2015-05-30
2972:6 December
2760:References
2695:bryophytes
2673:greenhouse
2664:families.
2662:graptolite
2603:Microbiota
2597:bryophytes
2581:Glomerales
2558:liverworts
2459:echinoderm
2365:hardground
2344:hardground
2339:Trypanites
2257:Bioerosion
2236:Trypanites
2230:Arandaspis
2137:gastropods
2121:octocorals
2090:Trilobites
1908:trilobites
1900:planktonic
1820:South Pole
1786:greenhouse
1657:orogenesis
1611:South Pole
1564:Hirnantian
1516:Stairsian
1475:Yiyangian
1448:Rangerian
1435:Yapeenian
1358:Burrellian
1345:Mohawkian
1321:Eastonian
1315:Pusgillian
1310:Cautleyan
1288:Hirnantian
1274:Hirnantian
1264:Hirnantian
1229:ICS series
1181:485.4±1.9
1166:477.7±1.4
1146:470.0±1.4
1131:467.3±1.1
1111:458.4±0.9
1096:453.0±0.7
1081:445.2±1.4
1072:Hirnantian
1062:Ordovician
1049:Rhuddanian
1042:Llandovery
1021:Stage/age
943:arthropods
770:Ordovician
718:55°26′24″N
701:Dob's Linn
686:Graptolite
648:57°57′55″W
645:49°40′58″N
560:Definition
445:land plant
409:Hirnantian
124:Chronology
33:Ordovician
18:Ordovizium
7860:See also:
7640:Cambrian
7573:Silurian
7542:Devonian
7437:Triassic
7406:Jurassic
7186:Dapingian
7030:129522636
6981:1808/9204
6807:0172-9179
6704:206518080
6575:130036115
6525:128831144
6283:135138918
6261:: 14–24.
6146:129733589
6101:16 August
5862:130038222
5769:213757467
5720:140593975
5672:129113026
5528:0072-1050
5460:0954-4879
5312:0435-4052
5145:0435-4052
5076:: 53–72.
4813:0036-8075
4686:133243759
4505:0027-8424
4401:0091-7613
4344:: 18–41.
4305:0012-821X
4252:16 August
4182:GSA Today
4119:213408515
3917:2041-1723
3895:: 14066.
3813:129843558
3507:129091590
3276:0012-821X
3117:206514545
2886:2041-1723
2872:: 14066.
2746:radiation
2654:trilobite
2650:bryozoans
2474:Prasopora
2422:bryozoans
2400:kukersite
2381:oil shale
2198:Phacopida
2194:sea stars
2141:nautiloid
2129:Ediacaran
2056:radiodont
2037:carbonate
2021:eocrinoid
1989:Wisconsin
1959:Endoceras
1935:endocerid
1927:bryozoans
1911:Agnostida
1896:conodonts
1767:aragonite
1735:aragonite
1615:Laurentia
1576:Cautleyan
1552:Llandeilo
1531:Warendan
1439:Dapingian
1431:Dapingian
1400:Llandeilo
1366:Turinian
1342:Cheneyan
1299:Rawtheyan
1284:Bolindian
1281:Gamachian
1234:ICS stage
1195:Furongian
1137:Dapingian
1055:443.8±1.5
991:Gondwanan
892:Ordovices
866:Paleozoic
721:3°16′12″W
504:Etymology
373:Dapingian
7485:Permian
7306:Neogene
7202:Sandbian
7103:Archived
7091:Archived
7073:Archived
6989:13124815
6894:Archived
6768:43553633
6760:10988069
6708:Archived
6696:19372423
6637:27385026
6433:Archived
6381:Archived
6332:Archived
6287:Archived
6234:25903631
6168:Archived
6095:Archived
6015:Archived
6011:83933056
5964:Archived
5960:85724505
5911:Archived
5866:Archived
5813:Archived
5676:Archived
5638:Pywackia
5621:24726154
5571:Archived
5464:Archived
5411:Archived
5356:Archived
5264:Archived
5219:Archived
5098:Archived
5041:Archived
4971:Archived
4922:Archived
4918:BBC News
4900:26733399
4833:Archived
4829:28224399
4821:18653889
4617:Archived
4568:Archived
4523:33526667
4309:Archived
4246:Archived
4078:54513002
3984:15254530
3935:28117834
3690:: 1–11.
3657:54656066
3587:Archived
3406:archived
3358:Archived
3328:Archived
3224:Archived
3162:Archived
3109:18832639
3055:Archived
3037:Episodes
2963:Archived
2947:Episodes
2904:28117834
2811:10905606
2711:Gondwana
2680:isotopes
2658:conodont
2642:Silurian
2554:vascular
2478:bryozoan
2284:bryozoan
2221:agnathan
2180:corals,
2178:tabulate
2162:Cambrian
2152:(fish —
2133:bivalves
2125:Molluscs
2113:Cambrian
2029:crinoids
1984:Isotelus
1919:Asaphida
1839:Gondwana
1829:As with
1824:ice caps
1812:glaciers
1771:molluscs
1691:Triassic
1679:ash fall
1650:terranes
1631:Avalonia
1603:Gondwana
1548:Llanvirn
1504:Tremadoc
1466:Ibexian
1425:Fennian
1396:Llanvirn
1354:Sandbian
1337:Edenian
1202:Stage 10
1188:Cambrian
1102:Sandbian
1035:Silurian
947:Devonian
939:molluscs
910:beds in
881:Silurian
873:Cambrian
612:Conodont
543:Global (
391:Sandbian
295:Silurian
257:Cambrian
6961:Bibcode
6862:Bibcode
6740:Bibcode
6731:Science
6666:Bibcode
6657:Science
6628:4941054
6607:Bibcode
6555:Bibcode
6547:PALAIOS
6417:Bibcode
6365:Bibcode
6263:Bibcode
6225:4648279
6204:Bibcode
6126:Bibcode
6048:Bibcode
5917:23 July
5749:Bibcode
5652:Bibcode
4928:21 June
4891:4702064
4870:Bibcode
4793:Bibcode
4784:Science
4752:Bibcode
4743:Geology
4725:23 July
4654:Bibcode
4601:Bibcode
4552:Bibcode
4514:8017688
4483:Bibcode
4440:Bibcode
4380:Geology
4346:Bibcode
4230:Bibcode
4148:Bibcode
4097:Geology
4056:Bibcode
4015:Bibcode
3992:4393398
3964:Bibcode
3926:5286199
3897:Bibcode
3793:Bibcode
3756:Bibcode
3747:Geology
3637:Bibcode
3487:Bibcode
3293:Lethaia
3230:20 June
3089:Bibcode
3081:Science
3001:Bibcode
2999:: 191.
2895:5286199
2835:Bibcode
2802:1692785
2731:refugia
2669:ice age
2579:fungi (
2404:Estonia
2385:Estonia
2060:Morocco
2053:hurdiid
1884:diorama
1751:calcite
1731:bivalve
1627:Baltica
1623:Siberia
1609:to the
1607:equator
1570:Ashgill
1556:Caradoc
1490:Tulean
1330:Caradoc
1269:Ashgill
1018:Series
1015:System
856:) is a
610:of the
462:←
436:←
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