217:
if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee besides thy husband โ then the priest shall cause the woman to swear with the oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman โ the Lord make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the Lord doth make thy thigh to fall away, and thy belly to swell; and this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, and make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to fall away'; and the woman shall say: 'Amen, amen.' And the priest shall write these curses in a scroll, and he shall blot them out into the water of bitterness. And he shall make the woman drink the water of bitterness that causeth the curse; and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her and become bitter.
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Joseph had drunk in safety, and had walked round the altar seven times, no sign of sin appeared in him. Then all the priests, and the officers, and the people justified him, saying: Blessed art thou, seeing that no charge has been found good against thee. Then Mary said, stedfastly and without trembling: O Lord God, King over all, who knowest all secrets, if there be any pollution in me, or any sin, or any evil desires, or unchastity, expose me in the sight of all the people, and make me an example of punishment to all. Thus saying, she went up to the altar of the Lord boldly, and drank the water of drinking, and walked round the altar seven times, and no spot was found in her."
197:, the ritual is not actually an "ordeal" which provides a verdict on the woman's guilt for use by human judges for the issuance of the penalty for adultery on the woman (which would be execution by stoning), but rather takes the form of a "purgatory oath, in which the individual swearing the oath puts himself under divine jurisdiction, expecting to be punished by God if the oath-taker is guilty".
1572:(1984), page 199: "They each highlight a certain portion or aspect of Jesus' history, such as his family, his childhood, his resurrection, or his teachings. But Mary became pregnant, and Joseph was afraid that his neglect had allowed an adulterer to seduce her. So the priests gave both of them a trial by bitter water, a trial they survived."
1329:
486:. If it had not been abolished then according to Jewish Law the ritual would have ceased with the fall of the Temple (in approximately the year 70 CE), as it should not have been performed elsewhere. Explanations in rabbinical literature vary concerning cessation of the practice. Yohanan Ben Zakkai stated:
732:
The Holy
Scriptures: Proverbs, with commentary - Julius Hillel Greenstone, Jewish Publication Society of America - 1950 - Page 42 "10.6; 21.10; Num. 5.18). turn] The word is used in connection with the woman suspected of infidelity (Num. 5), whence the technical term sotah is derived, the name given
390:
or miscarriage if the woman is pregnant with a child which her husband alleges is another man's. If the fetus aborts as a result of the ordeal, this presumably confirms her guilt of adultery, otherwise her innocence is presumed if the fetus does not abort. One translation to follow this suggestion is
620:
Ordeals involving the risk of harm, including potential injury resulting from the drinking of certain potions, were common in antiquity; in parts of Europe, their judicial use even lasted until the late Middle Ages. Such ordeals were once believed to result in a direct decision by a deity, about the
216:
And the priest shall cause her to swear, and shall say unto the woman: 'If no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness, being under thy husband, be thou free from this water of bitterness that causeth the curse; but if thou hast gone aside, being under thy husband, and
1692:
Page 111. "The question that has never been asked by modern interpreters of the history of the ordeal of the bitter water is what replaced the ordeal after its abolition 41 In other words, what legal procedures were available to investigate and prosecute ...One underlying quest of this chapter is a
466:
Maimonides wrote: "When she dies, the adulterer because of whom she was compelled to drink will also die, wherever he is located. The same phenomena, the swelling of the belly and the rupture of the thigh, will also occur to him. All the above applies provided her husband never engaged in forbidden
1555:
The Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew, chapter 12: "And again Joseph was summoned to the altar, and the water of drinking of the Lord was given him to drink. And when any one that had lied drank this water, and walked seven times round the altar, God used to show some sign in his face. When, therefore,
1625:
The New Oxford
Annotated Bible Michael David Coogan, Marc Zvi Brettler, Carol Ann Newsom - 2007 Page 193. "A man who questions his wife's fidelity brings her to the sanctuary for an ordeal in which she drinks a mixture of water, dust, and ink to determine if she is culpable (cf. ... Ordeals to
616:
Pre-Islamic Arabic culture similarly had an adultery ordeal, although in scientific terms, compared to the
Israelite ritual it relied more on nausea, than on directly poisoning the woman. In this pre-Islamic Arabic ritual, the woman simply took oaths attesting to her innocence, and asking the
283:, unlike the flour specified for all other biblical sacrifices. The specification is now thought to be a rare survival of an earlier period, in which there was no restriction on the types of flour which could be used for sacrifices, although the Mishnah argues that it was a reference to the
1557:
532:
Biblical critics from the 19th and early 20th centuries argued, based on certain textual features in the passage, that it was formed by the combination of two earlier texts. For example, the text appears to suggest first that the offering should occur before the ordeal
439:, before being subjected to the ordeal. Repeated attempts would be made to persuade the woman to confess, including multiple suggestions to her of possible mitigating factors; if she confessed, the ordeal was not required. The Mishnah reports that, in the time of the
412:("she shall be sown with seed", the reward given to an innocent woman after the trial) refers to conception rather than delivery. Instead, Frymer-Kensky argues that the punishment "your belly will swell and your thigh will fall" most likely refers to a
502:
Nowadays a man should not say to his wife, "Do not be secluded with so-and-so", ... If she then secluded herself with the man, since we have not now the water for the suspected woman to test her, the husband forbids her to himself for all
1626:
determine culpability are found in other societies of the ancient Near East (e.g., Hammurabi's Laws ยง132). ... aside to uncleanness while under your husband's authority, be immune to this water of bitterness that brings the curse ..."
381:
Several commentaries on the Bible maintain that the ordeal is to be applied in the case of a woman who has become pregnant, allegedly by her extramarital lover. In this interpretation, the bitter potion could be an
588:
Other early biblical scholars thought that the ordeal is itself a fusion of two earlier rituals (pre-dating the original priestly text), one using water, and the other dust. The use of dust might be connected to
583:
the other is merely a condemnation by a priest, in which the woman stands with hair loosened, her guilt is assumed, and divine intervention (due to the priest's involvement) will cause a miscarriage/abortion as
1476:
According to the Mishna (SoTah 9) this ordeal of the woman suspected of adultery was abolished by
Johanan ben Zaccai (after 70 AD), on the ground that the men of his generation were not above the suspicion of
1526:
When adulterers became many, the ordeal of the bitter water stopped (ืคืืงื ืื ืืจืืก), for the ordeal of bitter water is performed only in a case of doubt. But now there are many who see their lovers in public.
264:
as part of the ritual, probably due to a general principle that no one should seek answers from God without giving something in return. This offering is placed in the wife's hands, and is described as
397:, which translates that the effect of the bitter water on an adulterous woman will be to make "your womb miscarry and your abdomen swell". Such a translation is effectively reading the Hebrew word
362:
In cases of guilt, the text does not specify the amount of time needed for the potion to take effect; 19th century scholars suspected it was probably intended to have a fairly immediate effect.
512:
Although the actual ordeal was not practiced in
Christianity, it was referenced by Christian writers through the ages in relation to both the subject of adultery and also the wider practice of
490:
When adulterers became many, the ordeal of the bitter water stopped, for the ordeal of bitter water is performed only in a case of doubt. But now there are many who see their lovers in public.
449:
The
Mishnah mentions that while a guilty woman would normally die immediately from the trial, her death could also be delayed by one, two or three years, if she possessed offsetting merits.
1693:
search for the alternative that replaced the pre-70 procedures of detecting adulteresses, assuming that husbands did continue to suspect their wives of adultery and that sexual loyalty .."
1026:
621:
guilt or innocence of the party/parties undertaking the ordeal; typically divine intervention was believed to prevent the innocent from being harmed, or to ensure that the guilty were.
644:
According to Helena
Zlotnick, even though the ordeal of bitter water is no longer practiced, it remains a reference point in the search for replacements for the test of adultery.
1583:
474:
is that when a woman accused of adultery who was innocent drinks the bitter water, even if she was previously unable to conceive, she will now conceive and give birth to a male.
1446:
294:
The ordeal consisted of the wife having to drink a specific potion administered by the priest. The text specifies that the potion should be made from water and dust. In the
446:
The
Mishnah also states that the garment she was wearing was ripped to expose her heart. A rope was tied above her breasts so that her clothes did not completely fall off.
545:
argue that either the first drinking must be a later addition to the text, or that the whole account of the ordeal must be spliced together from two earlier descriptions.
350:
If the woman was unharmed by the bitter water, the rules regard her as innocent of the accusation. The account in the Book of
Numbers states that the man shall be
324:
was washed into the water; it is thought that this idea derives from a belief that the words of a curse exist in their own right. Others argue that the curse is a
825:
419:
H.C. Brichto argued that the damaged reproductive system (as in some other interpretations), along with the swollen belly, indicate that the punishment is a
370:
view: "Her belly swells first and then her thigh ruptures and she dies". Other scholars maintain that since the word "thigh" is often used in the Bible as a
374:
for various reproductive organs, in this case it may mean the uterus, the placenta, or an embryo, with the implicit threat of death resulting from possible
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1708:
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268:. Scholars think that it is the man's offering, concerning the ordeal of his wife, and that her holding of it is merely symbolic of this.
1076:
1106:
714:
408:
rejected this interpretation on the grounds that the
Biblical text does not limit the ordeal to pregnant women, and that the phrase
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sexual relations in his life. If, however, her husband ever engaged in forbidden relations, the waters do not check his wife."
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35ยฐ qu'ils soumettent les inculpรฉs ร diverses ordalies analogues ร celle de la coupe des eaux amรจres des Juifs (112).
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law that requires God's specific co-operation to make it work. The bitter waters can only be effective miraculously.
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2290:
1247:
1229:
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995:
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The potion also had to be mixed in an earthenware vessel. This may have been because the potion was regarded as
253:, it was merely the standard behaviour for anyone accused of any crime when they appeared before the Sanhedrin.
2300:
2295:
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1986:
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653:
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Similarly, noting that there are two descriptions of the location for the ritual (in the presence of a priest (
517:
482:
According to Mishnah, the practice was abolished some time during the first century CE under the leadership of
950:
2046:
1347:
1255:
847:
239:
234:
When a man suspects his wife of having sex with another man but has no witnesses, the woman is brought to a
1219:
1960:
1706:
Amzallag, Nissim; Yona, Shamir (2017), "The Kenite Origin of the Sotah Prescription (Numbers 5.11โ31)",
1599:
Joseph Estlin Carpenter, and George Harford-battersby (and the Society of Historical Theology, Oxford),
820:
521:
1742:
Luzia Sutter Rehmann: "The Doorway into Freedom - The Case of the 'Suspected Wife' in Romans 7.1-6" in
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561:
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1904:
1869:
1831:
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194:
1725:
1280:
633:
483:
1273:
Brichto, Herbert Chanan (1975). "The case of the ลลแนญฤ and a reconsideration of Biblical 'law'".
686:
2187:
1945:
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1123:
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was regarded as taboo, and therefore that contact with it, or its consumption, was dangerous.
542:
336:
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153:
76:
339:, and therefore also made the vessel impure, necessitating its subsequent destruction (see
2111:
2051:
1935:
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1801:
1782:
1636:
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420:
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explain that this vessel is chosen to contrast the woman's predicament with her behavior.
171:
163:
133:
121:
1522:
Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: Proceedings of the 6th EAJS Congress
2208:
2151:
1950:
1542:
1338:
1304:
1048:
Women and Jewish Law: The essential texts, their history, and their relevance for today
569:
495:
375:
295:
245:
The woman is required by the biblical passage to have loosened hair during the ritual (
183:
83:
68:
53:
1653:; Mabille, P.; Saussure, Henri de; Zehntner, Leo (1908). "III. Immigrations sรฉmites".
249:). This is often taken to be a symbol of the woman's supposed shame, but according to
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2223:
2146:
1729:
1333:
1174:
829:
440:
383:
91:
1493:
1879:
1806:
1072:
541:). Due to the awkwardness of the idea that the wife has to drink the potion twice,
110:
204:, in which a man accuses his newlywed bride of pre-marital sex with someone else.
170:/ ืกืืื, "strayer"). The term sotah itself is not found in the Hebrew Bible but is
963:
924:
The Collegeville Bible Commentary: Based on the New American Bible: Old Testament
524:
with accounts including Mary and even Joseph undergoing a version of the ordeal.
132:, but the husband had no witnesses to make a formal case. It is described in the
2218:
2006:
690:
452:
329:
272:
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1955:
1841:
1417:
902:
891:
861:
780:
769:
682:
590:
580:, in which the possible miscarriage/abortion results from drinking the potion;
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549:
538:
534:
471:
443:, she was taken to the East Gate of the Temple, in front of the Nikanor gate.
363:
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125:
39:
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divinity to cause her to have a miscarriage/abortion, should she be lying.
212:
The account of the ordeal of bitter water is given in the Book of Numbers:
998:[Mishneh Torah, Sefer Nashim: Sotah, Chapter Three, Halacha 16-17]
2136:
2121:
1861:
842:
733:
to the treatise of the Mishnah and the Talmud dealing with this subject."
560:)) and two occasions on which the punishment for the woman is mentioned (
387:
250:
129:
1656:
Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar volume 4 tome 1
1332: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1284:
721:
The name sotah is derived from Num. 5:12 based on the word ืฉืื to stray.
279:
meal, unaccompanied by oil or frankincense; this is the cheaper type of
2116:
2066:
2001:
1424:[Mishneh Torah, Sefer Nashim: Sotah, Chapter Three, Halacha 22]
593:. In other historic Semitic cultures there are many instances in which
432:
118:
46:
25:
1195:
Numbers: Interpretation: A Bible commentary for teaching and preaching
1125:
Controlling Corporeality: The body and the household in ancient Israel
2096:
2091:
2076:
2071:
2041:
2021:
2016:
1996:
1940:
1894:
1884:
1821:
1811:
1738:
From the Trial of Adam and Eve to the Judgments of Solomon and Daniel
1524:. Vol. 1. European Association for Jewish Studies. p. 271.
1151:
Numbers 1-20: A new translation with introduction and commentary
658:
303:
276:
261:
257:
187:
61:
1682:
Dinah's Daughters: Gender and Judaism from the Hebrew Bible to ...
1516:
Grushcow, Lisa (1999). "Interpretation and Authority: a History of
2249:
2213:
2172:
2106:
2086:
2056:
2036:
2031:
2026:
1991:
1914:
1909:
1851:
1846:
1836:
1751:
344:
321:
280:
235:
33:
2011:
1981:
1965:
746:
Frymer-Kensky, Tikva (1999). "The strange case of the suspected
1755:
1298:
1296:
1294:
568:), the division into two earlier documents, first suggested by
435:, it was the practice for the woman to first be brought to the
1520:". In Borrรกs, Judith Targarona; Sรกenz-Badillos, รngel (eds.).
401:(ืึธืจึตื) to mean "loins", a meaning which that word can carry.
2131:
706:
Writing the Wayward Wife: Rabbinic Interpretations of Sotah
516:. Additionally, some early Christian legends, such as the
1027:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
754:. New York, NY / London, UK: Routledge. pp. 463โ474.
1095:
Writing the Wayward Wife: Rabbinic interpretations of
814:
812:
810:
808:
605:
Trials by ordeal are found in other societies of the
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
2237:
2201:
2160:
1974:
1923:
1860:
1789:
174:based on the verse "if she has strayed" (verb: ืฉืื
90:
75:
60:
45:
32:
24:
1584:Zeitschrift fรผr die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft
996:"ืืฉื ื ืชืืจื, ืกืคืจ ื ืฉืื: ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืคืจืง ื ืืืื ืื-ืื"
1603:(1900, republished 2003), volume 2, pages 191โ192
990:
988:
156:, the woman undergoing this ritual was called a
1422:"ืืฉื ื ืชืืจื, ืกืคืจ ื ืฉืื: ืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืคืจืง ื ืืืื ืื"
500:
488:
214:
1659:(in French). Impr. nationale. pp. 102โ103
1262:. H 3409 – via blueletterbible.org.
1128:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 175โ177.
916:
914:
912:
910:
1767:
1015:
1013:
818:This article incorporates text from the 1903
8:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1153:. Vol. 4. Doubleday. pp. 201โ204.
19:
1198:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 36.
537:), and then that it should occur after it (
287:nature of adultery, coarse flour being the
1774:
1760:
1752:
1745:Journal for the Study of the New Testament
1709:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
634:ancient Israelite migrations to Madagascar
271:The offering specified is one-tenth of an
1595:
1593:
1464:International Standard Bible Encyclopedia
1149:Levine, Baruch A. (1993). "part 1".
887:
885:
128:to a wife whose husband suspected her of
1570:The New Testament and Early Christianity
765:
763:
761:
576:one account is the ordeal and sacrifice
298:, the water used for the potion must be
1614:Lectures on the Religion of the Semites
741:
739:
674:
200:This ritual is not to be confused with
1022:"The ordeal in Numbers chapter 5"
628:presented similar practices among the
18:
1051:. Random House Digital. p. 186.
7:
256:The husband was required to make a
167:
16:Trial by ordeal in the Hebrew Bible
1020:Brewer, Julius A. (October 1913).
14:
1341:; et al., eds. (1901โ1906).
1075:, ed. (1962) . "Numbers 5".
927:. Liturgical Press. p. 156.
693:'s editions of Maimonides' works.
470:The rabbinical interpretation of
182:. The ordeal is discussed in the
1351:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1327:
1279:. Vol. 46. pp. 55โ70.
689:; this spelling recurs in Rabbi
306:interprets it as water from the
148:Bitter water is "ืึตื ืึทืึธึผืจึดืื"
124:administered by a priest in the
1078:Peake's commentary on the Bible
2276:Hebrew Bible words and phrases
376:fatal childbirth complications
320:. The passage states that the
28:texts relating to this article
1:
1490:"Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakkai"
1276:Hebrew Union College Annual
1101:. Brill. pp. 275โ276.
828:, a publication now in the
455:points out that of all the
343:). However, the Talmud and
2324:
2183:Ordeal of the bitter water
703:Grushcow, Lisa J. (2006).
115:ordeal of the bitter water
20:Ordeal of the bitter water
1612:William Robertson Smith,
1230:New International Version
1192:Olson, Dennis T. (1996).
1122:Berquist, Jon L. (2002).
752:Women in the Hebrew Bible
572:is typically as follows:
394:New International Version
1722:10.1177/0309089216661176
1616:(2nd edition, 1894), 181
921:Bergant, Dianne (1992).
654:Jewish views of marriage
520:, embroider the life of
518:Gospel of Pseudo-Matthew
386:, inducing a purposeful
366:records the traditional
2047:Daughters of Zelophehad
1348:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1092:Grushcow, Lisa (2006).
848:Antiquities of the Jews
478:Cessation of the ordeal
1961:Stations of the Exodus
1181:. Nelson. p. 202.
1045:Biale, Rachel (1995).
505:
492:
427:In rabbinic literature
227:
1748:(JSNT) no 79, 91-104.
1257:Strong's Concordance
1179:Leviticus and Numbers
826:"Jealousy, ordeal of"
821:Encyclopaedia Biblica
522:Mary, mother of Jesus
2286:Judaism and abortion
2245:Ketef Hinnom scrolls
709:. Brill. p. 1.
508:Christian references
266:her offering for her
238:(priest), or before
202:Deuteronomy 22:13โ19
2193:Water of lustration
1388:"GOD'S COOPERATION"
1232:. 5:21 – via
640:Modern applications
406:Tikva Frymer-Kensky
195:Tikva Frymer-Kensky
21:
2281:Jewish marital law
1736:Daniel Friedmann:
1651:Grandidier, Alfred
1587:(1895), 15:166โ178
750:". In Bach (ed.).
681:Spelled "ืฉืืื" in
484:Yohanan ben Zakkai
2306:Water and Judaism
2291:Positive Mitzvoth
2258:
2257:
2188:Priestly Blessing
1946:Kibroth Hattaavah
1680:Helena Zlotnick,
1568:Joseph B. Tyson,
1538:Babylonian Talmud
1361:Mishnah Sotah 1:6
972:presumed guilty?"
626:Alfred Grandidier
611:Laws of Hammurabi
607:ancient Near East
459:, it is only the
431:According to the
316:instead requires
107:
106:
62:Babylonian Talmud
2313:
2229:Textual variants
2168:Covenant of salt
2142:The Twelve Spies
1931:Cities of Refuge
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679:
664:Women in Judaism
543:textual scholars
528:Textual analysis
457:613 commandments
414:uterine prolapse
332:or infertility.
225:
186:tractate of the
169:
154:Rabbinic Judaism
77:Jerusalem Talmud
22:
2323:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2301:Trial by ordeal
2296:Sexual fidelity
2271:Book of Numbers
2261:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2233:
2197:
2156:
2112:Nadab and Abihu
2052:Eldad and Medad
1970:
1936:Desert of Paran
1919:
1856:
1785:
1783:Book of Numbers
1780:
1705:
1702:
1700:Further reading
1697:
1679:
1675:
1662:
1660:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1637:Kitab al-Aghani
1634:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1611:
1607:
1598:
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1416:
1407:
1403:
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1386:
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1369:
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1360:
1356:
1339:Singer, Isidore
1337:
1328:
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841:
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836:
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745:
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737:
731:
727:
717:
702:
701:
697:
680:
676:
672:
650:
642:
624:The naturalist
609:such as in the
603:
601:Similar rituals
530:
514:trial by ordeal
510:
480:
429:
421:false pregnancy
360:
352:free from blame
341:Leviticus 11:33
232:
226:
223:Numbers 5:19โ24
221:
210:
172:Mishnaic Hebrew
146:
138:Numbers 5:11โ31
134:Book of Numbers
122:trial by ordeal
40:Numbers 5:11โ31
17:
12:
11:
5:
2321:
2320:
2317:
2309:
2308:
2303:
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2247:
2241:
2239:
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2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2209:Numbers Rabbah
2205:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
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2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
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2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1951:Levitical city
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
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1716:(4): 383โ412,
1701:
1698:
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1695:
1673:
1642:
1628:
1618:
1605:
1589:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1530:
1507:
1481:
1450:
1435:
1401:
1390:. 24 June 2009
1379:
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1064:
1057:
1037:
1009:
984:
954:
940:
933:
906:
895:
881:
865:
854:
834:
824: article
784:
773:
757:
735:
725:
715:
695:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
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649:
646:
641:
638:
602:
599:
586:
585:
581:
570:Bernhard Stade
529:
526:
509:
506:
496:Hanina of Sura
479:
476:
428:
425:
410:venizreah zera
359:
358:The punishment
356:
296:Masoretic Text
289:food of beasts
231:
228:
219:
209:
206:
145:
142:
105:
104:
95:
88:
87:
80:
73:
72:
65:
58:
57:
50:
43:
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37:
30:
29:
15:
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10:
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2:
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2240:
2236:
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2227:
2225:
2224:Star Prophecy
2222:
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2217:
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2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
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2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
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2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
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2128:
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2118:
2115:
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2110:
2108:
2105:
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2100:
2098:
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2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
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1998:
1995:
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1980:
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1977:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1962:
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1952:
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1643:
1639:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:The Hexateuch
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1552:
1549:
1545:
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1534:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1511:
1508:
1496:on 2012-05-22
1495:
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1478:
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1405:
1402:
1389:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1334:public domain
1324:
1322:
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1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1297:
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1127:
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1110:
1108:9789004146280
1104:
1100:
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1080:
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1074:
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1038:
1033:
1029:
1028:
1023:
1016:
1014:
1010:
997:
991:
989:
985:
973:
971:
967:
962:Fox, Bernie.
958:
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952:
949:
944:
941:
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930:
926:
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879:
875:
869:
866:
863:
858:
855:
850:
849:
844:
838:
835:
831:
830:public domain
827:
823:
822:
815:
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807:
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801:
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795:
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766:
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749:
742:
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736:
729:
726:
722:
718:
716:90-04-14628-8
712:
708:
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699:
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692:
688:
684:
678:
675:
669:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
651:
647:
645:
639:
637:
635:
632:to argue for
631:
627:
622:
618:
614:
612:
608:
600:
598:
596:
592:
582:
579:
575:
574:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:before Yahweh
551:
546:
544:
540:
536:
527:
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519:
515:
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497:
491:
487:
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477:
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442:
441:Second Temple
438:
434:
426:
424:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
402:
400:
396:
395:
389:
385:
384:abortifacient
379:
377:
373:
369:
365:
357:
355:
353:
348:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
318:running water
315:
311:
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305:
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198:
196:
193:According to
191:
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143:
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99:
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93:
92:Mishneh Torah
89:
86:
85:
81:
78:
74:
71:
70:
66:
63:
59:
56:
55:
51:
48:
44:
41:
38:
35:
31:
27:
23:
2182:
2062:The Gatherer
1880:Behaalotecha
1743:
1737:
1713:
1707:
1681:
1676:
1668:
1661:. Retrieved
1655:
1645:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1558:(Wikisource)
1551:
1541:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1498:. Retrieved
1494:the original
1484:
1475:
1468:. Retrieved
1462:
1453:
1442:
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1409:
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1382:
1371:
1366:
1357:
1346:
1303:
1274:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1242:
1224:
1214:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1175:Snaith, N.H.
1169:
1150:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1077:
1067:
1047:
1040:
1031:
1025:
1000:. Retrieved
975:. Retrieved
969:
966:Parshat Naso
965:
957:
947:
943:
923:
903:Numbers 5:23
898:
892:Numbers 5:17
873:
868:
862:Numbers 5:18
857:
846:
837:
819:
781:Numbers 5:30
776:
770:Numbers 5:15
751:
747:
728:
720:
705:
698:
677:
643:
623:
619:
615:
604:
594:
587:
577:
553:
547:
531:
511:
501:
493:
489:
481:
472:Numbers 5:28
469:
465:
460:
451:
448:
445:
430:
418:
409:
403:
398:
392:
380:
361:
351:
349:
334:
317:
307:
299:
293:
288:
284:
270:
265:
255:
247:Numbers 5:18
244:
233:
215:
211:
208:Hebrew Bible
199:
192:
180:Numbers 5:12
175:
158:
157:
150:mei ha-marim
149:
147:
114:
111:Hebrew Bible
108:
101:
98:Sefer Nashim
97:
82:
67:
52:
2238:Manuscripts
2219:Sifri Zutta
2007:Ammishaddai
1073:Peake, A.S.
691:Yosef Qafih
584:punishment.
453:Nachmanides
330:miscarriage
2265:Categories
2082:Kohathites
1956:Mount Seir
1690:0812217977
1663:9 February
1640:, 1:156:3+
1514:Quoted in
1459:"Adultery"
1418:Maimonides
1343:"adultery"
1248:Strong, J.
1205:0664237363
1160:0385156510
1135:0813530164
1058:0805210490
934:0814622100
687:manuscript
683:Maimonides
670:References
595:holy water
591:necromancy
578:before God
368:rabbinical
364:Maimonides
314:Septuagint
312:, but the
309:Molten Sea
302:, and the
300:holy water
230:The ordeal
126:tabernacle
2178:Nehushtan
2127:Nethaneel
2102:Merarites
1730:171723202
1477:impurity.
1370:Mishnah,
1302:Mishnah,
968:: Is the
872:Mishnah,
437:Sanhedrin
404:However,
372:euphemism
326:euphemism
258:sacrifice
2202:Analysis
2137:Phinehas
2122:Nehemiah
1905:Pinechas
1870:Bemidbar
1862:Parashah
1790:Chapters
1408:Talmud,
1285:23506866
1250:(1890).
1177:(1967).
1034:(1): 46.
851:. 14:49.
843:Josephus
648:See also
630:Malagasy
613:(ยง132).
388:abortion
251:Josephus
220:โ
130:adultery
26:Halakhic
2117:Nahshon
2092:Levites
2067:Gershon
2002:Ammihud
1470:June 4,
1336::
1252:"yฤrฤแธต"
1225:Numbers
1002:May 21,
535:5:24โ25
498:said:
433:Mishnah
285:bestial
109:In the
47:Mishnah
2147:Tirzah
2097:Merari
2077:Joshua
2072:Gilead
2042:Dathan
2022:Balaam
2017:Asriel
1997:Ammiel
1987:Ahihud
1975:People
1941:Eshcol
1924:Places
1895:Chukat
1890:Korach
1885:Shlach
1728:
1688:
1500:May 5,
1428:May 5,
1394:May 2,
1283:
1202:
1157:
1132:
1105:
1055:
977:May 2,
931:
713:
659:Nocebo
552:) and
337:impure
328:for a
304:Targum
277:barley
188:Talmud
164:Hebrew
119:Jewish
117:was a
113:, the
2250:4Q121
2214:Sifre
2173:Manna
2161:Terms
2152:Zimri
2107:Moses
2087:Korah
2057:Eliab
2037:Cozbi
2032:Caleb
2027:Balak
1992:Ahira
1915:Masei
1910:Matot
1900:Balak
1852:33โ36
1832:25โ30
1827:22โ25
1822:19โ22
1817:16โ18
1812:13โ15
1726:S2CID
1684:2002
1543:Sotah
1518:Sotah
1443:Sotah
1410:Sotah
1372:Sotah
1305:Sotah
1281:JSTOR
1097:sotah
970:sotah
948:Sotah
874:Sotah
748:sotah
503:time.
461:sotah
399:yarek
345:Rashi
322:curse
281:flour
236:kohen
184:Sotah
178:) in
176:satah
159:sotah
152:. In
144:Terms
102:Sotah
84:Sotah
69:Sotah
54:Sotah
34:Torah
2012:Anak
1982:Agag
1966:Zoan
1875:Naso
1807:8โ12
1686:ISBN
1665:2024
1502:2013
1472:2013
1445:, 9:
1430:2013
1396:2013
1374:, 3:
1308:, 1:
1200:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1130:ISBN
1103:ISBN
1053:ISBN
1004:2013
979:2013
929:ISBN
876:, 2:
711:ISBN
566:5:27
564:and
562:5:21
558:5:30
550:5:15
539:5:26
494:Rav
391:the
273:Omer
168:ืฉืืื
1802:4โ7
1797:1โ4
1718:doi
1413:26a
685:'
275:of
262:God
260:to
240:God
140:).
2267::
2132:Og
1847:32
1842:31
1837:30
1724:,
1714:41
1712:,
1667:.
1592:^
1546:2b
1540:,
1474:.
1461:.
1420:.
1415:;
1345:.
1316:^
1293:^
1254:.
1228:.
1222:.
1032:30
1030:.
1024:.
1012:^
987:^
951:9a
909:^
884:^
845:.
787:^
760:^
738:^
719:.
636:.
423:.
416:.
378:.
354:.
291:.
242:.
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