288:, a language used commonly among different native groups of the region for trade, in their conversion efforts. Realizing that the ideas and concepts within Catholicism were not coming across to their audiences, Fr. Blanchet began using carved shale sticks in his conversion efforts in April 1839, during a visit to the Cowlitz settlement. The shale stick, referred to as the Catholic Ladder, was carved with representations of Christian History. These shale sticks were then distributed to Native chiefs, starting in October 1839, to teach Catholicism. Soon after, the Catholic Ladder began to be produced in paper copies and later massed produced for distribution in the Pacific Northwest with Quebec church leaders arranging for the printing and shipping of 2,000 to the region. Later, Protestant missionaries began using their own version of the ladder, with Henry Spalding being credited with creating the Protestant Ladder using some images from the Catholic Ladder and adding his own. Both the Catholic and Protestant ladders would also represent the opposing domination as heathens.
145:, created his "American Society for the Settlement of the Oregon Country," that more interest and support for Oregon missionaries grew. Around the same time, four Nez Perce arrived in St. Louis in the fall of 1831, with accounts differencing as to if these travelers were asking for "the book of life", an idea used by Protestant missionaries, or if they asked for "Blackrobes", meaning Jesuits, thus Catholic missionaries. Either way this inspired Christian missionaries to travel to the Oregon Territory. Oregon missionaries played a political role, as well as a religious one, as their missions established US political power in an area in which the
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141:. There had been missionary efforts prior to this, such as those sponsored by the Northwest Company with missionaries from the Church of England starting in 1819. The Foreign Mission movement was already 15 years underway by 1820, but it was difficult to find missionaries willing to go to Oregon, as many wanted to go to the east, to India or China. It was not until the 1830s, when a schoolmaster from Connecticut,
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was established, separate from the Oregon territory to which it had previously belonged. The success in converting Native
Americans to Christianity was varied. In some cases, the Indians were very suspicious of the missionaries, and this suspicion only increased when many of the Indians contracted
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In 1841, The Rocky
Mountain Mission in the Pacific Northwest was started by Fr. Pierre-Jean De Smet and became the most sought-after mission post among Jesuits. The majority of Jesuit missionaries were Italian, owing to instability at home during the period, but missionaries from other nations came
249:. Henry Spalding is credited with the creation of the Protestant Ladder, used to teach natives history from Creation to ascent into Heaven. This style of teaching, using a long strip of paper or cloth, was based on the Catholic Ladder used by Catholic Missionaries in the region.
178:, who was going on his second trading expedition, to accompany him. The party set out on April 28, 1834, traveling independently from the American Fur Company's caravan headed for the same destination. Lee built a mission school for Indians in the
149:, operating under the British government, maintained a political interest in the Oregon country. Such missionaries had an influential impact on the early settlement of the region, establishing institutions that became the foundation of
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came to the Oregon
Country as the first of these missionaries, to establish the first American settlement and to convert the native population. The party was called the Wyeth-Lee Party as Lee had contracted with
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of Quebec in April 1838. Fr. Blanchet and Fr. Modest Demers arrived in the region at Fort
Vancouver on November 24 1838. Originally the missionaries used hymns and books which had been translated into the
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in the South. Later, in 1846, the region was made into the
Ecclesiastical Province of Oregon with Blanchet becoming the archbishop of the archiepiscopal see of Oregon City. This made Oregon the second
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Cook, S.F. âThe
Epidemic of 1830â1833 in California and Oregonâ â âThe Emergent Native Americans: A reader in culture contactâ â ed. Deward Walker, Jr. Little, Brown and Co. 1972. pg 172â192
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Norwood, Frederick. âTwo contrasting views of the
Indians: Methodist involvement in the Indian troubles in Oregon and Washington.â Church History, vol 49, no. 2, 1980
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made his initial journey west from New York, past the Rocky
Mountains and into California. 1836, Marcus Whitman made the same trip, this time with his new wife,
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Killen, Patricia O'Connell (2000). "Writing the
Pacific Northwest into Canadian and U.S. Catholic History: Geography, Demographics, and Regional Religion".
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Catholic missionary work in Oregon
Territory officially began when Fr. Francis Norbert Blanchet was appointed Vicar-General of Oregon Country by Archbishop
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As tensions between native tribes and White missionaries rose during the 1850s, resulting in small-scale wars between settlers and natives, like the
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Blanchet was made Bishop in 1843, along with the region being made into an Apostolic Vicariate which reached from the Arctic in the North, the
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in 1837 and a later group of missionaries following a path similar to the Protestant missionaries coming from the Eastern America, such as
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Loewenberg, Robert. Equality on the Oregon Frontier: Jason Lee and the Methodist Mission 1834â43. University of Washington Press, 1976
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Jones, Nard. The Great Command: the story of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Oregon country pioneers. Little, Brown and Co, 1959
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Catholics in the region faced persecution by the majority Protestant white settlers, with Father
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Missionary work in the Oregon country continued into the 1850s, though in 1853, the
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diseases that were introduced by missionaries and White settlers.
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214:. Narcissa and Eliza were the first white women to cross the
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Furtwangler, Albert (2005). Bringing Indians to the Book.
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Journal of the Presbyterian Historical Society (1943â1961)
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Marcus and Narcissa Whitman and the Opening of Old Oregon
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475:"The First White Women over the Rockies"
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646:Pioneer history of Oregon (1806â1890)
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563:The Catholic Historical Review
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771:Russo-American Treaty of 1824
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262:Francis Norbert Blanchet
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552:97, no. 1 (1996): 72â74
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