40:
140:
387:
725:
681:. Hong Kong, a former British colony, has been called "Pearl of the Orient" along with Shanghai. In the UK, and much of the commonwealth, it is not considered a pejorative term, with many East Asian people choosing to use it themselves - notably in the names of East Asian businesses such as restaurants and takeaway outlets.
469:, and adjoining areas as far west as Morocco. During the 1800s, India, and to a lesser extent China, began to displace the Levant as the primary subject of Orientalist research, while the term also appears in mid-century works to describe an appearance or perceived similarity to "Oriental" government or culture, such as in
613:" is more widely used to refer to the works of the many 19th-century artists who specialized in "Oriental" subjects and often drew on their travels to North Africa and Western Asia. Artists, as well as scholars, were already described as "Orientalists" in the 19th century. In 1978, the Palestinian-American scholar
672:
as a whole make up approximately 9.3% of the population within the United
Kingdom, and people of an ethnically South Asian background comprise the largest group within this category. "Orientals" refers exclusively to people of East and Southeast Asian origin, who constitute approximately 0.7% of the
656:
is sometimes still used to refer to people from East and
Southeast Asia (such as those from China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Myanmar, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Cambodia, Mongolia, Brunei and Laos). Judges in the United Kingdom have been issued with guidelines to
449:
Over time, the common understanding of "the Orient" has continually shifted eastwards, as
European people travelled farther into Asia. It finally reached the Pacific Ocean, in what Westerners came to call "the Far East". These shifts in time and identification sometimes confuse the scope (historical
509:
that transcends geography. By the mid-20th century, Western scholars generally considered "the Orient" as just East Asia, Southeast Asia, and eastern
Central Asia. As recently as the early 20th century, the term "Orient" often continued to be used in ways that included North Africa. Today, the term
450:
and geographic) of
Oriental Studies. Yet there remain contexts where "the Orient" and "Oriental" have kept their older meanings (e.g., "Oriental spices" typically are from the regions extending from the Middle East to sub-continental India to Indo-China). Travellers may again take the
524:
The adjectival term
Oriental has been used by the West to mean cultures, peoples, countries, Asian rugs, and goods from the Orient. "Oriental" means generally "eastern". It is a traditional designation (especially when capitalized) for anything belonging to the
2254:
696:
are often referred to by the term, "Middle
Eastern". These can include Arabs, Kurds, Turks, Assyrians, West Asian Armenians, Yezidis, Egyptians (including Copts), Syriac Arameans, Mandeans, Shabakis and Turvomans among others.
786:. In contrast, regions of Asia further East, outside of the cultural domination of Abrahamic religions, do not share these same historical associations, giving way for the term "oriental" to have different connotations.
2274:
773:
This is particularly relevant when referring to lands and peoples not associated with the historic "Orient": outside of the former
Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire and Sasanian Empire (Persia), including the former
856:, usually with a formal or solemn connotation. The word also has a deep historical meaning as a result of its prolonged use in the region, since the 18th century it was used in reference to the inhabitants of the
561:, and most other South or West Asian peoples. Because of historical discrimination against Chinese, Korean and Japanese, in some parts of the United States, some people consider the term derogatory. For example,
2239:
315:"to shine, illuminate, radiate" and "to rise"), from sh-r-q root (ش-ر-ق), referring to the east, where the sun rises. Historically, the Mashriq was the southern part of the Eastern Roman Empire.
1280:
1226:
1655:
1128:
2259:
2319:
899:(now mainly poetic), which literally translates as "morning land". The antonym "Abendland" (rarely: "Okzident") is also mainly poetic, and refers to (Western) Europe.
1324:
510:
primarily evokes images of China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Mongolia, and peninsular
Southeast Asia. "The Orient" being largely a cultural term, large parts of Asia—
1258:
2294:
481:, upon seeing the "oriental beauty" of Moscow, calls it "That Asiatic city of the innumerable churches, holy Moscow!", while in 1843 the American historian
2314:
1463:
1355:
766:
in the '60s and early '70s, many Asian
Americans identified the term 'Oriental' with a Western process of racializing Asians as forever opposite 'others
162:" rise"). The use of the word for "rising" to refer to the east (where the sun rises) has analogues from many languages: compare the terms "Arevelk" in
1628:
2269:
1975:
1525:
1633:
1025:
998:
1236:
623:, and used the term to describe a pervasive Western tradition, both academic and artistic, of prejudiced outsider interpretations of the
2360:
1830:
419:
2334:
2329:
1572:
1293:
2324:
2299:
2219:
1429:
1408:
1115:
1059:
964:
39:
1135:
120:, but later its meaning evolved and expanded, designating also Central Asia, Southwest Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, or the
700:
In some specific contexts, for example the carpet and rug trade, the older sense of "oriental" to cover not just East Asia but
2355:
762:, said the basic criticism of the term began in the U.S. during a cultural shift in the 1970s. He has said: "With the U.S.A.
1332:
2309:
1492:
533:. It indicated the eastern direction in historical astronomy, often abbreviated "Ori". In contemporary American English,
490:
2375:
1518:
783:
779:
300:
2244:
2161:
814:
601:
739:
589:
2385:
2304:
334:, and the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, were built with their main entrances facing the East. This tradition was
1165:
2289:
565:
prohibits the word "Oriental" in legislation and government documents and prefers the word "Asian" instead.
335:
31:
2380:
1603:
1552:
1511:
1458:
Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africa, formerly the Oriental Institute
818:
465:, the meaning of "the Orient" changed in scope several times. Originally, the term referred to Egypt, the
139:
1669:
2365:
2058:
1880:
1618:
1448:
809:
The Chinese word 东方 is translated as "oriental" in the official English names of several entities, e.g.
775:
407:
391:
144:
2192:
668:(in particular Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Maldives, Iran, and Afghanistan), since
368:). This term meant the west (where the sun sets) but has fallen into disuse in English, in favour of "
2370:
2134:
2043:
1749:
1360:
908:
431:
48:
1281:"2011 Census: KS201UK Ethnic group, local authorities in the United Kingdom, Accessed 19 April 2014"
599:; however, the use in English of "Orientalism" to describe academic "Oriental studies" is rare: the
2264:
2097:
1910:
1870:
1783:
1613:
810:
759:
482:
2224:
2146:
1920:
1890:
1865:
1857:
1842:
1692:
755:
619:
569:
562:
502:
1417:
Bedouin Visual Leadership in the Middle East: The Power of Aesthetics and Practical Implications
1381:"APAs in the News/News Bytes: Legislation to Remove 'Oriental' From Federal Law Passes Senate,
517:
Equally valid terms for the Orient still exist in the English language in such collocations as
2141:
2129:
2080:
1952:
1885:
1875:
1847:
1810:
1798:
1766:
1425:
1404:
1231:
1208:
1200:
1055:
1021:
1015:
994:
988:
960:
763:
573:
435:
163:
1180:
1049:
2068:
2024:
1970:
1960:
1905:
1815:
1793:
1761:
1192:
596:
546:
518:
282:
274:
262:
386:
2151:
2107:
1940:
1935:
1915:
1895:
1837:
1803:
1727:
1717:
1679:
1640:
1593:
1538:
1452:
1421:
1383:
742:
c. 1876; nude women in harem or bathing settings are a staple of much Orientalist painting
649:
554:
530:
506:
327:
254:
243:
235:
229:
216:
207:
2187:
860:, the historical name of the territories that now compose the modern nation of Uruguay.
2284:
2175:
2085:
1900:
1771:
1473:
885:
857:
685:
669:
585:
577:
542:
494:
462:
451:
443:
423:
411:
346:
151:
93:
89:
1306:
928:
895:(English: Asians) means Asian people in general. Another word for Orient in German is
2349:
2004:
1820:
1778:
1722:
1608:
1567:
1534:
842:
661:
should be avoided because it is imprecise and may be considered racist or offensive.
595:
Since the 19th century, "orientalist" has been the traditional term for a scholar of
581:
526:
474:
369:
74:
64:
2279:
2249:
2156:
2124:
2053:
1930:
1925:
1739:
1732:
1645:
1577:
1111:
790:
713:
701:
628:
568:
In more local uses, "oriental" is also used for eastern parts of countries such as
323:
101:
44:
1401:
Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western
131:
is often used to describe objects and people coming from the Orient/eastern Asia.
1415:
1227:"Judges given new advice on political correctness - Crime - UK - The Independent"
2229:
2112:
2009:
1744:
1650:
1623:
817:. In other cases, the same word is more literally translated as "eastern", e.g.
735:
632:
614:
610:
381:
331:
1294:
orient: definition of orient in Oxford dictionary (British & World English)
1196:
664:"Asian" in Great Britain sometimes refers to people who come specifically from
537:
usually refers to things from the parts of East Asia traditionally occupied by
2117:
1562:
881:
794:
770:", by making a distinction between "Western" and "Eastern" ancestral origins.
751:
705:
689:
665:
624:
606:
538:
485:
uses the phrase "barbaric pomp, truly Oriental" to describe the court life of
403:
97:
1204:
307:
literally means "the sunrise", "the east", the name is derived from the verb
1992:
1982:
1598:
1557:
1503:
873:
693:
550:
143:
Administrative Dioceses of the Roman Empire, c. 300, including the original
117:
105:
2182:
1212:
758:, director of the Asian/Pacific/American Studies Program and Institute at
2090:
2073:
2019:
2014:
1999:
1987:
1965:
1788:
1756:
1687:
1662:
1479:
673:
UK population as a whole. Of these, the majority are of Chinese descent.
478:
455:
342:
319:
195:
121:
109:
69:
572:. "Oriental" may also be used as an synonym of "eastern", especially in
17:
2170:
2036:
2031:
853:
830:
511:
470:
304:
81:
1356:"Obama signs measure striking 'oriental' and 'negro' from federal law"
724:
514:
most notably—were excluded from the scholarly notion of "the Orient".
2063:
2048:
1707:
1498:
877:
709:
466:
290:
203:
175:
60:
954:
2234:
2199:
2102:
1825:
1712:
1697:
1118:
in Philosophical Transactions (Royal Society publication) Volume 1
729:
723:
678:
558:
486:
385:
138:
1702:
576:. Examples include the "oriental" and "occidental" provinces of
498:
85:
1507:
841:
refers to the geographic location of the country, east of the
1445:
778:, as well as others lands sharing cultural legacies with the
1457:
1181:"Language matters: The vocabulary of racism in health care"
1487:
454:
train from Paris to its terminus in the European part of
872:
is usually used synonymously with the area between the
1296:. Oxforddictionaries.com. Retrieved on 12 April 2014.
299:, a pictograph of the sun rising behind a tree) and "
63:, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the
1101:. New York: Random House Modern Library. p. 21.
505:, demonstrating the term still carries a meaning in
2210:
1951:
1856:
1678:
1586:
1545:
1051:
The myth of continents: a critique of metageography
1014:Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi (12 December 2003).
1261:. Office for National Statistics. 29 November 2022
631:that has been shaped by the attitudes of European
617:published his influential and controversial book,
797:'s legislation H.R. 4238 replacing the word with
458:, a route established in the early 20th century.
438:eastwards; its easternmost part was the original
1185:Journal of Health Services Research & Policy
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
59:is a term referring to the East in relation to
1259:"2021 Census: Ethnic group, England and Wales"
956:Chinese Characters: A Genealogy and Dictionary
1519:
8:
529:or "East" (for Asia), and especially of its
418:) was formed. Later in the 4th century, the
222:
84:for, and coterminous with, the continent of
1526:
1512:
1504:
959:. Han Lu Book & Pub. Co. p. 227.
1494:What's the Matter with Saying the Orient?
430:) was also formed, including most of the
677:is also a word for the lustre of a fine
38:
1086:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 1034.
1048:Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997).
920:
521:(now Asian Studies in some countries).
47:and its ecclesiastical order after the
657:encourage political correctness where
501:Empire in his study of what he called
750:may sound dated or even be seen as a
402:occurred during the reign of emperor
398:Territorialization of the Roman term
158:, meaning "east" (lit. "rising" <
7:
1604:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
754:, particularly when used as a noun.
635:in the 18th and the 19th centuries.
303:" to refer to Japan. In Arabic, the
1499:"About Japan: A Teacher's Resource"
1155:, New York Standard, New York. 2002
584:in the Philippines, and the French
420:Praetorian prefecture of the Orient
312:
278:
239:
223:
211:
206:("zriha" meaning sunrise), "sharq"
150:The term "Orient" derives from the
1573:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
716:may come from any of these areas.
684:People in the United Kingdom from
27:Archaic term for the Eastern world
25:
1235:. 26 January 2012. Archived from
1099:History of the Conquest of Mexico
1017:African Folklore: An Encyclopedia
1179:Aspinall, Peter (January 2005).
336:carried on in Christian churches
318:Many ancient temples, including
67:. It is the antonym of the term
987:Alvarez, Lourdes María (2009).
489:nobility in his history of the
442:, corresponding roughly to the
116:was used to designate only the
1354:Weaver, Dustin (20 May 2016).
993:. Paulist Press. p. 157.
793:signed New York Congresswoman
605:cites only one such usage, by
428:Praefectura Praetorio Orientis
295:
273:to be born; to rise), "xavar"
108:, and sometimes including the
1:
1446:The American Oriental Society
835:Oriental Republic of Uruguay,
182:"rising"), "Vostok" Russian:
174:means "East" or "Sunrise"), "
1388:May 20 – June 2, 2016, p. 4"
953:Harbaugh, Rick (1998). "東".
491:conquest of the Aztec Empire
80:In English, it is largely a
1325:"Oriental: Rugs or People?"
230:
217:
2402:
2361:Ethnic and religious slurs
2240:Asia and the Pacific Group
1403:(INUPRESS), Geneva, 2000.
1197:10.1177/135581960501000112
1020:. Routledge. p. 442.
852:is also used as Uruguay's
784:Oriental Catholic Churches
780:Oriental Orthodox churches
379:
301:The Land of the Rising Sun
88:– loosely classified into
29:
2245:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
1976:Southern/Eastern/Northern
1629:Asian and Pacific Theatre
990:Abu Al-Ḥasan Al-Shushtarī
876:and East Asia, including
815:Oriental Movie Metropolis
602:Oxford English Dictionary
570:Morocco's Oriental Region
549:racially categorized as "
286:
258:
247:
191:
183:
167:
1497:by Christopher Hill for
1481:The Critic in the Orient
1460:at University of Chicago
1307:"Definition of ORIENTAL"
1129:"Senate bill (pdf file)"
929:"Definition of ORIENTAL"
1311:www.merriam-webster.com
1054:. University ù Africa.
933:www.merriam-webster.com
112:. Originally, the term
32:Orient (disambiguation)
1656:Middle Eastern Theatre
1634:Middle Eastern Theatre
1553:Cradle of civilization
1484:by George Hamlin Fitch
819:China Eastern Airlines
743:
712:may still be used; an
497:included Rome and the
395:
266:
147:
73:, which refers to the
52:
43:Ancient Orient of the
2356:Geography terminology
1881:Vietnamese philosophy
1619:Industrial Revolution
1082:Tolstoy, Leo (1957).
829:The official name of
776:Diocese of the Orient
727:
440:Diocese of the Orient
408:Diocese of the Orient
392:Diocese of the Orient
389:
380:Further information:
145:Diocese of the Orient
142:
42:
1451:15 June 2015 at the
1414:Bitar, Amer (2020).
1166:"Oriental Countries"
911:of Archaic Greek art
909:Orientalizing Period
432:Eastern Roman Empire
406:(284–305), when the
242:"rising"), "shygys"
49:Council of Chalcedon
30:For other uses, see
1911:Buddhist philosophy
1871:Japanese philosophy
1614:Early modern period
1476:posting by Alan Hu.
1335:on 4 September 2012
1097:Prescott, William.
811:Oriental Art Center
789:In 2016, President
760:New York University
590:Pyrénées-Orientales
376:History of the term
345:" derives from the
341:The opposite term "
2376:Historical regions
2295:EAEU Customs Union
2225:Arab Customs Union
2147:Oriental Orthodoxy
1921:Islamic philosophy
1891:Iranian philosophy
1866:Chinese philosophy
1488:German Orient Gate
1239:on 26 January 2012
1153:American Criticism
756:John Kuo Wei Tchen
744:
503:Oriental Despotism
493:. As late as 1957
416:Dioecesis Orientis
396:
148:
53:
2343:
2342:
2142:Eastern Orthodoxy
1886:Indian philosophy
1876:Korean philosophy
1670:Post–Cold War era
1232:Independent.co.uk
1116:Drawing of Saturn
1027:978-1-135-94873-3
1000:978-0-8091-0582-3
764:anti-war movement
574:Romance languages
553:". This excludes
16:(Redirected from
2393:
2162:Eastern Churches
1906:Hindu philosophy
1528:
1521:
1514:
1505:
1435:
1389:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1331:. Archived from
1321:
1315:
1314:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1268:
1266:
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1217:
1216:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1141:on 5 March 2009.
1140:
1134:. Archived from
1133:
1125:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1079:
1073:
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1070:
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1005:
1004:
984:
978:
977:
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973:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
925:
801:in federal law.
769:
740:Jean-Léon Gérôme
720:American English
597:Oriental studies
563:Washington State
547:Southeast Asians
519:Oriental studies
483:William Prescott
328:Buddhist temples
314:
297:
288:
281:(meaning east),
280:
260:
249:
241:
233:
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213:
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185:
169:
21:
2401:
2400:
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2391:
2390:
2386:Eastern culture
2346:
2345:
2344:
2339:
2212:
2206:
1947:
1916:Jain philosophy
1896:Buddhist ethics
1852:
1674:
1641:Interwar period
1594:Ancient history
1582:
1541:
1532:
1453:Wayback Machine
1442:
1432:
1422:Springer Nature
1413:
1397:
1395:Further reading
1392:
1384:Pacific Citizen
1380:
1376:
1366:
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1001:
986:
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947:
937:
935:
927:
926:
922:
918:
905:
866:
827:
807:
767:
722:
650:British English
646:
644:British English
641:
531:Eastern culture
507:Western thought
444:region of Syria
384:
378:
202:), "mizrah" in
178:" (< French
137:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2399:
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2389:
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2332:
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2292:
2287:
2285:Easternization
2282:
2277:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
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2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
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2168:
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2166:
2165:
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2159:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2122:
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2120:
2115:
2110:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:Zoroastrianism
2078:
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2061:
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2029:
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2017:
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1997:
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1990:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1957:
1955:
1949:
1948:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:Islamic ethics
1898:
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2280:Eastern Bloc
2250:Asia Council
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2157:Latin Church
2125:Christianity
2054:Confucianism
1926:Collectivism
1740:Architecture
1646:World War II
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1624:World War I
1568:Indic world
1563:Sinic world
1546:Foundations
1265:30 December
938:27 December
868:In German,
736:Orientalist
652:, the term
633:imperialism
620:Orientalism
615:Edward Said
611:Orientalism
586:département
557:, Indians,
539:East Asians
477:, in which
434:, from the
390:Late Roman
382:Orientalism
2350:Categories
1941:Philippine
1858:Philosophy
1843:Philosophy
1816:Literature
1067:8 November
972:26 October
897:Morgenland
882:Arab world
795:Grace Meng
752:pejorative
706:South Asia
690:Asia Minor
666:South Asia
609:in 1812. "
607:Lord Byron
404:Diocletian
353:, meaning
170:(Armenian
98:South Asia
2098:Abrahamic
1993:Vajrayana
1983:Theravada
1838:Mythology
1811:Languages
1599:Silk Road
1558:Old World
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891:The term
874:Near East
848:The term
746:The term
694:Near East
551:Mongoloid
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311:(Arabic:
190:Russian:
135:Etymology
127:The term
118:Near East
106:East Asia
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2020:Shaktism
2015:Shaivism
2000:Hinduism
1988:Mahayana
1966:Buddhism
1953:Religion
1936:Japanese
1848:Religion
1799:Japanese
1789:Folklore
1767:Buddhist
1757:Calendar
1728:Cyrillic
1688:Alphabet
1663:Cold War
1578:Islamdom
1470:Oriental
1449:Archived
1361:The Hill
1213:15667706
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903:See also
850:Oriental
839:Oriental
748:Oriental
738:painter
659:oriental
654:Oriental
535:Oriental
479:Napoleon
456:Istanbul
394:, c. 400
366:fall/set
351:occidens
343:Occident
227:"rise",
196:Anatolia
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110:Caucasus
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2032:Sikhism
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1762:Chinese
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1680:Culture
1587:History
1539:culture
1329:nyu.edu
1243:14 June
893:Asiaten
854:demonym
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825:Uruguay
734:by the
578:Mindoro
512:Siberia
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359:setting
309:sharaqa
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208:Arabic
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192:восход
184:Восток
180:levant
176:Levant
156:oriens
114:Orient
61:Europe
57:Orient
2330:SEATO
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2275:CPTPP
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