672:. While vocalizing, males will attempt to space out their calls so as to avoid overlap between different individuals, a behavior also observed in European fire-bellied toads. Females have been found to be quickly attracted to the advertisement call, but not the release call, displaying an ability to differentiate between them. Males typically ignore the advertisement calls, but will approach the source of release calls. In both cases, visual stimuli are also necessary to trigger a reaction. In addition to their lighter sounds, they can also produce a croaking noise.
859:
31:
617:
75:
409:
50:
692:. The toxin is secreted through the skin mostly from the hind legs, and sometimes the belly, in a milky substance when the frog is disturbed or frightened. When producing this substance, the frogs may also lie on their backs to show the color of their bellies, indicating their potential danger, holding up their limbs and arching their heads. This does not always work, and in addition to predation by
1866:
538:, generally dwelling in slow-moving streams or ponds. When out of the water, they can often be found in coniferous and broadleaved forests. They can be found at elevations of up to 1,100 metres (3,600 ft). They are very resilient to environmental disturbance, especially compared to other amphibians, and as such can be found living and even breeding in heavily polluted water.
1854:
876:. Handling can require caution, as although harmless to the skin, the mucus can cause discomfort to the mouth and eyes, however captive individuals generally are less toxic. The toxin does not pose a significant threat to human health. In captivity, Oriental fire-bellied toads often live for around 12 years, but in some cases can live up to 30.
1493:
van Zijll
Langhout, Martine; Struijk, Richard P.J.H.; Könning, Tessa; van Zuilen, Dick; Horvath, Katalin; van Bolhuis, Hester; Maarschalkerweerd, Roelof; Verstappen, Frank (September 2017). "EVALUATION OF BONE MINERALIZATION BY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN WILD AND CAPTIVE EUROPEAN COMMON SPADEFOOTS (
837:
with little threat of extinction, although the population is declining, but not at a significant rate. They occur in many protected areas in China and the Koreas, as well as six
Russian nature reserves. The population in the Russian part of their range may be more threatened than others. Dangers
389:, despite having existed for less than a hundred years, has shown signs of evolution at a molecular level, displaying genetic uniqueness from the original population. While genetic diversity is somewhat low, it is still high enough that the Beijing toads may continue to survive.
440:. Although it is typically referred to as a toad, the fire-bellied toad is not a true toad. They can reach a length of about 3.8–5.1 centimetres (1.5–2.0 in), weighing about 28–57 grams (0.99–2.01 oz). Males and females can be told apart by the males'
797:, with their target on the right side, 80% had navigated their way successfully in only three days, with 100% having finished after four days. The left side proved more challenging, with 80% finished in three days, but the rest not done until day eight.
608:. Their diet in the wild contributes to their toxicity, and for that reason, wild specimens have more potent toxins. Oriental fire-bellied toads are incapable of extending their tongues to catch prey, but must instead leap at their target.
511:, although the latter is very likely erroneous, as a team of Japanese researchers in the later half of the 20th century was unable to locate any. There is also a somewhat genetically distinct population in Beijing that was introduced from
1847:
1800:
Park, Chan Jin; Kang, Han Seung; Gye, Myung Chan (November 2010). "Effects of nonylphenol on early embryonic development, pigmentation and 3,5,3′-triiodothyronine-induced metamorphosis in
Bombina orientalis (Amphibia: Anura)".
1453:
Michaels, C. J.; Antwis, R. E.; Preziosi, R. F. (April 2015). "Impacts of UVB provision and dietary calcium content on serum vitamin D 3 , growth rates, skeletal structure and coloration in captive oriental fire-bellied toads
396:, seismic activity at the Yilan–Yitong fault zone is believed to have split the toad into two subpopulations in its native range, with the much smaller western one having low genetic diversity. In more recent times,
475:, although later research has shown that males do in fact have a few, as previously mentioned). Subtler differences include their belly coloration, which is typically more red than yellow (unlike
632:. They will jump onto the backs of any other fire-bellied toad that happens to pass by, which in some cases will cause them to accidentally attempt to mate with other species of amphibians,
1605:
Zeyl, Jeffrey N.; Laberge, Frédéric (December 2011). "Multisensory signals trigger approach behaviour in the fire-bellied toad
Bombina orientalis: sex differences and call specificity".
1054:"Population Genetic Structure Analysis Reveals Decreased but Moderate Diversity for the Oriental Fire-Bellied Toad Introduced to Beijing after 90 Years of Independent Evolution"
2048:
1266:
834:
279:
2097:
2151:
432:, which can be yellow, red, or orange-red, mottled with dark spots. The finger and toe tips are usually red. The skin on its upper side is covered in small
872:
are relatively easy to care for in captivity, requiring little in the way of specialized lighting or heating and readily consuming feeder insects or small
377:, although newer research has found them to display few genetic differences, despite some physical ones. These findings support their classification as a
1749:
Kang, Han Seung; Park, Chan Jin; Gye, Myung Chan (May 2010). "Effect of
Carbaryl on Survival and Development in Bombina orientalis (Boulenger) Embryos".
2009:
813:
for studying the effects of pollution and toxic chemicals on local environments. Studies involving them having demonstrated the harmful effects of
2061:
1673:
Nagalla, Srinivasa R.; Barry, Brenda J.; Falick, Arnold M.; Gibson, Bradford W.; Taylor, John E.; Dong, Jesse Z.; Spindel, Eliot R. (March 1996).
2176:
1657:
1418:"Breeding populations of Bombina orientalis Boulenger, 1890 (Amphibia Anura Bombinatoridae) in degraded urban habitat in Vladivostok, Russia"
553:(active during the day), and studies have found that while they can acquire some from their diet, Oriental fire-bellied toads rely partly on
1365:
346:, although he thought it was closer to the Apennine yellow-bellied toad overall. His research was based on 19 specimens housed in the
307:
2022:
1962:
944:
527:, mostly in the immediate vicinity of an animal importer's facility. There have been no other reports of such occurrences in the
1570:
Walkowiak, Wolfgang (January 1992). "Acoustic communication in the fire-bellied toad: an integrative neurobiological approach".
310:, the red-bellied toad, Chinese bell toad, Oriental bell toad, eastern fire-bellied toad, and Korean fire-bellied toad are all
1957:
278:, are very unlike those of other frogs. While their population is in decline, their numbers are still high overall, with the
2066:
549:
are one of the most plentiful amphibians in their native lands, particularly the central part of their range. The toads are
1870:
2171:
629:
1858:
1274:
1006:
Kuzmin, S. L.; Poyarkov, N. A.; Maslova, I. V. (March 2010). "On the variability of fire-bellied toads in the Far East".
2166:
2161:
847:
339:
1970:
858:
624:
Breeding takes place around mid-May, when temperatures become warmer. It is at this time that the toads emerge from
335:
2102:
729:
first isolated from their relatives, European fire-bellied toads (and later other types of frogs, in the genera
74:
769:
Oriental fire-bellied toads are rapid learners, especially compared to other frogs. In an experiment, slightly
30:
294:, as a relatively easy-to-care for species. They are also frequently used in scientific research, with their
645:
524:
323:
186:
1922:
1884:
382:
2123:
1975:
616:
283:
169:
1996:
1931:
1810:
1758:
1579:
1120:
1015:
416:
Oriental fire-bellied toads can be bright, grayish, or brownish green, with black mottling on their
922:
39:
1782:
1731:
1523:
1435:
1031:
374:
355:
195:
69:
2128:
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1826:
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1515:
1475:
1146:
1085:
2156:
2115:
1818:
1766:
1723:
1714:
Brattstrom, Bayard H. (1990). "Maze
Learning in the Fire-Bellied Toad, Bombina orientalis".
1686:
1645:
1614:
1587:
1546:
1507:
1467:
1425:
1136:
1128:
1075:
1065:
1023:
917:
417:
408:
342:, noting their many similarities. He considered it an "intermediate" between the latter two
2079:
1936:
1210:
1052:
Teng, Yang; Yang, Jing; Zhu, Guofen; Gao, Fuli; Han, Yingying; Bao, Weidong (17 May 2021).
821:(which significantly decreased overall survival rates) on amphibian embryonic development.
1430:
1417:
810:
523:
habitats, where they later bred. There have been multiple reports of escaped specimens in
508:
378:
331:
1814:
1762:
1583:
1124:
1019:
817:(which include bent trunks, thicker-set bodies, bent tails, and ventral blistering) and
412:
A fire-bellied toad showing off the characteristic green and black back with orange toes
1649:
1141:
1104:
1080:
1053:
990:
347:
274:, giving them a toadlike appearance. Their sounds, mainly produced by males during the
136:
1822:
2145:
2074:
1439:
908:
899:
830:
637:
593:
528:
275:
59:
54:
1786:
1527:
1035:
2027:
1988:
1416:
Maslova, Irina V.; Rodina, Elvira E.; Jang, Yikweon; Borzée, Amaël (30 June 2018).
1341:, with Special Reference to the Superiority of this Species as a Laboratory Animal"
843:
737:
731:
1591:
973:
741:). Among other effects, bombesin hinders gastric functions in mammals, including
2035:
1944:
1916:
1498:), IN RELATION TO EXPOSURE TO ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION AND DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS".
1336:
978:. Vol. 5. London, England: Taylor and Francis, Ltd. 1890. pp. 143–144.
873:
818:
770:
701:
625:
535:
441:
311:
263:
1907:
1865:
1618:
628:. Males call to the females with a light sound that is comparable to a musical
1770:
1027:
665:
656:
Unusually for a frog species, the
Oriental fire-bellied toad does not have an
558:
550:
393:
362:
1691:
1674:
863:
839:
688:
skin, with the bright colors of their undersides warning predators of their
685:
681:
661:
456:
397:
267:
116:
86:
1830:
1778:
1626:
1519:
1479:
1150:
1103:
Yu, Liqun; Zhao, Shuai; Shi, Yanshuang; Meng, Fanbing; Xu, Chunzhu (2021).
1089:
1853:
1700:
254:, where they primarily dwell in slow-moving bodies of water and temperate
1901:
814:
722:
689:
589:
581:
554:
516:
433:
295:
291:
271:
262:
that can be excreted through their skin, with their vibrant underbellies
106:
1511:
1070:
975:
The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology
777:
using water as a reinforcement, unlike other types of frogs (members of
2014:
1949:
1735:
1306:
945:"Bombina orientalis (Boulenger, 1890) | Amphibian Species of the World"
726:
657:
641:
601:
520:
429:
386:
343:
247:
146:
1471:
1239:
1132:
2040:
794:
754:
750:
697:
605:
512:
496:
314:
that have been used to describe the species at one point or another.
258:. Quite common throughout much of their range, these frogs have mild
255:
96:
1878:
1727:
1393:"Oriental Fire-bellied Toad (Bombina orientalis) - Species Profile"
857:
793:
simply either did not try or leapt around aimlessly). In a simple
705:
615:
585:
577:
573:
504:
500:
492:
407:
259:
2001:
789:
783:
774:
693:
633:
597:
251:
244:
126:
1882:
995:. Harvard University. Washington, Govt. print. off. p. 51.
1640:
Ohki-Hamazaki, Hiroko (2016). "Bombesin-Like
Peptide Family".
746:
742:
287:
1335:
Kawamura, Toshijiro; Nishioka, Midori; Ueda, Hiroaki (1972).
298:, vocalizations, and learning skills all moderately studied.
519:
in 1927 by Mr. Liu Cheng-chao. About 200 were released into
708:
are known to the consume the toads without any ill effect.
761:
discovered that the peptide came in three separate forms.
1348:
Scientific Report of the
Laboratory for Amphibian Biology
1105:"Evolutionary history of the oriental fire-bellied toad (
773:
toads were found able solve both simple and more complex
531:, and there are no well-established escaped populations.
373:, with the former being more aquatic and the latter more
668:. The males' light mating calls are similar to those of
499:, (where they have become rather rare) and northeastern
447:
Besides having more noticeable tubercles on their skin,
385:
that may have diverged rather recently. A population in
636:, plants, or even human fingers. Females lay 40 to 110
1751:
640:
in a large cluster near the surface of the water. The
322:
The Oriental fire-bellied toad was first described by
1891:
350:. The three species have been moved into the genus
1267:"Oriental Fire-Bellied Toad | National Geographic"
644:begin to develop legs in 6–8 weeks, and are fully
1460:Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition
1337:"Reproduction of the Oriental Fire-bellied Toad,
721:The skin of Oriental fire-bellied toads contains
270:, their green and black skin is covered in small
680:Oriental fire-bellied toads can discourage most
592:. As adults, their diet consists of terrestrial
451:can also be distinguished from other members of
572:As larvae, Oriental fire-bellied toads consume
1008:Moscow University Biological Sciences Bulletin
923:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T54449A63850146.en
835:International Union for Conservation of Nature
280:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1240:"Fire-Belly Toad | Zoo Med Laboratories, Inc"
898:IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group. (2020).
829:The oriental fire-bellied toad was listed as
8:
1675:"There Are Three Distinct Forms of Bombesin"
620:A mating pair of Oriental fire-bellied toads
992:Herpetology of Japan and adjacent territory
1879:
1366:"Oriental Fire-bellied Toad - Collections"
48:
29:
20:
1690:
1429:
1140:
1079:
1069:
921:
885:
893:
891:
889:
1541:
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1431:10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2018.9.2.127.130
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7:
1500:Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine
1317:. University of California, Berkeley
1204:
1202:
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1170:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1047:
1045:
968:
966:
964:
400:has begun to occur between the two.
361:The toad was later divided into two
2152:IUCN Red List least concern species
909:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
444:on their first and second fingers.
436:, the most pronounced of the genus
1650:10.1016/B978-0-12-801028-0.00022-2
381:species, albeit one with multiple
308:American Museum of Natural History
14:
1823:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.08.039
989:Stejneger, Leonhard Hess (1907).
862:Oriental fire-bellied toads in a
479:) and bright finger tips (unlike
1864:
1852:
1572:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
330:, who placed it within the same
73:
1679:Journal of Biological Chemistry
1:
1592:10.1080/08927014.1992.9525351
949:amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org
557:to obtain adequate levels of
213:Bombina orientalis practicola
2177:Amphibians described in 1890
1273:. 2010-03-12. Archived from
1182:"Oriental fire-bellied toad"
848:traditional Chinese medicine
340:Apennine yellow-bellied toad
286:. They are commonly kept as
264:serving as a warning of this
221:Bombina orientalis silvatica
1354:: 303–317 – via CORE.
525:Broward County, Florida, US
24:Oriental fire-bellied toad
2193:
1872:Oriental fire-bellied toad
1619:10.1016/j.zool.2011.08.001
1186:Smithsonian's National Zoo
336:European fire-bellied toad
235:Oriental fire-bellied toad
1771:10.1007/s00128-010-9979-y
1028:10.3103/S0096392510010074
704:and other water dwelling
491:The toad can be found in
467:) and nuptial pads (like
243:) is a small semiaquatic
201:
194:
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1848:SeaWorld Species Profile
664:, making their calls by
648:by August or September.
503:, and possibly southern
487:Distribution and habitat
282:(IUCN) rating them as a
1692:10.1074/jbc.271.13.7731
428:has a brightly colored
324:George Albert Boulenger
1716:Journal of Herpetology
866:
805:As common amphibians,
621:
413:
250:found in northeastern
2124:Paleobiology Database
1113:Ecology and Evolution
1109:) in Northeast China"
916:: e.T54449A63850146.
861:
619:
411:
328:Bombinator orientalis
284:least-concern species
205:Bombinator orientalis
2172:Amphibians of Russia
1861:at Wikimedia Commons
1642:Handbook of Hormones
1422:Biodiversity Journal
1215:Animal Diversity Web
1211:"Bombina orientalis"
542:Behavior and ecology
16:Species of amphibian
2167:Amphibians of Korea
2162:Amphibians of China
1815:2010Chmsp..81.1292P
1763:2010BuECT..84..550K
1584:1992EtEcE...4...63W
1547:"Fire-bellied Toad"
1512:10.1638/2016-0238.1
1209:Szcodronski, Todd.
1125:2021EcoEv..11.4232Y
1071:10.3390/ani11051429
1020:2010MUBSB..65...34K
825:Conservation status
801:As a model organism
757:. Later studies on
208:(Boulenger, 1890)
40:Conservation status
1963:Bombina-orientalis
1937:Bombina_orientalis
1923:Bombina orientalis
1893:Bombina orientalis
1859:Bombina orientalis
1456:Bombina orientalis
1339:Bombina orientalis
1309:Bombina orientalis
1107:Bombina orientalis
902:Bombina orientalis
870:Bombina orientalis
867:
622:
547:Bombina orientalis
414:
356:Leonhard Stejneger
290:in land and water
240:Bombina orientalis
216:(Korotkov, 1972)
179:Bombina orientalis
161:B. orientalis
2139:
2138:
2111:Open Tree of Life
1885:Taxon identifiers
1857:Media related to
1809:(10): 1292–1300.
1685:(13): 7731–7737.
1659:978-0-12-801028-0
1472:10.1111/jpn.12203
1277:on April 12, 2021
1133:10.1002/ece3.7318
455:by their lack of
306:According to the
231:
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224:(Korotkov, 1972)
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1869:Data related to
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1496:PELOBATES FUSCUS
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1119:(9): 4232–4242.
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367:B. o. practicola
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833:species by the
827:
811:model organisms
809:make excellent
803:
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678:
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614:
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509:Tsushima Strait
507:, specifically
495:, northeastern
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371:B. o. silvatica
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72:
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53:
49:
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2036:iNaturalist
1945:AmphibiaWeb
1917:Wikispecies
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1315:AmphibiaWeb
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874:feeder fish
819:nonylphenol
684:with their
626:hibernation
536:semiaquatic
477:B. pachypus
473:B. pachypus
471:and unlike
463:and unlike
461:B. pachypus
404:Description
375:terrestrial
354:in 1907 by
2146:Categories
1556:2021-12-29
1402:2021-12-29
1375:2021-12-29
1321:2021-12-29
1281:2021-12-29
1245:2021-12-29
1220:2022-01-08
1192:2021-12-29
954:2022-01-09
880:References
771:dehydrated
670:B. bombina
590:protozoans
481:B. bombina
469:B. bombina
465:B. bombina
457:gular sacs
394:Quaternary
363:subspecies
1440:134291784
864:terrarium
840:pollution
686:poisonous
682:predators
676:Predation
662:resonator
559:vitamin D
534:They are
434:tubercles
424:species,
398:gene flow
379:monotypic
365:in 1972,
302:Etymology
272:tubercles
268:true toad
187:Boulenger
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2054:10232154
1908:Q1061702
1902:Wikidata
1831:20870264
1787:26212563
1779:20401602
1627:21993061
1528:24851902
1520:28920809
1480:24810567
1151:33976806
1090:34067517
1036:37423420
838:include
815:carbaryl
723:bombesin
717:Bombesin
712:Research
690:toxicity
666:inhaling
642:tadpoles
630:triangle
612:Breeding
602:molluscs
582:detritus
555:sunlight
517:Shandong
338:and the
318:Taxonomy
296:behavior
196:Synonyms
133:Family:
117:Amphibia
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2157:Bombina
2015:2423441
2002:1039145
1811:Bibcode
1759:Bibcode
1736:1564288
1701:8631814
1607:Zoology
1580:Bibcode
1271:Animals
1142:8093726
1121:Bibcode
1081:8156418
1058:Animals
1016:Bibcode
755:rodents
751:rabbits
727:peptide
698:mammals
658:eardrum
606:insects
551:diurnal
521:wetland
453:Bombina
438:Bombina
422:Bombina
387:Beijing
352:Bombina
344:species
334:as the
292:vivaria
256:forests
248:species
189:, 1890)
148:Bombina
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
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260:toxins
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2049:IRMNG
2041:24501
1989:68NNM
1976:26236
1783:S2CID
1732:JSTOR
1524:S2CID
1436:S2CID
1344:(PDF)
1032:S2CID
929:5 May
775:mazes
694:birds
598:worms
578:fungi
574:algae
505:Japan
501:China
493:Korea
332:genus
127:Anura
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2098:NCBI
2090:2864
2075:IUCN
2062:ITIS
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2023:GISD
2010:GBIF
1971:BOLD
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790:Hyla
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779:Rana
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725:, a
696:and
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634:fish
604:and
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288:pets
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245:frog
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