29:
803:(NLM) maintains a comprehensive toxicology and environmental health web site that includes access to toxins-related resources produced by TEHIP and by other government agencies and organizations. This web site includes links to databases, bibliographies, tutorials, and other scientific and consumer-oriented resources. TEHIP also is responsible for the Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET), an integrated system of toxicology and environmental health databases that are available free of charge on the web.
4197:
3854:
281:
4221:
4209:
727:
biotoxins act quickly, and are highly toxic even at low doses, they can be more efficient than chemical agents. Due to these factors, it is vital to raise awareness of the clinical symptoms of biotoxin poisoning, and to develop effective countermeasures including rapid investigation, response, and treatment.
726:
Many living organisms employ toxins offensively or defensively. A relatively small number of toxins are known to have the potential to cause widespread sickness or casualties. They are often inexpensive and easily available, and in some cases it is possible to refine them outside the laboratory. As
795:
produced risk assessments for more than 4,000 substances in over 1,600 scientific opinions and they provide open access summaries of human health, animal health and ecological hazard assessments in their OpenFoodTox database. The OpenFoodTox database can be used to screen potential new foods for
1955:
Mouratidou T, Kaniou-Grigoriadou I, Samara C, Kouimtzis T (August 2006). "Detection of the marine toxin okadaic acid in mussels during a diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) episode in
Thermaikos Gulf, Greece, using biological, chemical and immunological methods".
790:
In general, when scientists determine the amount of a substance that may be hazardous for humans, animals and/or the environment they determine the amount of the substance likely to trigger effects and if possible establish a safe level. In Europe, the
1376:
Nelsen, David R.; Nisani, Zia; Cooper, Allen M.; Fox, Gerad A.; Gren, Eric C. K.; Corbit, Aaron G.; Hayes, William K. (2014). "Poisons, toxungens, and venoms: Redefining and classifying toxic biological secretions and the organisms that employ them".
1802:
Oikawa H, Fujita T, Saito K, Satomi M, Yano Y (2008). "Difference in the level of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin accumulation between the crabs
Telmessus acutidens and Charybdis japonica collected in Onahama, Fukushima Prefecture".
2081:
Morohashi A, Satake M, Murata K, Naoki H, Kaspar HF, Yasumoto T (1995). "Brevetoxin B3, a new brevetoxin nalog isolated from the greenshell mussel perna canaliculus involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in new zealand".
1917:
Wang L, Vaquero E, LeĂŁo JM, Gogo-MartĂnez A, RodrĂguez Vázquez JA (2001). "Optimization of conditions for the liquid chromatographic-electrospray lonization-mass spectrometric analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins".
1873:
Wang L, Liang XF, Zhang WB, Mai KS, Huang Y, Shen D (November 2009). "Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin stimulates the transcription of CYP1A possibly through AHR and ARNT in the liver of red sea bream Pagrus major".
2111:
Morohashi A, Satake M, Naoki H, Kaspar HF, Oshima Y, Yasumoto T (1999). "Brevetoxin B4 isolated from greenshell mussels Perna canaliculus, the major toxin involved in neurotoxic shellfish poisoning in New
Zealand".
1315:
The
Convention applies to all natural or artificially created toxins, "whatever their origin or method of production" (Article I). It thus covers toxins produced biologically, as well as those produced by chemical
1766:
Vale C, Alfonso A, Vieytes MR, RomarĂs XM, ArĂ©valo F, Botana AM, Botana LM (March 2008). "In vitro and in vivo evaluation of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin potency and the influence of the pH of extraction".
1289:
arsenic, a toxic metal, may occur as a natural contaminant ... or ... as a by-product of industrial activities. If the second case is true, such toxic substances are referred to as toxicants, rather than
972:
333:
The term "biotoxin" is sometimes used to explicitly confirm the biological origin as opposed to environmental or anthropogenic origins. Biotoxins can be classified by their mechanism of delivery as
1440:
749:
substances. As this contradicts most formal definitions of the term "toxin", it is important to confirm what the researcher means when encountering the term outside of microbiological contexts.
1838:
Abouabdellah R, Taleb H, Bennouna A, Erler K, Chafik A, Moukrim A (April 2008). "Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profile of mussels Perna perna from southern
Atlantic coasts of Morocco".
164:
and therefore artificial. The human and scientific genetic assembly of a natural-based toxin should be considered a toxin as it is identical to its natural counterpart. The debate is one of
1679:
810:
2499:
1589:
800:
3446:
2345:
Fonger GC, Stroup D, Thomas PL, Wexler P (January 2000). "TOXNET: A computerized collection of toxicological and environmental health information".
809:
is a
Geographic Information System (GIS) that is part of TOXNET. TOXMAP uses maps of the United States to help users visually explore data from the
149:. Other understandings embrace synthetic analogs of naturally occurring organic poisons as toxins, and may or may not embrace naturally occurring
4172:
1999:
Doucet E, Ross NN, Quilliam MA (September 2007). "Enzymatic hydrolysis of esterified diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins and pectenotoxins".
1598:
1521:
1036:
846:
3890:
1445:
977:
2656:
2266:"Preliminary Automated Determination of Edibility of Alternative Foods: Non-Targeted Screening for Toxins in Red Maple Leaf Concentrate"
2125:
4225:
1258:
the term "toxin" means the toxic material or product of plants, animals, microorganisms ...or a recombinant or synthesized molecule...
4111:
2785:
2777:
1001:
320:
345:(delivered through a wound generated by a bite, sting, or other such action). They can also be classified by their source, such as
179:
is a related but broader term that encompasses both toxins and toxicants; poisons may enter the body through any means - typically
2781:
2669:
2521:
1060:
818:
202:
A rather informal terminology of individual toxins relates them to the anatomical location where their effects are most notable:
2755:
2884:
195:
has also been proposed to refer to toxins that are delivered onto the body surface of another organism without an accompanying
851:
4182:
4086:
3574:
3531:
792:
778:
302:
3036:
2680:
2675:
772:
760:
1342:
Murphy, J. R.; Bishai, W.; Williams, D.; Bacha, P.; Borowski, M.; Parker, K.; Boyd, J.; Waters, C.; Strom, T. B. (1987).
652:, They cause muscle tissue damage by a non-enzymatic receptor based mechanism. Organisms that possess myotoxins include:
4257:
670:
are toxic at the level of individual cells, either in a non-specific fashion or only in certain types of living cells:
19:
This article is about naturally occurring organic poisons. For toxic substances that can be artificial or natural, see
2172:
Dorne JL, Richardson J, Kass G, Georgiadis N, Monguidi M, Pasinato L, Cappe S, Verhagen H, Robinson T (January 2017).
1159:
937:
766:
555:
191:. Toxin, toxicant, and poison are often used interchangeably despite these subtle differences in definition. The term
28:
1270:
2795:
876:
291:
4267:
4131:
2315:
1462:
2474:
4121:
4106:
3933:
3883:
3085:
881:
814:
736:
2223:
Reilly L, Serafimova R, Partosch F, Gundert-Remy U, Cortiñas
Abrahantes J, Dorne JM, Kass GE (October 2019).
3969:
3923:
2869:
2857:
2661:
2650:
112:
4126:
4070:
2841:
2599:
1303:
1026:
911:
861:
741:
The term "environmental toxin" can sometimes explicitly include synthetic contaminants such as industrial
539:
298:
4213:
2489:
2388:
2225:"Testing the thresholds of toxicological concern values using a new database for food-related substances"
1344:"Genetic assembly and selective toxicity of diphtheria-toxin-related polypeptide hormone fusion proteins"
4091:
3692:
3327:
2688:
660:
534:
3989:
2879:
2514:
1965:
1883:
1328:
1192:
891:
501:
138:
Toxins are often distinguished from other chemical agents strictly based on their biological origin.
4262:
4201:
3948:
3938:
3876:
3857:
2084:
593:
47:
489:(i.e., death) in the cells they encounter. Necrotoxins spread through the bloodstream. In humans,
4252:
4152:
4136:
3943:
3913:
3795:
2965:
2923:
2800:
2631:
2370:
2024:
1937:
1820:
1402:
1228:
544:
73:
1487:
4050:
3800:
3744:
3031:
2449:
2362:
2297:
2246:
2205:
2129:
2063:
2016:
1981:
1899:
1855:
1784:
1748:
1699:
1691:
1660:
1642:
1594:
1570:
1517:
1394:
1355:
1220:
1115:
1032:
1007:
997:
188:
100:
2174:"OpenFoodTox: EFSA's open source toxicological database on chemical hazards in food and feed"
554:
primarily affect the nervous systems of animals. The group neurotoxins generally consists of
4101:
4035:
3984:
3928:
3739:
3557:
3163:
3079:
3021:
2827:
2439:
2431:
2354:
2287:
2277:
2236:
2195:
2185:
2121:
2093:
2055:
2008:
1973:
1929:
1891:
1847:
1812:
1776:
1738:
1730:
1650:
1632:
1560:
1550:
1386:
1210:
1200:
1164:
1105:
1095:
991:
524:
454:
444:
34:
2147:
1160:"Arsenic in your food - Our findings show a real need for federal standards for this toxin"
4247:
4116:
4096:
3979:
3822:
3727:
3322:
2977:
2874:
2719:
2694:
2579:
2507:
1920:
700:
627:
373:
350:
220:
127:
77:
1969:
1887:
1196:
4055:
4009:
4004:
3974:
3953:
3764:
3312:
3252:
3075:
3067:
2814:
2768:
2537:
2444:
2419:
2292:
2265:
2200:
2173:
1743:
1718:
1655:
1620:
1565:
1538:
1215:
1180:
1134:
1110:
1083:
856:
649:
529:
497:
tissues are most sensitive to necrotoxins. Organisms that possess necrotoxins include:
480:
249:
210:
88:
61:
2059:
2044:"Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning and brevetoxin metabolites: a case study from Florida"
1052:
341:(actively transferred to the target's surface by spitting, spraying, or smearing), or
4241:
4167:
4065:
3918:
3840:
note: some toxins are produced by lower species and pass through intermediate species
3754:
3697:
3451:
3414:
3362:
3307:
3292:
3168:
3128:
3071:
2865:
2714:
2637:
2097:
1816:
1420:
1406:
1232:
831:
704:
691:
623:
598:
575:
516:
471:
369:
361:
104:
2374:
2028:
1977:
1941:
1895:
1824:
4060:
3817:
3807:
3790:
3759:
3707:
3671:
3630:
3584:
3521:
3424:
3347:
3282:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3095:
2909:
2745:
2542:
1619:
Janik, Edyta; Ceremuga, Michal; Saluk-Bijak, Joanna; Bijak, Michal (8 March 2019).
871:
667:
1851:
952:
558:
that disrupt ion channel conductance. Organisms that possess neurotoxins include:
337:(passively transferred via ingestion, inhalation, or absorption across the skin),
2241:
2224:
1246:
153:
poisons. It is important to confirm usage if a common understanding is critical.
4162:
3994:
3780:
3734:
3722:
3579:
3526:
3476:
3382:
3377:
3367:
3332:
3317:
3183:
2851:
2822:
2642:
2620:
2557:
2547:
901:
677:
655:
562:
508:
379:
Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the
280:
236:
206:
2358:
2190:
4157:
3899:
3812:
3749:
3666:
3644:
3589:
3552:
3496:
3466:
3456:
3397:
3387:
3372:
3357:
3352:
3337:
3257:
3242:
3158:
3148:
3143:
3133:
3100:
2790:
2750:
2567:
2562:
2012:
896:
841:
836:
753:
587:
551:
467:
448:
384:
354:
245:
230:
180:
161:
54:
1695:
1646:
4045:
3717:
3712:
3702:
3682:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3569:
3481:
3297:
3277:
3267:
3227:
3222:
3202:
3173:
3123:
3105:
3058:
3050:
2957:
2941:
2552:
1734:
1343:
1205:
1011:
886:
742:
709:
686:
476:
436:
414:
398:
365:
346:
260:
224:
216:
184:
165:
150:
142:
2453:
2366:
2301:
2250:
2209:
2133:
2067:
2020:
1985:
1903:
1859:
1788:
1752:
1703:
1664:
1574:
1398:
1224:
1119:
799:
The
Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Program (TEHIP) at the
2435:
2282:
1593:(32nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier. 2012. p. 1236.
1359:
1100:
4040:
3620:
3600:
3511:
3506:
3471:
3461:
3436:
3392:
3342:
3287:
3262:
3247:
3212:
3207:
3138:
3090:
3063:
3009:
2937:
2931:
2917:
2903:
2894:
2590:
2126:
10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199903/04)7:2<45::AID-NT34>3.0.CO;2-H
1637:
932:
905:
866:
746:
695:
682:
634:
609:
580:
569:
486:
410:
338:
256:
192:
157:
116:
65:
20:
4177:
3775:
3237:
3232:
3217:
3178:
3153:
2990:
2970:
2610:
1933:
1555:
638:
520:
432:
388:
305: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
146:
123:
96:
92:
69:
2485:
The
Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins including Tropical Diseases
1780:
1390:
3999:
3542:
3516:
3486:
3302:
3004:
2985:
2733:
2323:
806:
646:
512:
494:
402:
334:
176:
108:
99:
that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by
50:
2043:
4019:
3491:
3407:
3402:
3272:
3193:
2490:
ToxSeek: Meta-search engine in toxicology and environmental health
1421:"biotoxin – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
713:
673:
642:
619:
613:
603:
406:
380:
342:
264:
240:
196:
172:
171:
The word toxin does not specify method of delivery (as opposed to
81:
3656:
3564:
490:
440:
418:
58:
3872:
2503:
2494:
2420:"TOXMAP: a GIS-based gateway to environmental health resources"
1084:"Are Some Fungal Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Mycotoxins?"
953:"toxin – Definition from the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary"
3501:
2042:
Poli MA, Musser SM, Dickey RW, Eilers PP, Hall S (July 2000).
428:
424:
274:
120:
3868:
2396:
2479:
126:) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as
1621:"Biological Toxins as the Potential Tools for Bioterrorism"
908:
that is thought to be responsible for its toxic properties.
1537:
Robinson, Samuel D; Norton, Raymond S (17 December 2014).
2484:
1719:"Environmental toxins; their impact on children's health"
80:
Ludwig
Brieger (1849–1919) and is derived from the word "
463:
Some of the more well known types of biotoxins include:
2469:
255:
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either
141:
Less strict understandings embrace naturally occurring
391:, which target specific nerve channels or receptors).
2264:
Pearce JM, Khaksari M, Denkenberger D (April 2019).
1514:
Microbial Toxins: Current Research and Future Trends
1371:
1369:
1329:"Difference Between Toxin and Toxicant (With Table)"
160:. The term toxicant is preferred when the poison is
4145:
4079:
4028:
3962:
3906:
3773:
3680:
3654:
3643:
3598:
3540:
3434:
3423:
3192:
3049:
3020:
2956:
2893:
2840:
2813:
2766:
2732:
2705:
2618:
2609:
2598:
2589:
2578:
2316:"Environmental Health and Toxicology Information"
1304:"The Biological Weapons Convention – An overview"
1463:"Toxins: Venom within Living Cells or Organisms"
1278:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
453:The toxins used as defense in species among the
394:Biotoxins in nature have two primary functions:
1185:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
756:that may be dangerous to human health include:
263:, which are released mainly when bacteria are
175:, a toxin delivered via a bite, sting, etc.).
3884:
2515:
811:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
1625:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1028:Illustrated Toxicology with Study Questions
3891:
3877:
3869:
3651:
3431:
2738:
2615:
2606:
2595:
2586:
2522:
2508:
2500:
1082:Bennett, Joan W; Inamdar, Arati A (2015).
801:United States National Library of Medicine
3447:Androctonus australis hector insect toxin
2443:
2291:
2281:
2240:
2199:
2189:
1742:
1680:"[Toxins as a biological weapon]"
1654:
1636:
1564:
1554:
1214:
1204:
1109:
1099:
321:Learn how and when to remove this message
1590:Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary
537:(caused by the "flesh eating" bacterium
119:, ranging from usually minor (such as a
27:
923:
457:can also be used for medicinal purposes
368:determinants responsible for microbial
4173:List of extremely hazardous substances
2418:Hochstein C, Szczur M (24 July 2006).
2001:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
1271:"Module 1: Introduction to Toxicology"
2495:Website on Models & Ecotoxicology
2148:"Chemical hazards data - OpenFoodTox"
1614:
1612:
1610:
1456:
1454:
847:Detoxification (alternative medicine)
7:
4208:
2424:Medical Reference Services Quarterly
1958:The Science of the Total Environment
1053:"Diagnosis and Treatment | Botulism"
303:adding citations to reliable sources
4220:
233:, causes dangerous photosensitivity
38:mushroom, an iconic toxic mushroom.
2801:Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB)
1063:from the original on 12 April 2022
16:Naturally occurring organic poison
14:
4112:Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko
1678:PĹ‚usa, Tadeusz (September 2015).
819:Superfund Basic Research Programs
4219:
4207:
4196:
4195:
3853:
3852:
2347:Toxicology and Industrial Health
1817:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01347.x
1723:Archives of Disease in Childhood
1488:"Biotoxins: What are Biotoxins?"
1302:Goldblat, Jozef (30 June 1997).
279:
2885:Extracellular adenylate cyclase
1978:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.03.002
1896:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2009.07.004
1492:www.biosciences-labs.bham.ac.uk
1461:Editorial, Team (24 May 2021).
993:Endotoxin in Health and Disease
290:needs additional citations for
4183:Occupational safety and health
4087:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
2152:European Food Safety Authority
1539:"Conotoxin Gene Superfamilies"
793:European Food Safety Authority
779:Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning
259:, excreted by an organism, or
1:
3037:Fibronectin binding protein A
2060:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00191-9
1852:10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.004
1348:Biochemical Society Symposium
1181:"Keeping arsenic out of rice"
773:Diarrheal shellfish poisoning
761:Paralytic shellfish poisoning
115:. They vary greatly in their
76:. The term was first used by
2320:National Library of Medicine
2242:10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.07.019
2098:10.1016/0040-4039(95)01969-O
1446:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
978:Dorland's Medical Dictionary
904:, feature or group within a
745:and other artificially made
387:can contain over 100 unique
103:interacting with biological
2778:Staphylococcus aureus alpha
2756:Panton–Valentine leukocidin
2475:ATDB: Animal toxin database
2470:T3DB: Toxin-target database
938:Online Etymology Dictionary
767:Amnesic shellfish poisoning
618:Various different types of
372:and/or evasion of the host
68:. They occur especially as
4284:
2796:Toxic shock syndrome toxin
2359:10.1177/074823370001600101
2191:10.2903/j.efsa.2017.e15011
1684:Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski
1516:. Caister Academic Press.
877:List of highly toxic gases
852:Dose–response relationship
752:Environmental toxins from
734:
213:or the reproductive organs
18:
4191:
4132:2022 Aqaba toxic gas leak
3848:
3835:
3693:(+)-Allopumiliotoxin 267A
2741:
2013:10.1007/s00216-007-1489-3
1876:Marine Pollution Bulletin
4122:Consumption of Tide Pods
4107:Niigata Minamata disease
3934:Environmental toxicology
3086:beta-Nitropropionic acid
882:List of poisonous plants
815:Toxics Release Inventory
737:Environmental toxicology
219:, causes destruction of
3970:Acceptable daily intake
3924:Occupational toxicology
2870:Heat-labile enterotoxin
2861:heat-stable enterotoxin
1735:10.1136/adc.2002.022202
1206:10.1073/pnas.2113071118
1179:Beans, Carolyn (2021).
1094:(9). Basel: 3785–3804.
504:or "fiddle back" spider
449:plants producing toxins
357:, or animal biotoxins.
156:Toxins are a subset of
4127:Visakhapatnam gas leak
4071:Whole bowel irrigation
2979:Bacillus thuringiensis
1717:Grigg J (March 2004).
1135:"Arsenic in Food: FAQ"
990:Brade, Helmut (1999).
912:Toxin-antitoxin system
862:Environment and health
540:Streptococcus pyogenes
39:
4092:2007 pet food recalls
2480:Society of Toxicology
2436:10.1300/J115v25n03_02
2283:10.3390/plants8050110
1512:Proft T, ed. (2009).
1101:10.3390/toxins7093785
694:, from certain toxic
661:Mexican beaded lizard
535:Necrotizing fasciitis
31:
3990:Fixed-dose procedure
2880:Pseudomonas exotoxin
1769:Analytical Chemistry
1638:10.3390/ijms20051181
892:Secondary metabolite
299:improve this article
166:linguistic semantics
55:metabolic activities
4258:Biology terminology
3949:In vitro toxicology
3939:Forensic toxicology
2326:on 1 September 2018
2085:Tetrahedron Letters
1970:2006ScTEn.366..894M
1888:2009MarPB..58.1643W
1197:2021PNAS..11813071B
594:Blue-ringed octopus
360:Toxins produced by
48:naturally occurring
4153:Biological warfare
4137:List of poisonings
3944:Medical toxicology
3914:Aquatic toxicology
3796:Alpha-Bungarotoxin
2966:Lipopolysaccharide
2924:Pore-forming toxin
2393:toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
2229:Toxicology Letters
1934:10.1007/BF02490333
1556:10.3390/md12126058
1379:Biological Reviews
1331:. 31 October 2021.
1025:Gupta, PK (2018).
556:ion channel toxins
545:pore forming toxin
485:Necrotoxins cause
423:Defense as in the
113:cellular receptors
40:
4235:
4234:
4051:Chelation therapy
3866:
3865:
3831:
3830:
3801:Beta-Bungarotoxin
3745:Pumiliotoxin 251D
3639:
3638:
3045:
3044:
3032:Clumping factor A
2952:
2951:
2836:
2835:
2809:
2808:
2728:
2727:
1805:Fisheries Science
1781:10.1021/ac7022266
1600:978-1-4160-6257-8
1549:(12): 6058–6101.
1523:978-1-904455-44-8
1391:10.1111/brv.12062
1133:Goodman, Brenda.
1038:978-0-12-813213-5
931:Harper, Douglas.
637:are small, basic
401:, such as in the
331:
330:
323:
4275:
4268:Chemical ecology
4223:
4222:
4211:
4210:
4199:
4198:
4102:Minamata disease
4036:Activated carbon
3985:Biomagnification
3929:Entomotoxicology
3893:
3886:
3879:
3870:
3856:
3855:
3784:
3740:Histrionicotoxin
3686:
3660:
3652:
3604:
3558:Alpha-latrotoxin
3546:
3440:
3432:
3164:Sterigmatocystin
3116:, Fumonisin B3,
3080:epsilon-amanitin
2999:B. thuringiensis
2828:Diphtheria toxin
2771:
2739:
2708:
2624:
2616:
2607:
2596:
2587:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2501:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2395:. Archived from
2385:
2379:
2378:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2322:. Archived from
2312:
2306:
2305:
2295:
2285:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2244:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2039:
2033:
2032:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1964:(2–3): 894–904.
1952:
1946:
1945:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1746:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1690:(231): 131–133.
1675:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1640:
1616:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1467:Unrevealed Files
1458:
1449:
1438:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1310:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1286:
1284:
1275:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1218:
1208:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1165:Consumer Reports
1156:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1130:
1124:
1123:
1113:
1103:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1031:. Elsevier Inc.
1022:
1016:
1015:
987:
981:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
949:
943:
942:
928:
525:serine proteases
455:poison dart frog
445:poison dart frog
351:microbial toxins
347:fungal biotoxins
326:
319:
315:
312:
306:
283:
275:
145:toxins, such as
35:Amanita muscaria
4283:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4272:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4187:
4141:
4117:Seveso disaster
4097:Bhopal disaster
4075:
4024:
3980:Bioaccumulation
3958:
3902:
3897:
3867:
3862:
3844:
3827:
3823:Cardiotoxin III
3779:
3774:
3769:
3681:
3676:
3655:
3647:
3635:
3599:
3594:
3541:
3536:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3323:Resiniferatoxin
3188:
3041:
3023:
3016:
2981:delta endotoxin
2948:
2889:
2875:Pertussis toxin
2843:
2832:
2805:
2767:
2762:
2724:
2720:Listeriolysin O
2706:
2701:
2619:
2601:
2581:
2574:
2528:
2466:
2461:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2387:
2386:
2382:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2263:
2262:
2258:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2171:
2170:
2166:
2156:
2154:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2092:(49): 8995–98.
2080:
2079:
2075:
2041:
2040:
2036:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1921:Chromatographia
1916:
1915:
1911:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1618:
1617:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1496:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1439:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1308:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1141:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1066:
1064:
1059:. 1 June 2021.
1051:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1004:
989:
988:
984:
971:
967:
957:
955:
951:
950:
946:
930:
929:
925:
921:
916:
827:
788:
739:
733:
724:
701:Cardiotoxin III
628:dinoflagellates
543:) – produces a
481:dinoflagellates
374:immune response
355:plant biotoxins
327:
316:
310:
307:
296:
284:
273:
221:red blood cells
189:skin absorption
136:
128:botulinum toxin
89:small molecules
78:organic chemist
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4281:
4279:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4240:
4239:
4233:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4217:
4205:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4146:Related topics
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4083:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4056:Gastric lavage
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4010:Toxicity class
4007:
4005:Toxic capacity
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3975:Acute toxicity
3972:
3966:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3954:Toxicogenomics
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3873:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3804:
3803:
3798:
3787:
3785:
3771:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3765:Zetekitoxin AB
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3731:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3700:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3649:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3429:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3313:Pseudaconitine
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3253:Djenkolic acid
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3199:
3197:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3076:gamma-amanitin
3068:alpha-amanitin
3061:
3055:
3053:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3039:
3034:
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3013:
3012:
3007:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2944:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2899:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2863:
2855:
2848:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2819:
2817:
2815:Actinomycetota
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2774:
2772:
2769:Staphylococcus
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2697:
2685:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2627:
2625:
2613:
2604:
2593:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2465:
2464:External links
2462:
2460:
2459:
2410:
2399:on 14 May 2019
2380:
2337:
2307:
2256:
2215:
2164:
2139:
2114:Natural Toxins
2103:
2073:
2034:
1991:
1947:
1928:(1): S231–35.
1909:
1882:(11): 1643–8.
1865:
1830:
1811:(2): 395–403.
1794:
1758:
1709:
1670:
1606:
1599:
1580:
1529:
1522:
1504:
1479:
1450:
1433:
1412:
1385:(2): 450–465.
1365:
1334:
1320:
1294:
1262:
1238:
1171:
1151:
1125:
1074:
1044:
1037:
1017:
1002:
982:
965:
944:
922:
920:
917:
915:
914:
909:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
857:Excitotoxicity
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
828:
826:
823:
787:
784:
783:
782:
776:
770:
764:
732:
729:
723:
720:
719:
718:
717:
716:
707:
698:
689:
680:
665:
664:
663:
658:
632:
631:
630:
616:
606:
601:
596:
590:
584:
578:
572:
566:
549:
548:
547:
532:
527:
505:
483:
479:, produced by
474:
470:, produced by
461:
460:
459:
458:
421:
364:are important
362:microorganisms
329:
328:
287:
285:
278:
272:
269:
253:
252:
250:nervous system
243:
234:
228:
214:
211:urinary organs
209:, damages the
135:
132:
105:macromolecules
87:Toxins can be
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4280:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4190:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4168:Hazard symbol
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4078:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4066:Hemoperfusion
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3919:Ecotoxicology
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3894:
3889:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3874:
3871:
3859:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3834:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Samandaridine
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3729:
3728:Marinobufagin
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3698:Batrachotoxin
3696:
3694:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3452:Charybdotoxin
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3363:Solauricidine
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3308:Protoanemonin
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3293:Oenanthotoxin
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:Trichothecene
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Ibotenic acid
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3072:beta-amanitin
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2943:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2866:Cholera toxin
2864:
2862:
2860:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2765:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2715:Anthrax toxin
2713:
2712:
2710:
2704:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2638:Tetanospasmin
2636:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2577:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2411:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2338:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2184:(1): e15011.
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2165:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2054:(7): 981–93.
2053:
2049:
2045:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2007:(1): 335–42.
2006:
2002:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1869:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1798:
1795:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1775:(5): 1770–6.
1774:
1770:
1762:
1759:
1754:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1729:(3): 244–50.
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1493:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1317:
1305:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1279:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1140:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1040:
1034:
1030:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:9780824719449
999:
996:. CRC Press.
995:
994:
986:
983:
980:
979:
974:
969:
966:
954:
948:
945:
940:
939:
934:
927:
924:
918:
913:
910:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
832:ArachnoServer
830:
829:
824:
822:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
802:
797:
794:
785:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
758:
757:
755:
750:
748:
744:
738:
731:Environmental
730:
728:
721:
715:
711:
708:
706:
705:Chinese cobra
702:
699:
697:
693:
692:T-2 mycotoxin
690:
688:
684:
681:
679:
675:
672:
671:
669:
666:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
648:
644:
640:
636:
633:
629:
625:
624:cyanobacteria
621:
617:
615:
612:
611:
607:
605:
602:
600:
599:Venomous fish
597:
595:
591:
589:
585:
582:
579:
577:
576:box jellyfish
573:
571:
567:
564:
560:
559:
557:
553:
550:
546:
542:
541:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
522:
518:
517:phospholipase
514:
510:
506:
503:
502:brown recluse
499:
498:
496:
492:
488:
484:
482:
478:
475:
473:
472:cyanobacteria
469:
466:
465:
464:
456:
452:
451:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:
396:
395:
392:
390:
386:
382:
377:
375:
371:
370:pathogenicity
367:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
325:
322:
314:
304:
300:
294:
293:
288:This section
286:
282:
277:
276:
270:
268:
266:
262:
258:
251:
247:
244:
242:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
222:
218:
215:
212:
208:
205:
204:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
169:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
139:
133:
131:
129:
125:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
49:
45:
37:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4224:
4212:
4200:
4061:Hemodialysis
4014:
3839:
3818:Calcicludine
3808:Calciseptine
3791:Bungarotoxin
3760:Tarichatoxin
3708:Arenobufagin
3672:Tetrodotoxin
3631:Tetrodotoxin
3585:Vanillotoxin
3522:Phaiodotoxin
3425:Invertebrate
3348:Solasodamine
3283:Lotaustralin
3118:Fumonisin B4
3114:Fumonisin B2
3110:Fumonisin B1
3096:Cytochalasin
2998:
2978:
2930:
2916:
2910:Superantigen
2902:
2858:
2746:Streptolysin
2687:
2668:
2649:
2630:
2532:
2430:(3): 13–31.
2427:
2423:
2413:
2403:29 September
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2392:
2383:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2330:29 September
2328:. Retrieved
2324:the original
2319:
2310:
2273:
2269:
2259:
2232:
2228:
2218:
2181:
2178:EFSA Journal
2177:
2167:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:
2142:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2089:
2083:
2076:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1961:
1957:
1950:
1925:
1919:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1846:(5): 780–6.
1843:
1839:
1833:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1628:
1624:
1588:
1583:
1546:
1543:Marine Drugs
1542:
1532:
1513:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:
1444:
1436:
1424:. Retrieved
1415:
1382:
1378:
1351:
1347:
1337:
1323:
1314:
1307:. Retrieved
1297:
1288:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1265:
1257:
1250:. Retrieved
1241:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1163:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1138:
1128:
1091:
1087:
1077:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1047:
1027:
1020:
992:
985:
976:
968:
956:. Retrieved
947:
936:
926:
872:Insect toxin
805:
798:
789:
751:
740:
725:
678:castor beans
656:rattlesnakes
608:
538:
519:and various
509:rattlesnakes
462:
393:
378:
359:
332:
317:
308:
297:Please help
292:verification
289:
254:
237:Hepatotoxins
201:
170:
155:
140:
137:
101:body tissues
86:
53:produced by
43:
41:
33:
25:
4226:WikiProject
4163:Food safety
3995:Lethal dose
3781:Snake venom
3735:Epibatidine
3723:Cinobufagin
3580:Stromatoxin
3527:Imperatoxin
3477:Scyllatoxin
3383:Tagetitoxin
3378:Swainsonine
3368:Solauricine
3333:Solamargine
3328:Scopolamine
3318:Retronecine
3184:Zearalenone
2852:Shiga toxin
2823:Cord factor
2662:Enterotoxin
2657:Alpha toxin
2651:perfringens
2643:Tetanolysin
2621:Clostridium
2558:hepatotoxin
2548:enterotoxin
2538:cardiotoxin
2235:: 117–123.
2120:(2): 45–8.
1631:(5): 1181.
1426:13 December
1247:"U.S. Code"
958:13 December
902:Toxicophore
754:food chains
563:black widow
552:Neurotoxins
468:Cyanotoxins
248:affect the
246:Neurotoxins
239:affect the
207:Genitotoxin
134:Terminology
4263:Toxicology
4242:Categories
4158:Carcinogen
4029:Treatments
3900:Toxicology
3813:Taicatoxin
3750:Samandarin
3703:Bufotoxins
3667:Ciguatoxin
3645:Vertebrate
3590:Huwentoxin
3570:Cupiennins
3553:Latrotoxin
3497:Kaliotoxin
3467:Margatoxin
3457:Maurotoxin
3398:Toxalbumin
3388:Tinyatoxin
3373:Strychnine
3358:Solasonine
3353:Solasodine
3338:Solanidine
3258:Falcarinol
3243:Delphinine
3159:Phalloidin
3149:Ochratoxin
3144:Orellanine
3134:Lolitrem B
3101:Ergotamine
3051:Mycotoxins
2895:Mechanisms
2854:/Verotoxin
2791:Exfoliatin
2751:Leukocidin
2568:phototoxin
2563:neurotoxin
2353:(1): 4–6.
2276:(5): 110.
2157:27 October
1441:"biotoxin"
919:References
897:Toxalbumin
842:Cangitoxin
837:Brevetoxin
796:toxicity.
743:pollutants
735:See also:
687:honey bees
668:Cytotoxins
588:cone snail
530:Puff adder
477:Dinotoxins
385:cone snail
271:Biological
261:endotoxins
231:Phototoxin
181:inhalation
74:conjugated
4253:Toxicants
4080:Incidents
4046:Cathartic
3718:Bufotenin
3713:Bufotalin
3683:Amphibian
3626:Saxitoxin
3616:Eledoisin
3611:Conotoxin
3482:Hefutoxin
3298:Oleandrin
3278:Linamarin
3268:Helenalin
3228:Cicutoxin
3223:Chaconine
3203:Amygdalin
3174:Vomitoxin
3124:Gliotoxin
3106:Fumonisin
3059:Aflatoxin
3022:Virulence
2958:Endotoxin
2689:botulinum
2670:difficile
2580:Bacterial
2553:hemotoxin
2543:cytotoxin
1696:1426-9686
1647:1422-0067
1407:207101679
1316:synthesis
1233:236989837
887:Pollution
813:'s (EPA)
710:Hemotoxin
696:mushrooms
641:found in
635:Myotoxins
570:scorpions
437:honey bee
415:jellyfish
399:Predation
366:virulence
339:toxungens
257:exotoxins
225:hemolysis
217:Hemotoxin
185:ingestion
158:toxicants
151:inorganic
143:inorganic
66:organisms
4202:Category
4041:Antidote
3963:Concepts
3858:Category
3621:Onchidal
3601:Mollusca
3512:Bestoxin
3507:Birtoxin
3472:Slotoxin
3462:Agitoxin
3437:Scorpion
3393:Tomatine
3343:Solanine
3288:Mimosine
3263:Gossypol
3248:Divicine
3213:Antiarin
3208:Anisatin
3139:Muscimol
3091:Citrinin
3064:Amatoxin
3010:Cry34Ab1
2938:AB toxin
2932:type III
2844:negative
2602:positive
2591:Exotoxin
2454:16893844
2389:"TOXNET"
2375:34029729
2367:10798381
2302:31027336
2251:31325634
2210:32625280
2134:10495465
2068:10728835
2029:21971745
2021:17661021
1986:16815531
1942:97937094
1904:19665739
1860:18237757
1825:22926782
1789:18232710
1753:14977703
1704:26449572
1665:30857127
1575:25522317
1399:24102715
1354:: 9–23.
1225:34380741
1120:26402705
1067:12 April
1061:Archived
1012:41299257
906:molecule
867:Exposome
825:See also
786:Research
722:Weaponry
683:Apitoxin
639:peptides
610:Palythoa
515:produce
487:necrosis
411:scorpion
389:peptides
311:May 2021
193:toxungen
162:man-made
117:toxicity
107:such as
97:proteins
93:peptides
72:, often
70:proteins
21:Toxicant
4214:Commons
4178:Mutagen
3776:Reptile
3238:Daphnin
3233:Coniine
3218:Brucine
3179:Zeranol
3154:Patulin
3001:toxins
2991:Cry3Bb1
2971:Lipid A
2918:type II
2859:E. coli
2611:Bacilli
2445:2703818
2293:6571818
2201:7009813
2048:Toxicon
1966:Bibcode
1884:Bibcode
1840:Toxicon
1744:1719840
1656:6429496
1566:4278219
1472:17 July
1360:2847744
1290:toxins.
1216:8379988
1193:Bibcode
1168:. 2012.
1111:4591661
973:"toxin"
933:"toxin"
712:, from
703:, from
685:, from
676:, from
565:spider.
521:trypsin
433:termite
383:of the
335:poisons
147:arsenic
109:enzymes
4248:Toxins
4000:Poison
3907:Fields
3648:toxins
3543:Spider
3517:BmKAEP
3487:HgeTx1
3428:toxins
3303:Persin
3196:toxins
3024:factor
3005:Cry6Aa
2997:Other
2986:Cry1Ac
2904:type I
2707:Other:
2632:tetani
2582:toxins
2533:Toxins
2452:
2442:
2373:
2365:
2300:
2290:
2270:Plants
2249:
2208:
2198:
2132:
2066:
2027:
2019:
1984:
1940:
1902:
1858:
1823:
1787:
1751:
1741:
1702:
1694:
1663:
1653:
1645:
1597:
1573:
1563:
1520:
1497:6 July
1405:
1397:
1358:
1309:20 May
1283:20 May
1252:20 May
1231:
1223:
1213:
1191:(33).
1144:20 May
1118:
1108:
1088:Toxins
1035:
1010:
1000:
807:TOXMAP
714:vipers
650:venoms
647:lizard
583:snakes
581:Elapid
523:-like
513:vipers
495:muscle
417:, and
403:spider
343:venoms
177:Poison
59:living
51:poison
4020:Venom
4015:Toxin
3575:PhTx3
3492:HsTx1
3415:Tutin
3408:Ricin
3403:Abrin
3273:Ledol
3194:Plant
2786:delta
2734:Cocci
2695:Botox
2371:S2CID
2025:S2CID
1938:S2CID
1821:S2CID
1403:S2CID
1274:(PDF)
1229:S2CID
1139:WebMD
781:(NSP)
775:(DSP)
769:(ASP)
763:(PSP)
747:toxic
674:Ricin
643:snake
620:algae
614:coral
604:Frogs
568:Most
507:Most
407:snake
381:venom
265:lysed
241:liver
197:wound
187:, or
173:venom
124:sting
95:, or
82:toxic
62:cells
46:is a
44:toxin
3657:Fish
3565:CSTX
2842:Gram
2782:beta
2600:Gram
2450:PMID
2405:2010
2363:PMID
2332:2010
2298:PMID
2247:PMID
2206:PMID
2159:2019
2130:PMID
2064:PMID
2017:PMID
1982:PMID
1900:PMID
1856:PMID
1785:PMID
1749:PMID
1700:PMID
1692:ISSN
1661:PMID
1643:ISSN
1595:ISBN
1571:PMID
1518:ISBN
1499:2023
1474:2021
1428:2008
1395:PMID
1356:PMID
1311:2022
1285:2022
1254:2022
1221:PMID
1146:2022
1116:PMID
1069:2022
1033:ISBN
1008:OCLC
998:ISBN
960:2008
817:and
645:and
626:and
592:The
586:The
574:The
561:The
511:and
500:The
493:and
491:skin
447:and
441:wasp
419:wasp
32:The
3532:Pi3
3502:Lq2
2942:AB5
2440:PMC
2432:doi
2355:doi
2288:PMC
2278:doi
2237:doi
2233:314
2196:PMC
2186:doi
2122:doi
2094:doi
2056:doi
2009:doi
2005:389
1974:doi
1962:366
1930:doi
1892:doi
1848:doi
1813:doi
1777:doi
1739:PMC
1731:doi
1651:PMC
1633:doi
1561:PMC
1551:doi
1443:at
1387:doi
1211:PMC
1201:doi
1189:118
1106:PMC
1096:doi
1057:CDC
975:at
443:,
429:ant
425:bee
301:by
130:).
121:bee
111:or
84:".
64:or
57:of
4244::
3112:,
3078:,
3074:,
3070:,
2448:.
2438:.
2428:25
2426:.
2422:.
2391:.
2369:.
2361:.
2351:16
2349:.
2318:.
2296:.
2286:.
2272:.
2268:.
2245:.
2231:.
2227:.
2204:.
2194:.
2182:15
2180:.
2176:.
2150:.
2128:.
2116:.
2090:36
2088:.
2062:.
2052:38
2050:.
2046:.
2023:.
2015:.
2003:.
1980:.
1972:.
1960:.
1936:.
1926:53
1924:.
1898:.
1890:.
1880:58
1878:.
1854:.
1844:51
1842:.
1819:.
1809:73
1807:.
1783:.
1773:80
1771:.
1747:.
1737:.
1727:89
1725:.
1721:.
1698:.
1688:39
1686:.
1682:.
1659:.
1649:.
1641:.
1629:20
1627:.
1623:.
1609:^
1569:.
1559:.
1547:12
1545:.
1541:.
1490:.
1465:.
1453:^
1401:.
1393:.
1383:89
1381:.
1368:^
1352:53
1350:.
1346:.
1313:.
1287:.
1276:.
1256:.
1227:.
1219:.
1209:.
1199:.
1187:.
1183:.
1162:.
1137:.
1114:.
1104:.
1090:.
1086:.
1055:.
1006:.
935:.
821:.
622:,
439:,
435:,
431:,
427:,
413:,
409:,
405:,
376:.
353:,
349:,
267:.
199:.
183:,
168:.
91:,
42:A
3892:e
3885:t
3878:v
3783::
3778:/
3685::
3659::
3603::
3545::
3439::
3120:)
3108:(
3082:)
3066:(
2940:/
2868:/
2784:/
2780:/
2681:B
2676:A
2623::
2523:e
2516:t
2509:v
2456:.
2434::
2407:.
2377:.
2357::
2334:.
2304:.
2280::
2274:8
2253:.
2239::
2212:.
2188::
2161:.
2136:.
2124::
2118:7
2100:.
2096::
2070:.
2058::
2031:.
2011::
1988:.
1976::
1968::
1944:.
1932::
1906:.
1894::
1886::
1862:.
1850::
1827:.
1815::
1791:.
1779::
1755:.
1733::
1706:.
1667:.
1635::
1603:.
1577:.
1553::
1526:.
1501:.
1476:.
1430:.
1409:.
1389::
1362:.
1235:.
1203::
1195::
1148:.
1122:.
1098::
1092:7
1071:.
1041:.
1014:.
962:.
941:.
324:)
318:(
313:)
309:(
295:.
227:)
223:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
