42:
703:
684:
538:
on breeding success. When females have selected and entered their nest, they seal the cavity with a mixture of saliva, mud, fruit, droppings and tree bark, leaving only a small opening through which food may be passed in. The male forages for the female and chicks, and the female feeds the nestlings. Chicks remain inside the nest with the female for several months until there are ready to fledge. Oriental pied hornbills have shown to return to their previous nest for subsequent nesting seasons.
339:
the head, neck, back, wings and upper breast is black with a slight green sheen. The tail is black with white tips on all the feathers except the central feathers (rectories). The plumage of their lower breast, lower abdomen, thighs, under-wing and all the tips of the wings except the three basal secondaries and two outer primaries is white, as is the circumorbital skin around the eyes and on the throat skin. A blue tinge can sometimes be noticed on the throat of adults. Casques of mature
669:
523:
476:
non-fig fruit such as small sized berries, drupes, arillate capsules and lianas (woody vines), however the availability of these food items is lower in the breeding season, which suggests that the species increases its habitat range during that time. They also tend to feed in flocks during the non breeding season. When foraging for food, they tend to select a few common species of fruit trees. They show a preference towards trees belonging to the families
116:
441:
74:
595:, the oriental pied hornbill demonstrates tolerance to disturbed habitats. Nests have been found in disturbed, secondary forest areas such as plantations, degraded forests and logging sites, while other hornbill species tend to avoid such sites. Nests found in human disturbed areas are however often unsuccessful or abandoned; in general, hornbills prefer undisturbed forest areas.
641:
644:
648:
647:
643:
642:
649:
343:
are laterally flattened “cylinders”, which may form a protruding horn. Males and females are similar in coloration. Males can be distinguished from females by their larger body size, yellow bill, which has a black base, and bright red eyes. Females have a slightly smaller body size, a yellow bill and
338:
The oriental pied hornbill is a medium size frugivore with a head-to-tail length of 55–60 cm and a wingspan of 23–36 cm. The bill measures 19 cm for males and 16 cm for females. It can weigh between 600 g and 1,050 g, averaging 900 g for males and 875 g for females. The plumage of
616:
are subject to some hunting pressure (casques are sold as souvenirs) and are popular as pets in some areas. It has also been noted that the species has been almost completely extirpated from southern China. In
Singapore, the local population went locally extinct in the 1960s, but bounced back in the
537:
Hornbills are secondary cavity nesters, meaning that they typically do not excavate their own nesting sites but use those created by other birds or by branches breaking off. Because hornbills rely on pre-excavated cavities, selection of suitable nest-sites within their environment has major impacts
475:
plants. It will also take large insects (grasshoppers), small birds (finches), small reptiles (lizards and snakes), amphibians such as frogs, fish, and bats. Its diet differs slightly between the breeding and non-breeding season. During the non-breeding season, oriental pied hornbills feed more on
586:
The main difference in the structural characteristics of nest cavities between hornbill species is cavity size, which is highly correlated with body size. Cavities preferred by the oriental pied hornbill are elongate and may be located at a height between 1–18 m or more. Cavity entrance shape is
598:
Because oriental pied hornbills inhabit various habitats, nest structural characteristics may vary from one habitat to another, and may also vary between hornbill species, which have overlapping habitats. Habitat overlap among hornbill species may lead to intra & inter specific competition,
509:
Oriental pied hornbills are important large seed dispersers, promoting seedling recruitment by translocating the seeds of the fruits they feed on. Few other bird species outside the hornbill family have large enough gape widths to allow them to disperse large seeds to special microsites or open
628:
are currently in practice. Breeding in captivity has so far shown a low success rate. In some areas, such as
Cambodia, artificial nests made from iron tanks are installed in nesting sites to provide alternative nesting sites for hornbills when natural nest-site availability is low and to aid
646:
546:
Hornbills select nest sites based on the availability and type of fruiting trees, as well as on the availability and quality of nest site cavities in their particular habitat. Some oriental pied hornbills have demonstrated tree species preferences for nest site selection. In
506:, and many others. Feeding on a diversity of fruits ensure that nutritional requirements are met. In the non-breeding season fruits that are selected for are generally sugar rich, while lipid-rich fruits and invertebrates are highly selected for during the breeding season.
607:
The species has an extremely wide range and appears to be the hornbill species most adaptable to habitat alterations; it is thus not currently considered to be threatened. What declines in oriental pied hornbill population have been reported are mainly caused by legal and
533:
Hornbills are generally monogamous and breed between
January and June; oriental pied hornbills typically commence breeding in February. This coincides with the onset of rain depending on geographic location, and peak abundance of fruit.
747:
725:
1098:
Kitamura, S; Yumoto, T; Poonswad, P.; Noma, N.; Chuailua, P.; Plongmai, K.; Maruhashi, T.; Suckasam, C. (2004). "Pattern and impact of hornbill seed dispersal at nest trees in a moist evergreen forest in
Thailand".
1302:
599:
whereby hornbills compete for limited nest-sites. Competition for nest-sites with other species such as squirrels, lizard and other cavity nesting birds can also have critical impacts on breeding success.
645:
1190:"Nest-site selection and nesting success of three hornbill species in arunachal pradesh north-east India: great hornbill Buceros bicornis, wreathed hornbill Aceros undulatus and oriental pied hornbill
587:
rounder than for other hornbills. Oriental pied hornbills tend to select nesting sites in close proximity to rivers or other bodies of water. Compared to other hornbill species such as the
427:
occupies various habitat types, which include dry and semi-evergreen forests, dry and moist deciduous forests, subtropical broadleaf forests, secondary forests, plantations and woodlands.
748:
514:
behavior of hornbills thus helps shape forest communities, and disruption of this animal-plant interaction may have significant impacts on the reshaping of forest communities.
726:
1505:
1544:
1678:
270:
The species is considered to be among the smallest and most common of the Asian hornbills. It has the largest distribution in the genus and is found in the
1230:
Chaiyarat, R.; Kongprom, U.; Manathamkamon, D.; Wanpradab, S.; Sangarang, S. (2012). "Captive breeding and reintroduction of the oriental pied hornbill (
41:
702:
286:. The oriental pied hornbill's diet includes fruit, insects, shellfish, small reptiles and, sometimes, small mammals and birds including their eggs.
1650:
1479:
1518:
1052:
Datta, A.; Rawat, G.S. (2003). "Foraging patterns of sympatric hornbills during the non breeding season in
Arunachal Pradesh, northeast India".
1033:
683:
1718:
298:, which consists of five species. Species in this genus are divided into two groups, Indo-Malayan pied hornbills and black hornbills.
1134:
Sethi, P.; Howe, H.F. (2008). "Recruitment of hornbill-dispersed trees in hunted and logged forests of the Indian eastern
Himalaya".
352:
resemble the adults, but have an undeveloped casque and a smaller bill. Their black plumage lacks the green gloss found on adults.
1708:
1703:
355:
The calls of the oriental pied hornbill have been described as crowlike sounds, braying sounds or harsh crackles and screeches
1523:
1369:
668:
1693:
115:
302:
is grouped under the Indo-Malayan pied hornbills, based on plumage similarities, along with the Indian pied hornbill (
1396:
1549:
1713:
1698:
1688:
527:
227:
1683:
1417:
1331:
755:
733:
656:
964:
498:
210:
809:
933:
1466:
1409:
1378:
1061:
548:
423:
islands. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Within these regions,
588:
271:
63:
1383:
1319:
363:
The oriental pied hornbill is found in the Indian
Subcontinent and Southeast Asia, ranging across
1159:
1116:
1077:
110:
51:
522:
1510:
1637:
1570:
1536:
1440:
1251:
1151:
592:
1575:
1282:
1243:
1205:
1143:
1108:
1069:
910:
804:
621:
345:
1601:
1422:
1557:
1008:
609:
786:
1065:
1073:
914:
625:
511:
440:
275:
167:
17:
1672:
1531:
1147:
795:
485:
187:
83:
78:
1163:
1120:
1081:
1642:
1628:
1445:
1432:
746:
724:
1588:
1492:
1363:
420:
348:
with a partly black, browned patched mandible, and grayish-brown eyes. Juvenile
252:
1596:
1287:
1270:
1210:
1189:
1112:
690:
477:
364:
1354:
1009:"Nest site characterization of sympatric hornbills in a tropical dry forest"
709:
694:
551:
in India, oriental pied hornbills nest in a variety of tree species such as
481:
456:
404:
384:
127:
1255:
1155:
612:, which decreases the availability of suitable nesting and fruiting trees.
459:. The oriental pied hornbill's diet consists of wild fruits such as figs (
1622:
1562:
1348:
1007:
Shukla, U.; Prasad, S.; Joshi, M.; Sridhara, S.; Westcott, D. A. (2015).
759:
737:
713:
660:
464:
449:
408:
392:
376:
248:
177:
147:
1655:
897:
Frith, CB; Frith, DW (1983). "A systematic review of the hornbill genus
1484:
1404:
416:
396:
294:
The
Oriental hornbill, of the family Bucerotidae, belongs to the genus
279:
1247:
858:
The ecology and conservation of Asian hornbills: farmers of the forest
1391:
675:
468:
372:
368:
283:
137:
55:
1497:
1458:
1325:
1583:
1453:
521:
472:
460:
445:
439:
412:
400:
380:
100:
94:
1471:
388:
157:
1329:
1034:"HAWK-EAGLES AND ORIENTAL PIED HORNBILLS HUNT BATS IN MALAYSIA"
965:"Coraciiformes Taxon Advisory Group – Oriental Pied Hornbill (
617:
1990s and hornbills are now widespread around the island.
732:
Sound from oriental pied hornbill wings during flight,
251:, a large canopy-dwelling bird belonging to the family
1271:"The status and conservation of hornbills in Cambodia"
1612:
1338:
810:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T22682437A184925767.en
322:can be further categorized into two subspecies,
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
255:. Two other common names for this species are
8:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1093:
1091:
851:
849:
847:
1326:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
444:In Labuk Bay Proboscis Monkeys Sanctuary,
72:
40:
31:
1286:
1209:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
936:. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums
903:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
884:Hand book of the birds of the world alive
808:
282:is subtropical or tropical moist lowland
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
1047:
1045:
1043:
860:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
772:
719:
636:
928:
926:
924:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
856:Kinnaird, M.F.; O'Brien, T.G. (2007).
780:
778:
776:
7:
1234:) in Khao Kheow Open Zoo Thailand".
1679:IUCN Red List least concern species
796:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1074:10.1111/j.1744-7429.2003.tb00280.x
915:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1983.tb00862.x
886:. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
25:
1148:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01155.x
882:Kemp, A.C.; Boesman, P. (2014).
754:Oriental pied hornbill calling,
744:
722:
701:
682:
667:
639:
114:
1275:Bird Conservation International
1198:Bird Conservation International
1188:Datta, A.; Rawat, G.S. (2004).
785:BirdLife International (2020).
488:. Other target species include
310:). The black hornbills include
49:Male (left) and female (right)
1:
620:Conservation efforts such as
1303:"Hornbills in the Lion City"
463:spp.), melanoxylon berries,
455:Hornbills are predominantly
306:) and the Palawan hornbill (
1101:Journal of Tropical Ecology
934:"Anthracoceros albirostris"
1735:
504:Trichosanthes tricuspidata
247:) is an Indo-Malayan pied
1719:Taxa named by George Shaw
1602:Anthracoceros-albirostris
1397:anthracoceros-albirostris
1384:Anthracoceros_albirostris
1370:Anthracoceros albirostris
1340:Anthracoceros albirostris
1288:10.1017/s0959270905000183
1232:Anthracoceros albirostris
1211:10.1017/s0959270905000213
1192:Anthracoceros albirostris
1113:10.1017/s0266467404001518
967:Anthrococeros albirostris
803:: e.T22682437A184925767.
789:Anthracoceros albirostris
244:Anthracoceros albirostris
220:Anthracoceros albirostris
216:
209:
111:Scientific classification
109:
92:
70:
61:
48:
39:
34:
565:Lagerstroemia parviflora
359:Distribution and habitat
1709:Birds described in 1807
1704:Birds of Southeast Asia
528:Kaziranga National Park
379:, Eastern and Northern
265:Malaysian pied hornbill
35:Oriental pied hornbill
1036:. Boomers Daily. 2021.
901:(Aves, Bucerotidae)".
756:Khao Yai National Park
734:Khao Yai National Park
657:Khao Yai National Park
530:
452:
239:oriental pied hornbill
18:Oriental pied-hornbill
525:
499:Cinnamomum subavenium
443:
431:Behaviour and ecology
1136:Conservation Biology
569:Mitragyma parviflora
549:Rajaji National Park
526:Hornbills mating in
1694:Birds of Bangladesh
1614:Buceros albirostris
1066:2003Biotr..35..208D
971:. Coraciiformes TAG
589:great pied hornbill
573:Terminalia belerica
272:Indian Subcontinent
257:Sunda pied hornbill
202:A. albirostris
64:Conservation status
1269:Setha, T. (2004).
531:
494:Polyalthia viridis
453:
52:Kinabatangan River
1666:
1665:
1571:Open Tree of Life
1332:Taxon identifiers
1248:10.1002/zoo.20432
749:
727:
650:
593:wreathed hornbill
324:A. a. albirostris
235:
234:
104:
87:
16:(Redirected from
1726:
1714:Birds of Myanmar
1659:
1658:
1646:
1645:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1605:
1604:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1578:
1566:
1565:
1553:
1552:
1540:
1539:
1527:
1526:
1514:
1513:
1501:
1500:
1488:
1487:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1461:
1449:
1448:
1436:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1413:
1412:
1410:34BCDAC285903676
1400:
1399:
1387:
1386:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1327:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1227:
1216:
1215:
1213:
1185:
1168:
1167:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1095:
1086:
1085:
1049:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1013:
1004:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
946:
945:
943:
941:
930:
919:
918:
894:
888:
887:
879:
862:
861:
853:
822:
821:
819:
817:
812:
782:
751:
750:
729:
728:
705:
686:
671:
652:
651:
629:reintroduction.
622:captive breeding
222:
119:
118:
98:
81:
76:
75:
44:
32:
21:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1699:Birds of Yunnan
1669:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1587:
1582:
1574:
1569:
1561:
1558:Observation.org
1556:
1548:
1543:
1535:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1496:
1491:
1483:
1478:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1452:
1444:
1439:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1403:
1395:
1390:
1382:
1377:
1368:
1367:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1334:
1316:
1311:
1310:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1229:
1228:
1219:
1187:
1186:
1171:
1133:
1132:
1128:
1097:
1096:
1089:
1051:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1022:(9): 1725–1730.
1016:Current Science
1011:
1006:
1005:
984:
974:
972:
963:
962:
949:
939:
937:
932:
931:
922:
896:
895:
891:
881:
880:
865:
855:
854:
825:
815:
813:
784:
783:
774:
769:
762:
752:
745:
740:
730:
723:
716:
706:
697:
687:
678:
672:
663:
653:
640:
635:
610:illegal logging
605:
581:Syzigium cumini
544:
520:
438:
433:
361:
336:
292:
274:and throughout
231:
224:
218:
205:
113:
105:
88:
77:
73:
66:
50:
28:
27:Species of bird
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1689:Birds of India
1686:
1681:
1671:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1647:
1634:
1618:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1593:
1580:
1567:
1554:
1541:
1528:
1515:
1502:
1489:
1476:
1463:
1450:
1437:
1427:
1414:
1401:
1388:
1375:
1360:
1344:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1315:
1314:External links
1312:
1309:
1308:
1294:
1261:
1242:(6): 683–693.
1217:
1169:
1142:(3): 710–718.
1126:
1107:(5): 545–553.
1087:
1060:(2): 208–218.
1039:
1025:
982:
947:
920:
889:
863:
823:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
753:
743:
741:
731:
721:
718:
717:
707:
700:
698:
688:
681:
679:
673:
666:
664:
654:
638:
634:
631:
626:reintroduction
614:A. albirostris
604:
601:
577:Shorea robusta
557:Careya arborea
543:
542:Nest selection
540:
519:
516:
512:Seed dispersal
471:and fruits of
467:, palm fruit,
437:
434:
432:
429:
425:A. albirostris
391:, peninsular
360:
357:
350:A. albirostris
335:
332:
328:A. a. convexus
320:A. albirostris
300:A. albirostris
291:
288:
278:. Its natural
276:Southeast Asia
233:
232:
225:
214:
213:
207:
206:
199:
197:
193:
192:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
168:Bucerotiformes
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
106:
93:
90:
89:
71:
68:
67:
62:
59:
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1731:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1684:Anthracoceros
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1657:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1313:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1262:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1010:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
983:
970:
968:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
948:
935:
929:
927:
925:
921:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
899:Anthracoceros
893:
890:
885:
878:
876:
874:
872:
870:
868:
864:
859:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
824:
811:
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
790:
781:
779:
777:
773:
766:
761:
757:
742:
739:
735:
720:
715:
711:
704:
699:
696:
692:
685:
680:
677:
670:
665:
662:
658:
637:
632:
630:
627:
623:
618:
615:
611:
602:
600:
596:
594:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
541:
539:
535:
529:
524:
517:
515:
513:
507:
505:
501:
500:
495:
491:
487:
486:Myristicaceae
483:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
451:
447:
442:
435:
430:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
356:
353:
351:
347:
342:
341:A. albirostri
333:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:Anthracoceros
289:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:
240:
229:
223:
221:
215:
212:
211:Binomial name
208:
204:
203:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
189:Anthracoceros
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
129:
126:
123:
122:
117:
112:
108:
102:
96:
91:
85:
80:
79:Least Concern
69:
65:
60:
57:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
1613:
1339:
1297:
1278:
1274:
1264:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1204:(1): 34–52.
1201:
1197:
1191:
1139:
1135:
1129:
1104:
1100:
1057:
1053:
1028:
1019:
1015:
973:. Retrieved
966:
938:. Retrieved
909:(1): 29–71.
906:
902:
898:
892:
883:
857:
814:. Retrieved
800:
794:
788:
619:
613:
606:
603:Conservation
597:
585:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
553:Bombax ceiba
552:
545:
536:
532:
518:Reproduction
508:
503:
497:
493:
490:Rourea minor
489:
454:
424:
362:
354:
349:
340:
337:
327:
323:
319:
315:
312:A. malayanus
311:
307:
304:A. coronatus
303:
299:
295:
293:
269:
264:
260:
256:
243:
242:
238:
236:
219:
217:
201:
200:
188:
29:
1493:iNaturalist
1364:Wikispecies
1281:(1): 5–11.
1236:Zoo Biology
561:Cordia myxa
421:Sunda shelf
334:Description
253:Bucerotidae
178:Bucerotidae
97:Appendix II
1673:Categories
1629:Q109578037
1597:Xeno-canto
1054:Biotropica
975:11 October
940:11 October
816:26 January
767:References
691:Pulau Ubin
674:In Seria,
510:habitats.
478:Annonaceae
457:frugivores
365:Bangladesh
316:A. montani
308:A. marchei
710:Cherating
695:Singapore
482:Meliaceae
465:rambutans
405:Singapore
385:Indonesia
196:Species:
134:Kingdom:
128:Eukaryota
1656:11273084
1623:Wikidata
1584:Species+
1537:22682437
1511:11008984
1423:22682437
1418:BirdLife
1349:Wikidata
1256:22105510
1164:11905510
1156:19220369
1121:84232303
1082:86157117
760:Thailand
738:Thailand
714:Malaysia
661:Thailand
450:Malaysia
419:and the
409:Thailand
393:Malaysia
377:Cambodia
290:Taxonomy
261:convexus
249:hornbill
174:Family:
148:Chordata
144:Phylum:
138:Animalia
124:Domain:
84:IUCN 3.1
1485:2475991
1472:1048410
1459:orphor1
1433:orphor1
1405:Avibase
1355:Q640999
1320:Oiseaux
1062:Bibcode
633:Gallery
436:Feeding
417:Vietnam
397:Myanmar
284:forests
280:habitat
230:, 1808)
184:Genus:
164:Order:
154:Class:
99: (
82: (
1576:291854
1524:554421
1392:ARKive
1322:Photos
1254:
1162:
1154:
1119:
1080:
676:Brunei
579:, and
469:papaya
373:Brunei
369:Bhutan
346:casque
263:) and
56:Borneo
1643:8VMHH
1563:70953
1550:57395
1506:IRMNG
1454:eBird
1446:67GSD
1430:BOW:
1160:S2CID
1117:S2CID
1078:S2CID
1012:(PDF)
473:liana
461:Ficus
446:Sabah
413:Tibet
401:Nepal
381:India
101:CITES
95:CITES
1651:GBIF
1589:9246
1545:NCBI
1532:IUCN
1519:ITIS
1498:5551
1480:GBIF
1252:PMID
1152:PMID
977:2015
942:2015
818:2022
801:2020
624:and
591:and
484:and
389:Laos
326:and
314:and
237:The
228:Shaw
158:Aves
1638:CoL
1467:EoL
1441:CoL
1379:ADW
1283:doi
1244:doi
1206:doi
1144:doi
1109:doi
1070:doi
1020:108
911:doi
805:doi
708:In
689:On
655:In
318:.
1675::
1653::
1640::
1625::
1599::
1586::
1573::
1560::
1547::
1534::
1521::
1508::
1495::
1482::
1469::
1456::
1443::
1420::
1407::
1394::
1381::
1366::
1351::
1279:14
1277:.
1273:.
1250:.
1240:31
1238:.
1220:^
1202:14
1200:.
1196:.
1172:^
1158:.
1150:.
1140:23
1138:.
1115:.
1105:20
1103:.
1090:^
1076:.
1068:.
1058:35
1056:.
1042:^
1018:.
1014:.
985:^
969:)"
950:^
923:^
907:78
905:.
866:^
826:^
799:.
793:.
775:^
758:,
736:,
712:,
693:,
659:,
583:.
575:,
571:,
567:,
563:,
559:,
555:,
502:,
496:,
492:,
480:,
448:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
395:,
387:,
383:,
375:,
371:,
367:,
330:.
267:.
54:,
1305:.
1291:.
1285::
1258:.
1246::
1214:.
1208::
1194:"
1166:.
1146::
1123:.
1111::
1084:.
1072::
1064::
979:.
944:.
917:.
913::
820:.
807::
791:"
787:"
259:(
241:(
226:(
103:)
86:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
