114:, they believed the peninsula to be an island similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel. They named the land California. Initially, California applied only to Baja California Peninsula; however, as Spanish explorers and settlers moved north and inland, the region known as California, or Las Californias, grew. Eventually it included not only the peninsula, but also the lands north of the peninsula, along the coast of today's U.S. state of California. Unlike the peninsula, this region was only practical to reach by sea voyages, and acquired a separate identity:
189:
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316:, very close to the side of the Terrestrial Paradise, and it was peopled by black women, without any man among them, for they lived in the fashion of Amazons. They were of strong and hardy bodies, of ardent courage and great force. Their island was the strongest in all the world, with its steep cliffs and rocky shores. Their arms were all of gold, and so was the harness of the wild beasts which they tamed and rode. For, in the whole island, there was no metal but gold.
779:
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805:, under the direction of Cortés, landed near the southern tip of the Baja California peninsula in 1533. They were the earliest explorers who would likely have applied the name California to the peninsula, thinking it was an island. Cortés did not reach the Baja peninsula until 1535, when he tried unsuccessfully to establish a colony that he named
832:, but there is question as to whether this is the first use of the name to refer to those lands and whether he intended the name as mockery. Alarcón provides a clear link from the literary, imaginary California to the real place, but his usage cannot be proven to be the actual origin, in that the name might predate him.
294:
muy cerca de un costado del Paraíso
Terrenal; y estaba poblada por mujeres negras, sin que existiera allí un hombre, pues vivían a la manera de las amazonas. Eran de bellos y robustos cuerpos, fogoso valor y gran fuerza. Su isla era la más fuerte de todo el mundo, con sus escarpados farallones y sus
279:. Hale concluded that when Spanish explorers came upon the Baja California Peninsula, they named it California, after the fictional island in de Montalvo's book, because the explorers thought the peninsula was an island, east of the Indies, similar to the island described in de Montalvo's novel.
468:, perhaps named thus because it was the caliph's domain, a place of infidel rebellion. Chapman elaborated on this connection in 1921: "There can be no question but that a learned man like Ordóñez de Montalvo was familiar with the
1080:
Sabed que ala diestra mano de las Indias ouo una Isla llamada
California mucho llegada ala parte del paraiso terrenal la qual sue poblada de mugeres negras sin que algun uaro entre ellas ouiesse: que casi como las amazonas
474: ...This derivation of the word 'California' can perhaps never be proved, but it is also plausible—and it may be added too interesting—to be overlooked." Polk characterized this theory as "imaginative speculation".
2253:
1039:
Price, Arthur L. (November 3, 1912). "How
California Got Its Name". Vol. CXIL, no. 156. San Francisco, California: The San Francisco Call. The San Francisco Sunday Call. p. Magazine Section, Part
896:
36:
241:
was the name of a mythical island populated only by black warrior women. The popular
Spanish novel was printed in several editions, with the earliest surviving edition published about 1510. The author was
295:
pétreas costas. Sus armas eran todas de oro y del mismo metal eran los arneses de las bestias salvajes que ellas acostumbraban domar para montarlas, porque en toda la isla no había otro metal que el oro.
368:
wrote in 1910 that Hale's theory was the best yet presented, but offered his own addition. In 1917, Ruth Putnam printed an exhaustive account of the work performed up to that time. She wrote that both
3926:
635:, may have served as an inspiration to Montalvo for the name "California", since both works contain a similar plot point; a battle between Christian and non-Christian armies. The author of the
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1371:("Discoveries and Explorations on the Coasts of California 1532–1650", Madrid, 1947; 2ª edición 1982, pp. 113–141): relevant passage quoted and cited at
668:(meaning beautiful) but discounted it as exceedingly unlikely, a conclusion that Dora Beale Polk agreed with in 1995, calling the theory "far-fetched".
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For many years the de
Montalvo novel languished in obscurity, with no connection between it and the naming of California. That changed in 1862 when
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At the time, "Indies" referred to India and the southeast Asian island groups influenced by India. The area is now referred to as the East Indies.
59:, as well as the root language of the term, have been proposed, but most historians believe the name likely originated from a 16th-century novel,
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1562:
An anthology of writings that describe Baja
California, and the Gulf of California, from sources dated from the mid-sixteenth century to present.
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to the Baja
Peninsula, but researchers believe it was more likely one of the men he assigned to do some advance exploration of the South Sea.
758:
meaning "high mountains". However, the name "California" was printed in
Montalvo's book before Spanish explorers spoke with Native Americans.
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438:. However, no one knows absolutely how Montalvo derived the word—whether he invented it himself, formed it from the Arabic word
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is one of the lands mentioned, with no indication of its geographic location. It is, however, mentioned after a reference to
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82:
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wrote in 1923 that a fortified city named Kal-Ifrene or Kalaa-Ifrene was located about four days march south of Bougie in
4269:
1488:
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was accepted by many, then questioned by a few scholars who sought further proof, and offered their own interpretations.
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1935:
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806:
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2401:
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1930:
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that year, and then laid out his findings, along with a portion of the original novel, in the March 1864 issue of the
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61:
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of the Beni-Ifrene under their king Beni-Hammad. The city was feared and respected by
Christian warriors of the
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2015:
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820:—an enemy of Cortés—on a 1540 expedition to verify Cortés's discoveries, referred to the inhospitable lands as
680:, but they all have been dismissed, or at least determined by historians to be less compelling than the novel,
546:
4174:
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3810:
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2616:
2556:
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2406:
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1970:
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1446:]. Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies. Vol. 92. Translated by William Thomas Little.
1313:
813:
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2248:
283:
An excerpt from the novel, where
California is first mentioned, using a contemporary Spanish translation:
3980:
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2810:
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1995:
1798:
1737:
1732:
1705:
1658:
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1086:(The first mention of "California" occurs on the unnumbered page after page CVIII, in the right column.)
886:
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85:, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo, is thought to have derived the term California from the Arabic
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4000:
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270:
266:
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790:
778:
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The word California may signify that it is a place that is hot in the manner of a lime kiln; both
522:, and that it inspired Montalvo in turn. Contemporary California historians Herbert D. Austin and
4307:
2596:
2175:
2130:
2125:
2120:
1975:
1945:
1920:
1450:: Center for Medieval and Early Renaissance Studies, State University of New York at Binghamton.
844:
817:
458:
207:
30:
499:
477:
Polk wrote that another scholar offered the "interestingly plausible" suggestion that Roland's
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2195:
2145:
2095:
2090:
2075:
2020:
1803:
1551:
1513:
1451:
1351:
1289:
1283:
906:
828:. There is no question about Hernando de Alarcón's use of the term, nor about his allusion to
1493:
Proceedings of the American Antiquarian Society at the Hall of the American Academy in Boston
17:
2738:
1980:
1955:
1940:
1683:
1673:
1242:
1189:
1168:
798:
723:
719:
523:
488:
343:
1394:("First explorations") on Portal Ciudadano de Baja California, on the official site of the
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3906:
3781:
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1900:
1395:
1391:
852:
381:
174:
166:
123:
115:
1414:
2160:
2150:
2100:
95:
959:
has a strong religious connotation in Arabic because the Quran states that man is the
442:, or was inspired by other works. Several unprovable theories have been put forward.
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4295:
2591:
2456:
2243:
2205:
2155:
2080:
2030:
2005:
2000:
1950:
1915:
1425:
142:
111:
2070:
2065:
2060:
1985:
1960:
518:. Based on his studies, Boissonnade felt that this city was the Califerne found in
507:
211:
141:
throughout the world, but is most commonly associated with areas of the southwest
110:
in the 16th century first encountered the Baja California Peninsula, west of the
2750:
2576:
1990:
538:
251:
78:
4302:
1528:
173:. Collectively, the U.S. and Mexican states constitute a region referred to as
2200:
2025:
2010:
1625:
1621:
848:
676:
Several alternate theories have been proposed as possible origins of the word
534:
158:
154:
100:
65:. The novel, popular at the time of the Spanish exploration of Mexico and the
1372:
1264:
1005:
312:
Know, then, that, on the right hand of the Indies, there is an island called
2581:
1356:
Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States
1309:
873:
767:
352:, the term for a leader of an Islamic community. Hale's joint derivation of
342:
Hale supposed that in inventing the names, de Montalvo held in his mind the
107:
1316:
in California, Mexican priest Miguél Venegas put forth this theory in 1757.
553:. On line 2924 of the poem, which is in verse number CCIX (209), the word
3947:
3870:
3865:
3835:
3790:
878:
644:
550:
515:
492:
2650:
1156:
161:, but when paired with the term "baja", or "lower", it can refer to the
93:, but he might also have been influenced by the term "Califerne" in the
3890:
1905:
640:
511:
503:
392:
which means steward, successor or leader. The same word in Spanish was
387:
333:
259:
193:
74:
45:
1590:
684:. Some of the most studied alternate theories include the following.
3885:
1369:
Descubrimientos y Exploraciones en las Costas de California 1532–1650
1172:
963:
of God's earth, implying that he is neither its owner nor inheritor .
954:
663:
562:
146:
1161:
Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California
824:, and it was he who named the peninsula after the fabled island in
537:
epic poem that describes the August 15, 778, defeat and retreat of
777:
290:
Sabed que a la diestra mano de las Indias existe una isla llamada
187:
897:
List of state and territory name etymologies of the United States
37:
Americae Sive Quartae Orbis Partis Nova Et Exactissima Descriptio
4048:
3747:
2654:
1594:
626:
463:
572:
246:, also known as Ordóñez de Montalvo. The novel described the
4151:
793:
is often credited with being the first to apply the name
1135:
1133:
658:
Putnam discussed Davidson's 1910 theory that Montalvo's
595:
An English translation of verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):
1217:
1215:
711:
This theory may explain why the circa 1650 map of the
4267:
1527:
Putnam, Ruth (1917). Herbert Ingram Priestley (ed.).
1430:. San Francisco: Geographical Society of the Pacific.
1108:
1106:
1104:
847:(also known as the Sea of Cortés), the U.S. State of
766:
Another possible source for California's name may be
526:
wrote separately that this was a likely explanation.
482:
269:
made such a connection. He presented his findings to
947:
385:
4162:
4100:
3966:
3935:
3927:
Sierra Juárez and San Pedro Mártir pine–oak forests
3899:
3853:
3798:
3258:
2955:
2939:
2902:
2849:
2791:
2692:
2565:
2262:
2219:
1891:
1644:
1512:. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
1375:
on etimologias.dechile.net. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
1008:
on etimologias.dechile.net. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
55:Multiple theories regarding the origin of the name
1427:The origin and the meaning of the name California
693:
569:The original French verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924):
510:the city was an Arabic stronghold, manned by the
206:. (Depiction of Calafia from a 1937 mural at the
165:, or one of the Mexican states on the peninsula,
1288:(in Catalan). Josep Font i Huguet. p. 179.
1196:. Vol. 1. Lewis Publishing. pp. 55–67.
809:, under a royal charter granting him that land.
600:Dead is my nephew, who conquered so much for me!
1510:The Island of California: A History of the Myth
302:The English translation, as it appeared in the
1482:. Vol. 13, no. 77. pp. 265–279.
1444:The labors of the very brave Knight Esplandián
726:have similar words taken from the Latin roots
4060:
3759:
2666:
1606:
1469:. San Francisco, California: A. M. Robertson.
1150:
1148:
1078:
750:, an indigenous phrase from one of the local
692:This term could derive from the Old Spanish *
411:
399:
393:
375:
369:
359:
353:
347:
288:
8:
1004:See, for example, several theories cited at
952:
621:, Verse CCIX (lines 2920–2924), 11th century
469:
417:
405:
1416:A history of California: the Spanish period
1184:
1182:
733:
727:
699:
606:Romans, Apulians, and all those of Palermo,
576:Morz est mis nies, ki tant me fist cunquere
4067:
4053:
4045:
3766:
3752:
3744:
2689:
2673:
2659:
2651:
1613:
1599:
1591:
1467:Dawn and the Dons; The Romance of Monterey
1239:"The Maven's Word of the Day – California"
715:has the name as two words, "Cali Fornia."
604:Hungarians, Bulgars, and many hostile men,
1398:state government. Retrieved 1 April 2006.
1358:. New York: Random House. pp. 11–17.
462:held a passing mention of a place called
1548:Isle of the Amazons In the Vermilion Sea
1232:
1230:
582:Romain, Puillain et tuit icil de Palerne
218:In the early 16th-century romance novel
29:
4274:
1312:(accessed 1 April 2006) on the site of
1206:
997:
930:
99:, an 11th-century epic poem written in
1487:Hale, Edward Everett (30 April 1862).
1139:
1124:
912:List of Mexican state name etymologies
1533:. Berkeley: University of California.
1157:"New Light on the Name of California"
580:E Hungre e Bugre e tante gent averse,
434:is the direct progenitor of the word
69:, describes a fictional island named
7:
4252:
4029:
1221:
1112:
1095:
1050:
1026:
430:Most scholars agree that Montalvo's
192:California & its namesake ruler
1474:Hale, Edward Everett (March 1864).
976:, and English translation, follows
418:
406:
404:to stand for "land of the caliph" (
2086:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
1550:. Kansas City, MO: 39 West Press.
608:And those of Africa, and those of
578:Encuntre mei revelerunt li Seisne,
25:
2722:Genocide of indigenous population
980:(London, 1919), as reproduced at
892:History of California before 1900
602:Against me will rebel the Saxons,
426:Possible inspiration for Montalvo
4301:
4289:
4277:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4076:
4028:
4019:
4018:
3844:
3775:
2766:Interim government of California
2634:
2244:Riverside–San Bernardino–Ontario
1310:Chronology of California History
1237:Maas, Georgia (April 26, 2000).
812:It has also been suggested that
1192:(1926). "The Name California".
786:, from a map c. 1650 (restored)
481:is a corruption of the Persian
329:by Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo.
44:was the first map to print the
2254:San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland
2234:Los Angeles-Long Beach-Anaheim
1241:. Random House. Archived from
416:to stand for "female caliph" (
1:
698:, an alteration of the Latin
196:, originate in the 1510 epic
122:, making the lower territory
27:Origin of the name California
18:Origin of the name California
1436:de Montalvo, Garci Rodríguez
1413:Chapman, Charles E. (1921).
1282:Josep Font i Huguet (1980).
1074:The Adventures of Esplandián
1064:Rodríguez de Montalvo, Garci
851:, and the Mexican states of
746:Another suggested source is
664:
662:was based on the Greek word
1814:National Historic Landmarks
1546:MacDonald, Gregory (2019).
1194:California and Californians
1155:Austin, Herbert D. (1923).
984:; many variant texts exist.
948:
869:California (disambiguation)
483:
386:
244:Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo
204:Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo
83:Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo
81:. The author of the novel,
4340:
1819:National Natural Landmarks
1328:"Cortés Looks for Amazons"
1326:Smith, Jeff (2001-09-13).
972:The original text for the
380:most likely came from the
4237:
4149:
4090:
4014:
3912:Baja California peninsula
3842:
3788:
2688:
2630:
1834:congressional delegations
1632:
1585:California Legacy Project
1582:Las Sergas de Esplandián.
1508:Polk, Dora Beale (1995).
1476:"The Queen of California"
953:
841:Baja California Peninsula
584:E cil d'Affrike e cil de
573:
326:, (novela de caballería)
163:Baja California Peninsula
67:Baja California Peninsula
3782:State of Baja California
2136:Santa Clara River Valley
1861:state historic landmarks
1440:Las sergas de Esplandián
1373:Etimología de California
1069:Las sergas de Esplandián
1006:Etimología de California
682:Las Sergas de Esplandián
547:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
432:Las Sergas de Esplandián
324:Las Sergas de Esplandián
221:Las sergas de Esplandián
199:Las Sergas de Esplandián
182:Las Sergas de Esplandián
153:generally refers to the
62:Las sergas de Esplandián
4324:Etymology of California
2682:History of California
2116:San Francisco Peninsula
1911:California Coast Ranges
1465:Ford, Tirey L. (1926).
1424:Davidson, John (1910).
1269:Diccionario Etimológico
978:Charles Scott Moncrieff
774:Application of the name
694:
627:
464:
271:the Antiquarian Society
4156:
3917:Baja California desert
2761:Conquest of California
2186:Southern Border Region
2111:San Francisco Bay Area
1996:Greater San Bernardino
1966:East Bay (SF Bay Area)
1385:Primeras Exploraciones
1314:Sons of the Revolution
1079:
787:
734:
728:
700:
639:is believed to be the
470:
412:
400:
394:
376:
370:
360:
354:
348:
319:
299:
289:
215:
52:
4155:
2922:Santa Catalina Island
2894:Territorial evolution
2641:California portal
1489:"The Name California"
1190:Hunt, Rockwell Dennis
887:History of California
781:
756:Californian languages
672:Other origin theories
309:
286:
258:, and ruled by Queen
250:as being east of the
191:
33:
3922:Colorado River Delta
2744:Mexican–American War
2729:Spanish colonization
2239:Sacramento–Roseville
2141:Santa Clarita Valley
1576:Terrestrial Paradise
1572:Short radio episode
1530:California: the name
1480:The Atlantic Monthly
1448:Binghamton, New York
1245:on December 21, 2001
1076:] (in Spanish).
784:Island of California
713:Island of California
489:mountain of Paradise
256:Terrestrial Paradise
248:Island of California
4180:Ciudad Constitución
4084:Baja California Sur
2947:San Fernando Valley
2917:San Fernando Valley
2756:California Republic
2191:Southern California
2106:San Fernando Valley
2056:Northern California
2016:Greater Los Angeles
1127:, pp. 293–294.
857:Baja California Sur
814:Hernando de Alarcón
533:is an 11th-century
500:Prosper Boissonnade
398:, easily made into
267:Edward Everett Hale
171:Baja California Sur
149:. When used alone,
4164:Municipalities and
4157:
3986:Playas de Rosarito
2771:United States rule
2717:Later explorations
2712:First explorations
2702:Native Californian
2131:Santa Clara Valley
2126:San Joaquin Valley
2121:San Gabriel Valley
1976:Eastern California
1946:Coastal California
1921:Central California
1390:2014-01-15 at the
845:Gulf of California
839:is applied to the
788:
487:, a mythological "
459:The Song of Roland
456:Putnam wrote that
216:
208:California Capitol
53:
4265:
4264:
4216:San José del Cabo
4042:
4041:
3953:San Diego–Tijuana
3943:Calexico–Mexicali
3741:
3740:
2935:
2934:
2816:Industrial growth
2648:
2647:
2249:San Diego–Tijuana
2196:Transverse Ranges
2146:Santa Ynez Valley
2096:Saddleback Valley
2091:Sacramento Valley
2076:Peninsular Ranges
2051:North County (SD)
2021:Los Angeles Basin
1883:Index of articles
1557:978-1-946358-14-1
1308:According to the
1295:978-84-300-3631-8
1209:, pp. 63–64.
907:History of Mexico
498:French historian
471:Chanson de Roland
16:(Redirected from
4331:
4306:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4273:
4255:
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4245:
4244:
4081:
4080:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4046:
4032:
4031:
4022:
4021:
3848:
3780:
3779:
3768:
3761:
3754:
3745:
3403:Rancho Cucamonga
3378:Huntington Beach
2831:Legal revolution
2739:California Trail
2690:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2637:
1981:Emerald Triangle
1971:East County (SD)
1956:Cucamonga Valley
1941:Coachella Valley
1684:California Dream
1674:California sound
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1561:
1534:
1523:
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1339:
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1332:San Diego Reader
1323:
1317:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1285:Sentiment català
1279:
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1173:10.2307/41169718
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799:Diego de Becerra
737:
731:
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697:
667:
630:
524:Rockwell D. Hunt
486:
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467:
421:
420:
415:
409:
408:
403:
397:
391:
379:
373:
363:
357:
351:
304:Atlantic Monthly
297:
276:Atlantic Monthly
145:, and northwest
133:Today, the name
21:
4339:
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4314:
4313:
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4300:
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4278:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4233:
4166:municipal seats
4165:
4158:
4147:
4138:South Territory
4128:The Californias
4096:
4086:
4075:
4073:
4043:
4038:
4010:
3962:
3931:
3907:The Californias
3895:
3849:
3840:
3831:North Territory
3794:
3784:
3774:
3772:
3742:
3737:
3623:San Luis Obispo
3254:
3160:San Luis Obispo
2951:
2931:
2898:
2845:
2821:Postwar culture
2787:
2684:
2679:
2649:
2644:
2635:
2633:
2626:
2568:
2561:
2467:San Luis Obispo
2258:
2215:
2036:Mountain Empire
1936:Channel Islands
1901:Antelope Valley
1887:
1851:Protected areas
1640:
1628:
1619:
1569:
1558:
1545:
1542:
1540:Further reading
1537:
1526:
1520:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1486:
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1423:
1412:
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1402:
1396:Baja California
1392:Wayback Machine
1383:
1379:
1367:
1363:
1352:Stewart, George
1350:
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853:Baja California
835:Today the name
818:viceroy Mendoza
776:
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690:
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656:
614:
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592:
591:
590:
583:
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579:
577:
541:'s army by the
454:
428:
366:George Davidson
254:, close to the
186:
175:The Californias
167:Baja California
42:Diego Gutiérrez
28:
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22:
15:
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11:
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3968:Municipalities
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3348:San Bernardino
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3140:San Bernardino
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2447:San Bernardino
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2203:
2198:
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2178:
2176:South Bay (SF)
2173:
2171:South Bay (SD)
2168:
2166:South Bay (LA)
2163:
2161:Silicon Valley
2158:
2153:
2151:Shasta Cascade
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
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2108:
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2101:Salinas Valley
2098:
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2041:North Bay (SF)
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2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
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1983:
1978:
1973:
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1931:Central Valley
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1918:
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1873:Transportation
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1567:External links
1565:
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1518:
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1471:
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1224:, p. 131.
1211:
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1178:
1144:
1142:, p. 356.
1129:
1117:
1115:, p. 130.
1100:
1098:, p. 266.
1088:
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1053:, p. 265.
1043:
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974:Song of Roland
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803:Fortún Ximénez
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752:Baja languages
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637:Song of Roland
633:Song of Roland
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520:Song of Roland
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306:in March 1864:
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96:Song of Roland
77:, east of the
34:This 1562 map
26:
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14:
13:
10:
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3698:Crescent City
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3568:Santa Barbara
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3383:Santa Clarita
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3371:
3369:
3368:Moreno Valley
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:San Francisco
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3261:
3257:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Santa Barbara
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:San Francisco
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:San Francisco
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2567:Most populous
2564:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2477:Santa Barbara
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:San Francisco
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2229:Fresno–Madera
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2221:Metro regions
2218:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Victor Valley
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2156:Sierra Nevada
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Pomona Valley
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2031:Mojave Desert
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:Klamath Basin
2004:
2002:
2001:Inland Empire
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1951:Conejo Valley
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1926:Central Coast
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Cascade Range
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:NRHP listings
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1780:Supreme Court
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1532:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1428:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1297:
1291:
1287:
1286:
1278:
1275:
1271:(in Spanish).
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1244:
1240:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1089:
1084:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 45.
1028:
1023:
1020:
1017:Ford, pp. 11.
1014:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
991:
983:
982:Orbis Latinus
979:
975:
969:
966:
962:
956:
950:
943:
940:
934:
931:
924:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
884:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
862:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
833:
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
791:Hernán Cortés
785:
780:
773:
771:
769:
761:
759:
757:
753:
749:
741:
739:
736:
730:
725:
721:
716:
714:
709:
707:
702:
701:Calida Fornax
696:
688:Calida Fornax
687:
685:
683:
679:
671:
669:
666:
661:
654:
650:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
629:
620:
616:
615:
613:
611:
594:
593:
589:
587:
568:
567:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
527:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
485:
480:
475:
472:
466:
461:
460:
452:
448:
445:
443:
441:
437:
433:
425:
423:
414:
402:
396:
390:
389:
383:
378:
372:
367:
362:
356:
350:
345:
335:
332:Published in
331:
328:
327:
325:
321:
320:
318:
317:
315:
305:
301:
300:
298:
296:
293:
282:
281:
280:
278:
277:
272:
268:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
240:
236:
233:
230:
227:
223:
222:
213:
209:
205:
202:, written by
201:
200:
195:
194:Queen Calafia
190:
184:origin theory
183:
180:
178:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:United States
140:
137:is shared by
136:
131:
129:
127:
121:
119:
113:
112:Sea of Cortez
109:
106:When Spanish
104:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
75:Queen Calafia
72:
68:
64:
63:
58:
50:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
19:
4221:
4209:
4197:
4185:
4173:
3854:Major cities
3588:Redwood City
3563:Santa Monica
3388:Garden Grove
2995:Contra Costa
2858:
2734:Mexican rule
2632:
2302:Contra Costa
2211:Wine Country
2071:Oxnard Plain
2066:Owens Valley
2061:Orange Coast
1986:Gold Country
1961:Death Valley
1696:Demographics
1634:
1581:
1574:
1573:
1547:
1529:
1509:
1497:. Retrieved
1492:
1479:
1466:
1443:
1439:
1426:
1419:. Macmillan.
1415:
1406:Bibliography
1380:
1368:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1335:. Retrieved
1331:
1321:
1304:
1284:
1277:
1268:
1265:"CALIFORNIA"
1259:
1249:December 17,
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1207:Chapman 1921
1202:
1193:
1167:(3): 29–31.
1164:
1160:
1120:
1091:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1058:
1046:
1034:
1022:
1013:
1000:
981:
973:
968:
960:
942:
933:
836:
834:
829:
825:
821:
811:
794:
789:
765:
747:
745:
717:
710:
705:
695:Calit Fornay
691:
681:
677:
675:
659:
657:
652:
636:
632:
624:
618:
609:
599:
585:
575:
558:
554:
545:army at the
530:
528:
519:
512:Berber tribe
508:11th century
497:
478:
476:
457:
455:
450:
446:
439:
435:
431:
429:
341:
323:
313:
311:
310:
303:
291:
287:
274:
264:
238:
234:
231:
228:
225:
219:
217:
212:Lucile Lloyd
197:
181:
150:
134:
132:
128:) California
125:
120:) California
117:
105:
94:
90:
86:
70:
60:
56:
54:
48:
35:
4308:Linguistics
3996:San Quintín
3936:Metro areas
3881:San Quintín
3728:Nevada City
3688:Placerville
3553:Santa Maria
3513:Victorville
3503:Santa Clara
3488:Simi Valley
3333:Chula Vista
3308:Bakersfield
3268:Los Angeles
3175:Santa Clara
3155:San Joaquin
3055:Los Angeles
2841:Present day
2826:Development
2806:Engineering
2751:Californios
2694:Before 1900
2617:Bakersfield
2577:Los Angeles
2482:Santa Clara
2462:San Joaquin
2362:Los Angeles
2181:South Coast
2046:North Coast
1991:Great Basin
1856:state parks
1809:LGBT rights
1775:legislature
1723:Environment
1711:agriculture
1701:Earthquakes
1140:Putnam 1917
1125:Putnam 1917
732:(lime) and
706:hot furnace
651:Greek word
631:, from the
539:Charlemagne
139:many places
73:, ruled by
4284:California
3991:San Felipe
3876:San Felipe
3678:Marysville
3653:Susanville
3608:San Rafael
3603:Santa Cruz
3533:Costa Mesa
3393:Santa Rosa
3298:Long Beach
3293:Sacramento
3210:Stanislaus
3180:Santa Cruz
3135:San Benito
3130:Sacramento
2811:Water wars
2793:Since 1900
2707:Precontact
2607:Long Beach
2602:Sacramento
2517:Stanislaus
2487:Santa Cruz
2442:San Benito
2437:Sacramento
2201:Tri-Valley
2026:Lost Coast
2011:Lake Tahoe
1787:Healthcare
1755:Government
1636:Sacramento
1626:California
1519:0803287410
1457:0866981063
1337:2023-06-02
920:References
849:California
837:California
830:Las Sergas
826:Las Sergas
822:California
795:California
770:in Spain.
748:kali forno
742:Kali forno
704:, meaning
678:California
660:California
535:Old French
484:Kar-i-farn
436:California
401:California
377:California
361:California
314:California
292:California
239:California
235:Esplandián
229:Adventures
159:California
155:U.S. state
151:California
135:California
101:Old French
71:California
57:California
49:California
4211:Los Cabos
4143:Volcanoes
4133:Territory
4123:Governors
4118:Etymology
4095:(capital)
4082:State of
3826:Territory
3821:Governors
3816:Etymology
3793:(capital)
3668:Red Bluff
3643:Hollister
3628:El Centro
3593:Yuba City
3548:Fairfield
3538:Inglewood
3498:Roseville
3468:Fullerton
3458:Sunnyvale
3453:Escondido
3418:Elk Grove
3413:Lancaster
3398:Oceanside
3323:Riverside
3318:Santa Ana
3273:San Diego
3165:San Mateo
3145:San Diego
3125:Riverside
3075:Mendocino
3005:El Dorado
3000:Del Norte
2985:Calaveras
2957:By county
2904:By region
2879:Railroads
2859:Etymology
2836:Tech boom
2781:Civil War
2776:Gold Rush
2582:San Diego
2472:San Mateo
2452:San Diego
2432:Riverside
2382:Mendocino
2312:El Dorado
2307:Del Norte
2292:Calaveras
1839:elections
1765:districts
1728:Geography
1718:Education
1669:languages
1639:(capital)
1222:Polk 1995
1113:Polk 1995
1096:Hale 1864
1066:(1526) .
1051:Hale 1864
1027:Hale 1862
992:Citations
946:The word
874:Etymology
768:Calahorra
762:Calahorra
628:Califerne
625:The word
610:Califerne
586:Califerne
555:Califerne
506:. In the
479:Califerne
465:Califerne
447:Califerne
108:explorers
4318:Category
4247:Category
4024:Category
3981:Mexicali
3976:Ensenada
3948:Mexicali
3871:Rosarito
3866:Mexicali
3861:Ensenada
3791:Mexicali
3718:Lakeport
3683:Piedmont
3663:Oroville
3638:Martinez
3613:Woodland
3523:Berkeley
3518:El Monte
3463:Pasadena
3443:Torrance
3423:Palmdale
3373:Glendale
3328:Stockton
3278:San Jose
3235:Tuolumne
3195:Siskiyou
3095:Monterey
3070:Mariposa
3025:Imperial
3020:Humboldt
2927:Yosemite
2912:Bay Area
2874:Missions
2869:Maritime
2864:Highways
2851:By topic
2587:San Jose
2542:Tuolumne
2502:Siskiyou
2402:Monterey
2377:Mariposa
2332:Imperial
2327:Humboldt
2264:Counties
1829:Politics
1792:Abortion
1770:governor
1438:(1992).
1388:Archived
1354:(1945).
879:Toponymy
863:See also
738:(oven).
645:Turoldus
551:Pyrenees
516:Crusades
493:griffins
491:" where
336:in 1510.
4270:Portals
4257:Commons
4175:Comondú
4034:Commons
4006:Tijuana
3958:Tijuana
3900:Regions
3891:Tijuana
3836:Cuisine
3733:Alturas
3723:Jackson
3703:Willows
3618:Hanford
3558:Redding
3543:Ventura
3508:Vallejo
3493:Concord
3483:Visalia
3448:Hayward
3433:Salinas
3408:Ontario
3363:Fontana
3353:Modesto
3338:Fremont
3313:Anaheim
3303:Oakland
3260:By city
3240:Ventura
3225:Trinity
2965:Alameda
2940:Regions
2889:Slavery
2884:Ranchos
2622:Anaheim
2612:Oakland
2547:Ventura
2532:Trinity
2272:Alameda
1906:Big Sur
1893:Regions
1868:Symbols
1799:History
1760:Capitol
1738:ecology
1733:climate
1706:Economy
1654:Culture
1580:, from
1499:27 July
1495:: 45–53
961:steward
949:khalifa
903:Mexico
724:Catalan
720:Spanish
559:Affrike
549:in the
504:Algeria
495:lived.
440:khalifa
413:Calafia
388:khalifa
371:Calafia
355:Calafia
344:Spanish
334:Seville
260:Calafia
91:Khalifa
89:and/or
46:toponym
4296:Mexico
4228:Loreto
4223:Loreto
4204:La Paz
4199:La Paz
4187:Mulegé
4108:Anthem
4101:Topics
4093:La Paz
4001:Tecate
3886:Tecate
3806:Anthem
3799:Topics
3713:Sonora
3708:Colusa
3673:Auburn
3648:Eureka
3633:Lompoc
3598:Madera
3578:Merced
3528:Downey
3473:Orange
3438:Pomona
3428:Corona
3358:Oxnard
3343:Irvine
3288:Fresno
3230:Tulare
3220:Tehama
3215:Sutter
3205:Sonoma
3200:Solano
3190:Sierra
3185:Shasta
3120:Plumas
3115:Placer
3110:Orange
3105:Nevada
3080:Merced
3060:Madera
3050:Lassen
3010:Fresno
2990:Colusa
2975:Amador
2970:Alpine
2597:Fresno
2569:cities
2537:Tulare
2527:Tehama
2522:Sutter
2512:Sonoma
2507:Solano
2497:Sierra
2492:Shasta
2427:Plumas
2422:Placer
2417:Orange
2412:Nevada
2387:Merced
2367:Madera
2357:Lassen
2317:Fresno
2297:Colusa
2282:Amador
2277:Alpine
1846:People
1679:sports
1646:Topics
1554:
1516:
1454:
1292:
843:, the
807:La Paz
735:fornax
729:calcis
641:Norman
563:Africa
543:Basque
410:), or
395:califa
382:Arabic
349:califa
252:Indies
147:Mexico
124:Baja (
116:Alta (
87:Khalif
79:Indies
3693:Yreka
3658:Ukiah
3573:Chico
3085:Modoc
3065:Marin
3040:Kings
3015:Glenn
2980:Butte
2801:Labor
2392:Modoc
2372:Marin
2347:Kings
2322:Glenn
2287:Butte
1878:Water
1748:fauna
1743:flora
1691:Crime
1664:music
1622:State
1442:[
1072:[
955:خلیفة
925:Notes
665:kalli
653:kalli
643:poet
561:, or
419:خلیفة
384:word
346:word
169:, or
126:Lower
118:Upper
4113:Seal
3811:Seal
3583:Napa
3250:Yuba
3245:Yolo
3100:Napa
3090:Mono
3045:Lake
3035:Kern
3030:Inyo
2557:Yuba
2552:Yolo
2407:Napa
2397:Mono
2352:Lake
2342:Kern
2337:Inyo
1659:food
1552:ISBN
1514:ISBN
1501:2020
1452:ISBN
1290:ISBN
1251:2017
855:and
801:and
782:The
722:and
529:The
422:).
407:خلیف
374:and
358:and
1804:Law
1624:of
1169:doi
754:or
449:in
237:),
226:The
210:by
157:of
40:by
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1491:.
1478:.
1330:.
1267:.
1229:^
1214:^
1181:^
1165:12
1163:.
1159:.
1147:^
1132:^
1103:^
1040:1.
859:.
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612:;
588:;
565:.
262:.
232:of
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4190:(
4182:)
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3767:e
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2674:e
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1614:e
1607:t
1600:v
1587:.
1560:.
1522:.
1503:.
1460:.
1340:.
1298:.
1253:.
1175:.
1171::
1081:…
617:–
322:–
224:(
214:)
51:.
20:)
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