241:, Orona is covered with coconut palms (mostly on the western side), towering 12–18 metres (39–59 ft) above the surface. The remainder of the atoll is covered with scrub forest, herbs, and grasses, with a maximum height of 6–12 metres (20–39 ft). Feral cats exist on the island, together with rats, pigs, and dogs. Ducks and chickens were raised by the former inhabitants, but it is unknown whether any remain. Orona also boasts three species of lizards, land and hermit crabs, together with approximately fifty species of insects. Turtles are also known to use the island as a nesting area.
508:
520:
109:
257:
496:
47:
76:
472:
484:
539:
59:
116:
83:
295:). Towards the center and windward side of the lagoon the sandy bottom became coarser with coral growth developing around dead bommies and small patch reefs. Coral diversity increased progressively towards the lagoon channel, with increasing presence of outer-reef species. The most abundant coral species at Orona were:
275:
and other algae. Live Coral Cover was extremely low at less than 5%, though coral heads typical of a healthy reef were abundant though dead, which suggested there was chronic mortality over an extended period of time. At inner leeward lagoon sites, coral species were identified typical of high-silt
213:
with depths of 15–20 metres (49–66 ft). Numerous passages connect the lagoon to the surrounding ocean, only a couple of which will admit even a small boat. Total land area is 3.9 km (2 sq mi), and the maximum elevation is nine metres.
430:, circa 1967, may be seen here. Hull Island Post Office opened on 1 January 1939 and closed around January 1964. After being abandoned, the island was reoccupied by American authorities in 1970 and administered from the
270:
The 2000 surveys (Obura, et al.) found that the extent of algae cover showed evidence of high nutrient levels by a high cover of filamentous wispy brown algae on all surfaces including rock, coral rubble,
1205:
591:
393:
there catching turtles. It continued to be generally known by this name until the
Republic of Kiribati was granted independence in 1979, when its name was changed to the I-Kiribati
407:, and was apparently not claimed (unlike the other Phoenix Islands) by American guano diggers. The British flag was raised there on 11 July 1889, and the island became part of the
739:
519:
221:
in 2006, with the park being expanded in 2008. The 164,200-square-mile (425,300-square-kilometer) marine reserve contains eight coral atolls including Orano.
879:
1210:
1215:
1200:
599:
804:
1195:
495:
434:. British and American claims to the island ended in 1979 with the independence of Kiribati from Great Britain and the signing of the
382:
507:
419:
426:. Residents were evacuated in 1963, due to persistent drought and the declining copra market. Photos of the abandoned settlement,
1225:
872:
438:
in which the US retains the right to re-establish a military base. Administration was transferred to
Kiribati authority in 1981.
108:
453:
218:
823:
771:
75:
1129:
845:
1220:
431:
366:
No one is certain who discovered Orona or when, but history shows that it was named "Hull Island" in honor of
Commodore
865:
552:
471:
408:
411:
colony. Orona was leased in 1916 to a
Captain Allen of the "Samoan Shipping and Trading Company", and became a
621:
483:
706:
224:
Although occupied at various times during the past, including as late as 2004, Orona is uninhabited today.
267:
Unlike Manra, whose lagoon is too salty for marine life, Orona's lagoon teems with fish and giant clams.
1156:
888:
733:
678:
457:
297:
363:
stands on the eastern tip of the island, together with ruins of shelters, graves and other platforms.
801:
754:
375:
1142:
256:
839:
655:
1009:
974:
756:
A Directory for the
Navigation of the Pacific Ocean: The islands, etc., of the Pacific Ocean
721:
435:
289:), growing in fine calcareous silt in aggregated patches together with abundant giant clam (
285:
46:
1119:
1072:
1052:
991:
896:
808:
705:
Obura, D. O., Stone, G., Mangubhai, S., Bailey, S., Yoshinaga, A., and Barrel, R. (2011).
557:
446:
198:
24:
452:
Orona, together with the other
Phoenix Islands, was proclaimed in 2008 to be part of the
544:
423:
371:
338:
245:
205:. It measures approximately 8.8 km (5 mi) by 4 km (2 mi), and like
1189:
1087:
1067:
1019:
1004:
999:
944:
934:
562:
390:
206:
1124:
1057:
1044:
924:
359:, Orona contains evidence of prehistoric Polynesian inhabitation. An ancient stone
238:
1062:
1024:
929:
725:
534:
442:
367:
324:
317:
310:
303:
1171:
1158:
1077:
969:
538:
415:
plantation. Allen's lease was bought out by the
British government in 1938.
386:
331:
278:
792:
Digest of United States
Practice in International Law, Vol. 1979, pp. 783
291:
260:
202:
20:
857:
852:
58:
1082:
959:
954:
949:
914:
909:
904:
427:
248:
were located on the island in 2009, as well as more than 20 cats.
1103:
1034:
980:
964:
939:
919:
210:
592:"Pacific Nation Bans Fishing in One of World's Largest Marine Parks"
244:
A survey of Orona carried out in 2006 did not detect rats. However,
51:
Lush Orona Island, part of the remote
Phoenix Islands Protected Area
1014:
412:
404:
400:
360:
356:
255:
625:
525:
Remains of the Orona post office, from when Orona was inhabited.
861:
707:"Baseline marine biological surveys of the Phoenix Islands"
441:
The island was briefly reoccupied between 2001 and 2004 by
679:"Removing Rats and Rabbits: An interview with Ray Pierce"
381:
when he visited the island on 26 August 1840 in the
1206:
Pacific islands claimed under the Guano
Islands Act
1112:
1096:
1043:
990:
895:
209:, is a narrow ribbon of land surrounding a sizable
180:
175:
161:
153:
145:
140:
95:
Location of Orona in Kiribati and the Pacific Ocean
34:
826:. Archived from the original on December 23, 2010
449:supported by a patrol boat of the Kiribati Navy.
403:, Orona does not seem to have been worked for
873:
681:. New England Aquarium - Phoenix Islands Blog
8:
738:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
29:
880:
866:
858:
418:It was one of the islands involved in the
57:
45:
28:
624:. Government of Kiribati. Archived from
432:Canton and Enderbury Islands Condominium
573:
501:Beach near the landing on Orona Island.
467:
837:
731:
422:, the final colonial expansion of the
700:
698:
696:
580:Kiribati Constitution of 12 July 1979
7:
649:
647:
645:
643:
590:Brian Clark Howard (16 June 2014).
1211:Former populated places in Oceania
753:Findlay, Alexander George (1851).
383:United States Exploring Expedition
263:giant clams in the lagoon of Orona
14:
1216:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
677:Jamieson, Regen (18 April 2014).
420:Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme
157:3.9 km (1.5 sq mi)
853:US-Kiribati Treaty of Friendship
802:News from the LinNix in Kiribati
622:"Phoenix Islands Protected Area"
537:
518:
506:
494:
482:
470:
114:
107:
81:
74:
1201:Uninhabited islands of Kiribati
232:
454:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
219:Phoenix Islands Protected Area
1:
656:"Hull Island - Phoenix Group"
513:Lagoon shore on Orona Island.
115:
82:
553:List of Guano Island claims
1242:
1196:Phoenix Islands (Kiribati)
409:Gilbert and Ellice Islands
385:. The expedition found 11
18:
16:Pacific island of Kiribati
1138:
844:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
774:. Premier Postal Auctions
726:10.5479/si.00775630.589.1
477:East end of Orona Island.
166:
68:
56:
44:
824:"Rawaki Islands - Orona"
770:Premier Postal History.
596:National Geographic News
1226:Former disputed islands
714:Atoll Research Bulletin
233:Orona's flora and fauna
456:, the world's largest
264:
217:Kiribati declared the
63:NASA Satellite Imagery
889:Geography of Kiribati
458:marine protected area
298:Goniastrea stelligera
259:
251:
193:atoll, also known as
489:Orona Island sunset.
98:Show map of Kiribati
1221:Islands of Kiribati
1168: /
1143:Outline of Kiribati
370:, USN by Commander
276:environments (e.g.
201:in the Republic of
131:Show map of Oceania
31:
807:2008-11-22 at the
772:"Post Office List"
628:on 3 December 2019
265:
1172:4.500°S 172.167°W
1151:
1150:
188:
187:
1233:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:-4.500; -172.167
1173:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1097:West of Gilberts
1010:Enderbury Island
882:
875:
868:
859:
849:
843:
835:
833:
831:
811:
799:
793:
790:
784:
783:
781:
779:
767:
761:
760:
750:
744:
743:
737:
729:
711:
702:
691:
690:
688:
686:
674:
668:
667:
665:
663:
651:
638:
637:
635:
633:
618:
612:
611:
609:
607:
602:on June 19, 2014
598:. Archived from
587:
581:
578:
547:
542:
541:
522:
510:
498:
486:
474:
436:Treaty of Tarawa
286:Acropora lovelli
197:, is one of the
132:
118:
117:
111:
99:
85:
84:
78:
61:
49:
32:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1186:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1147:
1134:
1120:Carondelet Reef
1108:
1092:
1073:Starbuck Island
1053:Caroline Island
1039:
992:Phoenix Islands
986:
897:Gilbert Islands
891:
886:
836:
829:
827:
822:
819:
814:
809:Wayback Machine
800:
796:
791:
787:
777:
775:
769:
768:
764:
752:
751:
747:
730:
709:
704:
703:
694:
684:
682:
676:
675:
671:
661:
659:
654:Resture, Jane.
653:
652:
641:
631:
629:
620:
619:
615:
605:
603:
589:
588:
584:
579:
575:
571:
558:List of islands
543:
536:
533:
526:
523:
514:
511:
502:
499:
490:
487:
478:
475:
466:
447:Gilbert Islands
353:
254:
246:Polynesian rats
235:
230:
228:Flora and fauna
199:Phoenix Islands
171:
149:Phoenix Islands
136:
135:
134:
133:
130:
129:
128:Orona (Oceania)
126:
125:
124:
123:
119:
102:
101:
100:
97:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:
86:
64:
52:
40:
39:
27:
25:Phoenix Islands
19:Main articles:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
996:
994:
988:
987:
985:
984:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
901:
899:
893:
892:
887:
885:
884:
877:
870:
862:
856:
855:
850:
818:
817:External links
815:
813:
812:
794:
785:
762:
759:. R.H. Laurie.
745:
692:
669:
658:. Jane Resture
639:
613:
582:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
560:
555:
549:
548:
545:Islands portal
532:
529:
528:
527:
524:
517:
515:
512:
505:
503:
500:
493:
491:
488:
481:
479:
476:
469:
465:
462:
424:British Empire
372:Charles Wilkes
352:
349:
253:
250:
234:
231:
229:
226:
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
173:
172:
167:
164:
163:
162:Administration
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
127:
121:
120:
113:
112:
106:
105:
104:
103:
94:
88:
87:
80:
79:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
37:
35:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1137:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1089:
1088:Vostok Island
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1068:Malden Island
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:McKean Island
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:Birnie Island
998:
997:
995:
993:
989:
983:
982:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
902:
900:
898:
894:
890:
883:
878:
876:
871:
869:
864:
863:
860:
854:
851:
847:
841:
825:
821:
820:
816:
810:
806:
803:
798:
795:
789:
786:
773:
766:
763:
758:
757:
749:
746:
741:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
701:
699:
697:
693:
680:
673:
670:
657:
650:
648:
646:
644:
640:
627:
623:
617:
614:
601:
597:
593:
586:
583:
577:
574:
568:
564:
563:Desert island
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
540:
535:
530:
521:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
485:
480:
473:
468:
464:Photo gallery
463:
461:
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
439:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
379:
373:
369:
364:
362:
358:
350:
348:
346:
345:Pavona clavus
342:
340:
335:
333:
328:
326:
321:
319:
314:
312:
307:
305:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
280:
274:
268:
262:
258:
252:Orona's reefs
249:
247:
242:
240:
227:
225:
222:
220:
215:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
183:
179:
174:
170:
165:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
110:
77:
67:
60:
55:
48:
43:
36:Native name:
33:
26:
22:
1153:
1130:Winslow Reef
1125:Filippo Reef
1058:Flint Island
1045:Line Islands
1029:
979:
828:. Retrieved
797:
788:
776:. Retrieved
765:
755:
748:
734:cite journal
717:
713:
683:. Retrieved
672:
660:. Retrieved
630:. Retrieved
626:the original
616:
604:. Retrieved
600:the original
595:
585:
576:
451:
440:
417:
398:
394:
377:
365:
354:
344:
337:
334:efflorescens
330:
323:
316:
309:
302:
296:
290:
284:
281:efflorescens
277:
272:
269:
266:
243:
236:
223:
216:
194:
190:
189:
176:Demographics
168:
1175: /
327:chalcidicum
195:Hull Island
146:Archipelago
38:Hull Island
1190:Categories
1063:Kiritimati
1025:Nikumaroro
930:Butaritari
685:25 January
662:25 January
632:25 January
569:References
443:trepangers
368:Isaac Hull
325:Cyphastrea
318:Leptastrea
311:Echinopora
304:Goniastrea
181:Population
1078:Tabuaeran
970:Tabiteuea
830:March 14,
445:from the
391:Frenchman
387:Tahitians
378:Vincennes
332:Montipora
313:lamellosa
279:Montipora
141:Geography
1163:172°10′W
840:cite web
805:Archived
720:: 1–61.
531:See also
320:purpurea
306:edwardsi
292:Tridacna
273:Halimeda
261:Tridacna
203:Kiribati
169:Kiribati
21:Kiribati
1083:Teraina
960:Nonouti
955:Nikunau
950:Marakei
915:Aranuka
910:Abemama
905:Abaiang
428:Arariki
399:Unlike
374:of the
351:History
341:varians
1160:4°30′S
1104:Banaba
1035:Rawaki
1005:Canton
981:Tarawa
975:Tamana
965:Onotoa
940:Maiana
920:Arorae
778:5 July
606:15 May
395:Orona.
389:and a
339:Pavona
211:lagoon
207:Kanton
1113:Reefs
1030:Orona
1015:Manra
945:Makin
935:Kuria
710:(PDF)
413:copra
405:guano
401:Manra
361:marae
357:Manra
355:Like
239:Manra
237:Like
191:Orona
122:Orona
89:Orona
30:Orona
925:Beru
846:link
832:2009
780:2013
740:link
687:2015
664:2015
634:2015
608:2015
376:USS
343:and
154:Area
23:and
722:doi
718:589
1192::
842:}}
838:{{
736:}}
732:{{
716:.
712:.
695:^
642:^
594:.
460:.
347:.
336:,
329:,
322:,
315:,
308:,
301:,
283:,
881:e
874:t
867:v
848:)
834:.
782:.
742:)
728:.
724::
689:.
666:.
636:.
610:.
184:0
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
