1145:
820:
440:, thicken lithosphere, and produce earthquakes and volcanoes. Not all subduction zones produce orogenic belts; mountain building takes place only when the subduction produces compression in the overriding plate. Whether subduction produces compression depends on such factors as the rate of plate convergence and the degree of coupling between the two plates, while the degree of coupling may in turn rely on such factors as the angle of subduction and rate of sedimentation in the oceanic trench associated with the subduction zone. The
33:
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329:
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of <10 °C/km. Orogenic peridotites are present but volumetrically minor, and syn-collisional granites and migmatites are also rare or of only minor extent. Typical examples are the Alps-Himalaya orogens in the southern margin of
Eurasian continent and the Dabie-Sulu orogens in east-central China.
1122:
in 1979 in terms of the relationship to granite occurrences. Cawood et al. (2009) categorized orogenic belts into three types: accretionary, collisional, and intracratonic. Both accretionary and collisional orogens developed in converging plate margins. In contrast, Hercynotype orogens generally show
676:
takes place, which thins the crust and creates basins in which sediments accumulate. As the basins deepen, the ocean invades the rift zone, and as the continental crust rifts completely apart, shallow marine sedimentation gives way to deep marine sedimentation on the thinned marginal crust of the two
1131:
Collisional orogens, which were produced by subduction of one continental block beneath the other continental block with the absence of arc volcanism. They are typified by the occurrence of blueschist to eclogite facies metamorphic zones, indicating high-P/low-T metamorphism at low thermal gradients
848:
provides a classic example of a mountain cut in dipping-layered rocks. Millions of years ago a collision caused an orogeny, forcing horizontal layers of an ancient ocean crust to be thrust up at an angle of 50â60°. That left Rundle with one sweeping, tree-lined smooth face, and one sharp, steep face
566:
Orogens show a great range of characteristics, but they may be broadly divided into collisional orogens and noncollisional orogens (Andean-type orogens). Collisional orogens can be further divided by whether the collision is with a second continent or a continental fragment or island arc. Repeated
1562:
Anderson, J. Lawford; Bender, E. Erik; Anderson, Raymond R.; Bauer, Paul W.; Robertson, James M.; Bowring, Samuel A.; Condie, Kent C.; Denison, Rodger E.; Gilbert, M. Charles; Grambling, Jeffrey A.; Mawer, Christopher K.; Shearer, C. K.; Hinze, William J.; Karlstrom, Karl E.; Kisvarsanyi, E. B.;
1127:
Accretionary orogens, which were produced by subduction of one oceanic plate beneath one continental plate for arc volcanism. They are dominated by calc-alkaline igneous rocks and high-T/low-P metamorphic facies series at high thermal gradients of >30 °C/km. There is a general lack of
653:
first put forward a plate tectonic interpretation of orogenic cycles, now known as Wilson cycles. Wilson proposed that orogenic cycles represented the periodic opening and closing of an ocean basin, with each stage of the process leaving its characteristic record on the rocks of the orogen.
591:
by the developing mountain belt. A typical foreland basin is subdivided into a wedge-top basin above the active orogenic wedge, the foredeep immediately beyond the active front, a forebulge high of flexural origin and a back-bulge area beyond, although not all of these are present in all
1013:
posited that, as erosion was known to occur, there must be some process whereby new mountains and other land-forms were thrust up, or else there would eventually be no land; he suggested that marine fossils in mountainsides must once have been at the sea-floor. Orogeny was used by
1034:(1852) used the evocative "Jaws of a Vise" theory to explain orogeny, but was more concerned with the height rather than the implicit structures created by and contained in orogenic belts. His theory essentially held that mountains were created by the squeezing of certain rocks.
880:
volcanism results in the formation of isolated mountains and mountain chains that look as if they are not necessarily on present tectonic-plate boundaries, but they are essentially the product of plate tectonism. Likewise, uplift and erosion related to
918:
represents the final phase of the orogenic cycle. Erosion of overlying strata in orogenic belts, and isostatic adjustment to the removal of this overlying mass of rock, can bring deeply buried strata to the surface. The erosional process is called
1563:
Lidiak, Edward G.; Reed, John C.; Sims, Paul K.; Tweto, Odgen; Silver, Leon T.; Treves, Samuel B.; Williams, Michael L.; Wooden, Joseph L. (1993). Schmus, W. Randall Van; Bickford, Marion E (eds.). "Transcontinental
Proterozoic provinces".
942:
An orogen may be almost completely eroded away, and only recognizable by studying (old) rocks that bear traces of orogenesis. Orogens are usually long, thin, arcuate tracts of rock that have a pronounced linear structure resulting in
575:
arc. Orogens arising from continent-continent collisions can be divided into those involving ocean closure (Himalayan-type orogens) and those involving glancing collisions with no ocean basin closure (as is taking place today in the
567:
collisions of the later type, with no evidence of collision with a major continent or closure of an ocean basin, result in an accretionary orogen. Examples of orogens arising from collision of an island arc with a continent include
939:). Thus, the final form of the majority of old orogenic belts is a long arcuate strip of crystalline metamorphic rocks sequentially below younger sediments which are thrust atop them and which dip away from the orogenic core.
1057:
theory). The cooling Earth theory was the chief paradigm for most geologists until the 1960s. It was, in the context of orogeny, fiercely contested by proponents of vertical movements in the crust, or convection within the
645:, geologists had found evidence within many orogens of repeated cycles of deposition, deformation, crustal thickening and mountain building, and crustal thinning to form new depositional basins. These were named
1107:(1855) recognised that orogenies could be placed in time by bracketing between the youngest deformed rock and the oldest undeformed rock, a principle which is still in use today, though commonly investigated by
480:
The orogeny may culminate with continental crust from the opposite side of the subducting oceanic plate arriving at the subduction zone. This ends subduction and transforms the accretional orogen into a
935:
movements may help such unroofing by balancing out the buoyancy of the evolving orogen. Scholars debate about the extent to which erosion modifies the patterns of tectonic deformation (see
852:
Although mountain building mostly takes place in orogens, a number of secondary mechanisms are capable of producing substantial mountain ranges. Areas that are rifting apart, such as
2212:
Manley, Curtis R.; Glazner, Allen F.; Farmer, G. Lang (2000). "Timing of
Volcanism in the Sierra Nevada of California: Evidence for Pliocene Delamination of the Batholithic Root?".
600:
of the actively uplifting rocks of the mountain range, although some sediments derive from the foreland. The fill of many such basins shows a change in time from deepwater marine (
774:
in orogens is largely a result of crustal thickening. The compressive forces produced by plate convergence result in pervasive deformation of the crust of the continental margin (
459:, and oceanic material may gradually accrete onto the continental margin. This is one of the main mechanisms by which continents have grown. An orogen built of crustal fragments (
717:
and possibly an Andean-type orogen along that continental margin. This produces deformation of the continental margins and possibly crustal thickening and mountain building.
2545:
François, Camille; Pubellier, Manuel; Robert, Christian; Bulois, Cédric; Jamaludin, Siti Nur
Fathiyah; OberhÀnsli, Roland; Faure, Michel; St-Onge, Marc R. (1 October 2021).
1123:
similar features to intracratonic, intracontinental, extensional, and ultrahot orogens, all of which developed in continental detachment systems at converged plate margins.
3685:
592:
foreland-basin systems. The basin migrates with the orogenic front and early deposited foreland basin sediments become progressively involved in folding and thrusting.
1053:
in the theories surrounding mountain-building. With hindsight, we can discount Dana's conjecture that this contraction was due to the cooling of the Earth (aka the
1118:(1967) proposed three types of orogens in relationship to tectonic setting and style: Cordillerotype, Alpinotype, and Hercynotype. His proposal was revised by
2973:
885:(large-scale vertical motions of portions of continents without much associated folding, metamorphism, or deformation) can create local topographic highs.
233:
rising in the orogen carries less dense material upwards while leaving more dense material behind, resulting in compositional differentiation of Earth's
2668:"On Some Results of the Earth's Contraction From Cooling, Including a Discussion of the Origins of Mountains, and the Nature of the Earth's Interior"
786:
2472:
1789:
695:
commences along the axis of a new ocean basin. Deep marine sediments continue to accumulate along the thinned continental margins, which are now
749:
is repeated, with one example in the foreground (that pinches out with distance) and another to the upper right corner and top of the picture.
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2898:
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2610:
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2383:
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2315:
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2196:
2109:
2080:
2051:
1958:
1389:
1270:
1237:
2129:
524:, lasting at least 600 million years. A similar sequence of orogenies has taken place on the west coast of North America, beginning in the
1486:
Yuan, S.; Pan, G.; Wang, L.; Jiang, X.; Yin, F.; Zhang, W.; Zhuo, J. (2009). "Accretionary
Orogenesis in the Active Continental Margins".
3216:
808:
root drips down into the asthenospheric mantle, decreasing the density of the lithosphere and causing buoyant uplift. An example is the
2247:
1434:
1329:
2931:
Evolution of the
Cordilleras of the Americas from a multidisciplinary perspective from a symposium held in Mendoza, Argentina (2006).
405:(the stable interiors of continents). Young orogenic belts, in which subduction is still taking place, are characterized by frequent
2522:
2488:
1362:
1299:
2586:
1721:
Garzanti, Eduardo; Doglioni, Carlo; Vezzoli, Giovanni; AndĂČ, Sergio (May 2007). "Orogenic Belts and
Orogenic Sediment Provenance".
390:
to form a noncollisional orogeny) or continental collision (convergence of two or more continents to form a collisional orogeny).
2966:
2731:
3675:
999:
516:
were peaks of orogenic activity during this time. These were part of an extended period of orogenic activity that included the
40:
2946:
1580:
893:
Eventually, seafloor spreading in the ocean basin comes to a halt, and continued subduction begins to close the ocean basin.
358:
of two continental plates to form a collisional orogen. Typically, continental crust is subducted to lithospheric depths for
351:
285:
3665:
3001:
1354:
1346:
1128:
ophiolites, migmatites and abyssal sediments. Typical examples are all circum-Pacific orogens containing continental arcs.
2941:
485:-type collisional orogen. The collisional orogeny may produce extremely high mountains, as has been taking place in the
3680:
3639:
2959:
2672:
860:, have mountains due to thermal buoyancy related to the hot mantle underneath them; this thermal buoyancy is known as
765:
1670:
Simandjuntak, T. O.; Barber, A. J. (1996). "Contrasting tectonic styles in the
Neogene orogenic belts of Indonesia".
465:) accreted over a long period of time, without any indication of a major continent-continent collision, is called an
713:
At some point, subduction is initiated along one or both of the continental margins of the ocean basin, producing a
1054:
3301:
2867:
provides a detailed history of a number of orogens, including the
Caledonian Orogeny, which lasted from the late
2401:"Mountain building processes at the orogenic front. A study of the unroofing in Neogene foreland sequence (37ÂșS)"
470:
1114:
Based on available observations from the metamorphic differences in orogenic belts of Europe and North
America,
3670:
3306:
3082:
730:
615:
While active orogens are found on the margins of present-day continents, older inactive orogenies, such as the
3006:
2233:
819:
778:). This takes the form of folding of the ductile deeper crust and thrust faulting in the upper brittle crust.
876:
result in regions of localized crustal shortening and mountain building without a plate-margin-wide orogeny.
3072:
2910:
2130:"Osmium Isotopic Evidence for Mesozoic Removal of Lithospheric Mantle Beneath the Sierra Nevada, California"
1351:
Pangea: Paleoclimate, Tectonics, and Sedimentation During Accretion, Zenith, and Breakup of a Supercontinent
1291:
1119:
907:
The closure of the ocean basin ends with a continental collision and the associated Himalayan-type orogen.
816:
experienced renewed uplift and abundant magmatism after a delamination of the orogenic root beneath them.
801:
761:
426:
261:
90:
2916:
Backbone of the Americas: Shallow Subduction, Plateau Uplift, and Ridge and Terrane Collision; Memoir 204
268:
3583:
3387:
3276:
3146:
3126:
3026:
2996:
1150:
936:
902:
355:
323:
218:
2715:
1115:
2905:
is one of a two-volume exposition of the geology of central Europe with a discussion of major orogens.
1820:
1523:"Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south central Tibet"
500:
underlying the United States belongs to the Transcontinental Proterozoic Provinces, which accreted to
3560:
3444:
3161:
3116:
2790:
2681:
2399:
Sagripanti, LucĂa; Bottesi, GermĂĄn; Kietzmann, Diego; Folguera, AndrĂ©s; Ramos, VĂctor A. (May 2012).
2221:
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1873:
1804:
1730:
1679:
1642:
1534:
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882:
837:
813:
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The Wilson cycle begins when previously stable continental crust comes under tension from a shift in
588:
456:
303:
1907:
966:) from the core of the shortening orogen out toward the margins, and are intimately associated with
492:
The processes of orogeny can take tens of millions of years and build mountains from what were once
3593:
3469:
3454:
3431:
3427:
3206:
3131:
3031:
3016:
2322:
Without denudation, even relatively low uplift rates as characteristic of epeirogenetic movements (
1320:
1229:
673:
663:
375:
192:
3570:
3542:
3439:
3321:
3226:
3141:
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3036:
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2016:
1746:
1703:
991:
861:
771:
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497:
299:
188:
63:
2168:
1950:
1943:
1917:. Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists. pp. 58â82. Special Publication 22.
2888:
544:. The Laramide orogeny alone lasted 40 million years, from 75 million to 35 million years ago.
3578:
3512:
3464:
3459:
3339:
3329:
3271:
3046:
2920:
2894:
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2727:
2606:
2518:
2484:
2451:
2379:
2373:
2345:
2311:
2305:
2284:
2278:
2192:
2160:
2105:
2097:
2076:
2047:
1954:
1938:
1695:
1576:
1430:
1385:
1379:
1358:
1325:
1315:
1295:
1266:
1254:
1233:
1195:
1189:
1046:
928:
877:
869:
857:
790:
746:
669:
627:, are represented by deformed and metamorphosed rocks with sedimentary basins further inland.
521:
493:
406:
222:
36:
2339:
2068:
1223:
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3382:
3377:
3311:
3286:
3281:
3256:
3196:
3156:
3011:
2798:
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2558:
2443:
2422:
2412:
2229:
2186:
2152:
2039:
2006:
1881:
1812:
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1687:
1650:
1609:
1568:
1542:
1503:
1104:
1069:
1063:
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1010:
982:
Before the development of geologic concepts during the 19th century, the presence of marine
948:
873:
845:
794:
775:
620:
541:
513:
505:
242:
151:
99:
81:
54:
2605:. Benchmark Papers in Geology. Vol. 62. New York: Hutchinson Ross Publishing Company.
2255:
3621:
3517:
3417:
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3201:
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1201:
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642:
616:
517:
509:
441:
437:
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340:
319:
238:
206:
32:
2794:
2685:
2627:
2225:
2148:
1877:
1808:
1734:
1683:
1646:
1631:"Kinematic history of the Laramide orogeny in latitudes 35°-49°N, western United States"
1538:
1499:
753:
496:. Activity along an orogenic belt can be extremely long-lived. For example, much of the
3522:
3499:
3484:
3354:
3334:
3246:
3171:
3166:
3136:
3121:
3087:
3077:
3021:
1177:
1168: â Upheavals or depressions of land exhibiting long wavelengths and little folding
1019:
967:
963:
952:
841:
827:
738:
696:
624:
537:
533:
529:
474:
210:
1993:
Faccenna, Claudio; Becker, Thorsten W.; Holt, Adam F.; Brun, Jean Pierre (June 2021).
1507:
444:
are an example of a noncollisional orogenic belt, and such belts are sometimes called
302:
used the term in 1890 to mean the process of mountain-building, as distinguished from
3654:
3412:
2810:
2701:
2572:
2563:
2546:
2365:
2020:
1861:
1816:
1707:
1108:
1059:
1015:
583:
Orogens have a characteristic structure, though this shows considerable variation. A
577:
572:
553:
525:
422:
387:
336:
197:
105:
1885:
1750:
3407:
3067:
3041:
1347:"Pangean Orogenic and Epeirogenic Uplifts and Their Possible Climatic Significance"
1159:
1038:(1875) recognised the importance of horizontal movement of rocks. The concept of a
1035:
987:
971:
955:
833:
823:
734:
714:
636:
558:
2156:
1691:
298: 'creation, origin'. Although it was used before him, the American geologist
2914:
2512:
504:(the ancient heart of North America) over the course of 200 million years in the
3588:
3474:
3449:
3402:
3397:
3372:
3261:
3181:
3151:
2043:
1204: â Geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics
1041:
995:
865:
805:
650:
366:
metamorphism, and then exhumed along the same subduction channel. (example: the
234:
2824:
Cawood, PA; Kroner, A; Collins, WJ; Kusky, TM; Mooney, WD; Windley, BF (2009).
2011:
1994:
3616:
3603:
3221:
3111:
2876:
1140:
1089:
708:
452:
410:
379:
359:
332:
315:
2802:
2781:
Pitcher, WS (1979). "The nature, ascent and emplacement of granitic magmas".
1699:
958:. These thrust faults carry relatively thin slices of rock (which are called
3552:
3532:
3527:
3507:
3489:
3479:
3291:
3236:
3098:
2893:. The Geology of Central Europe. Vol. 1. Geological Society of London.
2693:
2417:
2400:
2188:
Mountain Environments: An Examination of the Physical Geography of Mountains
2034:
Howell, David G. (1989). "Mountain building and the shaping of continents".
1572:
1085:
501:
486:
482:
430:
383:
367:
226:
2547:"Temporal and spatial evolution of orogens: a guide for geological mapping"
2164:
328:
2450:. Petrology and Structural Geology. Vol. 9. Springer. pp. 1 ff.
2326:
20m/MA) would generate highly elevated regions in geological time periods.
3611:
3537:
2880:
2872:
2868:
1547:
1522:
932:
923:. Erosion inevitably removes much of the mountains, exposing the core or
782:
649:, and various theories were proposed to explain them. Canadian geologist
593:
461:
184:
17:
1174: â Field of study that investigates the behavior of geologic faults
793:
material) and the buoyant upward forces exerted by the dense underlying
3344:
3296:
2427:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1614:
1597:
1180: â Mountains formed by compressive crumpling of the layers of rock
1081:
944:
915:
742:
608:
597:
1995:"Mountain building, mantle convection, and supercontinents: revisited"
1655:
1630:
3211:
3176:
2951:
2853:
Mountain Building in Scotland: Science : A Level 3 Course Series
1077:
1072:(1906) recognised different classes of orogenic belts, including the
1045:
or initial downward warping of the solid earth (Hall, 1859) prompted
983:
602:
568:
418:
414:
402:
291:
274:
213:. This involves a series of geological processes collectively called
2667:
725:
2473:"The scientific revolution and Nicholas Steno's twofold conversion"
2128:
Lee, C.-T.; Yin, Q; Rudnick, RL; Chesley, JT; Jacobsen, SB (2000).
1742:
401:, which are elongated regions of deformation bordering continental
3231:
2341:
Companion Encyclopedia of Geography: The Environment and Humankind
1405:
1403:
1401:
1183:
1093:
959:
818:
557:
350:
344:
327:
230:
31:
1847:
Billions of Years in Minnesota, The Geological Story of the State
3266:
132:
123:
114:
2955:
2844:
Exploring the Proterozoic Big Sky Orogeny in Southwest Montana
1908:"Flysch deposits of the foreland basin, western United States"
1353:. Geological Society of America Special Paper. Vol. 288.
1253:
Kearey, Philip; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, Frederick J. (2009).
800:
Portions of orogens can also experience uplift as a result of
587:
forms ahead of the orogen due mainly to loading and resulting
2828:. Geological Society. pp. 1â36. Special Publication 318.
1192: â Known mountain building events of the Earth's history
1026:
in terms of the creation of mountain elevations, as the term
781:
Crustal thickening raises mountains through the principle of
477:
of southeast Australia are examples of accretionary orogens.
1598:"Tectonic model for the Proterozoic growth of North America"
931:
brought to the surface from a depth of several kilometres).
596:
deposited in the foreland basin are mainly derived from the
45:
175:
169:
2517:. New Brunwick: Rutgers University Press. pp. 26â27.
2307:
Sedimentary Basins: Evolution, Facies, and Sediment Budget
166:
163:
154:
2338:
Ian Douglas; Richard John Huggett; Mike Robinson (2002).
2234:
10.1130/0091-7613(2000)28<811:TOVITS>2.0.CO;2
2104:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
1186: â Isolated, flat-topped underwater volcano mountain
253:) process or event is one that occurs during an orogeny.
1429:(9th ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. p. 83.
172:
2875:, with the main collisional events occurring during
947:
or blocks of deformed rocks, separated generally by
789:
upon an upthrust mountain range (composed of light,
378:
of continents. The convergence may take the form of
160:
3602:
3569:
3551:
3498:
3426:
3363:
3320:
3096:
3055:
2989:
2762:Zwart, HJ (1967). "The duality of orogenic belts".
2123:
2121:
849:where the edge of the uplifted layers are exposed.
157:
2448:Emplacement Mechanisms of Nappes and Thrust Sheets
2378:(4th ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 92.
1942:
1862:"The Penokean orogeny in the Lake Superior region"
1521:Ding, Lin; Kapp, Paul; Wan, Xiaoqiao (June 2005).
225:and the creation of new continental crust through
2102:Mechanics in the Earth and Environmental Sciences
1980:
1775:
1763:
1473:
1461:
1449:
1409:
205:develops as the compressed plate crumples and is
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1672:Geological Society, London, Special Publications
2718:(1982). "Classical theories of orogenesis". In
1420:
1418:
1198: â Gradual movement of the planet's mantle
2096:Gerard V. Middleton; Peter R. Wilcock (1994).
1939:"Plate tectonic models of orogenic core zones"
1596:Whitmeyer, Steven; Karlstrom, Karl E. (2007).
606:-style) through shallow water to continental (
2967:
2647:Hall, J (1859). "Palaeontology of New York".
343:to form an accretionary orogen (example: the
8:
1937:Robert J. Twiss; Eldridge M. Moores (1992).
1849:. Library of Congress Card Number: 77:80265.
1384:(4th ed.). Macmillan. pp. 468â69.
413:. Older orogenic belts are typically deeply
195:when plate motion compresses the margin. An
2974:
2960:
2952:
2826:Accretionary orogens through Earth history
2444:"§1.1 Nappes, overthrusts and fold-nappes"
1288:A dictionary of geology and earth sciences
1030:was still used to describe the processes.
785:. Isostacy is the balance of the downward
3686:Events in the geological history of Earth
2942:Maps of the Acadian and Taconic orogenies
2562:
2426:
2416:
2010:
1654:
1613:
1546:
2283:(2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 104.
1324:. Allied Publishers. 1999. p. 972.
1162: â Study of distribution of species
802:delamination of the orogenic lithosphere
752:
724:
571:and the collision of Australia with the
2310:(2nd ed.). Springer. p. 453.
1788:DeCelles P.G. & Giles K.A. (1996).
1286:Allaby, Michael (2013). "synorogenic".
1214:
804:, in which an unstable portion of cold
528:(about 380 million years ago) with the
2248:"The Formation of the Rocky Mountains"
1099:In terms of recognising orogeny as an
2913:; William R. Dickinson, eds. (2009).
2722:; Aki, Keiiti; Ćengör, CelĂąl (eds.).
2375:Holmes Principles of Physical Geology
1860:Schulz, K. J.; Cannon, W. F. (2007).
990:contexts as a result of the Biblical
7:
2751:(in German). Berlin: Roth & Eck.
2591:Notice sur les SystĂšmes de Montagnes
2344:. Taylor & Francis. p. 33.
3217:List of tectonic plate interactions
2597:] (in French). Paris: Bertrand.
2075:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 36 ff.
1999:Earth and Planetary Science Letters
1949:(2nd ed.). Macmillan. p.
2069:"Isostasy in zones of convergence"
1225:Foundations of Engineering Geology
962:or thrust sheets, and differ from
691:As the two continents rift apart,
25:
2919:. Geological Society of America.
2855:. Open University Worldwide Ltd.
2783:Journal of the Geological Society
1049:(1873) to include the concept of
897:Continental collision and orogeny
436:Subduction zones consume oceanic
417:to expose displaced and deformed
3635:
3634:
1817:10.1046/j.1365-2117.1996.01491.x
1321:Chambers 21st Century Dictionary
1143:
217:. These include both structural
150:
27:The formation of mountain ranges
1981:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1886:10.1016/j.precamres.2007.02.022
1776:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1764:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1474:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1462:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1450:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
1410:Kearey, Klepeis & Vine 2009
489:for the last 65 million years.
986:in mountains was explained in
641:Long before the acceptance of
191:process that takes place at a
1:
2846:. 19th annual Keck symposium.
2842:Harms; Brady; Cheney (2006).
2280:Fundamentals of Geomorphology
2157:10.1126/science.289.5486.1912
2036:Tectonics of Suspect Terranes
1692:10.1144/GSL.SP.1996.106.01.12
1508:10.1016/S1872-5791(08)60095-0
1355:Geological Society of America
812:in California. This range of
281: 'mountain' and
2564:10.18814/epiiugs/2021/021025
1913:. In Dickinson, W.R. (ed.).
1629:Bird, Peter (October 1998).
1464:, pp. 287â288, 297â299.
1255:"Chapter 10: Orogenic belts"
2673:American Journal of Science
2277:Richard J. Huggett (2007).
2044:10.1007/978-94-009-0827-7_6
1915:Tectonics and Sedimentation
1290:(Fourth ed.). Oxford:
1084:geometry to the sediments;
994:. This was an extension of
766:International Space Station
425:and include vast bodies of
393:Orogeny typically produces
374:Orogeny takes place on the
3702:
2890:Precambrian and Palaeozoic
2636:]. Vienna: BraumĂŒller.
2012:10.1016/j.epsl.2021.116905
1111:using radiometric dating.
998:thought, which influenced
900:
889:Closure of the ocean basin
706:
684:
661:
634:
589:flexure of the lithosphere
551:
313:
284:
267:
3630:
3302:Thick-skinned deformation
2726:. John Wiley & Sons.
1425:Levin, Harold L. (2010).
1349:. In Klein, G. O. (ed.).
1074:Alpine type orogenic belt
562:The Foreland Basin System
540:and culminating with the
471:North American Cordillera
451:As subduction continues,
421:. These are often highly
386:rides forcefully over an
3307:Thin-skinned deformation
3083:Stereographic projection
2887:Tom McCann, ed. (2008).
2803:10.1144/gsjgs.136.6.0627
2649:New York National Survey
2629:Die Entstehung Der Alpen
2601:Dennis, John G. (1982).
2595:Note on Mountain Systems
2304:Gerhard Einsele (2000).
2191:. MIT Press. p. 9.
1790:"Foreland basin systems"
1345:Friedman, G. M. (1994).
731:thin-skinned deformation
532:and continuing with the
3073:Orthographic projection
3056:Measurement conventions
3002:Lamé's stress ellipsoid
2694:10.2475/ajs.s3-5.30.423
2666:Dana, James D. (1873).
2511:Gohau, Gabriel (1990).
2418:10.5027/andgeoV39n2-a01
2073:Earth Surface Processes
1845:Bray, Edmund C (1977).
1573:10.1130/DNAG-GNA-C2.171
1488:Earth Science Frontiers
1292:Oxford University Press
1000:early Christian writers
970:and the development of
758:Sierra Nevada Mountains
193:convergent plate margin
3676:Mountain geomorphology
2909:Suzanne Mahlburg Kay;
2634:The Origin of the Alps
2626:Suess, Eduard (1875).
2442:Olivier Merle (1998).
1723:The Journal of Geology
1427:The earth through time
1222:Waltham, Tony (2009).
1096:style fold structure.
978:History of the concept
830:
768:
750:
563:
520:and culminated in the
427:intrusive igneous rock
371:
348:
142:
91:Large igneous province
3584:Paleostress inversion
3277:Strike-slip tectonics
3147:Extensional tectonics
3127:Continental collision
2997:Deformation mechanism
2747:Buch, L. Von (1902).
2254:. n.d. Archived from
2185:John Gerrard (1990).
1151:Earth sciences portal
937:erosion and tectonics
903:Continental collision
868:orogens, such as the
822:
814:fault-block mountains
756:
728:
561:
457:continental fragments
356:Continental collision
354:
331:
324:Continental collision
35:
3666:Geological processes
3162:Fold and thrust belt
2851:Kevin Jones (2003).
2749:Gesammelte Schriften
2599:English synopsis in
2587:Ălie de Beaumont, JB
2514:A history of geology
2038:. pp. 157â199.
1906:Poole, F.G. (1974).
1866:Precambrian Research
1548:10.1029/2004TC001729
1378:Frank Press (2003).
1230:Taylor & Francis
1166:Epeirogenic movement
838:Trans-Canada Highway
467:accretionary orogen.
209:to form one or more
3594:Section restoration
3470:Rock microstructure
3132:Convergent boundary
3032:Strain partitioning
3017:Overburden pressure
3007:MohrâCoulomb theory
2795:1979JGSoc.136..627P
2686:1873AmJS....5..423D
2252:Mountains in Nature
2226:2000Geo....28..811M
2149:2000Sci...289.1912L
1983:, pp. 208â209.
1878:2007PreR..157....4S
1809:1996BasR....8..105D
1778:, pp. 302â303.
1766:, pp. 330â332.
1735:2007JG....115..315G
1684:1996GSLSP.106..185S
1647:1998Tecto..17..780B
1539:2005Tecto..24.3001D
1500:2009ESF....16...31Y
1381:Understanding Earth
787:gravitational force
764:) as seen from the
674:Continental rifting
664:Continental rifting
658:Continental rifting
612:-style) sediments.
446:Andean-type orogens
3681:Effects of gravity
3571:Kinematic analysis
3227:Mountain formation
3142:Divergent boundary
3107:Accretionary wedge
2983:Structural geology
2471:Vai, G.B. (2009).
1945:Structural Geology
1615:10.1130/GES00055.1
862:dynamic topography
831:
772:Mountain formation
769:
751:
693:seafloor spreading
687:Seafloor spreading
681:Seafloor spreading
564:
514:Mazatzal orogenies
494:sedimentary basins
376:convergent margins
372:
349:
143:
37:Geologic provinces
3648:
3647:
3579:3D fold evolution
3465:Pressure solution
3460:Oblique foliation
3340:Exfoliation joint
3330:Columnar jointing
2990:Underlying theory
2947:Antarctic Geology
2926:978-0-8137-1204-8
2900:978-1-86239-245-8
2862:978-0-7492-5847-4
2612:978-0-87933-394-2
2457:978-0-7923-4879-5
2385:978-0-7487-4381-0
2351:978-0-415-27750-1
2317:978-3-540-66193-1
2290:978-0-415-39084-2
2198:978-0-262-07128-4
2143:(5486): 1912â16.
2111:978-0-521-44669-3
2082:978-0-632-03507-6
2067:PA Allen (1997).
2053:978-94-010-6858-1
1960:978-0-7167-2252-6
1656:10.1029/98TC02698
1391:978-0-7167-9617-6
1272:978-1-4051-0777-8
1239:978-0-415-46959-3
1196:Mantle convection
1190:List of orogenies
1047:James Dwight Dana
1028:mountain building
1005:The 13th-century
929:metamorphic rocks
874:restraining bends
870:San Andreas Fault
858:East African Rift
791:continental crust
747:Madison Limestone
721:Mountain building
670:mantle convection
580:of New Zealand).
522:Grenville orogeny
407:volcanic activity
341:continental plate
223:continental crust
140:
139:
16:(Redirected from
3693:
3638:
3637:
3383:Detachment fault
3378:Cataclastic rock
3312:Thrust tectonics
3282:Structural basin
3257:Pull-apart basin
3197:Horst and graben
2976:
2969:
2962:
2953:
2930:
2904:
2866:
2847:
2830:
2829:
2821:
2815:
2814:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2720:Miyashiro, Akiho
2712:
2706:
2705:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2598:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2531:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2209:
2203:
2202:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2174:on 15 June 2011.
2173:
2167:. Archived from
2134:
2125:
2116:
2115:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2014:
1990:
1984:
1978:
1965:
1964:
1948:
1934:
1919:
1918:
1912:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1825:
1819:. Archived from
1794:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1658:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1422:
1413:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1261:(3rd ed.).
1259:Global Tectonics
1250:
1244:
1243:
1228:(3rd ed.).
1219:
1153:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1105:Leopold von Buch
1076:, typified by a
1070:Gustav Steinmann
1032:Elie de Beaumont
1011:Albert the Great
854:mid-ocean ridges
776:thrust tectonics
542:Laramide orogeny
506:Paleoproterozoic
295:
288:
278:
271:
182:
181:
178:
177:
174:
171:
168:
165:
162:
159:
156:
130:
121:
112:
97:
88:
79:
70:
61:
52:
46:
21:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3690:
3671:Plate tectonics
3651:
3650:
3649:
3644:
3626:
3598:
3565:
3547:
3518:Detachment fold
3494:
3422:
3418:Transform fault
3393:Fault mechanics
3359:
3316:
3252:Plate tectonics
3202:Intra-arc basin
3092:
3063:Brunton compass
3051:
2985:
2980:
2938:
2927:
2911:VĂctor A. Ramos
2908:
2901:
2886:
2863:
2850:
2841:
2838:
2836:Further reading
2833:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2761:
2760:
2756:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2625:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2600:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2477:Geol Soc Am Mem
2470:
2469:
2465:
2458:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2386:
2370:Doris L. Holmes
2364:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2318:
2303:
2302:
2298:
2291:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2258:on 23 July 2014
2246:
2245:
2241:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2199:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2171:
2132:
2127:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2098:"§5.5 Isostasy"
2095:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2033:
2032:
2028:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1979:
1968:
1961:
1936:
1935:
1922:
1910:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1826:on 2 April 2015
1823:
1792:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1628:
1627:
1623:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1583:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1399:
1392:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1357:. p. 160.
1344:
1343:
1339:
1332:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1273:
1265:. p. 287.
1263:Wiley-Blackwell
1252:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:Tectonic uplift
1172:Fault mechanics
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1092:basalts, and a
980:
964:tectonic plates
913:
905:
899:
891:
735:thrust faulting
723:
711:
705:
697:passive margins
689:
683:
666:
660:
647:orogenic cycles
643:plate tectonics
639:
633:
556:
550:
518:Picuris orogeny
442:Andes Mountains
364:eclogite facies
326:
320:Plate tectonics
312:
260:comes from
211:mountain ranges
153:
149:
141:
135:
128:
126:
119:
117:
110:
102:
98: Extended
95:
93:
86:
84:
77:
75:
68:
66:
59:
57:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3699:
3697:
3689:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3653:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3608:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3597:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3504:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3485:Tectonic phase
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3436:
3434:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3247:Passive margin
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Foreland basin
3169:
3167:Fold mountains
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3122:Back-arc basin
3119:
3114:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3088:Strike and dip
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3022:Rock mechanics
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2937:
2936:External links
2934:
2933:
2932:
2925:
2906:
2899:
2884:
2861:
2848:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:
2816:
2773:
2764:Geol. Mijnbouw
2754:
2739:
2732:
2707:
2680:(30): 423â43.
2658:
2639:
2618:
2611:
2578:
2557:(3): 265â283.
2537:
2523:
2503:
2489:
2463:
2456:
2434:
2411:(2): 201â219.
2405:Andean Geology
2391:
2384:
2357:
2350:
2330:
2316:
2296:
2289:
2269:
2239:
2204:
2197:
2177:
2117:
2110:
2088:
2081:
2059:
2052:
2026:
1985:
1966:
1959:
1920:
1898:
1852:
1837:
1797:Basin Research
1780:
1768:
1756:
1743:10.1086/512755
1729:(3): 315â334.
1713:
1678:(1): 185â201.
1662:
1641:(5): 780â801.
1621:
1588:
1581:
1554:
1513:
1478:
1476:, p. 288.
1466:
1454:
1452:, p. 289.
1442:
1436:978-0470387740
1435:
1414:
1412:, p. 287.
1397:
1390:
1370:
1363:
1337:
1331:978-0550106254
1330:
1307:
1300:
1278:
1271:
1245:
1238:
1232:. p. 20.
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1178:Fold mountains
1175:
1169:
1163:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1020:Jules Thurmann
979:
976:
925:mountain roots
912:
909:
901:Main article:
898:
895:
890:
887:
828:Banff, Alberta
739:Sevier Orogeny
729:An example of
722:
719:
707:Main article:
704:
701:
685:Main article:
682:
679:
662:Main article:
659:
656:
632:
631:Orogenic cycle
629:
585:foreland basin
552:Main article:
549:
546:
538:Sevier orogeny
534:Sonoma orogeny
530:Antler orogeny
475:Lachlan Orogen
395:orogenic belts
311:
308:
241:and uppermost
204:
200:
138:
137:
127:
118:
109:
103:
94:
85:
76:
67:
58:
49:
44:
39:of the world (
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3698:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3641:
3633:
3632:
3629:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3576:
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3568:
3562:
3559:
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3443:
3441:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3413:Transfer zone
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
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3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Mohr's circle
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2994:
2992:
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2984:
2977:
2972:
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2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2789:(6): 627â62.
2788:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2769:
2765:
2758:
2755:
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2729:
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2721:
2717:
2716:Ćengör, CelĂąl
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
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2687:
2683:
2679:
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2524:9780813516660
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2490:9780813712031
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2482:
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2419:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2392:
2387:
2381:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2367:
2366:Arthur Holmes
2361:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2342:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2319:
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2253:
2249:
2243:
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2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
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2208:
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2190:
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2162:
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2070:
2063:
2060:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1909:
1902:
1899:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:(2): 105â23.
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1798:
1791:
1784:
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1777:
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1752:
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1406:
1404:
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1364:9780813722887
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1356:
1352:
1348:
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1333:
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1323:
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1301:9780199653065
1297:
1293:
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1274:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1235:
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1227:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
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1164:
1161:
1158:
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1141:
1136:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1120:W. S. Pitcher
1117:
1112:
1110:
1109:geochronology
1106:
1102:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:asthenosphere
1056:
1055:cooling Earth
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:Amanz Gressly
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:thrust faults
954:
950:
946:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
910:
908:
904:
896:
894:
888:
886:
884:
883:epeirogenesis
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
843:
839:
835:
829:
825:
821:
817:
815:
811:
810:Sierra Nevada
807:
803:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
779:
777:
773:
767:
763:
760:(a result of
759:
755:
748:
744:
740:
736:
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727:
720:
718:
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710:
702:
700:
698:
694:
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680:
678:
675:
671:
665:
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655:
652:
648:
644:
638:
630:
628:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
610:
605:
604:
599:
595:
590:
586:
581:
579:
578:Southern Alps
574:
570:
560:
555:
554:Orogenic belt
547:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:late Devonian
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
490:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
463:
458:
454:
449:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
423:metamorphosed
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
391:
389:
388:oceanic plate
385:
381:
377:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
346:
342:
338:
337:oceanic plate
334:
330:
325:
321:
317:
309:
307:
305:
301:
300:G. K. Gilbert
297:
294:
287:
283:
280:
277:
270:
266:
263:
262:Ancient Greek
259:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
202:
199:
198:orogenic belt
196:
194:
190:
186:
180:
147:
134:
131: >65
125:
116:
107:
106:Oceanic crust
104:
101:
92:
83:
74:
65:
56:
48:
47:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
3408:Thrust fault
3241:
3097:Large-scale
3068:Inclinometer
3042:Stress field
2915:
2889:
2852:
2843:
2825:
2819:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2733:0-471-103764
2723:
2710:
2677:
2671:
2661:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2621:
2602:
2594:
2590:
2581:
2554:
2550:
2540:
2528:. Retrieved
2513:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2480:
2476:
2466:
2447:
2437:
2408:
2404:
2394:
2374:
2360:
2340:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2306:
2299:
2279:
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2251:
2242:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2187:
2180:
2169:the original
2140:
2136:
2101:
2091:
2072:
2062:
2035:
2029:
2002:
1998:
1988:
1944:
1914:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1869:
1865:
1855:
1846:
1840:
1828:. Retrieved
1821:the original
1800:
1796:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1605:
1601:
1591:
1564:
1557:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1494:(3): 31â48.
1491:
1487:
1481:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1426:
1380:
1373:
1350:
1340:
1319:
1310:
1287:
1281:
1258:
1248:
1224:
1217:
1160:Biogeography
1113:
1100:
1098:
1073:
1068:
1050:
1039:
1036:Eduard Suess
1027:
1023:
1004:
981:
972:metamorphism
949:suture zones
941:
924:
920:
914:
906:
892:
851:
834:Mount Rundle
832:
824:Mount Rundle
806:lithospheric
799:
780:
770:
762:delamination
745:. The white
715:volcanic arc
712:
690:
677:continents.
667:
646:
640:
637:Wilson Cycle
614:
607:
601:
584:
582:
565:
491:
479:
466:
460:
450:
445:
435:
398:
394:
392:
373:
292:
289:
282:
275:
272:
265:
257:
255:
251:synkinematic
250:
246:
221:of existing
214:
145:
144:
122: 20â65
72:
29:
3589:Paleostress
3475:Slickenside
3450:Crenulation
3403:Fault trace
3398:Fault scarp
3388:Disturbance
3373:Cataclasite
3262:Rift valley
3182:Half-graben
3152:Fault block
3137:DĂ©collement
2483:: 187â208.
2428:11336/68522
1872:(1): 4â25.
1567:: 171â334.
1565:Precambrian
1116:H. J. Zwart
1088:sequences,
1051:compression
1042:geosyncline
1018:(1840) and
996:Neoplatonic
866:strike-slip
651:Tuzo Wilson
453:island arcs
411:earthquakes
247:synorogenic
235:lithosphere
219:deformation
113: 0â20
3655:Categories
3617:Pure shear
3604:Shear zone
3561:Competence
3445:Compaction
3322:Fracturing
3117:Autochthon
3112:Allochthon
2877:Ordovician
2770:: 283â309.
2262:29 January
2220:(9): 811.
2005:: 116905.
1608:(4): 220.
1582:0813752183
1533:(3): n/a.
1210:References
1090:tholeiitic
1040:precursor
1022:(1854) as
709:Subduction
703:Subduction
635:See also:
431:batholiths
380:subduction
360:blueschist
339:beneath a
333:Subduction
316:Subduction
314:See also:
304:epeirogeny
215:orogenesis
3553:Boudinage
3533:Monocline
3528:Homocline
3508:Anticline
3490:Tectonite
3480:Stylolite
3455:Fissility
3432:lineation
3428:Foliation
3292:Syneclise
3237:Obduction
3207:Inversion
3099:tectonics
2811:128935736
2702:131423196
2573:244188689
2021:234818905
1708:140546624
1700:0305-8719
1635:Tectonics
1602:Geosphere
1527:Tectonics
1316:"orogeny"
1086:ophiolite
1007:Dominican
988:Christian
933:Isostatic
921:unroofing
737:) of the
594:Sediments
502:Laurentia
487:Himalayas
483:Himalayan
384:continent
382:(where a
368:Himalayas
310:Tectonics
256:The word
227:volcanism
18:Orogenies
3640:Category
3612:Mylonite
3543:Vergence
3538:Syncline
3440:Cleavage
3365:Faulting
2881:Silurian
2873:Devonian
2869:Cambrian
2589:(1852).
2551:Episodes
2530:17 April
2496:17 April
2372:(2004).
2165:10988067
1830:30 March
1751:67843559
1137:See also
1024:orogenic
1009:scholar
945:terranes
856:and the
840:between
783:isostasy
621:Penokean
498:basement
473:and the
462:terranes
207:uplifted
189:building
185:mountain
64:Platform
3661:Orogeny
3513:Chevron
3500:Folding
3345:Fissure
3297:Terrane
3242:Orogeny
3222:MĂ©lange
3157:Fenster
3047:Tension
2871:to the
2791:Bibcode
2724:Orogeny
2682:Bibcode
2603:Orogeny
2222:Bibcode
2214:Geology
2145:Bibcode
2137:Science
1891:6 March
1874:Bibcode
1805:Bibcode
1731:Bibcode
1680:Bibcode
1643:Bibcode
1535:Bibcode
1496:Bibcode
1082:molasse
984:fossils
953:dipping
916:Erosion
911:Erosion
878:Hotspot
846:Canmore
836:on the
743:Montana
617:Algoman
609:molasse
598:erosion
548:Orogens
510:Yavapai
429:called
403:cratons
399:orogens
293:génesis
286:ÎłÎΜΔÏÎčÏ
258:orogeny
183:) is a
146:Orogeny
3287:Suture
3272:Saddle
3212:Klippe
3177:Graben
3037:Stress
3027:Strain
2923:
2897:
2883:times.
2859:
2809:
2730:
2700:
2609:
2571:
2521:
2487:
2454:
2382:
2348:
2314:
2287:
2195:
2163:
2108:
2079:
2050:
2019:
1957:
1749:
1706:
1698:
1579:
1433:
1388:
1361:
1328:
1298:
1269:
1236:
1078:flysch
1064:mantle
992:Deluge
960:nappes
795:mantle
625:Antler
603:flysch
569:Taiwan
508:. The
419:strata
415:eroded
335:of an
322:, and
243:mantle
203:orogen
136:
129:
120:
111:
96:
89:
87:
80:
78:
73:Orogen
71:
69:
62:
60:
55:Shield
53:
51:
3622:Shear
3350:Joint
3232:Nappe
3192:Horst
3187:Horse
2807:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2632:[
2593:[
2569:S2CID
2172:(PDF)
2133:(PDF)
2017:S2CID
1911:(PDF)
1824:(PDF)
1793:(PDF)
1747:S2CID
1704:S2CID
1184:Guyot
1101:event
1094:nappe
968:folds
864:. In
842:Banff
573:Banda
438:crust
345:Andes
264:
245:). A
239:crust
231:Magma
100:crust
82:Basin
3523:Dome
3430:and
3355:Vein
3335:Dike
3267:Rift
3078:Rake
2921:ISBN
2895:ISBN
2879:and
2857:ISBN
2728:ISBN
2655:(1).
2607:ISBN
2532:2022
2519:ISBN
2498:2022
2485:ISBN
2452:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2324:e.g.
2312:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2264:2014
2193:ISBN
2161:PMID
2106:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2048:ISBN
1955:ISBN
1893:2016
1832:2015
1696:ISSN
1577:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1386:ISBN
1359:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1267:ISBN
1234:ISBN
1080:and
844:and
623:and
536:and
512:and
469:The
409:and
276:Ăłros
269:áœÏÎżÏ
249:(or
41:USGS
2799:doi
2787:136
2690:doi
2559:doi
2481:203
2423:hdl
2413:doi
2230:doi
2153:doi
2141:289
2040:doi
2007:doi
2003:564
1951:493
1882:doi
1870:157
1813:doi
1739:doi
1727:115
1688:doi
1676:106
1651:doi
1610:doi
1569:doi
1543:doi
1504:doi
1062:or
951:or
741:in
397:or
362:to
201:or
3657::
2805:.
2797:.
2785:.
2768:46
2766:.
2696:.
2688:.
2676:.
2670:.
2651:.
2567:.
2555:45
2553:.
2549:.
2479:.
2475:.
2446:.
2421:.
2409:39
2407:.
2403:.
2368:;
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