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688:. Its acts embodied several of the Pope's proposals for the betterment of the condition of the Church, among them the law requiring that no one could be elected pope without the votes of two-thirds of the cardinals. The rule was altered slightly in 1996, but was restored in 2007. The period from 1177, which saw the submission of both emperor Frederick and anti-pope Calixtus III, and this synod/council marked the summit of Alexander III's power.
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446:, recognized his authority. Because of imperial strength in Italy, Alexander was forced to reside outside Rome for a large part of his pontificate. When news reached him of the death of Victor in 1164, he openly wept, and scolded the cardinals in his company for rejoicing at the end of the rival antipope.
588:
of the eastern and western churches if
Alexander would recognize him as emperor. As emperor, Manuel would supply the pope with men and money to restore his authority in Italy. Alexander gave an evasive answer, but in 1168 he rejected outright the same proposal from a second Byzantine embassy. His
427:
By 1160, faced with a papal schism, Alexander, and Victor, were summoned by
Emperor Frederick to a council in Pavia. Alexander refused, stating a pope can only be judged by God. The council of Pavia met from 5 to 11 February and recognized Victor IV's election as pope. On 13 February, Victor IV
469:
of 1177) recognized
Alexander III as pope. On 12 March 1178, Alexander III returned to Rome, which he had been compelled to leave twice: the first time between 1162 and 23 November 1165. When Alexander was arrested by supporters of the imperialist
676:
In 1163 Alexander summoned clergy and prelates from
England, France, Italy, and Spain to the Council of Tours to address, among other things, the unlawful division of ecclesiastical benefices, clerical usury, and lay possession of tithes.
329:, although this has not been proven. He was long thought to be the 12th-century canon lawyer and theologian Master Roland of Bologna, who composed the "Stroma" or "Summa Rolandi"—one of the earliest commentaries on the
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stated reason amounted to it being too difficult. He appears to have feared
Byzantine domination of Italy if the pope owed his position to its support.
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442:. This meant that Alexander's legitimacy was gaining strength, as soon proved by the fact that other monarchs, such as the king of France and King
438:
and recognised
Alexander III as the rightful pope and declared that the supreme spiritual leader was the only one who could exercise the rite of
699:. By the judicious use of money, however, Alexander III got him into his power, so that he was deposed in January 1180. In 1181, Alexander III
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639:– an important step in the process of Portugal becoming a recognized independent kingdom. Afonso had been using the title of king since 1139.
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excommunicated
Alexander. Upon receiving the news on 24 March 1160, Alexander, who was at Anagni, excommunicated both Victor and Frederick.
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pope and took the name
Alexander III. A minority of the cardinals, however, elected the cardinal priest Octavian, who assumed the name of
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Alexander III was the first pope known to have paid direct attention to missionary activities east of the Baltic Sea. He had created the
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Rowe, John G. (1993). "Alexander III and the
Jerusalem Crusade: An Overview of Problems and Failures". In Maya Shatzmiller (ed.).
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Alexander III beatified no one during his papacy but he did canonize ten saints which included notable figures of the age such as
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Throughout his pontificate, Alexander III elevated 68 cardinals in fifteen consistories which included two of his successors,
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1680:
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450:
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Duggan, Anne J. (2016). "Alexander ille meus: The Papacy of
Alexander III". In Duggan, Anne J.; Clarke, Peter D. (eds.).
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Winroth, Anders (2002). "Papal Letters to Scandinavia and their Preservation". In Adam J. Kosto; Anders Winroth (eds.).
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Myriam Soria Audebert, "Pontifical Propaganda during the Schisms: Alexander III to the reconquest of Church Unity", in
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1563:. Ed. par Martin Aurell. Poitiers: Université de Poitiers-centre d'études supérieures de civilisation médiévale, 2007,
133:
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forced Alexander III to leave the city, which he never re-entered, and on 29 September 1179, some nobles set up the
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Tolstoy, Jonathan Harris Dmitri (2012). "Alexander III and Byzantium". In Anne J. Duggan; Peter D. Clarke (eds.).
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564:, promising remission of sin for those who fought there. In doing so, he legitimized the widespread use of
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on 30 August 1181. It was one week short of twenty-two years since his election, the longest papacy since
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Charters, Cartularies and Archives: The Preservation and Transmission of Documents in the Medieval West
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Besides checkmating Barbarossa, Alexander humbled King Henry II of England for the murder of
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1545:. Translated by Cusimano, Richard; Whitmore, Eric. The Catholic University of America Press.
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461:(who had the German imperial support) continued until Frederick Barbarossa's defeat at the
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Becket in 1173. This was the second English saint canonized by Alexander, the first being
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Pope Adrian IV died 1 September 1159. On 7 September 1159, Rolando Bandinelli was
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339:—and the "Sententiae Rolandi", a sentence collection displaying the influence of
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971:(1977). "Who was Rolandus?". In Pennington, Kenneth; Somerville, Robert (eds.).
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343:, but John T. Noonan and Rudolf Weigand have shown this to be another Rolandus.
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Convaincre et persuader: Communication et propagande aux XII et XIIIe siècles
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in Sweden in 1164, probably at the suggestion of his close friend Archbishop
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Weigand, Rudolph (1980). "Magister Rolandus und Papst Alexander III".
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delivered a papal message that seemed to claim that Frederick I was a
503:
487:
1039:, (Frank J. Coppa, ed.), Westport: Greenwood Press, (2002) 1.113-122
729:
The tomb of Pope Alexander III in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran
1450:
Gothic Kings of Britain: The Lives of 31 Medieval Rulers, 1016-1399
669:
Even as a fugitive, Alexander enjoyed the favour and protection of
975:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 21–48.
895:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
724:
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322:
270:
196:
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Loughlin, James. "Pope Alexander III." The Catholic Encyclopedia
282:
274:
1608:
1062:
Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 27 July 2015
973:
Law, Church, and Society: Essays in Honor of Stephan Kuttner
604:
in 1161. Nonetheless, he confirmed the position of Henry as
1251:"Letter by Pope Alexander III to the Archbishop of Uppsala"
631:, issued on 23 May 1179, Alexander recognized the right of
289:, claimed the papacy. Alexander rejected Byzantine Emperor
1229:. Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. p. 178.
482:. Alexander again left Rome in 1167, travelling first to
1400:
The Ecumenical Councils of the Catholic Church: A History
486:
and later moving to various strongholds such as those of
382:, which restored peaceful relations between Rome and the
1534:
The Papal Monarchy: The Western Church from 1050 to 1250
1253:(in Latin). National Archives of Finland. Archived from
1187:
1185:
1136:
1134:
374:
and was the leader of the cardinals opposed to Emperor
285:
while several rivals, supported by Holy Roman Emperor
691:
Nevertheless, soon after the close of the synod, the
560:, in 1171 or 1172, he gave papal sanction to ongoing
3218:
3158:
3097:
3088:
2902:
2616:
2215:
1919:
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1427:. Mumbai: Bombay St. Paul Society. pp. 75–78.
281:, but had to spend much of his pontificate outside
211:
185:
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167:
154:
149:
126:
116:
106:
98:
90:
80:
34:
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3376:Burials at the Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
1498:Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival
1425:General Councils of the Church: A Compact History
1340:
1338:
1294:Pope Alexander III (1159–81): The Art of Survival
1213:The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church-Momticelli
1203:Bodri Ferenc: Lukács érsek és kora. Kossuth, 2003
1087:The Papacy, 1073-1198: Continuity and Innovation
1037:The Great Popes through History: An Encyclopedia
853:and was the namesake of his grandfather, Prince
571:In 1166, Alexander received an embassy from the
465:in 1176, after which Barbarossa finally (in the
350:notes that he taught theology. In October 1150,
596:in 1170, to whom he was unusually close, later
266:from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181.
1319:Crusaders and Muslims in Twelfth-Century Syria
398:, resulting in a serious diplomatic incident.
1620:
1507:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth
1452:. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 148.
1349:. Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. p. 193.
1112:Frederick Barbarossa: The Prince and the Myth
568:as a tactic by those fighting in the Baltic.
27:Head of the Catholic Church from 1159 to 1181
8:
1543:Selected Works of Abbot Suger of Saint Denis
1516:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147-1254
1279:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
914:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
584:Iordanos, relayed that Manuel would end the
449:However, the dispute between Alexander III,
1089:. Cambridge University Press. p. 147.
1035:Pennington, Kenneth. "Pope Alexander III",
930:Papst und Kardinalskolleg von 1191 bis 1216
346:Rolando probably studied at Bologna, where
3094:
1627:
1613:
1605:
1566:
1525:A History of the Church in the Middle Ages
1055:
1053:
952:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
562:crusades against pagans in northern Europe
55:
31:
1114:, Yale University Press, pp. 201–214
932:(in German). Wien. p. 233 note 168.
745:whom he would later canonize as a saint.
1377:. Vol. 10. Routledge. p. 524.
134:Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano
920:
842:
1152:
1125:
945:
680:In March 1179, Alexander III held the
651:Alexander III depicted in a fresco by
246:(c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born
66:(13th century miniature attributed to
1481:. London: Penguin Books. p. 71.
1191:
1176:
1164:
1140:
7:
3371:Ambassadors to the Kingdom of Sicily
998:Archiv fĂĽr Katholisches Kirchenrecht
883:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1373:; Laughland Nelson, Janet (2001).
831:Cardinals created by Alexander III
721:Cardinals created by Alexander III
61:Alexander III bidding farewell to
25:
1514:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007).
871:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
390:in October 1157, he and Cardinal
3307:
3296:
3295:
1402:. Liturgical Press. p. 83.
1008:Glossatoren des Dekrets Gratians
888:
810:
796:
782:
578:. The Byzantine ambassador, the
478:, who sent him to safety in the
849:He was an exiled son of Prince
97:
89:
1:
1296:. Ashgate. pp. 301–314.
707:and put the kingdom under an
378:. In 1156, he negotiated the
1500:. Routledge. pp. 13–50.
1345:Norton, Christopher (2006).
682:Third Council of the Lateran
303:Third Council of the Lateran
236:Other popes named Alexander
140:Cardinal-Priest of San Marco
1477:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
1075:, retrieved: 18 March 2017.
370:. In 1153, he became papal
3392:
1536:. Oxford University Press.
1448:Potter, Philip J. (2009).
874:"Pope Alexander III"
718:
405:
3291:
1646:
1593:
1584:
1576:
1569:
1398:Kelly, Joseph F. (2009).
234:
54:
47:
1523:Logan, F Donald (2002).
1509:. Yale University Press.
1085:Robinson, I. S. (1990).
532:Archbishopric of Uppsala
453:and Victor's successors
3109:During the Roman Empire
1268:Fonnesberg-Schmidt 2007
911:Encyclopædia Britannica
557:Non parum animus noster
420:and became Frederick's
392:Bernard of San Clemente
3314:Catholic Church Portal
3174:Conflicts with the HRE
1571:Catholic Church titles
1532:Morris, Colin (1989).
1321:. Brill. p. 122.
1110:John B. Freed (2016),
1044:5 October 2013 at the
804:Catholic Church portal
730:
666:
619:
527:
376:Frederick I Barbarossa
287:Frederick I Barbarossa
255:
3090:History of the papacy
1479:The Northern Crusades
1423:Thomas, P.C. (1993).
1257:on 27 September 2007.
928:Maleczek, W. (1984).
880:Catholic Encyclopedia
728:
705:William I of Scotland
697:Antipope Innocent III
650:
614:
522:
360:Santi Cosma e Damiano
317:Early life and career
3252:Revolutionary Papacy
3246:Age of Enlightenment
1518:. Brill. p. 58.
1505:Freed, John (2016).
772:in the 8th century.
750:Bernard of Clairvaux
715:Ecclesial activities
635:to proclaim himself
602:Edward the Confessor
321:Rolando was born in
313:is named after him.
3099:Antiquity and Early
2903:17th–21st centuries
2617:13th–16th centuries
1347:St. William of York
1006:Reprinted in idem,
671:Louis VII of France
628:Manifestis Probatum
616:Manifestis Probatum
444:Henry II of England
436:signed an agreement
408:1159 papal election
380:Treaty of Benevento
293:' offer to end the
273:, Alexander became
258:), was head of the
3366:12th-century popes
3336:Pope Alexander III
3234:Reformation Papacy
3228:Renaissance Papacy
3170:(1012–1044 / 1048)
3123:Ostrogothic Papacy
2216:9th–12th centuries
1375:The Medieval World
851:Robert II of Capua
818:Middle Ages portal
731:
686:ecumenical council
667:
620:
528:
474:, he was freed by
433:GĂ©za II of Hungary
362:. Later he became
279:contested election
244:Pope Alexander III
162:Ubaldo Allucingoli
18:Orlando Bandinelli
3346:Clergy from Siena
3323:
3322:
3287:
3286:
3179:Wandering Papacy
3142:Saeculum obscurum
3115:Under Constantine
1920:5th–8th centuries
1714:1st–4th centuries
1698:papal resignation
1603:
1602:
1594:Succeeded by
1356:978-1-903153-17-8
1328:978-90-04-09777-3
1303:978-0-7546-6288-4
1280:Christiansen 1997
1073:Sede Vacante 1159
1010:, pp. 73*–114* ,
982:978-0-8122-7726-5
939:978-3-7001-0660-9
906:Alexander (popes)
766:Civita Castellana
665:
643:Efforts at reform
573:Byzantine emperor
566:forced conversion
526:of Alexander III.
476:Oddone Frangipane
402:Disputed election
384:Kingdom of Sicily
348:Robert of Torigni
299:Northern Crusades
297:, sanctioned the
291:Manuel I Komnenos
262:and ruler of the
241:
240:
225:Civita Castellana
205:Holy Roman Empire
158:20 September 1159
75:
16:(Redirected from
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3219:Early Modern and
3129:Byzantine Papacy
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790:Biography portal
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637:King of Portugal
388:diet of Besançon
295:East–West Schism
221:
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201:March of Tuscany
181:Personal details
168:Created cardinal
127:Previous post(s)
94:7 September 1159
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3135:Frankish Papacy
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1183:
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1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1109:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1051:
1046:Wayback Machine
1033:
1022:
995:
994:
990:
983:
969:Noonan, John T.
967:
965:
961:
944:
940:
927:
926:
922:
904:, ed. (1911). "
900:
889:
887:
870:
867:
862:
861:
848:
844:
839:
816:
809:
802:
795:
788:
783:
781:
778:
762:
723:
717:
645:
606:Lord of Ireland
546:as a bishop in
517:
512:
467:Peace of Venice
410:
404:
364:Cardinal-Priest
356:Cardinal-Deacon
352:Pope Eugene III
319:
301:, and held the
260:Catholic Church
223:
217:
215:
207:
194:
192:
191:
172:
159:
145:
85:Catholic Church
76:
72:British Library
43:
40:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3389:
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3305:
3292:
3289:
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3281:
3280:
3279:
3273:
3261:
3258:Roman Question
3255:
3249:
3248:(c. 1640–1740)
3243:
3240:Baroque Papacy
3237:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3209:Western Schism
3206:
3203:Avignon Papacy
3200:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3177:
3171:
3164:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3149:Crescentii era
3146:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3120:
3119:
3118:
3105:
3103:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
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3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
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2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2955:Alexander VIII
2952:
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2937:
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2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
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2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2338:Anastasius III
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
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2305:
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2295:
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2240:
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2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
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2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
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1838:
1833:
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1723:
1717:
1715:
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1690:
1685:
1684:
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1678:
1670:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1647:
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1634:
1632:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1592:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1541:Suger (2018).
1538:
1529:
1520:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1488:978-0140266535
1487:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1459:978-0786440382
1458:
1440:
1433:
1415:
1408:
1390:
1383:
1371:Linehan, Peter
1362:
1355:
1334:
1327:
1309:
1302:
1284:
1272:
1260:
1242:
1235:
1217:
1205:
1196:
1194:, p. 267.
1181:
1179:, p. 266.
1169:
1167:, p. 178.
1157:
1155:, p. 194.
1145:
1143:, p. 135.
1130:
1118:
1102:
1096:978-0521319225
1095:
1077:
1064:
1049:
1020:
988:
981:
959:
938:
919:
918:
917:
916:
902:Chisholm, Hugh
885:
866:
863:
860:
859:
841:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
828:
822:
821:
807:
793:
777:
774:
761:
758:
719:Main article:
716:
713:
701:excommunicated
693:Roman Republic
656:(before 1410,
644:
641:
516:
513:
511:
508:
431:In 1161, King
406:Main article:
403:
400:
341:Pierre Abélard
318:
315:
305:. The city of
239:
238:
232:
231:
222:30 August 1181
213:
209:
208:
195:
189:
187:
183:
182:
178:
177:
169:
165:
164:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
144:
143:
137:
130:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
102:30 August 1181
100:
96:
95:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
60:
52:
51:
49:Bishop of Rome
45:
44:
41:
35:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3388:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Italian popes
3339:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3193:
3190:
3187:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3159:High and Late
3157:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2975:Benedict XIII
2973:
2971:
2970:Innocent XIII
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2935:Alexander VII
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:Innocent VIII
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2784:Callixtus III
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2704:Boniface VIII
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Celestine III
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2578:Alexander III
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:Anastasius IV
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2468:Sylvester III
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:Benedict VIII
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2214:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1977:Anastasius II
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:Pope emeritus
1691:
1689:
1686:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1651:List of popes
1649:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1598:
1589:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1416:
1411:
1409:9780814657034
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1384:9780415302340
1380:
1376:
1372:
1366:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1348:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1285:
1282:, p. 71.
1281:
1276:
1273:
1270:, p. 58.
1269:
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1236:9780888448170
1232:
1228:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1128:, p. 17.
1127:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1106:
1103:
1098:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:J. P. Adams,
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1016:3-8051-0272-0
1013:
1009:
1003:
999:
992:
989:
984:
978:
974:
970:
963:
960:
955:
949:
941:
935:
931:
924:
921:
913:
912:
907:
903:
898:
897:public domain
886:
882:
881:
875:
869:
868:
864:
856:
852:
846:
843:
836:
832:
829:
827:
826:List of popes
824:
823:
819:
813:
808:
805:
799:
794:
791:
780:
775:
773:
771:
767:
759:
757:
755:
754:Thomas Becket
751:
746:
744:
740:
736:
727:
722:
714:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
687:
683:
678:
674:
672:
663:
659:
654:
649:
642:
640:
638:
634:
630:
629:
625:
617:
613:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:Thomas Becket
590:
587:
583:
582:
577:
574:
569:
567:
563:
559:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:Eskil of Lund
533:
525:
521:
514:
509:
507:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
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93:
86:
83:
79:
73:
69:
68:Matthew Paris
64:
63:Thomas Becket
58:
53:
50:
46:
42:Alexander III
38:
33:
30:
19:
3351:1100s births
3312:
3300:
3270:World War II
3264:Vatican City
3140:
3111:(until 493)
3075:Benedict XVI
3070:John Paul II
2990:Clement XIII
2985:Benedict XIV
2960:Innocent XII
2894:Clement VIII
2869:Gregory XIII
2849:Marcellus II
2809:Alexander VI
2759:Innocent VII
2724:Benedict XII
2679:Nicholas III
2644:Alexander IV
2634:Celestine IV
2624:Honorius III
2608:Innocent III
2593:Gregory VIII
2577:
2553:Celestine II
2538:Callixtus II
2508:Alexander II
2433:Sylvester II
2413:Benedict VII
2373:Stephen VIII
2258:Benedict III
2112:Adeodatus II
2057:Boniface III
1911:Anastasius I
1585:
1560:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1527:. Routledge.
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1478:
1449:
1443:
1424:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1374:
1365:
1346:
1318:
1312:
1293:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1255:the original
1245:
1226:
1220:
1215:; S. Miranda
1208:
1199:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1121:
1111:
1105:
1086:
1080:
1067:
1036:
1007:
1001:
997:
991:
972:
962:
929:
923:
909:
878:
845:
763:
747:
732:
690:
679:
675:
668:
626:
622:Through the
621:
615:
591:
586:Great Schism
579:
570:
555:
538:– exiled in
529:
459:Calixtus III
448:
430:
426:
411:
396:papal vassal
354:created him
345:
330:
326:
320:
269:A native of
268:
264:Papal States
247:
243:
242:
229:Papal States
171:October 1150
155:Consecration
99:Papacy ended
91:Papacy began
29:
3356:1181 deaths
3278:(1945–1991)
3272:(1939–1945)
3260:(1870–1929)
3254:(1775–1848)
3242:(1585–1689)
3236:(1534–1585)
3230:(1417–1534)
3211:(1378–1417)
3205:(1309–1378)
3197:, 1228–1304
3191:, 1262–1297
3185:, 1257–1281
3176:(1048–1257)
3161:Middle Ages
3101:Middle Ages
3065:John Paul I
3040:Benedict XV
3020:Gregory XVI
2995:Clement XIV
2980:Clement XII
2950:Innocent XI
2889:Innocent IX
2884:Gregory XIV
2834:Clement VII
2764:Gregory XII
2754:Boniface IX
2734:Innocent VI
2709:Benedict XI
2699:Celestine V
2694:Nicholas IV
2689:Honorius IV
2639:Innocent IV
2598:Clement III
2548:Innocent II
2543:Honorius II
2533:Gelasius II
2513:Gregory VII
2503:Nicholas II
2463:Benedict IX
2408:Benedict VI
2383:Agapetus II
2358:Stephen VII
2333:Sergius III
2323:Benedict IV
2313:Theodore II
2298:Boniface VI
2197:Stephen III
2177:Gregory III
2167:Constantine
2132:Benedict II
2067:Adeodatus I
2062:Boniface IV
2042:Pelagius II
2002:Boniface II
1942:Celestine I
1881:Sylvester I
1866:Marcellus I
1861:Marcellinus
1796:Callixtus I
1781:Eleutherius
1756:Telesphorus
1746:Alexander I
1668:Papal names
1153:Morris 1989
1126:Duggan 2016
764:He died at
739:Clement III
510:Pontificate
455:Paschal III
440:investiture
307:Alessandria
107:Predecessor
3330:Categories
3221:Modern Era
3151:(974–1012)
3055:John XXIII
2965:Clement XI
2940:Clement IX
2930:Innocent X
2925:Urban VIII
2920:Gregory XV
2844:Julius III
2779:Nicholas V
2744:Gregory XI
2729:Clement VI
2664:Innocent V
2654:Clement IV
2629:Gregory IX
2583:Lucius III
2563:Eugene III
2528:Paschal II
2518:Victor III
2498:Stephen IX
2483:Damasus II
2478:Clement II
2473:Gregory VI
2448:Sergius IV
2443:John XVIII
2393:Benedict V
2378:Marinus II
2303:Stephen VI
2283:Adrian III
2263:Nicholas I
2248:Sergius II
2243:Gregory IV
2223:Stephen IV
2187:Stephen II
2172:Gregory II
2092:Theodore I
2077:Honorius I
2072:Boniface V
2037:Benedict I
2027:Pelagius I
2012:Agapetus I
1972:Gelasius I
1962:Simplicius
1947:Sixtus III
1937:Boniface I
1927:Innocent I
1791:Zephyrinus
1705:Pope-elect
1681:non-extant
1597:Lucius III
1591:1159–1181
1434:8171091814
1192:Freed 2016
1177:Freed 2016
1165:Suger 2018
1141:Logan 2002
865:References
743:a cardinal
624:papal bull
598:canonizing
492:Palestrina
372:chancellor
327:Bandinelli
218:1181-08-30
193:c. 1100–05
175:Eugene III
121:Lucius III
3145:(904–964)
3137:(756–857)
3131:(537–752)
3125:(493–537)
3117:(312–337)
3015:Pius VIII
2945:Clement X
2879:Urban VII
2829:Adrian VI
2819:Julius II
2799:Sixtus IV
2774:Eugene IV
2719:John XXII
2714:Clement V
2684:Martin IV
2659:Gregory X
2588:Urban III
2573:Adrian IV
2558:Lucius II
2493:Victor II
2438:John XVII
2428:Gregory V
2403:John XIII
2288:Stephen V
2278:Marinus I
2273:John VIII
2268:Adrian II
2238:Valentine
2233:Eugene II
2228:Paschal I
2162:Sisinnius
2147:Sergius I
2082:Severinus
2047:Gregory I
2017:Silverius
1987:Hormisdas
1982:Symmachus
1967:Felix III
1901:Damasus I
1876:Miltiades
1851:Eutychian
1841:Dionysius
1836:Sixtus II
1831:Stephen I
1821:Cornelius
1741:Evaristus
1736:Clement I
1731:Anacletus
1661:canonised
1656:graphical
1580:Adrian IV
948:cite book
855:Jordan II
735:Urban III
709:interdict
608:in 1172.
540:Clairvaux
496:Ferentino
484:Benevento
472:Victor IV
451:Victor IV
418:Victor IV
386:. At the
142:(1151–59)
136:(1150–51)
117:Successor
111:Adrian IV
3302:Category
3276:Cold War
3050:Pius XII
3030:Leo XIII
3005:Pius VII
2874:Sixtus V
2839:Paul III
2814:Pius III
2769:Martin V
2749:Urban VI
2674:John XXI
2669:Adrian V
2649:Urban IV
2523:Urban II
2458:John XIX
2418:John XIV
2398:Leo VIII
2388:John XII
2293:Formosus
2202:Adrian I
2157:John VII
2107:Vitalian
2102:Eugene I
2097:Martin I
2052:Sabinian
2032:John III
2022:Vigilius
1997:Felix IV
1957:Hilarius
1906:Siricius
1896:Liberius
1891:Julius I
1871:Eusebius
1826:Lucius I
1786:Victor I
1771:Anicetus
1751:Sixtus I
1688:Antipope
1042:Archived
776:See also
770:Adrian I
633:Afonso I
581:sebastos
576:Manuel I
515:Politics
500:Tusculum
480:Campania
422:antipope
332:Decretum
311:Piedmont
277:after a
160:by
3195:Perugia
3189:Orvieto
3183:Viterbo
3080:Francis
3060:Paul VI
3045:Pius XI
3025:Pius IX
3010:Leo XII
3000:Pius VI
2859:Pius IV
2854:Paul IV
2794:Paul II
2789:Pius II
2739:Urban V
2423:John XV
2368:Leo VII
2363:John XI
2318:John IX
2308:Romanus
2207:Leo III
2182:Zachary
2152:John VI
2087:John IV
2007:John II
1932:Zosimus
1846:Felix I
1811:Anterus
1806:Pontian
1801:Urban I
1761:Hyginus
1638:of the
1471:Sources
1004:: 3–44.
899::
552:Finland
548:Estonia
463:Legnano
414:elected
368:St Mark
337:Gratian
256:Rolando
252:Italian
190:Rolando
3035:Pius X
2915:Paul V
2910:Leo XI
2864:Pius V
2488:Leo IX
2353:Leo VI
2348:John X
2253:Leo IV
2192:Paul I
2137:John V
2127:Leo II
2122:Agatho
1992:John I
1816:Fabian
1766:Pius I
1676:extant
1672:Tombs
1485:
1456:
1431:
1406:
1381:
1353:
1325:
1300:
1233:
1093:
1014:
979:
936:
893:
741:, and
504:Veroli
502:, and
488:Anagni
248:Roland
150:Orders
81:Church
3361:Popes
2824:Leo X
2343:Lando
2328:Leo V
2142:Conon
2117:Donus
1952:Leo I
1856:Caius
1776:Soter
1726:Linus
1721:Peter
1636:Popes
837:Notes
760:Death
703:King
662:Siena
544:Fulco
524:Bulla
323:Siena
271:Siena
197:Siena
1886:Mark
1587:Pope
1483:ISBN
1454:ISBN
1429:ISBN
1404:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1351:ISBN
1323:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1231:ISBN
1091:ISBN
1012:ISBN
977:ISBN
966:See
954:link
934:ISBN
752:and
737:and
457:and
283:Rome
275:pope
212:Died
186:Born
37:Pope
1002:149
908:".
660:in
366:of
358:of
335:of
309:in
173:by
3332::
1337:^
1184:^
1133:^
1052:^
1023:^
1000:.
950:}}
946:{{
877:.
756:.
711:.
673:.
506:.
498:,
494:,
490:,
424:.
254::
227:,
203:,
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70:,
1628:e
1621:t
1614:v
1491:.
1462:.
1437:.
1412:.
1387:.
1359:.
1331:.
1306:.
1239:.
1116:.
1099:.
1018:.
985:.
956:)
942:.
857:.
664:)
618:.
250:(
220:)
216:(
74:)
20:)
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