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and former owner of the
Moreton Bay Courier and later the second mayor of Brisbane. Stephens was well known for his radical politics and social and moral views that often ran in opposition to popular thinking at the time. Archaeological evidence of his early fellmongery operations may reveal important insights into how Stephens' non-populist views were expressed in the material cultural associated with his work and particularly his fellmongery practices.
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industry and the processing of wool to
Queensland's history. The processing of wool was commonly undertaken in and around Brisbane in locations conveniently situated to fresh water sources and transport networks yet the remains of the Ormiston Fellmongery are the only known surviving elements in the region.
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The remains of an early causeway across
Hilliards Creek are likely to be associated with operations at the fellmongery due to its close proximity and the requirement to access rail transport at Wellington Point on the north side of the creek prior to 1895. Archaeological investigation of the causeway
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in the early 1860s, at about the time when attempts to establish a port at
Cleveland ended (Ryan 2005:7). It is not known when the fellmongery at Cleveland ceased operations, and it may have continued until the late 1860s under the management of Andrew Holden, who originally worked at the fellmongery
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relatively early. In 1851 Cleveland was proclaimed as a township, including the area which was later to become known as
Ormiston. The allotments along Hilliards Creek were surveyed in 1853 and Thomas Blacket Stephens established a fellmongery shortly afterwards, under the management of Mr Beattie, on
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Woolscouring and fellmongering were sometimes located within the same operation, or tended to be clustered in close proximity, along with tanneries. Slaughteryards were also sometimes run in conjunction with fellmongeries. They tended to be located alongside a creek to enable a good supply of clean,
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Additional subsurface archaeological deposits and features may potentially occur across the site, including evidence of the earlier fellmongery operations between the 1850s and 1860s. This period of operations is associated with Thomas
Blacket Stephens, an important identity in Queensland's history
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A causeway across the creek which forms part of the modern bike/walking track is situated to the west of the brick foundations. The lower levels of the causeway consist of rough stone and rubble and appear of an early construction. The stone has been subsequently overlaid with concrete and bitumen.
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The extant structural remains and adjacent subsurface deposits are most likely related to the second phase of operations from 1894 to the 1920s and have the potential to reveal important information about the organisation and layout of a fellmongery operation from this period. The analysis of this
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due to its by-laws regarding "noisome and offensive trades". The
Bulimba ratepayers were unhappy with this decision and convened a public meeting. They were concerned that Cleveland had welcomed Alford, given him dinner at the Brighton Hotel and granted him the permit, leading to the generation of
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5.05 by 4.15 metres (16.6 ft × 13.6 ft) with an opening at either end. The foundations are two bricks high above the ground surface in an
English Bond pattern. One of the bricks displays a frog with "Campbells Redbank". The foundation continues below the ground surface. A compacted
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The fellmongery operation (which also included a wool scour and slaughteryard) operated until the early 1920s. The land was transferred to Jessie
Ferguson by 1932, followed by George McLeod Ferguson in 1951. Allotment 4 was subdivided into Lots 1 and 2 in 1969, and the lots resumed by the Redland
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The second fenced area is diagonally adjacent to the first. It is grassed on the surface with no obvious surface remains. A subsurface deposit of bricks and brick fragments approximately 5 centimetres (2.0 in) below the surface was revealed through test probing. The deposit appears to occur
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and its port thrived because of wool production and the processing of wool operated throughout
Brisbane and its surrounds. The early method of sheepwashing in Queensland began to be replaced by woolscouring - the treatment and cleaning of wool after shearing - from the late 1840s and was almost
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The remains of the Ormiston Fellmongery are important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland's history as remnant evidence of the important secondary industry of wool processing. Physical evidence of wool scouring, fellmongering and tanning is today rare, despite the importance of the wool
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The site is situated in Fellmonger Park, which consists of mown grassed areas, and an undulating land surface with several mounded areas with mulched tree plantings on top. The land drops to low-lying flats towards Hilliards Creek which become flooded after heavy and prolonged rain. The park's
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Archaeological evidence of a fellmongery which spanned two time periods at the one location (the 1850s to 1860s and then again between 1894 and the 1920s) provide rare and potentially important comparative information about fellmongery practice in Queensland, including change through time.
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Penal Settlement was closed in 1839 areas around Moreton Bay were progressively surveyed to be opened up to free settlement. The year 1840 saw the arrival of pastoralists in the Moreton Bay District and by 1844 there were 17 large squatting runs, and by 1849 some 290,000 sheep.
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in July 1894 to erect a wool scouring and fellmongering works on allotment 4 of section 100, the site of Stephens' earlier fellmongery. Although situated on the site of Stephens' earlier fellmongery, just a small section of his original holdings were taken up by Alford.
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The fellmongery was supervised by Mr T. Sefton who was experienced in the industry in both England and the colonies; although it appears Alford maintained an active role. Alford approached the Railway Commissioner in late 1894 to request construction of a siding at
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appears in the early 1850s in the Moreton Bay region. A different process to wool scouring, fellmongering processed sheepskins in order to remove the wool in preparation for tanning. The wool was washed and dried, and the skins were processed into leather.
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Construction of Alford's establishment commenced in early August 1894 with a full range of fellmongering facilities being established. The building material was brought in by rail and dray and stumps were obtained from the bush. Timber was obtained from
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The remainder of the top of the mounded area consists of leaf litter and mulch and tree species including eucalypts and cassia trees. The mulched area on the top of the mound is likely to conceal further archaeological remains.
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Shire Council for park and recreation purposes in 1970 and 1975 respectively. The site appears not to have been used for any further industry or development, with Fellmonger Park now being at the location of the site.
449:. The Commissioner agreed subject to a range of conditions which Alford chose to decline. Finally deciding to construct the siding at Ormiston in 1895, Alford in the meantime had to cart all the skins and wool from
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layer, possibly a floor, occurs at approximately 50 centimetres (20 in) below the surface. The foundations are situated on the side of a mounded area about 15 metres (49 ft) from the creek.
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archaeological evidence may also provide an insight into the broader trade networks of the region through the presence of materials from other parts of south-east Queensland and further afield.
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fresh water - a key element in the processing of the skins and wool. A number of such operations occurred during the 19th and 20th centuries in Brisbane, including along
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and back again Alford constructed a dam across Hilliards Creek in 1901 in order to improve the control of water, a vital resource for the fellmongery operation.
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Reid, E., 1976, Stephens, Thomas Blacket (1819-1877), Australian Dictionary of Biography, Vol. 6, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne, pp 196-197
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has the potential to provide information on early road construction techniques and may provide more accurate dating of the age of its construction.
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The obvious physical remains of the fellmongery are surrounded by low treated log fencing. There are two fenced areas. The first contains brick
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as the port for Moreton Bay, and he may well have set up his establishment on Hilliards Creek to service the wool trade expected to travel from
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70 a week in wages that would be spent in Cleveland and not Bulimba. They demanded that the Bulimba Divisional Board revise their by-laws.
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Wool shed, 40 by 18 feet (12.2 m × 5.5 m), fronting the road, including eight wool bins, sorting tables and a wool press
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Blake, T. 1992 Woolscouring in Western Queensland. Journal of the Royal Historical Society of Queensland, vol 14 (13), pp.563-560
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Department of Environment and Resource Management, 1975, Survey Plan, Certificate of Title, Vol.5445 Folio 127, Title Ref. 15445127
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Department of Environment and Resource Management, 1970, Survey Plan, Certificate of Title, Vol. 4502 Folio 88, Title Ref. 14502088
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in 1894 which continued operations until the early 1920s. The land was subsequently used for farming before being resumed by the
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sections 100 and 101, Parish of Cleveland. Stephens commenced business at the time when efforts were being made to establish
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Ryan, T., 2005, Places of the Redlands: Ormiston. Redland Shire Council Local History Publications, No. 8, Cleveland, page 7
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Ryan, T., 2005, Places of the Redlands: Ormiston. Redland Shire Council Local History Publications, No. 8, Cleveland, page 5
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It was some 30 years before the site was again proposed for use as a fellmongery. Thomas Alford obtained a permit from the
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Queensland State Archives, 1853, Letter from J.C. Burnett to Survey Office, 17 March 1853, QSA Item ID9514, Letterbook
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Brisbane City Council 2003 Wool: Brisbane's Forgotten Industry. A Discovery Trail. Brisbane City Council, Brisbane
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Queensland State Archives, 1894, Cleveland Divisional Board Minutes, 2 July 1894, QSA Item ID869236, Minutes
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Prior to establishing the fellmongery at Cleveland, Alford had been refused a fellmongery permit by the
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vegetation includes eucalypts, cassia and other species in planted gardens and as isolated specimens.
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Engine shed, including engine, pump and washing machine, supplied by Messrs A. Overend and Co.
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for Stephens. Stephens was a well-known figure in the early colony becoming owner of the
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Moreton Bay Courier, 1853, Domestic Intelligence: Cleveland, 3 September 1853, p. 2
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across the entire fenced area. This deposit occurs at the top of the mounded area.
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Murphy, P., 1992, The Productive Years of a Creek of Gold. P.F. Murphy, St Lucia
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to Cleveland Point. Stephens moved his operations to his property "Ekibin" near
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Department of Environment and Resource Management, 1969, Survey Plan, RP123669
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Department of Environment and Resource Management, 1932, Survey Plan, M33.1969
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Department of Environment and Resource Management, 1951, Survey Plan, C.6.70
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on 8 October 2014). The geo-coordinates were originally computed from the
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Drying shed, for use in wet weather when drying ground not usable
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Brisbane Courier, Railway Siding at Ormiston, 24 April 1895, p.6
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Brisbane Courier, Noisome Trades By-Law, 8 September 1894, p. 3
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Brisbane Courier, Fellmongery at Ormiston, 7 August 1894, p. 4
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on 18 September 2009 having satisfied the following criteria.
486:(ti-tree) occur along the creek banks and on the creek flats.
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A fellmongery was first established on the site in 1853, by
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This Knowledge (XXG) article was originally based on
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Agricultural buildings and structures in Queensland
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469:Fenced area in Orminston Park, 2015
889:Archaeological sites in Queensland
884:Industrial buildings in Queensland
817:licence (accessed on 7 July 2014,
806:"The Queensland heritage register"
296:completely replaced by the 1890s.
281:in the 1970s for use as parkland.
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451:Wellington Point railway station
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35:Foundation remnants, 2015
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477:Brick foundation in 2015
447:Ormiston railway station
398:Bulimba Divisional Board
271:Thomas Blacket Stephens
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261:on 18 September 2009.
191:Show map of Queensland
151:Significant components
856:at Wikimedia Commons
839:on 15 October 2014).
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279:Redland Shire Council
233:is a heritage-listed
219:Show map of Australia
874:Ormiston, Queensland
854:Ormiston Fellmongery
245:at Sturgeon Street,
231:Ormiston Fellmongery
82:27.5109°S 153.2476°E
24:Ormiston Fellmongery
829:State of Queensland
811:State of Queensland
363:Moreton Bay Courier
312:in the vicinity of
235:archaeological site
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143:Significant period
135:Reference no.
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794:Attribution
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461:Description
286:Moreton Bay
243:fellmongery
85: /
73:153°14′51″E
61:Coordinates
56:, Australia
863:Categories
542:References
431:Sweathouse
383:Macalister
284:After the
255:Queensland
239:wool scour
127:Designated
70:27°30′39″S
54:Queensland
484:Melaleuca
419:Whepstead
345:Cleveland
330:Newmarket
314:Carindale
837:archived
819:archived
613:1 August
293:Brisbane
247:Ormiston
46:Ormiston
41:Location
354:Ipswich
318:Belmont
265:History
831:under
813:under
379:Lilley
328:, and
322:Ekibin
138:645606
428:Soaks
417:(see
320:, at
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