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degrees of success and reliability. Over time, they may deteriorate, particularly in corrosive environments, due to the materials from which they are manufactured. New tools have been developed that make re-entry easier; these tools offer higher expansion ratios than conventional bridge plugs and higher differential pressure ratings than inflatable packers, all while providing a V0-rated, gas-tight seal that cement cannot provide.
186:
69:. Much of this leakage can be attributed to failure to have them plugged properly or leaking plugs. A 2020 estimate of abandoned wells in the United States was that methane emissions released from abandoned wells produced greenhouse gas impacts equivalent to three weeks of US oil consumption each year. The scale of leaking abandoned wells is well understood in the US and Canada because of public data and regulation; however, a
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work"; some sold these wells "strategically to insolvent operators". Landowners suffer both "environmental and economic consequences" of having these wells on their property. OWA funding is underfunded by at least several hundred million. The total estimate for cleaning up all existing sites is as much as $ 260 billion. Remediation is paid for through federal and provincial bailouts, a PPP violation.
339:
54:), or neglect, and thus no longer have legal owners responsible for their care. Decommissioning wells effectively can be expensive, costing several thousands of dollars for a shallow land well to millions of dollars for an offshore one. Thus the burden may fall on government agencies or surface landowners when a business entity can no longer be held responsible.
95:
merely shut in, or temporary plugs may be placed downhole. There are thousands of "temporarily abandoned" wells throughout North
America, waiting to see what the market will do before permanent abandonment. However, lease provisions and governmental regulations often require quick abandonment; liability and tax concerns also may favor abandonment.
314:
Once the current environmental legislation was in place, and the industry-led and industry-funded Orphan Wells
Association (OWA), was established in 2002, some orphan wells became the OWA's responsibility. OWA's Inventory does not include legacy wells which are more complex, time-intensive and costly
94:
At the economic limit, a significant amount of unrecoverable oil is often left in the reservoir. It might be tempting to defer physical abandonment for an extended period, hoping that the oil price will increase or that new supplemental recovery techniques will be perfected. In these cases, wells are
318:
As of March 2023, oil and gas companies owe rural municipalities $ 268 million in unpaid taxes; they owe landowners "tens of millions in unpaid lease payments". Original owners of what are now orphan wells "failed to fulfill their responsibility for costly end-of-life decommissioning and restoration
86:
A well is said to reach an "economic limit" when revenue from production does not cover the operating expenses, including taxes.If the economic limit is increased, the useful life of the well is shortened and proven oil reserves are lost. Conversely, when the financial limit is lowered, the life of
107:
Some abandoned wells are subsequently plugged and the site is remediated; however, the cost of such efforts can be in the millions of dollars. In this process, tubing is removed from the well, and sections of wellbore are filled with cement to isolate the flow path between gas and water zones from
133:
land in the United States must post financial assurance to cover the cost of plugging wells if they go bankrupt or cannot plug the well themselves. The current financial assurance requirement, which has been in place for 60 years, is $ 10,000 per well. This is significantly less than the cost of
98:
Theoretically, an abandoned well can be re-entered to restore production (or converted to injection service for supplemental recovery or downhole hydrocarbon storage), but reentry is often difficult mechanically and expensive. Traditionally elastomer and cement plugs have been used with varying
77:
Abandoned wells have the potential to contaminate land, air and water, potentially harming ecosystems, wildlife, livestock, and humans. For example, many wells in the United States are situated on farmland, and if not maintained could contaminate soil and groundwater with toxic contaminants.
116:
The primary method of plugging wells is through elastomer and cement plugs. Government-led campaigns to plug wells are expensive but often facilitated by oil and gas taxes, bonds, or other fees applied to production. Environmental non-profit organizations, such as the
658:
354:
is considered abandoned when it has been permanently taken out of production. Similarly, orphaned wells may have different legal definitions across different jurisdictions, but can be thought of as wells whose legal owner it is not possible to determine.
291:
are inactive oil or gas well sites that have no solvent owner that can be held legally or financially accountable for the decommissioning and reclamation obligations to ensure public safety and to address environmental liabilities.
1349:
145:
will increase the financial assurance requirement to a minimum of $ 150,000 per well. This will help ensure that oil and gas companies have the financial resources to plug wells if they can no longer do so themselves.
311:(ARO). An operator's liability for surface reclamation issues continues for 25 years following the issuance of a site reclamation certificate. There is also a lifelong liability in case of contamination.
73:
investigation in 2020 could not find good estimates for Russia, Saudi Arabia and China—the next biggest oil and gas producers. However, they estimate there are 29 million abandoned wells internationally.
164:
Unused wells, especially from natural gas might be used for carbon capture or storage. However, if not sealed properly, or the storage site is not sufficiently sealed, there is a possibility of leakage.
2186:
396:
investigation in 2021 highlighted how government estimates of abandoned wells in Texas and New Mexico were likely underestimated and that market forces might have reduced prices so much creating
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requirements, including orphaned and abandoned wells. Oil and gas licensees are liable for the responsible and safe closure and clean-up of their oil and gas well sites under the
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to remediate. Following the 2014 downturn in the global price of oil, there was a "tsunami" of orphaned wells, facilities, and pipelines resulting from bankruptcies.
24:
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is done in the vicinity of an orphaned well it can cause breaches of poorly sealed or unsealed abandoned wells that possibly can contaminate local ecosystems. These
434:
New York State is expecting to receive $ 70 million from the Act in 2022 which will be used to plug orphaned wells. The state has 6,809 orphaned wells, and the
1595:
1469:
1260:
Mitchell, Austin L.; Casman, Elizabeth A. (2011-11-15). "Economic
Incentives and Regulatory Framework for Shale Gas Well Site Reclamation in Pennsylvania".
752:
366:. For this reason, several state and federal programs have been initiated to plug wells; however, many of these programs are under capacity. In states like
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each other, as well as from the surface. The wellhead is cut off, a cap is welded in place and then the stub is buried as the land contours are restored.
299:(AER)—the sole regulator of the province's energy sector—manages licensing and enforcement related to the full lifecycle of oil and gas wells based on
722:
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1615:
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424:
173:
A 2014 study in China evaluated the use of abandoned wells for geothermal power generation. A similar study followed in 2019 for natural gas wells.
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300:
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The oil and gas industry uses the counter-intuitive term "abandoned" to refer to plugged wells, which has led to "countless confusing headlines."
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Though different jurisdictions have varying criteria for what exactly qualifies as an orphaned or abandoned oil well, generally speaking, an
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135:
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331:
248:
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2226:
1979:
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512:
Decommissioning forecasting and operating cost estimation : Gulf of Mexico well trends, structure inventory and forecast models
457:
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2464:
1959:
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675:
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are leaking from this "abandoned" plugged well, which may be licensed to an operator and suspended, or simply orphaned.
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2932:
1455:
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Once a well is abandoned, it can be a source of toxic emissions and pollution contaminating groundwater and releasing
308:
50:. These wells may have been deactivated because had become uneconomic, failure to transfer ownerships (especially at
2519:
2120:
2105:
2067:
1828:
1705:
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155:
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were also in short supply in
Pennsylvania and Ohio. Federally funded well plugging contracts are required to meet
2891:
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2165:
1969:
405:
277:
363:
296:
58:
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reported a shortage of trained staff necessary to implement federally funded well capping programs. Qualified
388:, the 2.1 million unplugged abandoned wells in the United States could cost as much as $ 300 billion. A joint
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1816:
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304:
374:, these programs do not have enough funding or staff to fully evaluate and implement mitigation programs.
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47:
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2007:
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1547:
1375:"Plugging Abandoned Oil Wells Is One 'Green New Deal' Aspect Loved By Both Republicans And Democrats"
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244:
222:
118:
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2786:
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2012:
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estimates it will cost $ 248 million to plug them all. The NYSDEC uses a fleet of drones carrying
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1720:
1620:
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227:
Hydraulic fracturing, also known as fracture treating or fracking, is the process of fracturing
87:
the well is lengthened. When the economic limit is reached, the well becomes a liability if not
19:
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policy in the United States have advocated for funding plugging programs that would address
389:
121:, also carry out well-plugging projects and develop programs alongside government entities.
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1997:
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465:
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846:"Potential for heat production by retrofitting abandoned gas wells into geothermal wells"
813:"An analysis of insulation of abandoned oil wells reused for geothermal power generation"
431:
study estimated that there are as many as two to three million wells across the nation.
1350:"Bakken Restart is among energy priorities sandwiched in bipartisan infrastructure deal"
1273:
861:
613:"Abandoned Wells. What happens to oil and gas wells when they are no longer productive?"
2733:
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2258:
2199:
2130:
2017:
2002:
1811:
1749:
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787:
564:"Special Report: Millions of abandoned oil wells are leaking methane, a climate menace"
409:
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66:
185:
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2140:
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130:
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2648:
2534:
2514:
2459:
2243:
2150:
2047:
1949:
1855:
1732:
1666:
468:, in order to ensure that the training of new oil field workers will contribute to
445:
439:
423:, includes $ 4.7 billion in funds for plugging and maintaining orphaned wells. The
2753:
829:
812:
338:
870:
2831:
2703:
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2439:
2429:
2135:
2115:
1794:
1777:
1695:
1557:
1527:
1522:
381:
pandemic relief funds for plugging and reclaiming abandoned and orphaned wells.
252:
232:
778:
Stephenson M (2013-01-01). "Chapter 5 - Will It Leak?". In
Stephenson M (ed.).
400:
conditions that would lead to more abandonment. Advocates of programs like the
2881:
2748:
2738:
2504:
2342:
2248:
1400:"New York to receive $ 70M in federal grants to plug abandoned oil, gas wells"
453:
371:
51:
1289:
2876:
2607:
2554:
2499:
2489:
2399:
2347:
2283:
2278:
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2253:
1934:
1562:
1489:
1426:"Inside the rough-and-tumble race to clean up America's abandoned oil wells"
519:
378:
236:
231:
with pressurized liquids. This creates cracks in rock formations that allow
1297:
889:
723:"Cleaning Up Abandoned Wells Proves Costly To Gas And Oil Producing States"
660:
The technological process on
Offshore Drilling Rigs for fresher candidates
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2851:
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2826:
2821:
2597:
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2509:
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1944:
1900:
1895:
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1341:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
977:
975:
397:
351:
43:
1320:
Aldern, Clayton; Collins, Christopher; Sadasivam, Naveena (April 2021).
753:"New public-land drilling rules would overhaul the Western oil industry"
2539:
2529:
2409:
2404:
2319:
228:
70:
1281:
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has documented the existence of 130,000 orphaned wells nationwide. An
2856:
2743:
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2718:
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2592:
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435:
657:
2638:
2612:
2582:
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367:
337:
276:
240:
18:
844:
Mehmood A, Yao J, Fan D, Bongole K, Liu J, Zhang X (2019-08-06).
589:"More Exposures from Abandoned Oil and Gas Wells Come Into Focus"
2866:
2806:
2559:
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449:
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428:
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362:, making orphan wells a significant contributor to national
2327:
981:
633:
Petroleum
Engineering Handbook for the Practicing Engineer
1136:
704:"Rigless Well Abandonment for the Oil & Gas Industry"
676:"How 'Orphan' Wells Leave States Holding the Cleanup Bag"
134:
plugging a well, ranging as high as $ 400,000. Thus many
1398:
Schoenbaum, Hannah; Miller, Isabel (February 10, 2022).
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138:have a bond that cannot cover the cost of cleanup.
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811:Cheng WL, Li TT, Nian YL, Xie K (January 2014).
344:Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
25:Lower Rio Grande Valley National Wildlife Refuge
945:sfn error: no target: CITEREFOWA_homepage2023 (
514:. Cambridge, MA: Gulf Professional Publishing.
606:
604:
602:
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8:
940:
557:
555:
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551:
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377:North Dakota dedicated $ 66 million of its
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879:
869:
828:
57:Orphan wells are a potent contributor of
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2390:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
1193:
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1003:
636:. Tulsa, Okla.: PennWell. p. 447.
502:
482:
2264:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
2023:2020 Russia–Saudi Arabia oil price war
1262:Environmental Science & Technology
1240:
1212:
1174:
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1098:
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782:. Boston: Elsevier. pp. 103–120.
421:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
143:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act
902:
674:Frosch D, Gold R (26 February 2015).
419:The REGROW Act, which is part of the
251:can allow gas and oil to contaminate
7:
2395:China National Petroleum Corporation
1079:
698:
696:
611:Allison E, Mandler B (14 May 2018).
1117:
1060:
1022:
959:
921:
780:Returning Coal and Carbon to Nature
332:Orphaned wells in the United States
2455:National Iranian South Oil Company
2171:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
788:10.1016/B978-0-12-407671-6.00005-7
14:
2923:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
2812:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
2465:Oil & Gas Development Company
619:. American Geosciences Institute.
416:for skilled oil and gas workers.
48:fossil fuel extraction industries
2960:
2959:
386:Government Accountability Office
330:This section is an excerpt from
269:This section is an excerpt from
243:to flow more effortlessly. When
184:
2470:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
289:Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada
271:Orphan wells in Alberta, Canada
2938:Society of Petroleum Engineers
2709:Port Harcourt Refining Company
2375:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
1137:OWA Annual Report 2017/18 2018
444:In 2023, state governments in
342:Abandoned gas well located in
1:
1884:Production sharing agreements
1424:Peischel, Will (2023-09-28).
830:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.1181
2918:Canadian petroleum companies
2913:American Petroleum Institute
2450:National Iranian Oil Company
2435:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
871:10.1371/journal.pone.0220128
721:Bloom M (6 September 2019).
301:Alberta Environment Ministry
46:that have been abandoned by
2933:International Energy Agency
1918:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
751:Bowlin, Nick (2023-07-21).
309:asset retirement obligation
3002:
2520:PTT Public Company Limited
2121:East Midlands Oil Province
2106:List of natural gas fields
1706:Integrated asset modelling
1348:Jean, Renée (2021-08-16).
1042:Imperial Oil v Quebec 2003
470:local economic development
329:
268:
220:
156:Carbon capture and storage
153:
136:federal oil and gas leases
23:Abandoned oil well in the
2955:
2892:Weatherford International
2425:Iraq National Oil Company
1485:
663:. Petrogav International.
617:Petroleum and Environment
587:Geller D (13 July 2020).
406:climate change mitigation
295:The 100% industry-funded
255:due to improper sealing.
141:New rules related to the
129:Oil and gas companies on
442:to find orphaned wells.
364:greenhouse gas emissions
297:Alberta Energy Regulator
59:greenhouse gas emissions
16:Disused oil or gas wells
2943:World Petroleum Council
2817:China Oilfield Services
1874:Petroleum fiscal regime
1573:Western Canadian Select
1568:West Texas Intermediate
732:. National Public Radio
520:10.1016/C2018-0-02728-0
305:Polluter Pays Principle
52:bankruptcy of companies
2420:Indian Oil Corporation
1906:Submersible pump (ESP)
1851:Underbalanced drilling
1672:of gasoline and diesel
1322:"Waves of Abandonment"
562:Groom N (2020-06-17).
347:
285:
282:Fugitive gas emissions
28:
2797:Cameron International
2239:Petrodollar recycling
2222:fossil fuel phase-out
1785:Differential sticking
1738:Reflection seismology
1711:Petroleum engineering
1553:OPEC Reference Basket
730:All Things Considered
341:
280:
177:Environmental impacts
169:Geothermal generation
160:Enhanced oil recovery
22:
2694:Occidental Petroleum
2008:1990 oil price shock
1834:Shale oil extraction
1807:Drilling engineering
1790:Directional drilling
1716:Reservoir simulation
982:AER "Who We Are" n.d
245:hydraulic fracturing
223:Hydraulic fracturing
217:Hydraulic fracturing
119:Well Done Foundation
2842:Naftiran Intertrade
2787:Amec Foster Wheeler
2714:Reliance Industries
2603:Naftiran Intertrade
2415:Hindustan Petroleum
2013:2000s energy crisis
1274:2011EnST...45.9506M
862:2019PLoSO..1420128M
680:Wall Street Journal
425:Interior Department
2689:Marathon Petroleum
2111:List of oil fields
1721:Reservoir modeling
1479:Petroleum industry
1404:www.timesunion.com
1373:Marcacci, Silvio.
1156:OWA Inventory 2023
510:Kaiser MJ (2019).
394:The Texas Observer
348:
286:
196:. You can help by
65:, contributing to
29:
2973:
2972:
2951:
2950:
2837:Nabors Industries
2767:
2766:
1965:Well intervention
1940:Petroleum product
1839:Ljungström method
1743:Seismic inversion
1728:Petroleum geology
1682:
1681:
1282:10.1021/es2021796
1268:(22): 9506–9514.
941:OWA homepage 2023
797:978-0-12-407671-6
758:High Country News
529:978-0-12-818113-3
458:oil field workers
384:According to the
307:(PPP) as a legal
214:
213:
103:Reclaim and reuse
63:methane emissions
2993:
2963:
2962:
2664:Hess Corporation
2385:Bharat Petroleum
2316:
2301:
1988:1967 Oil Embargo
1824:Lost circulation
1662:Posted oil price
1586:
1543:Isthmus-34 Light
1472:
1465:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1441:
1439:
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1410:
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1360:
1354:Williston Herald
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630:Mian MA (1992).
627:
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559:
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466:prevailing wages
209:
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44:oil or gas wells
3001:
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2897:John Wood Group
2887:Valaris Limited
2780:
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2629:APA Corporation
2617:
2569:
2368:
2365:
2357:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2296:
2290:
2191:Classification
2175:
2098:
2092:
2028:Nationalization
1998:1979 oil crisis
1993:1973 oil crisis
1974:
1960:Water injection
1928:Steam injection
1923:Gas reinjection
1891:Artificial lift
1860:
1802:Drill stem test
1754:
1678:
1625:
1577:
1499:
1481:
1476:
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1434:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1358:
1356:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1305:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1239:
1226:
1216:
1211:
1207:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1040:
1036:
1026:
1021:
1017:
1007:
1002:
995:
985:
980:
973:
963:
958:
954:
944:
939:
935:
925:
920:
916:
906:
901:
897:
856:(8): e0220128.
843:
842:
838:
817:Energy Procedia
810:
809:
805:
798:
777:
776:
772:
763:
761:
750:
749:
745:
735:
733:
725:
720:
719:
715:
702:
701:
694:
684:
682:
673:
672:
668:
656:
655:
651:
644:
629:
628:
624:
610:
609:
600:
586:
585:
581:
572:
570:
561:
560:
545:
530:
509:
508:
504:
499:
494:
493:
488:
484:
479:
474:
473:
472:in rural areas.
462:Davis-Bacon Act
414:Just Transition
410:stranded assets
335:
327:
322:
321:
274:
266:
264:Alberta, Canada
261:
225:
219:
210:
204:
201:
194:needs expansion
179:
171:
162:
152:
127:
114:
105:
84:
82:Economic limits
40:abandoned wells
17:
12:
11:
5:
2999:
2997:
2989:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2968:
2967:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2734:Surgutneftegas
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Eneos Holdings
2651:
2646:
2644:ConocoPhillips
2641:
2636:
2634:Cenovus Energy
2631:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2577:
2575:Energy trading
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2324:
2322:
2313:
2304:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2261:
2259:Swing producer
2256:
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2229:
2224:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2131:Gulf of Mexico
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2102:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2018:2010s oil glut
2015:
2010:
2005:
2003:1980s oil glut
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1870:
1868:
1862:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1812:Drilling fluid
1809:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1750:Seismic source
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1718:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1690:
1684:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1583:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1548:Japan Cocktail
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:Primary energy
1492:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1467:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1443:
1416:
1390:
1365:
1337:
1303:
1252:
1224:
1205:
1186:
1167:
1148:
1129:
1110:
1091:
1072:
1053:
1034:
1015:
993:
971:
952:
933:
914:
895:
836:
803:
796:
770:
743:
713:
692:
666:
649:
642:
622:
598:
579:
543:
528:
501:
500:
498:
495:
492:
491:
481:
480:
478:
475:
464:standards for
412:and provide a
402:Green New Deal
336:
328:
326:
323:
275:
267:
265:
262:
260:
257:
249:orphaned wells
221:Main article:
218:
215:
212:
211:
191:
189:
178:
175:
170:
167:
151:
148:
126:
123:
113:
110:
104:
101:
83:
80:
67:climate change
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2966:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2770:
2760:
2759:Valero Energy
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2724:Suncor Energy
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2360:
2354:
2353:TotalEnergies
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2297:organisations
2295:Companies and
2293:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2234:Petrocurrency
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2207:Oil shale gas
2205:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2187:Abbreviations
2185:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2146:Permian Basin
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2083:United States
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2043:Seven Sisters
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1696:Core sampling
1694:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1533:Indian Basket
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1459:
1454:
1453:
1450:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1405:
1401:
1394:
1391:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1366:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1327:
1323:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1242:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1209:
1206:
1201:
1195:
1190:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1168:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1133:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1087:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1035:
1030:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1005:
1000:
998:
994:
989:
983:
978:
976:
972:
967:
961:
956:
953:
948:
942:
937:
934:
929:
923:
918:
915:
910:
904:
899:
896:
891:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
807:
804:
799:
793:
789:
785:
781:
774:
771:
760:
759:
754:
747:
744:
731:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
699:
697:
693:
681:
677:
670:
667:
662:
661:
653:
650:
645:
643:9780878143702
639:
635:
634:
626:
623:
618:
614:
607:
605:
603:
599:
594:
590:
583:
580:
569:
565:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
544:
539:
535:
531:
525:
521:
517:
513:
506:
503:
496:
486:
483:
476:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
441:
440:magnetometers
437:
432:
430:
426:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
382:
380:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
356:
353:
345:
340:
333:
325:United States
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
290:
283:
279:
272:
263:
258:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
216:
208:
199:
195:
192:This section
190:
187:
183:
182:
176:
174:
168:
166:
161:
157:
150:CO2 injection
149:
147:
144:
139:
137:
132:
124:
122:
120:
111:
109:
102:
100:
96:
92:
90:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
26:
21:
2862:Schlumberger
2792:Baker Hughes
2684:Marathon Oil
2674:Imperial Oil
2669:Husky Energy
2659:Galp Energia
2649:Devon Energy
2535:Saudi Aramco
2515:Petrovietnam
2460:NNPC Limited
2364:National oil
2244:Petrofiction
2212:Orphan wells
2211:
2180:Other topics
2151:Persian Gulf
2078:Saudi Arabia
2048:Standard Oil
1856:Well logging
1733:Petrophysics
1435:. Retrieved
1429:
1419:
1409:February 10,
1407:. Retrieved
1403:
1393:
1382:. Retrieved
1378:
1368:
1357:. Retrieved
1353:
1329:. Retrieved
1325:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1208:
1194:Johnson 2019
1189:
1170:
1151:
1139:, p. 2.
1132:
1113:
1094:
1075:
1056:
1037:
1018:
1004:McClure 2019
955:
936:
917:
898:
853:
849:
839:
820:
816:
806:
779:
773:
762:. Retrieved
756:
746:
734:. Retrieved
729:
716:
707:
683:. Retrieved
679:
669:
659:
652:
632:
625:
616:
592:
582:
571:. Retrieved
567:
511:
505:
485:
446:Pennsylvania
433:
418:
404:and broader
383:
376:
357:
349:
317:
313:
294:
287:
226:
202:
198:adding to it
193:
172:
163:
140:
128:
115:
106:
97:
93:
85:
76:
56:
39:
35:
31:
30:
2832:Halliburton
2704:Phillips 66
2525:QatarEnergy
2495:Petrobangla
2430:KazMunayGas
2320:Supermajors
2269:heavy crude
2156:Prudhoe Bay
2136:Niger Delta
2116:Caspian Sea
1879:Concessions
1829:Measurement
1795:Geosteering
1778:Squeeze job
1688:Exploration
1637:Consumption
1596:Consumption
1589:Natural gas
1518:Bonny Light
1241:Cosbey 2022
1213:Weber 2023b
1175:Morgan 2019
1099:Morgan 2021
685:26 February
253:groundwater
233:natural gas
2882:Transocean
2749:Tullow Oil
2739:TechnipFMC
2505:PetroChina
2343:ExxonMobil
2249:Shale band
2126:East Texas
2099:and fields
1913:Downstream
1866:Production
1773:Completion
1701:Geophysics
1642:Production
1601:Production
1538:Indonesian
1513:Argus Sour
1505:Benchmarks
1437:2023-10-01
1384:2021-04-06
1359:2021-09-15
1331:2021-04-06
903:Riley 2019
823:: 607–10.
764:2023-07-24
736:4 November
573:2021-04-07
497:References
454:California
372:New Mexico
259:By context
205:April 2021
154:See also:
125:Plug bonds
61:, such as
2986:Oil wells
2877:TC Energy
2778:companies
2608:Trafigura
2555:Sonatrach
2500:Petrobras
2490:Pertamina
2400:Ecopetrol
2366:companies
2310:companies
2308:petroleum
2284:tight oil
2279:oil shale
2274:oil sands
2254:Shale gas
2195:sweet oil
2166:Venezuela
2141:North Sea
2097:Provinces
2088:Venezuela
1935:Midstream
1630:Petroleum
1490:Petroleum
1290:0013-936X
1080:EPEA 2000
538:239358078
379:CARES Act
237:petroleum
89:abandoned
36:orphaned,
2980:Category
2965:Category
2872:Subsea 7
2852:Petrofac
2847:NOV Inc.
2827:GE Power
2822:Enbridge
2776:services
2598:Mercuria
2588:Glencore
2550:Sonangol
2510:Petronas
2445:Naftogaz
2217:Peak oil
2200:sour oil
1955:Upstream
1950:Refining
1945:Pipeline
1901:Pumpjack
1896:Gas lift
1817:invasion
1760:Drilling
1647:Reserves
1606:Reserves
1298:21985662
1118:AER 2014
1061:AER 2013
1023:AER 2021
960:PBO 2022
922:OWA 2019
890:31386664
850:PLOS ONE
398:peak oil
352:oil well
112:Plugging
2540:Sinopec
2530:Rosneft
2410:Gazprom
2405:Equinor
2333:Chevron
1980:History
1846:Tracers
1768:Blowout
1657:Exports
1652:Imports
1616:Exports
1611:Imports
1270:Bibcode
881:6684097
858:Bibcode
726:(Audio)
568:Reuters
360:methane
229:bedrock
71:Reuters
2906:Others
2857:Saipem
2754:TĂĽpraĹź
2744:TNK-BP
2729:Sunoco
2719:Repsol
2679:Lukoil
2622:Others
2593:Gunvor
2227:timing
2161:Russia
2073:Norway
2058:France
2053:Canada
1379:Forbes
1296:
1288:
888:
878:
794:
640:
593:Verisk
536:
526:
452:, and
436:NYSDEC
239:, and
131:public
32:Orphan
2773:Major
2639:Cepsa
2613:Vitol
2583:Enron
2545:SOCAR
2485:Pemex
2480:PDVSA
2475:Orlen
2440:Lotos
2380:ANCAP
2348:Shell
2305:Major
2063:India
1667:Price
1621:Price
1563:Urals
1558:Tapis
1528:Dubai
1523:Brent
1431:Grist
1326:Grist
534:S2CID
477:Notes
390:Grist
368:Texas
241:brine
2867:Snam
2807:CH2M
2560:TPAO
2068:Iraq
2038:OPEC
2033:GECF
1582:Data
1411:2022
1294:PMID
1286:ISSN
1247:help
1219:help
1200:help
1181:help
1162:help
1143:help
1124:help
1105:help
1086:help
1067:help
1048:help
1029:help
1010:help
988:help
966:help
947:help
928:help
909:help
886:PMID
792:ISBN
738:2019
708:BiSN
687:2015
638:ISBN
524:ISBN
450:Ohio
392:and
370:and
158:and
42:are
2802:CGG
2699:OMV
2565:YPF
2338:Eni
1278:doi
876:PMC
866:doi
825:doi
784:doi
516:doi
429:EPA
200:.
38:or
2982::
2328:BP
1970:XT
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