51:
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9 megohm series resistor is shunted by a 12.2 pF capacitor for a time constant of 110 microseconds. The cable capacitance of 90 pF in parallel with the scope input of 20 pF and 1 megohm (total capacitance 110 pF) also gives a time constant of 110 microseconds. In practice, there is an adjustment so the operator can precisely match the low frequency time constant (called compensating the probe). Matching the time constants makes the attenuation independent of frequency. At low frequencies (where the resistance of
1305:
1496:
preamplifier or external signal isolator, this traditional desktop oscilloscope is not suitable for floating measurements. (Occasionally an oscilloscope user breaks the ground pin in the power supply cord of a bench-top oscilloscope in an attempt to isolate the signal common from the earth ground. This practice is unreliable since the entire stray capacitance of the instrument cabinet connects into the circuit. It is also a hazard to break a safety ground connection, and instruction manuals strongly advise against it.)
817:
use the external trigger input as an optional vertical input, and some have third and fourth channels with only minimal controls. In all cases, the inputs, when independently displayed, are time-multiplexed, but dual-trace oscilloscopes often can add their inputs to display a real-time analog sum. Inverting one channel while adding them together results in a display of the differences between them, provided neither channel is overloaded. This difference mode can provide a moderate-performance differential input.)
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connectors (modified BNCs) had an extra contact to define the probe's attenuation. (A certain value of resistor, connected to ground, "encodes" the attenuation.) Because probes wear out, and because the auto-sensing circuitry is not compatible between different oscilloscope makes, auto-sensing probe scaling is not foolproof. Likewise, manually setting the probe attenuation is prone to user error. Setting the probe scaling incorrectly is a common error, and throws the reading off by a factor of 10.
1177:
986:). The oscilloscope's response drops off rapidly as the input frequency rises above that point. Within the stated bandwidth the response is not necessarily exactly uniform (or "flat"), but should always fall within a +0 to −3 dB range. One source says there is a noticeable effect on the accuracy of voltage measurements at only 20 percent of the stated bandwidth. Some oscilloscopes' specifications do include a narrower tolerance range within the stated bandwidth.
43:
31:
172:
1213:
755:, an edge detector that generates a pulse when the input signal crosses a specified threshold voltage in a specified direction. These are the most common types of triggers; the level control sets the threshold voltage, and the slope control selects the direction (negative or positive-going). (The first sentence of the description also applies to the inputs to some digital logic circuits; those inputs have fixed threshold and polarity response.)
613:
833:, requiring tight control of axial (rotational) mechanical alignment in manufacturing the CRT. Beam-splitter types had horizontal deflection common to both vertical channels, but dual-gun oscilloscopes could have separate time bases, or use one time base for both channels. Multiple-gun CRTs (up to ten guns) were made in past decades. With ten guns, the envelope (bulb) was cylindrical throughout its length. (Also see "CRT Invention" in
1189:
419:
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that time frame, the cable looks like its characteristic impedance, and reflections from the transmission line mismatch at the scope input and the probe causes ringing. The modern scope probe uses lossy low capacitance transmission lines and sophisticated frequency shaping networks to make the 10× probe perform well at several hundred megahertz. Consequently, there are other adjustments for completing the compensation.
453:
slowly, the user will usually prefer "DC" coupling, which bypasses any such capacitor. Most oscilloscopes offer the DC input option. For convenience, to see where zero volts input currently shows on the screen, many oscilloscopes have a third switch position (usually labeled "GND" for ground) that disconnects the input and grounds it. Often, in this case, the user centers the trace with the vertical position control.
1600:
366:
same). If the anode is made more positive, the spot becomes elliptical in the X-plane as the more negative Y-plates will repel the beam. If the anode is made more negative, the spot becomes elliptical in the Y-plane as the more positive Y-plates will attract the beam. This control may be absent from simpler oscilloscope designs or may even be an internal control. It is not necessary with flat panel displays.
804:
oscilloscopes, the trace changes from the main sweep to the delayed sweep once the delayed sweep starts, though less of the delayed fast sweep is visible for longer delays. Another combination mode multiplexes (alternates) the main and delayed sweeps so that both appear at once; a trace separation control displaces them. DSOs can display waveforms this way, without offering a delayed timebase as such.
879:
1138:) may be 'probed' for the expected signal, using the scope as a simple signal tracer. If the expected signal is absent or incorrect, some preceding stage of the electronics is not operating correctly. Since most failures occur because of a single faulty component, each measurement can show that some of the stages of a complex piece of equipment either work, or probably did not cause the fault.
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688:
676:
667:
1165:
427:
speeds is generally provided, from seconds to as fast as picoseconds (in the fastest) per division. Usually, a continuously-variable control (often a knob in front of the calibrated selector knob) offers uncalibrated speeds, typically slower than calibrated. This control provides a range somewhat greater than the calibrated steps, making any speed between the steps available.
636:, (extendable by a front-panel control on some better oscilloscopes), the sweep circuit resets completely and ignores triggers. Once holdoff expires, the next trigger starts a sweep. The trigger event is usually the input waveform reaching some user-specified threshold voltage (trigger level) in the specified direction (going positive or going negative—trigger polarity).
1313:
496:
466:
384:
horizontal axis. One expects to see ten major divisions across the screen; the number of vertical major divisions varies. Comparing the grid markings with the waveform permits one to measure both voltage (vertical axis) and time (horizontal axis). Frequency can also be determined by measuring the waveform period and calculating its reciprocal.
1047:
523:
846:
graticule, and more typically some distance off-screen. The amplifier has to have low distortion to display its input accurately (it must be linear), and it has to recover quickly from overloads. As well, its time-domain response has to represent transients accurately—minimal overshoot, rounding, and tilt of a flat pulse top.
1457:
signals, thus offering a distinct advantage over a separate oscilloscope and logic analyzer. Typically, logic channels may be grouped and displayed as a bus with each bus value displayed at the bottom of the display in hexadecimal or binary. On most MSOs, the trigger can be set across both analog and logic channels.
682:
62:. From the grid inherent to the screen together with the user-set parameters of the device shown at the upper display rim, the user may calculate the frequency and the voltage of the measured signal. Modern digital oscilloscopes set the measurement parameters and calculate/display the signal values automatically.
787:, which waits a specified time after an edge trigger before starting the sweep. As described under delayed sweeps, a trigger delay circuit (typically the main sweep) extends this delay to a known and adjustable interval. In this way, the operator can examine a particular pulse in a long train of pulses.
1495:
Many handheld and bench oscilloscopes have the ground reference voltage common to all input channels. If more than one measurement channel is used at the same time, all the input signals must have the same voltage reference, and the shared default reference is the "earth". If there is no differential
1456:
without the shape of its analog waveform. A mixed-signal oscilloscope (or MSO) meanwhile has two kinds of inputs: a small number of analog channels (typically two or four), and a larger number of logic channels (typically sixteen). It provides the ability to accurately time-correlate analog and logic
1058:. These are lines that can be moved about the screen to measure the time interval between two points, or the difference between two voltages. A few older oscilloscopes simply brightened the trace at movable locations. These cursors are more accurate than visual estimates referring to graticule lines.
820:
Switching channels can be asynchronous, i.e. free-running, with respect to the sweep frequency; or it can be done after each horizontal sweep is complete. Asynchronous switching is usually designated "Chopped", while sweep-synchronized is designated "Alt". A given channel is alternately connected and
716:
Triggered sweeps can display a blank screen if there are no triggers. To avoid this, these sweeps include a timing circuit that generates free-running triggers so a trace is always visible. This is referred to as "auto sweep" or "automatic sweep" in the controls. Once triggers arrive, the timer stops
580:
Good CRT oscilloscopes include a delayed-sweep intensity control, to allow for the dimmer trace of a much-faster delayed sweep which nevertheless occurs only once per main sweep. Such oscilloscopes also are likely to have a trace separation control for multiplexed display of both the main and delayed
347:
This control adjusts CRT focus to obtain the sharpest, most-detailed trace. In practice, focus must be adjusted slightly when observing very different signals, so it must be an external control. The control varies the voltage applied to a focusing anode within the CRT. Flat-panel displays do not need
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sensor) in the magnetic circuit. The probe connects to an amplifier, which feeds (low frequency) current into the coil to cancel the sensed field; the magnitude of the current provides the low-frequency part of the current waveform, right down to DC. The coil still picks up high frequencies. There is
206:
In addition to the basic instrument, most oscilloscopes are supplied with a probe. The probe connects to any input on the instrument and typically has a resistor of ten times the oscilloscope's input impedance. This results in a 0.1 (‑10×) attenuation factor; this helps to isolate the capacitive
1389:
Trace storage is an extra feature available on some analog scopes; they used direct-view storage CRTs. Storage allows a trace pattern that normally would decay in a fraction of a second to remain on the screen for several minutes or longer. An electrical circuit can then be deliberately activated to
1037:
can display signals of considerably higher frequency than the sampling rate if the signals are exactly, or nearly, repetitive. It does this by taking one sample from each successive repetition of the input waveform, each sample being at an increased time interval from the trigger event. The waveform
1025:
For a digital oscilloscope, a rule of thumb is that the continuous sampling rate should be ten times the highest frequency desired to resolve; for example a 20 megasample/second rate would be applicable for measuring signals up to about 2 MHz. This lets the anti-aliasing filter be designed
800:
delay expires, or can be triggered (only) after the delay expires. Ordinarily, the delayed timebase is set for a faster sweep, sometimes much faster, such as 1000:1. At extreme ratios, jitter in the delays on consecutive main sweeps degrades the display, but delayed-sweep triggers can overcome this.
799:
More sophisticated analog oscilloscopes contain a second timebase for a delayed sweep. A delayed sweep provides a very detailed look at some small selected portion of the main timebase. The main timebase serves as a controllable delay, after which the delayed timebase starts. This can start when the
624:
To display events with unchanging or slowly (visibly) changing waveforms, but occurring at times that may not be evenly spaced, modern oscilloscopes have triggered sweeps. Compared to older, simpler oscilloscopes with continuously-running sweep oscillators, triggered-sweep oscilloscopes are markedly
435:
Some higher-end analog oscilloscopes have a holdoff control. This sets a time after a trigger during which the sweep circuit cannot be triggered again. It helps provide a stable display of repetitive events in which some triggers would create confusing displays. It is usually set to minimum, because
356:
This adjusts trace brightness. Slow traces on CRT oscilloscopes need less, and fast ones, especially if not often repeated, require more brightness. On flat panels, however, trace brightness is essentially independent of sweep speed, because the internal signal processing effectively synthesizes the
305:
Probes with 10:1 attenuation are by far the most common; for large signals (and slightly-less capacitive loading), 100:1 probes may be used. There are also probes that contain switches to select 10:1 or direct (1:1) ratios, but the latter setting has significant capacitance (tens of pF) at the probe
202:
The trigger section controls the start event of the sweep. The trigger can be set to automatically restart after each sweep, or can be configured to respond to an internal or external event. The principal controls of this section are the source and coupling selector switches, and an external trigger
194:
The vertical section controls the amplitude of the displayed signal. This section has a volts-per-division (Volts/Div) selector knob, an AC/DC/Ground selector switch, and the vertical (primary) input for the instrument. Additionally, this section is typically equipped with the vertical beam position
146:
equipped it with beam-forming plates and a magnetic field for deflecting the trace, and this formed the basis of the CRT. Early cathode ray tubes had been applied experimentally to laboratory measurements as early as the 1920s, but suffered from poor stability of the vacuum and the cathode emitters.
1439:
which can exceed this limit for certain types of signal, such as high-speed communications signals, where the waveform consists of repeating pulses. This type of DSO deliberately samples at a much lower frequency than the
Nyquist limit and then uses signal processing to reconstruct a composite view
1419:
The digital storage oscilloscope, or DSO for short, is the standard type of oscilloscope today for the majority of industrial applications, and thanks to the low costs of entry-level oscilloscopes even for hobbyists. It replaces the electrostatic storage method in analog storage scopes with digital
1145:
Another use is to check newly designed circuitry. Often, a newly designed circuit misbehaves because of design errors, bad voltage levels, electrical noise etc. Digital electronics usually operate from a clock, so a dual-trace scope showing both the clock signal and a test signal dependent upon the
958:
Some analogue oscilloscopes feature a Z input. This is generally an input terminal that connects directly to the CRT grid (usually via a coupling capacitor). This allows an external signal to either increase (if positive) or decrease (if negative) the brightness of the trace, even allowing it to be
849:
A vertical input goes to a frequency-compensated step attenuator to reduce large signals to prevent overload. The attenuator feeds one or more low-level stages, which in turn feed gain stages (and a delay-line driver if there is a delay). Subsequent gain stages lead to the final output stage, which
215:
Most modern oscilloscopes are lightweight, portable instruments compact enough for a single person to carry. In addition to portable units, the market offers a number of miniature battery-powered instruments for field service applications. Laboratory grade oscilloscopes, especially older units that
109:
Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, engineering, biomedical, automotive and the telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used to analyze an automotive ignition system or to
1364:
generates and deflects two separate beams. Multi-trace analog oscilloscopes can simulate a dual-beam display with chop and alternate sweeps—but those features do not provide simultaneous displays. (Real time digital oscilloscopes offer the same benefits of a dual-beam oscilloscope, but they do not
1347:
Analog scopes do not necessarily include a calibrated reference grid for size measurement of waves, and they may not display waves in the traditional sense of a line segment sweeping from left to right. Instead, they could be used for signal analysis by feeding a reference signal into one axis and
1087:
Many oscilloscopes accommodate plug-in modules for different purposes, e.g., high-sensitivity amplifiers of relatively narrow bandwidth, differential amplifiers, amplifiers with four or more channels, sampling plugins for repetitive signals of very high frequency, and special-purpose plugins,
949:
Complete loss of signal in an X-Y CRT display means that the beam is stationary, striking a small spot. This risks burning the phosphor if the brightness is too high. Such damage was more common in older scopes as the phosphors previously used burned more easily. Some dedicated X-Y displays reduce
816:
the inputs, usually switching between them fast enough to display two traces apparently at once. Less common are oscilloscopes with more traces; four inputs are common among these, but a few (Kikusui, for one) offered a display of the sweep trigger signal if desired. Some multi-trace oscilloscopes
555:
Dual-trace oscilloscopes have a mode switch to select either channel alone, both channels, or (in some) an X‑Y display, which uses the second channel for X deflection. When both channels are displayed, the type of channel switching can be selected on some oscilloscopes; on others, the type depends
452:
Often the observed signal is offset by a steady component, and only the changes are of interest. An input coupling switch in the "AC" position connects a capacitor in series with the input that blocks low-frequency signals and DC. However, when the signal has a fixed offset of interest, or changes
321:
to displace air. The oscilloscope end has a box with several waveform-trimming adjustments. For safety, a barrier disc keeps the user's fingers away from the point being examined. Maximum voltage is in the low tens of kV. (Observing a high voltage ramp can create a staircase waveform with steps at
301:
The result is a frequency compensated probe for modest frequencies. It presents a load of about 10 megohms shunted by 12 pF. Such a probe is an improvement, but does not work well when the time scale shrinks to several cable transit times or less (transit time is typically 5 ns). In
289:
To minimize loading, attenuator probes (e.g., 10× probes) are used. A typical probe uses a 9 megohm series resistor shunted by a low-value capacitor to make an RC compensated divider with the cable capacitance and scope input. The RC time constants are adjusted to match. For example, the
962:
An example of a practical application is if a pair of sine waves of known frequency are used to generate a circular
Lissajous figure and a higher unknown frequency is applied to the Z input. This turns the continuous circle into a circle of dots. The number of dots multiplied by the X-Y frequency
824:
In general, chopped mode is better for slower sweeps. It is possible for the internal chopping rate to be a multiple of the sweep repetition rate, creating blanks in the traces, but in practice this is rarely a problem. The gaps in one trace are overwritten by traces of the following sweep. A few
477:
The vertical position control moves the whole displayed trace up and down. It is used to set the no-input trace exactly on the center line of the graticule, but also permits offsetting vertically by a limited amount. With direct coupling, adjustment of this control can compensate for a limited DC
426:
These select the horizontal speed of the CRT's spot as it creates the trace; this process is commonly referred to as the sweep. In all but the least-costly modern oscilloscopes, the sweep speed is selectable and calibrated in units of time per major graticule division. Quite a wide range of sweep
1499:
Some models of oscilloscope have isolated inputs, where the signal reference level terminals are not connected together. Each input channel can be used to make a "floating" measurement with an independent signal reference level. Measurements can be made without tying one side of the oscilloscope
1469:
functionality. Often, this RF input offers a higher bandwidth than the conventional analog input channels. This is in contrast to the FFT functionality of conventional digital oscilloscopes, which use the normal analog inputs. Some MDOs allow time-correlation of events in the time domain (like a
869:
The delay, itself, comes from a special cable with a pair of conductors wound around a flexible, magnetically soft core. The coiling provides distributed inductance, while a conductive layer close to the wires provides distributed capacitance. The combination is a wideband transmission line with
573:
These include controls for the delayed-sweep timebase, which is calibrated, and often also variable. The slowest speed is several steps faster than the slowest main sweep speed, though the fastest is generally the same. A calibrated multiturn delay time control offers wide range, high resolution
507:
The horizontal position control moves the display sidewise. It usually sets the left end of the trace at the left edge of the graticule, but it can displace the whole trace when desired. This control also moves the X-Y mode traces sidewise in some instruments, and can compensate for a limited DC
374:
Modern oscilloscopes have direct-coupled deflection amplifiers, which means the trace could be deflected off-screen. They also might have their beam blanked without the operator knowing it. To help in restoring a visible display, the beam finder circuit overrides any blanking and limits the beam
285:
Open wire test leads (flying leads) are likely to pick up interference, so they are not suitable for low level signals. Furthermore, the leads have a high inductance, so they are not suitable for high frequencies. Using a shielded cable (i.e., coaxial cable) is better for low level signals.
365:
This control may instead be called "shape" or "spot shape". It adjusts the voltage on the last CRT anode (immediately next to the Y deflection plates). For a circular spot, the final anode must be at the same potential as both of the Y-plates (for a centred spot the Y-plate voltages must be the
1646:
and medical devices such as vital function monitors and electrocardiogram and electroencephalogram instruments. In automobile repair, an ignition analyzer is used to show the spark waveforms for each cylinder. All of these are essentially oscilloscopes, performing the basic task of showing the
729:
They have a few (widely spaced) frequency ranges, and relatively wide-range continuous frequency control within a given range. In use, the sweep frequency is set to slightly lower than some submultiple of the input frequency, to display typically at least two cycles of the input signal (so all
325:
There are also current probes, with cores that surround the conductor carrying current to be examined. One type has a hole for the conductor, and requires that the wire be passed through the hole for semi-permanent or permanent mounting. However, other types, used for temporary testing, have a
845:
In an analog oscilloscope, the vertical amplifier acquires the signal to be displayed and provides a signal large enough to deflect the CRT's beam. In better oscilloscopes, it delays the signal by a fraction of a microsecond. The maximum deflection is at least somewhat beyond the edges of the
738:
Some oscilloscopes offer these. The user manually arms the sweep circuit (typically by a pushbutton or equivalent). "Armed" means it is ready to respond to a trigger. Once the sweep completes, it resets, and does not sweep again until re-armed. This mode, combined with an oscilloscope camera,
383:
The graticule is a grid of lines that serve as reference marks for measuring the displayed trace. These markings, whether located directly on the screen or on a removable plastic filter, usually consist of a 1 cm grid with closer tick marks (often at 2 mm) on the centre vertical and
387:
On old and lower-cost CRT oscilloscopes the graticule is a sheet of plastic, often with light-diffusing markings and concealed lamps at the edge of the graticule. The lamps had a brightness control. Higher-cost instruments have the graticule marked on the inside face of the CRT, to eliminate
198:
The horizontal section controls the time base or sweep of the instrument. The primary control is the
Seconds-per-Division (Sec/Div) selector switch. Also included is a horizontal input for plotting dual X-Y axis signals. The horizontal beam position knob is generally located in this section.
1061:
Better quality general purpose oscilloscopes include a calibration signal for setting up the compensation of test probes; this is (often) a 1 kHz square-wave signal of a definite peak-to-peak voltage available at a test terminal on the front panel. Some better oscilloscopes also have a
595:
A switch selects the trigger source. It can be an external input, one of the vertical channels of a dual or multiple-trace oscilloscope, or the AC line (mains) frequency. Another switch enables or disables auto trigger mode, or selects single sweep, if provided in the oscilloscope. Either a
309:
Most oscilloscopes provide for probe attenuation factors, displaying the effective sensitivity at the probe tip. Historically, some auto-sensing circuitry used indicator lamps behind translucent windows in the panel to illuminate different parts of the sensitivity scale. To do so, the probe
725:
If the input signal is periodic, the sweep repetition rate can be adjusted to display a few cycles of the waveform. Early (tube) oscilloscopes and lowest-cost oscilloscopes have sweep oscillators that run continuously, and are uncalibrated. Such oscilloscopes are very simple, comparatively
448:
To accommodate a wide range of input amplitudes, a switch selects calibrated sensitivity of the vertical deflection. Another control, often in front of the calibrated selector knob, offers a continuously variable sensitivity over a limited range from calibrated to less-sensitive settings.
1141:
Once the faulty stage is found, further probing can usually tell a skilled technician exactly which component has failed. Once the component is replaced, the unit can be restored to service, or at least the next fault can be isolated. This sort of troubleshooting is typical of radio and
803:
The display shows the vertical signal in one of several modes: the main timebase, or the delayed timebase only, or a combination thereof. When the delayed sweep is active, the main sweep trace brightens while the delayed sweep is advancing. In one combination mode, provided only on some
730:
details are visible). A very simple control feeds an adjustable amount of the vertical signal (or possibly, a related external signal) to the sweep oscillator. The signal triggers beam blanking and a sweep retrace sooner than it would occur free-running, and the display becomes stable.
628:
A triggered sweep starts at a selected point on the signal, providing a stable display. In this way, triggering allows the display of periodic signals such as sine waves and square waves, as well as nonperiodic signals such as single pulses, or pulses that do not recur at a fixed rate.
1080:. That is, the signal scrolls across the screen from right to left. Most oscilloscopes with this facility switch from a sweep to a strip-chart mode at about one sweep per ten seconds. This is because otherwise, the scope looks broken: it is collecting data, but the dot cannot be seen.
707:
It is desirable for the scope to trigger on only one edge per cycle, so it is necessary to set the holdoff at slightly less than the period of the waveform. This prevents triggering from occurring more than once per cycle, but still lets it trigger on the first edge of the next cycle.
865:
This feed precedes the delay (if there is one), which allows the sweep circuit to unblank the CRT and start the forward sweep, so the CRT can show the triggering event. High-quality analog delays add a modest cost to an oscilloscope, and are omitted in cost-sensitive oscilloscopes.
861:
Part way through the amplifier is a feed to the sweep trigger circuits, for internal triggering from the signal. This feed would be from an individual channel's amplifier in a dual or multi-trace oscilloscope, the channel depending upon the setting of the trigger source selector.
260:
in parallel with a small but known capacitance such as 20 picofarads. This allows the use of standard oscilloscope probes. Scopes for use with very high frequencies may have 50 Ω inputs. These must be either connected directly to a 50 Ω signal source or used with
700:
639:
In some cases, variable holdoff time can be useful to make the sweep ignore interfering triggers that occur before the events to be observed. In the case of repetitive, but complex waveforms, variable holdoff can provide a stable display that could not otherwise be achieved.
286:
Coaxial cable also has lower inductance, but it has higher capacitance: a typical 50 ohm cable has about 90 pF per meter. Consequently, a one-meter direct (1×) coaxial probe loads a circuit with a capacitance of about 110 pF and a resistance of 1 megohm.
256:", supplied with the oscilloscope, is used. In general, for routine use, an open wire test lead for connecting to the point being observed is not satisfactory, and a probe is generally necessary. General-purpose oscilloscopes usually present an input impedance of 1
1637:
A large number of instruments used in a variety of technical fields are really oscilloscopes with inputs, calibration, controls, display calibration, etc., specialized and optimized for a particular application. Examples of such oscilloscope-based instruments include
556:
upon timebase setting. If manually selectable, channel switching can be free-running (asynchronous), or between consecutive sweeps. Some
Philips dual-trace analog oscilloscopes had a fast analog multiplier, and provided a display of the product of the input channels.
989:
Probes also have bandwidth limits and must be chosen and used to handle the frequencies of interest properly. To achieve the flattest response, most probes must be "compensated" (an adjustment performed using a test signal from the oscilloscope) to allow for the
671:
The green line is the waveform, the red vertical partial line represents the location of the trigger, and the yellow line represents the trigger level. If the scope was simply set to trigger on every rising edge, this waveform would cause three triggers for each
395:
External graticules also protect the glass face of the CRT from accidental impact. Some CRT oscilloscopes with internal graticules have an unmarked tinted sheet plastic light filter to enhance trace contrast; this also serves to protect the faceplate of the CRT.
1415:
While analog devices use continually varying voltages, digital devices use numbers that correspond to samples of the voltage. In the case of digital oscilloscopes, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) changes the measured voltages into digital information.
322:
different points every repetition, until the probe tip is in contact. Until then, a tiny arc charges the probe tip, and its capacitance holds the voltage (open circuit). As the voltage continues to climb, another tiny arc charges the tip further.)
934:
properly. Historically, stable
Lissajous figures were used to show that two sine waves had a relatively simple frequency relationship, a numerically-small ratio. They also indicated phase difference between two sine waves of the same frequency.
2281:
1620:
Some digital oscilloscope rely on a PC platform for display and control of the instrument. This can be in the form of a standalone oscilloscope with internal PC platform (PC mainboard), or as external oscilloscope which connects through
326:
two-part core that can be clamped around a wire. Inside the probe, a coil wound around the core provides a current into an appropriate load, and the voltage across that load is proportional to current. This type of probe only senses AC.
106:, and others. Originally, calculation of these values required manually measuring the waveform against the scales built into the screen of the instrument. Modern digital instruments may calculate and display these properties directly.
1038:
is then displayed from these collected samples. This mechanism is referred to as "equivalent-time sampling". Some oscilloscopes can operate in either this mode or in the more traditional "real-time" mode at the operator's choice.
486:
This control is found only on more elaborate oscilloscopes; it offers adjustable sensitivity for external horizontal inputs. It is only active when the instrument is in X-Y mode, i.e. the internal horizontal sweep is turned off.
392:; better ones also had adjustable edge illumination with diffusing markings. (Diffusing markings appear bright.) Digital oscilloscopes, however, generate the graticule markings on the display in the same way as the trace.
2333:
857:
In free-running ("chopped") mode, the oscillator (which may be simply a different operating mode of the switch driver) blanks the beam before switching, and unblanks it only after the switching transients have settled.
399:
Accuracy and resolution of measurements using a graticule is relatively limited; better instruments sometimes have movable bright markers on the trace. These permit internal circuits to make more refined measurements.
2224:
853:
In dual and multiple-trace oscilloscopes, an internal electronic switch selects the relatively low-level output of one channel's early-stage amplifier and sends it to the following stages of the vertical amplifier.
726:
inexpensive, and were useful in radio servicing and some TV servicing. Measuring voltage or time is possible, but only with extra equipment, and is quite inconvenient. They are primarily qualitative instruments.
456:
Better oscilloscopes have a polarity selector. Normally, a positive input moves the trace upward; the polarity selector offers an "inverting" option, in which a positive-going signal deflects the trace downward.
963:
gives the Z frequency. This technique only works if the Z frequency is an integer ratio of the X-Y frequency and only if it is not so large that the dots become so numerous that they are difficult to count.
1083:
All but the simplest models of current oscilloscopes more often use digital signal sampling. Samples feed fast analog-to-digital converters, following which all signal processing (and storage) is digital.
828:
True dual-beam CRT oscilloscopes did exist, but were not common. One type (Cossor, U.K.) had a beam-splitter plate in its CRT, and single-ended deflection following the splitter. Others had two complete
574:
delay settings; it spans the full duration of the main sweep, and its reading corresponds to graticule divisions (but with much finer precision). Its accuracy is also superior to that of the display.
1755:
1424:, which stores sample data as long as required without degradation and displays it without the brightness issues of storage-type CRTs. It also allows complex processing of the signal by high-speed
552:
Each input channel usually has its own set of sensitivity, coupling, and position controls, though some four-trace oscilloscopes have only minimal controls for their third and fourth channels.
2326:
1352:. The shape of the curve can be interpreted to identify properties of the measurement signal in relation to the reference signal, and is useful across a wide range of oscillation frequencies.
1658:
Other instruments convert the results of their measurements to a repetitive electrical signal, and incorporate an oscilloscope as a display element. Such complex measurement systems include
317:
form compensated attenuators with the oscilloscope input. These have a large probe body, and some require partly filling a canister surrounding the series resistor with volatile liquid
1840:, p. 503), "typical high Z 10× passive probe model".) Lower bandwidth scopes used higher capacitances; the 1 MHz Tektronix 7A22 input impedance is 1 MΩ and 47 pF. (
1010:
In analog instruments, the bandwidth of the oscilloscope is limited by the vertical amplifiers and the CRT or other display subsystem. In digital instruments, the sampling rate of the
2200:
1365:
require a dual-beam display.) The disadvantages of the dual trace oscilloscope are that it cannot switch quickly between traces, and cannot capture two fast transient events. A dual
2319:
632:
With triggered sweeps, the scope blanks the beam and starts to reset the sweep circuit each time the beam reaches the extreme right side of the screen. For a period of time, called
2342:
1228:
First appearing in the 1970s for ignition system analysis, automotive oscilloscopes are becoming an important workshop tool for testing sensors and output signals on electronic
599:
A trigger level control varies the voltage required to generate a trigger, and the slope switch selects positive-going or negative-going polarity at the selected trigger level.
898:
Most modern oscilloscopes have several inputs for voltages, and thus can be used to plot one varying voltage versus another. This is especially useful for graphing I-V curves (
577:
A switch selects display modes: Main sweep only, with a brightened region showing when the delayed sweep is advancing, delayed sweep only, or (on some) a combination mode.
86:
of one or more signals as a function of time. Their main purpose is capturing information on electrical signals for debugging, analysis, or characterization. The displayed
1832:
The 20 picofarad value is typical for scope bandwidths around 100 MHz; for example, a 200 MHz
Tektronix 7A26 input impedance is 1 MΩ and 22 pF. (
268:
Less-frequently-used inputs include one (or two) for triggering the sweep, horizontal deflection for X‑Y mode displays, and trace brightening/darkening, sometimes called
1857:
Probes are designed for a specific input impedance. They have compensation adjustments with a limited range, so they often cannot be used on different input impedances.
1952:
410:
Digital oscilloscopes generate the graticule digitally. The scale, spacing, etc., of the graticule can therefore be varied, and accuracy of readings may be improved.
179:
An analog oscilloscope is typically divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger controls. The display is usually a
1917:
1001:. This is the time taken between 10% and 90% of the maximum amplitude response at the leading edge of a pulse. It is related to the bandwidth approximately by:
1123:
may show a totally unexpected voltage, a scope may reveal that the circuit is oscillating. In other cases the precise shape or timing of a pulse is important.
134:. These gave valuable insights into high speed voltage changes, but had a very low frequency response, and were superseded by the oscilloscope which used a
1752:
1348:
the signal to measure into the other axis. For an oscillating reference and measurement signal, this results in a complex looping pattern referred to as a
207:
load presented by the probe cable from the signal being measured. Some probes have a switch allowing the operator to bypass the resistor when appropriate.
298:), the circuit looks like a resistive divider; at high frequencies (resistance much greater than reactance), the circuit looks like a capacitive divider.
1844:, pp. 272–273) Higher bandwidth scopes use smaller capacitances. The 500 MHz Tektronix TDS510A input impedance is 1 MΩ and 10 pF. (
1816:
1308:
Example of an analog oscilloscope
Lissajous figure, showing a harmonic relationship of 1 horizontal oscillation cycle to 3 vertical oscillation cycles
812:
Oscilloscopes with two vertical inputs, referred to as dual-trace oscilloscopes, are extremely useful and commonplace. Using a single-beam CRT, they
1776:
959:
totally blanked. The voltage range to achieve cut-off to a brightened display is of the order of 10–20 volts depending on the CRT characteristics.
651:
defines a certain period following a trigger during which the sweep cannot be triggered again. This makes it easier to establish a stable view of a
2596:
1026:
with a 3 dB down point of 2 MHz and an effective cutoff at 10 MHz (the
Nyquist frequency), avoiding the artifacts of a very steep
151:
described a permanently sealed, high-vacuum cathode ray tube with a thermionic emitter in 1931. This stable and reproducible component allowed
1212:
2118:
1810:
1738:
982:
The bandwidth is defined as the frequency at which the sensitivity is 0.707 of the sensitivity at DC or the lowest AC frequency (a drop of 3
2192:
2036:
1014:(ADC) is a factor, but the stated analog bandwidth (and therefore the overall bandwidth of the instrument) is usually less than the ADC's
1465:
A mixed-domain oscilloscope (MDO) is an oscilloscope that comes with an additional RF input which is solely used for dedicated FFT-based
1188:
1229:
791:
Some recent designs of oscilloscopes include more sophisticated triggering schemes; these are described toward the end of this article.
1290:
The following section is a brief summary of various types and models available. For a detailed discussion, refer to the other article.
1096:
2747:
1985:
2267:
2163:
2075:
2014:
825:
oscilloscopes had a modulated chopping rate to avoid this occasional problem. Alternate mode, however, is better for faster sweeps.
979:. Bandwidth applies primarily to the Y-axis, though the X-axis sweeps must be fast enough to show the highest-frequency waveforms.
2102:
821:
disconnected, leading to the term "chopped". Multi-trace oscilloscopes also switch channels either in chopped or alternate modes.
2279:, Zeidlhack, Donald F. & White, Richard K., "Transmission Line Termination Circuit", published 1970-10-06
1344:. These are now called "analog" scopes to distinguish them from the "digital" scopes that became common in the 1990s and later.
2762:
2752:
777:
and triggers the timebase on every line, a specified line, every field, or every frame. This circuit is typically found in a
1940:
1484:
Handheld oscilloscopes are useful for many test and field service applications. Today, a handheld oscilloscope is usually a
1088:
including audio/ultrasonic spectrum analyzers, and stable-offset-voltage direct-coupled channels with relatively high gain.
1431:
A standard DSO is limited to capturing signals with a bandwidth of less than half the sampling rate of the ADC (called the
50:
2757:
2492:
1142:
TV receivers, as well as audio amplifiers, but can apply to quite different devices such as electronic motor drives.
976:
2767:
2629:
2538:
2441:
1399:
1237:
1065:
Sometimes a user wants to see an event that happens only occasionally. To catch these events, some oscilloscopes—called
971:
As with all practical instruments, oscilloscopes do not respond equally to all possible input frequencies. The range of
130:
1913:
1176:
2624:
2589:
1011:
123:
46:
Oscilloscope cathode-ray tube, the left square-shaped end would be the blue screen in the upper device when built in.
1666:(TDRs). Unlike an oscilloscope, these instruments automatically generate stimulus or sweep a measurement parameter.
2772:
1146:
clock is useful. Storage scopes are helpful for "capturing" rare electronic events that cause defective operation.
79:
870:
considerable delay per unit length. Both ends of the delay cable require matched impedances to avoid reflections.
2543:
2436:
2431:
1693:
1663:
1425:
559:
Multiple-trace oscilloscopes have a switch for each channel to enable or disable display of the channel's trace.
232:
The signal to be measured is fed to one of the input connectors, which is usually a coaxial connector such as a
2298:
1233:
375:
deflection to the visible portion of the screen. Beam-finder circuits often distort the trace while activated.
717:
providing pseudo-triggers. The user will usually disable automatic sweep when observing low repetition rates.
1200:
1891:, p. 426); Tek claims 300 MHz resistive coax at 30 pF per meter; schematic has 5 adjustments.
1341:
2582:
2563:
1304:
850:
develops a large signal swing (tens of volts, sometimes over 100 volts) for CRT electrostatic deflection.
220:, are generally bench-top devices or are mounted on dedicated carts. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be
1772:
2391:
2148:
13th Annual IEEE International
Symposium and Workshop on Engineering of Computer-Based Systems (ECBS'06)
1643:
1131:
919:
2222:, Kobbe, John R. & Polits, William J., "Electrical Probe", published 1959-04-21
2276:
2219:
1007:
For example, an oscilloscope with a rise time of 1 nanosecond would have a bandwidth of 350 MHz.
2721:
2660:
2416:
2255:
1470:
specific serial data package) with events happening in the frequency domain (like RF transmissions).
1019:
991:
834:
248:
may be used for lower frequencies. If the signal source has its own coaxial connector, then a simple
148:
1150:
1069:—preserve the most recent sweep on the screen. This was originally achieved with a special CRT, a
2690:
2675:
2619:
2548:
2169:
2124:
2067:
1615:
1479:
1384:
1299:
1285:
1253:
1034:
314:
2670:
2311:
2029:
620:
oscilloscope. This was a popular analog oscilloscope, portable, and is a representative example.
2700:
2665:
2507:
2446:
2376:
2371:
2361:
2263:
2159:
2114:
2071:
2010:
2003:
1981:
1806:
1798:
1734:
1659:
1466:
1404:
1360:
The dual-beam analog oscilloscope can display two signals simultaneously. A special dual-beam
1317:
1027:
1015:
111:
42:
30:
1164:
2634:
2558:
2512:
2151:
2106:
1703:
1639:
1378:
1361:
1333:
1325:
1127:
927:
899:
778:
704:
On an actual scope, each trigger would be the same channel, so all would be the same color.
612:
188:
180:
143:
135:
128:
Early high-speed visualisations of electrical voltages were made with an electro-mechanical
1076:
Some digital oscilloscopes can sweep at speeds as slow as once per hour, emulating a strip
699:
2685:
2553:
2502:
2366:
1759:
1607:
1603:
1421:
1409:
1349:
1116:
1100:
911:
891:
436:
a longer time decreases the number of sweeps per second, resulting in a dimmer trace. See
2259:
418:
2487:
1686:
1489:
1449:
1126:
In a piece of electronic equipment, for example, the connections between stages (e.g.,
1077:
943:
939:
887:
687:
675:
666:
389:
163:, and a $ 50 oscilloscope kit made from such parts proved its premiere market success.
1599:
1018:. This is due to limitations in the analog signal amplifier, deliberate design of the
2741:
2128:
1153:
development to check, among other things, missed deadlines and worst-case latencies.
950:
beam current greatly, or blank the display entirely, if there are no inputs present.
915:
883:
249:
237:
233:
152:
2173:
1240:
systems. Some oscilloscopes can trigger and decode serial bus messages, such as the
2644:
2482:
2381:
2177:
2143:
1070:
923:
830:
813:
318:
241:
221:
156:
155:
to manufacture an oscilloscope that was usable outside a laboratory setting. After
878:
171:
2061:
1252:
Many oscilloscopes today provide one or more external interfaces to allow remote
2639:
2517:
2451:
2421:
2401:
1698:
1675:
1453:
1321:
1265:
407:
steps. This leads, however, to some awkward interpretations of minor divisions.
330:
245:
217:
914:. Lissajous figures are an example of how an oscilloscope can be used to track
403:
Both calibrated vertical sensitivity and calibrated horizontal time are set in
38:
model 475A portable analog oscilloscope, a typical instrument of the late 1970s
2522:
2411:
2396:
2110:
749:, a pulse from an external source connected to a dedicated input on the scope.
280:
253:
139:
103:
2695:
2461:
2456:
2386:
1680:
1337:
1135:
1120:
998:
931:
918:
differences between multiple input signals. This is very frequently used in
693:
617:
99:
95:
91:
35:
17:
1452:
is similar to an oscilloscope, but for each input signal only provides the
2705:
2680:
2466:
2406:
1261:
972:
652:
160:
87:
2155:
2144:"A measurement-based analysis of the responsiveness of the Linux kernel"
1312:
2426:
2356:
1948:
1241:
1073:, which retained the image of even a very brief event for a long time.
983:
975:
frequencies an oscilloscope can usefully display is referred to as its
903:
495:
465:
306:
tip, because the whole cable's capacitance is then directly connected.
83:
655:
with multiple edges, which would otherwise cause additional triggers.
2726:
422:
Computer model of the impact of increasing the timebase time/division
2303:
1046:
681:
522:
191:
displays also have controls for focus, intensity, and beam finder.
2193:"The alias theorems: practical undersampling for expert engineers"
2030:"Equivalent Time Sampling Oscilloscope vs. Real-Time Oscilloscope"
1598:
1403:
1311:
1303:
1273:
1103:
on an oscilloscope, with 90 degrees phase difference between
1095:
1045:
907:
877:
766:
611:
596:
spring-return switch position or a pushbutton arms single sweeps.
521:
494:
464:
417:
170:
59:
49:
41:
29:
2574:
1257:
942:
to display images or user interfaces. Many early games, such as
774:
55:
2578:
2315:
2099:
Oscilloscopes: A Manual for
Students, Engineers, and Scientists
1733:, Institution of Engineering and Technology, pp. 165–208,
781:
device, though some better oscilloscopes include this function.
1773:"Cathode-Ray Oscillograph 274A Equipment DuMont Labs, Allen B"
1626:
1622:
1332:
The earliest and simplest type of oscilloscope consisted of a
1324:
to analyze complex signal properties, such as this display of
1269:
770:
257:
175:
Oscilloscope showing a trace with standard inputs and controls
1731:
Digital and Analogue Instrumentation: Testing and Measurement
159:
surplus electronic parts became the basis for the revival of
1062:
squared-off loop for checking and adjusting current probes.
886:
displayed on a CRT oscilloscope configured in X-Y mode as a
696:, the scope display would probably look something like this:
329:
A more-sophisticated probe includes a magnetic flux sensor (
1821:
occurs first in a pair of later papers by Zenneck (1899a,b)
1753:
How the Cathode Ray Oscillograph Is Used in Radio Servicing
1729:
Kularatna, Nihal (2003), "Fundamentals of Oscilloscopes",
1256:
by external software. These interfaces (or buses) include
1119:
malfunctioning electronic equipment. For example, where a
517:
1941:"'Tennis for Two', the World's First Graphical Videogame"
518:
Oscilloscope § Dual and multiple-trace oscilloscopes
224:
or permanently mounted into a custom instrument housing.
1500:
input to the circuit signal common or ground reference.
183:
with horizontal and vertical reference lines called the
142:, forerunner of the CRT, was known in 1897, and in 1899
1503:
The isolation available is categorized as shown below:
1512:
Operating voltage (effective value of AC/DC to ground)
1218:
Dual trace, showing different time bases on each trace
54:
Typical display of an analog oscilloscope measuring a
2009:, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, p. 119,
1978:
The Measurement, Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook
1647:
changes in one or more input signals over time in an
1385:
Oscilloscope types § Analog storage oscilloscope
444:
Vertical sensitivity, coupling, and polarity controls
334:
a combining network akin to a loudspeaker crossover.
2142:
Marchesotti, M.; Migliardi, M.; Podesta, R. (2006).
765:, a circuit that extracts synchronizing pulses from
2714:
2653:
2612:
2531:
2475:
2349:
938:The X-Y mode also lets the oscilloscope serve as a
499:Computer model of horizontal position control from
2002:
1980:(illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. 37–24.
1300:Oscilloscope types § Cathode-ray oscilloscope
1194:Sum of a low-frequency and a high-frequency signal
252:is used; otherwise, a specialized cable called a "
1050:A computer model of the sweep of the oscilloscope
1616:Oscilloscope types § PC-based oscilloscopes
1480:Oscilloscope types § Handheld oscilloscopes
1004:Bandwidth in Hz × rise time in seconds = 0.35.
1900:
1866:
1515:Peak instantaneous voltage (repeated 20 times)
1435:). There is a variation of the DSO called the
27:Instrument for displaying time-varying signals
2590:
2343:Electrical and electronic measuring equipment
2327:
2250:Wedlock, Bruce D.; Roberge, James K. (1969),
1805:. Vol. 50. Academic Press. p. CRT.
8:
1803:Advances in electronics and electron physics
1408:Digital 4-channel oscilloscope monitoring a
946:, used an oscilloscope as an output device.
110:display the waveform of the heartbeat as an
90:can then be analyzed for properties such as
1877:
1606:6000 digital PC-based oscilloscope using a
1340:, a timebase, a horizontal amplifier and a
1115:One of the most frequent uses of scopes is
2597:
2583:
2575:
2334:
2320:
2312:
1485:
1320:, an analog oscilloscope can be used as a
1244:commonly used in automotive applications.
1888:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1390:store and erase the trace on the screen.
1379:Cathode ray tube § Oscilloscope CRTs
663:Imagine the following repeating waveform:
1971:
1969:
1505:
906:characteristics) for components such as
203:input (EXT Input) and level adjustment.
2001:Spitzer, Frank; Howarth, Barry (1972),
1914:"Oscilloscope Trigger Holdoff Tutorial"
1799:"Ferdinand Braun: Forgotten Forefather"
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1714:
1160:
2252:Electronic Components and Measurements
2243:Measurement Products Catalog 1998/1999
808:Dual and multiple-trace oscilloscopes
281:Test probe § Oscilloscope probes
7:
2005:Principles of modern Instrumentation
1920:from the original on 28 January 2013
1369:oscilloscope avoids those problems.
1149:Oscilloscopes are often used during
590:
508:component as for vertical position.
469:Computer model of vertical position
2254:, Prentice-Hall, pp. 150–152,
1610:computer for display and processing
692:Assuming the signal is fairly high
591:Oscilloscope § Triggered sweep
568:
294:is much less than the reactance of
569:Oscilloscope § Delayed sweeps
138:(CRT) as its display element. The
82:that graphically displays varying
25:
2203:from the original on 20 June 2013
1819:from the original on 2014-05-03.
1762:, National Radio Institute (1943)
997:Another related specification is
440:for a more detailed description.
357:display from the digitized data.
1211:
1199:
1187:
1175:
1163:
1022:that precedes the ADC, or both.
698:
686:
680:
674:
665:
2191:Green, Leslie (June 21, 2001),
2103:Springer Science+Business Media
2042:from the original on 2015-04-02
1955:from the original on 2008-12-07
1801:. In Suesskind, Charles (ed.).
1779:from the original on 2014-02-03
894:to generate the analog voltages
1775:(in German). Radiomuseum.org.
1642:for analyzing video levels in
1294:Cathode-ray oscilloscope (CRO)
482:Horizontal sensitivity control
1:
1486:digital sampling oscilloscope
1437:digital sampling oscilloscope
926:channels, to ensure that the
739:captures single-shot events.
473:offset varying in a sine wave
2630:Digital storage oscilloscope
2539:Arbitrary waveform generator
2442:Transformer ratio arm bridge
1939:Nosowitz, Dan (2008-11-08).
1901:Zeidlhack & White (1970)
1867:Wedlock & Roberge (1969)
1662:, transistor analyzers, and
1629:to a separate PC or laptop.
1400:Digital storage oscilloscope
437:
2304:Virtual Oscilloscope Museum
1373:Analog storage oscilloscope
1012:analog-to-digital converter
922:to plot the left and right
491:Horizontal position control
124:History of the oscilloscope
2789:
1664:time domain reflectometers
1613:
1477:
1461:Mixed-domain oscilloscopes
1444:Mixed-signal oscilloscopes
1397:
1382:
1376:
1297:
1283:
742:Types of trigger include:
588:
566:
515:
278:
121:
80:electronic test instrument
2748:Electronic test equipment
2544:Digital pattern generator
2437:Time-to-digital converter
2432:Time-domain reflectometer
2299:The Cathode Ray Tube site
2111:10.1007/978-3-030-53885-9
1976:Webster, John G. (1999).
1878:Kobbe & Polits (1959)
1836:, p. 271); see also
1694:Time-domain reflectometry
1426:digital signal processing
461:Vertical position control
58:wave signal with 10
1054:Some oscilloscopes have
149:V. K. Zworykin
2150:. pp. 10 pp.-408.
478:component of an input.
2763:Electronics work tools
2564:Video-signal generator
2097:Herres, David (2020).
1690:, an oscilloscope game
1644:television productions
1611:
1595:PC-based oscilloscopes
1474:Handheld oscilloscopes
1412:
1356:Dual-beam oscilloscope
1329:
1309:
1132:electronic oscillators
1112:
1051:
994:of the probe's cable.
895:
841:The vertical amplifier
621:
585:Sweep trigger controls
563:Delayed-sweep controls
549:
504:
474:
423:
176:
63:
47:
39:
2753:Measuring instruments
2392:Microwave power meter
2060:Hickman, Ian (2001).
1614:Further information:
1602:
1478:Further information:
1407:
1394:Digital oscilloscopes
1383:Further information:
1377:Further information:
1315:
1307:
1298:Further information:
1099:
1049:
1035:sampling oscilloscope
1028:("brick-wall") filter
920:broadcast engineering
881:
615:
589:Further information:
567:Further information:
525:
516:Further information:
498:
468:
421:
174:
53:
45:
33:
2758:Laboratory equipment
2417:Peak programme meter
2105:. pp. 120–121.
1509:Overvoltage category
1440:of a typical pulse.
1020:anti-aliasing filter
835:Oscilloscope history
712:Automatic sweep mode
603:Basic types of sweep
526:Dual-trace controls
338:Front panel controls
211:Size and portability
161:Heathkit Corporation
2768:American inventions
2671:Rohde & Schwarz
2260:1969ecm..book.....W
2156:10.1109/ECBS.2006.9
1797:Marton, L. (1980).
1633:Related instruments
512:Dual-trace controls
315:high voltage probes
2549:Function generator
2241:Tektronix (1998),
2232:Tektronix (1983),
2070:. pp. 4, 20.
1758:2013-05-24 at the
1660:spectrum analyzers
1612:
1413:
1330:
1310:
1286:Oscilloscope types
1254:instrument control
1206:Bad filter on sine
1151:real-time software
1113:
1052:
912:Lissajous patterns
896:
622:
550:
505:
475:
424:
265:or active probes.
177:
64:
48:
40:
2773:German inventions
2735:
2734:
2572:
2571:
2508:Spectrum analyzer
2447:Transistor tester
2377:Frequency counter
2372:Electricity meter
2362:Capacitance meter
2120:978-3-030-53885-9
1812:978-0-12-014650-5
1740:978-0-85296-999-1
1640:waveform monitors
1592:
1591:
1467:spectrum analyzer
1318:analog television
1230:engine management
1128:electronic mixers
1101:Lissajous figures
1016:Nyquist frequency
581:sweeps together.
503:offset increasing
414:Timebase controls
352:Intensity control
167:Features and uses
157:World War II
112:electrocardiogram
102:, time interval,
16:(Redirected from
2780:
2635:Waveform monitor
2599:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2559:Signal generator
2513:Waveform monitor
2493:Network analyzer
2336:
2329:
2322:
2313:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2272:
2246:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2094:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2084:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2008:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1973:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1726:
1704:Waveform monitor
1506:
1334:cathode ray tube
1326:SMPTE color bars
1280:Types and models
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1167:
928:stereo generator
779:waveform monitor
769:formats such as
761:, also known as
747:external trigger
721:Recurrent sweeps
702:
690:
684:
678:
669:
625:more versatile.
548:
537:
406:
144:Jonathan Zenneck
136:cathode ray tube
21:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2731:
2710:
2649:
2608:
2603:
2573:
2568:
2554:Sweep generator
2527:
2503:Signal analyzer
2471:
2367:Distortionmeter
2345:
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1911:
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1889:Tektronix (1983
1887:
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1838:Tektronix (1998
1834:Tektronix (1983
1831:
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1760:Wayback Machine
1751:
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1716:
1712:
1672:
1635:
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1597:
1482:
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1410:boost converter
1402:
1396:
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1350:Lissajous curve
1302:
1296:
1288:
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1226:
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1207:
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1195:
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1183:
1182:AC hum on sound
1180:
1171:
1168:
1159:
1157:Pictures of use
1117:troubleshooting
1094:
1092:Examples of use
1044:
969:
956:
876:
843:
810:
797:
785:delayed trigger
736:
723:
714:
703:
697:
691:
685:
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673:
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664:
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649:Trigger holdoff
646:
610:
608:Triggered sweep
605:
593:
587:
571:
565:
538:
527:
520:
514:
493:
484:
463:
446:
433:
431:Holdoff control
416:
404:
390:parallax errors
381:
372:
363:
354:
345:
340:
283:
277:
270:z'‑axis inputs.
264:
230:
213:
169:
126:
120:
114:, for instance.
78:) is a type of
28:
23:
22:
15:
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2515:
2510:
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2500:
2495:
2490:
2488:Logic analyzer
2485:
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2294:
2293:External links
2291:
2287:
2286:
2273:
2268:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2183:
2164:
2134:
2119:
2089:
2076:
2052:
2021:
2015:
1993:
1987:978-3540648307
1986:
1965:
1931:
1912:Jones, David.
1904:
1893:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1850:
1846:Tektronix 1998
1842:Tektronix 1983
1825:
1811:
1789:
1764:
1745:
1739:
1713:
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1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1687:Tennis for Two
1683:
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1530:
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1524:
1520:
1519:
1518:Test resistor
1516:
1513:
1510:
1490:liquid crystal
1475:
1472:
1462:
1459:
1450:logic analyzer
1445:
1442:
1398:Main article:
1395:
1392:
1374:
1371:
1357:
1354:
1295:
1292:
1284:Main article:
1281:
1278:
1249:
1246:
1225:
1224:Automotive use
1222:
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1217:
1210:
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1193:
1186:
1184:
1181:
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1169:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1093:
1090:
1078:chart recorder
1067:storage scopes
1043:
1042:Other features
1040:
968:
965:
955:
952:
944:Tennis for Two
940:vector monitor
888:vector monitor
875:
872:
842:
839:
809:
806:
796:
795:Delayed sweeps
793:
789:
788:
782:
756:
750:
735:
732:
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719:
713:
710:
660:
657:
645:
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583:
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528:green trace =
513:
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405:1 – 2 – 5 – 10
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348:this control.
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279:Main article:
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122:Main article:
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14:
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2:
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2654:Manufacturers
2652:
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2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
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2611:
2607:
2606:Oscilloscopes
2600:
2595:
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2269:0-13-250464-2
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2165:0-7695-2546-6
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2063:Oscilloscopes
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2018:
2016:0-03-080208-3
2012:
2007:
2006:
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1848:, p. 78)
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1433:Nyquist limit
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921:
917:
913:
910:, as well as
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905:
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893:
889:
885:
884:24-hour clock
880:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
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831:electron guns
826:
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772:
768:
764:
760:
759:video trigger
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
744:
743:
740:
734:Single sweeps
733:
731:
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539:teal trace =
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343:Focus control
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250:coaxial cable
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242:Binding posts
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153:General Radio
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57:
52:
44:
37:
32:
19:
2645:Storage tube
2605:
2498:Oscilloscope
2497:
2483:Bus analyzer
2382:Galvanometer
2308:
2288:
2251:
2242:
2234:Tek Products
2233:
2205:, retrieved
2196:
2186:
2178:ResearchGate
2176:– via
2147:
2137:
2098:
2092:
2081:. Retrieved
2062:
2055:
2044:. Retrieved
2024:
2004:
1996:
1977:
1957:. Retrieved
1944:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1907:
1896:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1853:
1828:
1820:
1802:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1767:
1748:
1730:
1685:
1657:
1652:
1648:
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1619:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1483:
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1418:
1414:
1388:
1366:
1359:
1346:
1342:power supply
1331:
1289:
1251:
1227:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1125:
1114:
1111: inputs
1108:
1104:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1071:storage tube
1066:
1064:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1032:
1024:
1009:
1006:
1003:
996:
988:
981:
970:
961:
957:
948:
937:
924:stereophonic
897:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
827:
823:
819:
811:
802:
798:
790:
784:
762:
758:
753:edge trigger
752:
746:
741:
737:
728:
724:
715:
706:
662:
648:
647:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
598:
594:
579:
576:
572:
558:
554:
551:
544:
543:= 30 sin(0.3
540:
533:
532:= 30 sin(0.1
529:
506:
500:
485:
476:
470:
455:
451:
447:
434:
425:
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346:
328:
324:
319:fluorocarbon
312:
308:
304:
300:
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284:
269:
267:
246:banana plugs
231:
222:rack-mounted
218:vacuum tubes
214:
205:
201:
197:
193:
184:
178:
131:oscillograph
129:
127:
108:
75:
71:
70:(informally
68:oscilloscope
67:
65:
18:Oscillograph
2640:Vectorscope
2518:Vectorscope
2452:Tube tester
2422:Psophometer
2402:Megohmmeter
2245:, Tektronix
2236:, Tektronix
1924:30 December
1916:. EEVblog.
1699:Vectorscope
1676:Eye pattern
1585:6000 V
1571:6000 V
1568:1000 V
1557:4000 V
1543:4000 V
1540:1000 V
1529:2500 V
1454:logic level
1322:vectorscope
1266:serial port
370:Beam finder
361:Astigmatism
331:Hall effect
254:scope probe
2742:Categories
2532:Generation
2523:Videoscope
2412:Peak meter
2397:Multimeter
2277:US 3532982
2220:US 2883619
2207:11 October
2083:2022-01-15
2046:2015-03-20
1959:2008-11-09
1783:2014-03-15
1710:References
1582:600 V
1574:12 Ω
1560:12 Ω
1554:600 V
1546:30 Ω
1532:30 Ω
1526:600 V
1488:, using a
1428:circuits.
1170:Heterodyne
1136:amplifiers
932:calibrated
890:with dual
763:TV trigger
140:Braun tube
104:distortion
2722:PicoScope
2696:Tektronix
2686:Pico Tech
2462:Voltmeter
2457:Wattmeter
2387:LCR meter
2129:226749445
1945:Retromodo
1681:Phonodeik
1655:display.
1604:PicoScope
1588:2 Ω
1492:display.
1338:amplifier
1238:stability
1232:systems,
1121:voltmeter
999:rise time
992:reactance
977:bandwidth
967:Bandwidth
814:multiplex
694:frequency
618:Tektronix
616:Type 465
379:Graticule
185:graticule
100:rise time
96:frequency
92:amplitude
36:Tektronix
2715:Software
2706:Velleman
2701:Yokogawa
2681:Keysight
2613:Concepts
2476:Analysis
2467:VU meter
2407:Ohmmeter
2350:Metering
2201:archived
2174:15440587
2037:Archived
1953:Archived
1918:Archived
1817:Archived
1777:Archived
1756:Archived
1670:See also
1262:Ethernet
1248:Software
973:sinusoid
892:R2R DACs
874:X-Y mode
653:waveform
313:Special
238:UHF type
88:waveform
84:voltages
2661:Agilent
2625:History
2427:Q meter
2357:Ammeter
2256:Bibcode
1949:Gizmodo
1579:CAT III
1242:CAN bus
1234:braking
1056:cursors
954:Z input
904:voltage
902:versus
900:current
659:Example
644:Holdoff
634:holdoff
536:) + 0.5
438:Holdoff
118:History
76:O-scope
2727:Sigrok
2676:LeCroy
2283:
2266:
2226:
2172:
2162:
2127:
2117:
2074:
2068:Newnes
2013:
1984:
1809:
1737:
1608:laptop
1565:CAT II
1551:CAT II
1422:memory
908:diodes
672:cycle:
275:Probes
258:megohm
228:Inputs
195:knob.
2691:Rigol
2666:Fluke
2620:Types
2170:S2CID
2125:S2CID
2040:(PDF)
2033:(PDF)
1537:CAT I
1523:CAT I
1274:Wi-Fi
916:phase
767:video
72:scope
2264:ISBN
2209:2012
2160:ISBN
2115:ISBN
2072:ISBN
2011:ISBN
1982:ISBN
1926:2012
1807:ISBN
1735:ISBN
1367:beam
1316:For
1272:and
1258:GPIB
1236:and
1107:and
775:NTSC
773:and
216:use
56:sine
2197:EDN
2152:doi
2107:doi
1627:LAN
1625:or
1623:USB
1362:CRT
1270:USB
930:is
837:.)
771:PAL
244:or
236:or
234:BNC
189:CRT
181:CRT
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66:An
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534:t
530:y
501:x
471:y
296:C
292:R
263:0
261:Z
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