671:
567:
175:
687:
498:
73:
232:
32:
558:, it surrounds blood vessels, leading to the formation of trabecular (cancellous or spongy) bone. These blood vessels will eventually develop into red bone marrow. Mesenchymal cells on the bone surface form a membrane known as the periosteum. Osteoblasts secrete osteoid in parallel with the existing matrix, creating layers of compact (cortical) bone.
550:
Osteoblasts cluster together to create an ossification center. They then start secreting osteoid, an unmineralized collagen-proteoglycan matrix that has the ability to bind calcium. As calcium binds to the osteoid, the matrix hardens, and the osteoblasts become entrapped, transforming into
1336:
632:
is directed away from more active end of bone when one end grows more than the other. When bone grows at same rate at both ends, the nutrient artery is perpendicular to the bone.
1500:
951:
613:, which generates osteogenic cells that then go on to make a collar that encircles the outside of the bone and remodels the medullary cavity on the inside.
1329:
1322:
752:
670:
321:
834:
1493:
667:
which erode the cartilage and build bone, respectively. This occurs at both ends of long bones but only one end of digits and ribs.
218:
156:
59:
944:
837:. Examining Effects of Space Flight on the Skeletal System. Moffett Field, California: NASA Ames Research Center. Archived from
94:
137:
90:
45:
109:
1486:
1057:
528:
286:
1548:
937:
755:, an extremely rare genetic disease which causes fibrous tissue (muscle, tendon, ligament etc.) to ossify when damaged
601:
multiply and form trebeculae. Cartilage is progressively eroded and replaced by hardened bone, extending towards the
116:
1594:
1584:
240:
83:
1062:
620:
from a small opening in the diaphysis. It invades the primary center of ossification, bringing osteogenic cells (
582:
574:
294:
1589:
729:
339:
123:
655:
which occurs during 9th month of fetal development). The epiphyseal arteries and osteogenic cells invade the
1543:
746:
566:
235:
Bone is broken down by osteoclasts, and rebuilt by osteoblasts, both of which communicate through cytokine (
716:
development from this calcified cartilage. However, other possibilities include bony tissue evolving as an
686:
430:
Ossification is spreading rapidly from the ossification centers and various bones are becoming ossified.
105:
985:
20:
1526:
1211:
692:
1408:
1233:
411:
1563:
1243:
915:
1018:
1013:
907:
861:
812:
758:
578:
183:
51:
1531:
1386:
1258:
1248:
1161:
897:
675:
363:
317:
305:
838:
743:, the horn-like (or antler-like) protuberances on the heads of giraffes and related species
1444:
1381:
1371:
1206:
1165:
259:
130:
19:
This article is about the biological process. For the concept in computer networking, see
651:. Secondary ossification mostly occurs after birth (except for distal femur and proximal
196:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1467:
1426:
1294:
1023:
629:
617:
359:
267:
704:
Several hypotheses have been proposed for how bone evolved as a structural element in
497:
1578:
1454:
1299:
980:
639:) also have primary ossification centers, and bone is laid down in a similar manner.
606:
463:
378:
351:
347:
919:
779:
1376:
1366:
1314:
1104:
1052:
998:
333:
309:
1263:
1003:
803:
Caetano-Lopes J, Canhão H, Fonseca JE (2007). "Osteoblasts and bone formation".
734:
712:. Specifically, calcium-based minerals were stored in cartilage and bone was an
705:
598:
343:
282:
275:
72:
853:
1553:
1396:
1284:
1226:
1185:
1170:
1088:
1078:
990:
713:
664:
660:
625:
621:
610:
290:
271:
1418:
1350:
1289:
1279:
1253:
1221:
1175:
1156:
1151:
1083:
972:
964:
697:
656:
648:
602:
594:
532:
471:
382:
298:
231:
911:
865:
816:
708:. One hypothesis is that bone developed from tissues that evolved to store
187:
1536:
1403:
1238:
740:
636:
544:
540:
467:
451:
439:
312:
is the most commonly occurring process, for example in fractures of long
278:
formation. There are two processes resulting in the formation of normal,
236:
289:
is the direct laying down of bone into the primitive connective tissue (
1558:
1462:
1180:
1114:
902:
885:
717:
709:
555:
366:. It is a process that occurs during ossification, but not necessarily
355:
279:
1478:
1201:
1109:
929:
329:
1436:
852:
Breeland, Grant; Sinkler, Margaret A.; Menezes, Ritesh G. (2024),
685:
669:
652:
565:
536:
325:
230:
1510:
1358:
1346:
1135:
1130:
1035:
960:
577:
is the formation of long bones and other bones. This requires a
374:
313:
263:
1482:
1318:
933:
492:
168:
66:
25:
761:, a rare genetic disease in which cartilage becomes ossified.
886:"Origin and early evolution of vertebrate skeletonization"
509:
427:
5 years to 12 years in females, 5 to 14 years in males
422:
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses
346:
that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location.
581:
precursor. There are two centers of ossification for
1517:
1453:
1435:
1417:
1357:
1272:
1194:
1144:
1123:
1097:
1071:
1043:
1034:
971:
570:
Diagram showing stages of endochondral ossification
332:, pins, rods and nails may heal by intramembranous
97:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
835:"Predicting Height from the Length of Limb Bones"
593:In long bones, bone tissue first appears in the
860:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
737:, a model describing ossification and bone loss
828:
826:
780:"bone formation | Definition & Physiology"
647:The secondary centers generally appear at the
377:development is triggered remains unclear, but
1494:
1330:
945:
8:
342:is a process resulting in the formation of
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1501:
1487:
1479:
1337:
1323:
1315:
1040:
952:
938:
930:
609:layer surrounding the cartilage forms the
901:
482:Nearly all bones are completely ossified
219:Learn how and when to remove this message
157:Learn how and when to remove this message
414:have appeared in the diaphyses of bone.
387:
182:Parts of this article (those related to
771:
753:Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva
402:Ossification in long bones beginning
350:is often confused with ossification.
7:
354:is synonymous with the formation of
322:open reduction and internal fixation
95:adding citations to reliable sources
616:The nutrient artery enters via the
554:As osteoblasts continue to secrete
262:is the process of laying down new
14:
628:on the inside.) The canal of the
399:Third month of fetal development
358:-based salts and crystals within
41:This article has multiple issues.
720:, or as a protective structure.
496:
173:
71:
30:
884:Donoghue PC, Sansom IJ (2002).
854:"Embryology, Bone Ossification"
320:, whereas fractures treated by
82:needs additional citations for
49:or discuss these issues on the
373:The exact mechanisms by which
1:
805:Acta reumatológica portuguesa
696:larva at 22 days stained for
442:becoming completely ossified
529:Intramembranous ossification
489:Intramembranous ossification
450:Bone of the lower limbs and
287:Intramembranous ossification
16:Development process in bones
1549:Zone of polarizing activity
474:become completely ossified
454:become completely ossified
1613:
18:
749:, a juvenile bone disease
674:Microscopic image of the
583:endochondral ossification
575:Endochondral ossification
562:Endochondral ossification
295:endochondral ossification
730:Dystrophic calcification
438:Bone of upper limbs and
340:Heterotopic ossification
274:. It is synonymous with
1544:Apical ectodermal ridge
784:Encyclopedia Britannica
747:Osteogenesis imperfecta
635:Most other bones (e.g.
385:appear to play a role.
701:
700:(blue) and bone (red).
678:
571:
244:
986:fibrocartilage callus
689:
673:
569:
234:
21:Protocol ossification
1527:Triradiate cartilage
833:Emily Morey-Holton.
412:ossification centers
91:improve this article
1409:Periosteal reaction
597:(middle of shaft).
256:bone mineralization
1564:Septum transversum
903:10.1002/jemt.10217
890:Microsc. Res. Tech
702:
679:
589:The primary center
572:
508:. You can help by
245:
1595:Tissues (biology)
1585:Animal physiology
1572:
1571:
1476:
1475:
1312:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1217:connective tissue
1212:Volkmann's canals
759:Primrose syndrome
643:Secondary centers
579:hyaline cartilage
526:
525:
486:
485:
419:Birth to 5 years
301:as a precursor.
229:
228:
221:
211:
210:
167:
166:
159:
141:
64:
1602:
1532:Limb development
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1387:Osseointegration
1339:
1332:
1325:
1316:
1259:medullary cavity
1234:Sharpey's fibres
1207:Haversian canals
1162:epiphyseal plate
1152:subchondral bone
1041:
954:
947:
940:
931:
924:
923:
905:
881:
875:
874:
873:
872:
849:
843:
842:
830:
821:
820:
800:
794:
793:
791:
790:
776:
630:nutrient foramen
624:on the outside,
618:nutrient foramen
521:
518:
500:
493:
388:
318:plaster of Paris
306:fracture healing
224:
217:
206:
203:
197:
177:
176:
169:
162:
155:
151:
148:
142:
140:
99:
75:
67:
56:
34:
33:
26:
1612:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1590:Skeletal system
1575:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1513:
1509:Development of
1507:
1477:
1472:
1449:
1445:Range of motion
1431:
1413:
1382:Bone resorption
1372:Bone remodeling
1353:
1343:
1313:
1304:
1268:
1190:
1166:epiphyseal line
1140:
1119:
1093:
1067:
1058:intramembranous
1030:
967:
958:
928:
927:
883:
882:
878:
870:
868:
851:
850:
846:
832:
831:
824:
802:
801:
797:
788:
786:
778:
777:
773:
768:
726:
718:osmotic barrier
684:
564:
522:
516:
513:
506:needs expansion
491:
459:23 to 26 years
447:18 to 23 years
435:17 to 20 years
394:Bones affected
308:, endochondral
260:bone remodeling
225:
214:
213:
212:
207:
201:
198:
195:
178:
174:
163:
152:
146:
143:
100:
98:
88:
76:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1474:
1473:
1471:
1470:
1468:Cementogenesis
1465:
1459:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1427:Chondrogenesis
1423:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1345:Physiology of
1344:
1342:
1341:
1334:
1327:
1319:
1310:
1309:
1306:
1305:
1303:
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1224:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1159:
1154:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1101:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
993:
988:
983:
977:
975:
969:
968:
959:
957:
956:
949:
942:
934:
926:
925:
876:
844:
841:on 2012-03-01.
822:
795:
770:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
725:
722:
683:
680:
563:
560:
524:
523:
503:
501:
490:
487:
484:
483:
480:
476:
475:
460:
456:
455:
448:
444:
443:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
423:
420:
416:
415:
408:
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
379:growth factors
227:
226:
209:
208:
181:
179:
172:
165:
164:
106:"Ossification"
79:
77:
70:
65:
39:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1538:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1424:
1422:
1420:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1328:
1326:
1321:
1320:
1317:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1122:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
981:perichondrium
979:
978:
976:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:
950:
948:
943:
941:
936:
935:
932:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
899:
896:(5): 352–72.
895:
891:
887:
880:
877:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
829:
827:
823:
818:
814:
811:(2): 103–10.
810:
806:
799:
796:
785:
781:
775:
772:
765:
760:
757:
754:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
733:
731:
728:
727:
723:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
699:
695:
694:
688:
681:
677:
672:
668:
666:
662:
659:, depositing
658:
654:
650:
645:
644:
640:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
614:
612:
608:
607:perichondrium
604:
600:
596:
591:
590:
586:
584:
580:
576:
568:
561:
559:
557:
552:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
520:
511:
507:
504:This section
502:
499:
495:
494:
488:
481:
478:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
458:
457:
453:
449:
446:
445:
441:
437:
434:
433:
429:
426:
425:
421:
418:
417:
413:
410:Most primary
409:
407:Fourth month
406:
405:
401:
398:
397:
393:
390:
389:
386:
384:
380:
376:
371:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Calcification
349:
348:Calcification
345:
341:
337:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
250:(also called
249:
243:) signalling.
242:
238:
233:
223:
220:
205:
193:
190:) need to be
189:
185:
180:
171:
170:
161:
158:
150:
139:
136:
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108: –
107:
103:
102:Find sources:
96:
92:
86:
85:
80:This article
78:
74:
69:
68:
63:
61:
54:
53:
48:
47:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
1519:Ossification
1518:
1392:Ossification
1391:
1377:Bone healing
1367:Bone density
1216:
1105:bone mineral
1063:endochondral
1053:primary bone
1045:Ossification
1044:
999:chondroblast
893:
889:
879:
869:, retrieved
857:
847:
839:the original
808:
804:
798:
787:. Retrieved
783:
774:
703:
691:
676:growth plate
646:
642:
641:
634:
615:
599:Chondrocytes
592:
588:
587:
573:
553:
551:osteocytes.
549:
527:
517:January 2021
514:
510:adding to it
505:
479:By 25 years
462:Bone of the
391:Time period
372:
367:
338:
334:osteogenesis
310:osteogenesis
303:
266:material by
255:
252:osteogenesis
251:
248:Ossification
247:
246:
215:
202:October 2017
199:
191:
153:
144:
134:
127:
120:
113:
101:
89:Please help
84:verification
81:
57:
50:
44:
43:Please help
40:
1264:bone marrow
1004:chondrocyte
735:Mechanostat
706:vertebrates
693:spotted gar
665:osteoblasts
661:osteoclasts
626:osteoclasts
622:osteoblasts
344:bone tissue
316:treated by
283:bone tissue
276:bone tissue
272:osteoblasts
1579:Categories
1554:Sclerotome
1397:Osteolysis
1254:trabeculae
1249:canaliculi
1227:periosteum
1186:epicondyle
1171:metaphysis
1131:cancellous
1089:osteoclast
1079:osteoblast
991:metaphysis
871:2024-05-15
858:StatPearls
789:2021-01-22
766:References
714:exaptation
611:periosteum
533:flat bones
531:forms the
368:vice versa
291:mesenchyme
117:newspapers
46:improve it
1419:Cartilage
1351:cartilage
1295:irregular
1222:endosteum
1195:Structure
1176:diaphysis
1157:epiphysis
1084:osteocyte
973:Cartilage
965:cartilage
698:cartilage
682:Evolution
657:epiphysis
649:epiphysis
637:vertebrae
603:epiphysis
595:diaphysis
472:vertebrae
468:clavicles
383:cytokines
299:cartilage
297:involves
293:), while
52:talk page
1537:Limb bud
1404:Bone age
1300:sesamoid
1239:enthesis
1136:cortical
920:10933086
912:12430166
866:30969540
817:17572649
741:Ossicone
724:See also
710:minerals
545:hip bone
541:mandible
452:os coxae
440:scapulae
328:plates,
188:24292720
147:May 2011
1559:Myotome
1463:Chewing
1244:lacunae
1181:condyle
1145:Regions
1115:osteoid
1024:fibrous
1019:elastic
1014:hyaline
556:osteoid
535:of the
464:sternum
356:calcium
280:healthy
192:updated
131:scholar
1273:Shapes
1202:osteon
1110:ossein
1098:Matrix
1010:Types
995:Cells
918:
910:
864:
815:
470:, and
364:tissue
330:screws
270:named
186:
133:
126:
119:
112:
104:
1455:Teeth
1437:Joint
1285:short
1124:Types
1072:Cells
916:S2CID
653:tibia
537:skull
360:cells
326:metal
324:with
314:bones
268:cells
258:) in
237:TGF-β
138:JSTOR
124:books
1511:bone
1359:Bone
1349:and
1347:bone
1290:flat
1280:long
1036:Bone
963:and
961:Bone
908:PMID
862:PMID
813:PMID
663:and
605:. A
543:and
381:and
375:bone
362:and
264:bone
184:PMID
110:news
898:doi
547:.
512:.
304:In
254:or
241:IGF
93:by
1581::
914:.
906:.
894:59
892:.
888:.
856:,
825:^
809:32
807:.
782:.
690:A
585:.
539:,
466:,
370:.
336:.
285::
239:,
55:.
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1338:e
1331:t
1324:v
1164:/
953:e
946:t
939:v
922:.
900::
819:.
792:.
519:)
515:(
222:)
216:(
204:)
200:(
194:.
160:)
154:(
149:)
145:(
135:·
128:·
121:·
114:·
87:.
62:)
58:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
