716:
1393:
1928:
1518:
1936:
897:
2386:
1816:
639:
963:
called "privacy addresses" or, more correctly, "temporary addresses". Temporary addresses are random and unstable. A typical consumer device generates a new temporary address daily and will ignore traffic addressed to an old address after one week. Temporary addresses are used by default by
Windows since XP SP1, macOS since (Mac OS X) 10.7, Android since 4.0, and iOS since version 4.3. Use of temporary addresses by Linux distributions varies.
1221:
2226:
1086:
1783:
stack requires that the resolving DNS server can resolve both types of addresses. Such a dual-stack DNS server holds IPv4 addresses in the A records and IPv6 addresses in the AAAA records. Depending on the destination that is to be resolved, a DNS name server may return an IPv4 or IPv6 IP address, or both. A default address selection mechanism, or preferred protocol, needs to be configured either on hosts or the DNS server. The
2050:, causing IPv6 traffic flowing into networks having only IPv4 security management in place. This may also occur with operating system upgrades, when the newer operating system enables IPv6 by default, while the older one did not. Failing to update the security infrastructure to accommodate IPv6 can lead to IPv6 traffic bypassing it. Shadow networks have occurred on business networks in which enterprises are replacing
83:
36:
907:, the transmission of a packet to multiple destinations in a single send operation, is part of the base specification in IPv6. In IPv4 this is an optional (although commonly implemented) feature. IPv6 multicast addressing has features and protocols in common with IPv4 multicast, but also provides changes and improvements by eliminating the need for certain protocols. IPv6 does not implement traditional
1232:
subnet always uses 64 bits for the host portion of the address, designated as the interface identifier, while the most-significant 64 bits are used as the routing prefix. While the myth has existed regarding IPv6 subnets being impossible to scan, RFC 7707 notes that patterns resulting from some IPv6 address configuration techniques and algorithms allow address scanning in many real-world scenarios.
2105:
888:(CIDR) methods were developed to make the best use of the small address space. The standard size of a subnet in IPv6 is 2 addresses, about four billion times the size of the entire IPv4 address space. Thus, actual address space utilization will be small in IPv6, but network management and routing efficiency are improved by the large subnet space and hierarchical route aggregation.
985:(IKE) was recommended, but with RFC 6434 the inclusion of IPsec in IPv6 implementations was downgraded to a recommendation because it was considered impractical to require full IPsec implementation for all types of devices that may use IPv6. However, as of RFC 4301 IPv6 protocol implementations that do implement IPsec need to implement IKEv2 and need to support a minimum set of
1129:
843:, designed to minimize packet header processing by routers. Because the headers of IPv4 packets and IPv6 packets are significantly different, the two protocols are not interoperable. However, most transport and application-layer protocols need little or no change to operate over IPv6; exceptions are application protocols that embed Internet-layer addresses, such as
1491:
response, known as a router advertisement, from a router, the response includes the network configuration information to allow establishment of a globally unique address with an appropriate unicast network prefix. There are also two flag bits that tell the host whether it should use DHCP to get further information and addresses:
1826:(ISPs) are increasingly providing their business and private customers with public-facing IPv6 global unicast addresses. If IPv4 is still used in the local area network (LAN), however, and the ISP can only provide one public-facing IPv6 address, the IPv4 LAN addresses are translated into the public facing IPv6 address using
1418:. This prefix is followed by 54 bits that can be used for subnetting, although they are typically set to zeros, and a 64-bit interface identifier. The host can compute and assign the Interface identifier by itself without the presence or cooperation of an external network component like a DHCP server, in a process called
1006:. However, many devices implement IPv6 support in software (as opposed to hardware), thus resulting in very bad packet processing performance. Additionally, for many implementations, the use of Extension Headers causes packets to be processed by a router's CPU, leading to poor performance or even security issues.
2120:(IETF) in the early 1990s started an effort to develop a next generation IP protocol. By the beginning of 1992, several proposals appeared for an expanded Internet addressing system and by the end of 1992 the IETF announced a call for white papers. In September 1993, the IETF created a temporary, ad hoc
583:
for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the
Internet after commercialization in the 1990s, it became evident that far more addresses would be needed to connect devices than the IPv4 address space had available. By 1998, the IETF had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6
1884:
While some ISPs still allocate customers only IPv4 addresses, many ISPs allocate their customers only an IPv6 or dual-stack IPv4 and IPv6. ISPs report the share of IPv6 traffic from customers over their network to be anything between 20% and 40%, but by mid-2017 IPv6 traffic still only accounted for
1425:
The lower 64 bits of the link-local address (the suffix) were originally derived from the MAC address of the underlying network interface card. As this method of assigning addresses would cause undesirable address changes when faulty network cards were replaced, and as it also suffered from a number
966:
Renumbering an existing network for a new connectivity provider with different routing prefixes is a major effort with IPv4. With IPv6, however, changing the prefix announced by a few routers can in principle renumber an entire network, since the host identifiers (the least-significant 64 bits of an
1485:
A host bringing up a new IPv6 interface first generates a unique link-local address using one of several mechanisms designed to generate a unique address. Should a non-unique address be detected, the host can try again with a newly generated address. Once a unique link-local address is established,
1231:
have 128 bits. The design of the IPv6 address space implements a different design philosophy than in IPv4, in which subnetting was used to improve the efficiency of utilization of the small address space. In IPv6, the address space is deemed large enough for the foreseeable future, and a local area
943:
IPv6 hosts configure themselves automatically. Every interface has a self-generated link-local address and, when connected to a network, conflict resolution is performed and routers provide network prefixes via router advertisements. Stateless configuration of routers can be achieved with a special
1791:
to assist dual-stack applications, so that they can connect using both IPv4 and IPv6, but prefer an IPv6 connection if it is available. However, dual-stack also needs to be implemented on all routers between the host and the service for which the DNS server has returned an IPv6 address. Dual-stack
1490:
interface that supports IPv6. It does so by sending out an ICMPv6 router solicitation message to the all-routers multicast group with its link-local address as source. If there is no answer after a predetermined number of attempts, the host concludes that no routers are connected. If it does get a
928:
for IPv6 have at least a 64-bit routing prefix, yielding the smallest subnet size available in IPv6 (also 64 bits). With such an assignment it is possible to embed the unicast address prefix into the IPv6 multicast address format, while still providing a 32-bit block, the least significant bits of
1782:
A device with dual-stack implementation in the operating system has an IPv4 and IPv6 address, and can communicate with other nodes in the LAN or the
Internet using either IPv4 or IPv6. The DNS protocol is used by both IP protocols to resolve fully qualified domain names and IP addresses, but dual
1918:
to tunnel over IPv4 networks, by encapsulating IPv6 packets within UDP. The Teredo relay is an IPv6 router that mediates between a Teredo server and the native IPv6 network. It was expected that 6to4 and Teredo would be widely deployed until ISP networks would switch to native IPv6, but by 2014
1897:
reported 7%. A 2017 survey found that many DSL customers that were served by a dual stack ISP did not request DNS servers to resolve fully qualified domain names into IPv6 addresses. The survey also found that the majority of traffic from IPv6-ready web-server resources were still requested and
962:
A stable, unique, globally addressable IP address would facilitate tracking a device across networks. Therefore, such addresses are a particular privacy concern for mobile devices, such as laptops and cell phones. To address these privacy concerns, the SLAAC protocol includes what are typically
1978:
Because of the significant internal differences between IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks, some of the lower-level functionality available to programmers in the IPv6 stack does not work the same when used with IPv4-mapped addresses. Some common IPv6 stacks do not implement the IPv4-mapped address
919:
multicast group at address ff02::1, which is analogous to IPv4 multicasting to address 224.0.0.1. IPv6 also provides for new multicast implementations, including embedding rendezvous point addresses in an IPv6 multicast group address, which simplifies the deployment of inter-domain solutions.
1093:
The IPv6 packet header has a minimum size of 40 octets (320 bits). Options are implemented as extensions. This provides the opportunity to extend the protocol in the future without affecting the core packet structure. However, RFC 7872 notes that some network operators drop IPv6 packets with
757:
as decimal values of four octets, each in the range 0 to 255, or 8 bits per number. Thus, IPv4 provides an addressing capability of 2 or approximately 4.3 billion addresses. Address exhaustion was not initially a concern in IPv4 as this version was originally presumed to be a test of DARPA's
1002:. Although IPv6 packet headers are at least twice the size of IPv4 packet headers, processing of packets that only contain the base IPv6 header by routers may, in some cases, be more efficient, because less processing is required in routers due to the headers being aligned to match common
668:
In addition to offering more addresses, IPv6 also implements features not present in IPv4. It simplifies aspects of address configuration, network renumbering, and router announcements when changing network connectivity providers. It simplifies packet processing in routers by placing the
2286:
By 2011, all major operating systems in use on personal computers and server systems had production-quality IPv6 implementations. Cellular telephone systems presented a large deployment field for
Internet Protocol devices as mobile telephone service made the transition from
1158:
field tells the receiver how to interpret the data which follows the header. If the packet contains options, this field contains the option type of the next option. The "Next Header" field of the last option points to the upper-layer protocol that is carried in the packet's
1834:(NAT) mechanism. Some ISPs cannot provide their customers with public-facing IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, thus supporting dual-stack networking, because some ISPs have exhausted their globally routable IPv4 address pool. Meanwhile, ISP customers are still trying to reach IPv4
1743:, a dual-stack implementation of the IPv4 and IPv6 on devices is the easiest way to migrate to IPv6. Many other transition mechanisms use tunneling to encapsulate IPv6 traffic within IPv4 networks and vice versa. This is an imperfect solution, which reduces the
1498:
The Other bit, which indicates whether or not the host should obtain other information through DHCP. The other information consists of one or more prefix information options for the subnets that the host is attached to, a lifetime for the prefix, and two flags:
1943:
Hybrid dual-stack IPv6/IPv4 implementations recognize a special class of addresses, the IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses. These addresses are typically written with a 96-bit prefix in the standard IPv6 format, and the remaining 32 bits are written in the customary
989:. This requirement will help to make IPsec implementations more interoperable between devices from different vendors. The IPsec Authentication Header (AH) and the Encapsulating Security Payload header (ESP) are implemented as IPv6 extension headers.
859:
The main advantage of IPv6 over IPv4 is its larger address space. The size of an IPv6 address is 128 bits, compared to 32 bits in IPv4. The address space therefore has 2=340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,431,768,211,456 addresses (340
1314:
Consecutive sections of zeros are replaced with two colons (::). This may only be used once in an address, as multiple use would render the address indeterminate. A double colon should not be used to denote an omitted single section of
615:. The use of multicast addressing is expanded and simplified, and provides additional optimization for the delivery of services. Device mobility, security, and configuration aspects have been considered in the design of the protocol.
1383:
Because IPv6 addresses contain colons, and URLs use colons to separate the host from the port number, an IPv6 address used as the host-part of a URL should be enclosed in square brackets, e.g. http:// or http://:8080/path/page.html.
758:
networking concepts. During the first decade of operation of the
Internet, it became apparent that methods had to be developed to conserve address space. In the early 1990s, even after the redesign of the addressing system using a
1525:
The assignment procedure for global addresses is similar to local-address construction. The prefix is supplied from router advertisements on the network. Multiple prefix announcements cause multiple addresses to be configured.
2074:
requires that the first fragment of an IPv6 packet contains the entire IPv6 header chain, such that some very pathological fragmentation cases are forbidden. Additionally, as a result of research on the evasion of RA-Guard in
879:
While this address space is very large, it was not the intent of the designers of IPv6 to assure geographical saturation with usable addresses. Rather, the longer addresses simplify allocation of addresses, enable efficient
929:
the address, or approximately 4.2 billion multicast group identifiers. Thus each user of an IPv6 subnet automatically has available a set of globally routable source-specific multicast groups for multicast applications.
1025:
of
Internet design, which envisioned that most processing in the network occurs in the leaf nodes. Integrity protection for the data that is encapsulated in the IPv6 packet is assumed to be assured by both the
1669:(FQDN), the DNS client of the host sends two DNS requests, one querying A records and the other querying AAAA records. The host operating system may be configured with a preference for address selection rules
1502:
On-link: If this flag is set, the host will treat all addresses on the specific subnet as being on-link and send packets directly to them instead of sending them to a router for the duration of the given
997:
The packet header in IPv6 is simpler than the IPv4 header. Many rarely used fields have been moved to optional header extensions. The IPv6 packet header has simplified the process of packet forwarding by
923:
In IPv4 it is very difficult for an organization to get even one globally routable multicast group assignment, and the implementation of inter-domain solutions is arcane. Unicast address assignments by a
1906:
The technical basis for tunneling, or encapsulating IPv6 packets in IPv4 packets, is outlined in RFC 4213. When the
Internet backbone was IPv4-only, one of the frequently used tunneling protocols was
2058:
systems, that do. Some IPv6 stack implementors have therefore recommended disabling IPv4 mapped addresses and instead using a dual-stack network where supporting both IPv4 and IPv6 is necessary.
4255:
2264:
began experimental IPv6 deployment in 2003 and by 2016 the IPv6 traffic on their networks averaged between 20% and 40%. A significant portion of this IPv6 traffic was generated through their
981:(IPsec) was originally developed for IPv6, but found widespread deployment first in IPv4, for which it was re-engineered. IPsec was a mandatory part of all IPv6 protocol implementations, and
2318:(BGP) routing database. A further 243 networks advertised only an IPv6 prefix. Internet backbone transit networks offering IPv6 support existed in every country globally, except in parts of
1154:(320 bits) of the IPv6 packet. It contains the source and destination addresses, traffic class, hop count, and the type of the optional extension or payload which follows the header. This
596:
total addresses. The actual number is slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special usage or completely excluded from general use. The two protocols are not designed to be
2038:
A number of security implications may arise from the use of IPv6. Some of them may be related with the IPv6 protocols themselves, while others may be related with implementation flaws.
2424:
3153:
801:
1495:
The Manage bit, which indicates whether or not the host should use DHCP to obtain additional addresses rather than rely on an auto-configured address from the router advertisement.
955:. The design of IPv6 intended to re-emphasize the end-to-end principle of network design that was originally conceived during the establishment of the early Internet by rendering
4599:
4408:
2737:
4884:
812:(AFRINIC) as the sole regional internet registry that is still using the normal protocol for distributing IPv4 addresses. As of November 2018, AFRINIC's minimum allocation is
1951:
Addresses in this group consist of an 80-bit prefix of zeros, the next 16 bits are ones, and the remaining, least-significant 32 bits contain the IPv4 address. For example,
5331:
3191:
2409:
528:
1898:
served over IPv4, mostly due to ISP customers that did not use the dual stack facility provided by their ISP and to a lesser extent due to customers of IPv4-only ISPs.
5426:
1482:(LAN) by sending a neighbor solicitation message asking for the link-layer address of the IP address. If any other host in the LAN is using that address, it responds.
1147:
The header consists of a fixed portion with minimal functionality required for all packets and may be followed by optional extensions to implement special features.
5326:
2404:
607:
IPv6 provides other technical benefits in addition to a larger addressing space. In particular, it permits hierarchical address allocation methods that facilitate
2853:
4979:
2573:
3423:
1177:
Extension headers carry options that are used for special treatment of a packet in the network, e.g., for routing, fragmentation, and for security using the
288:
2156:(Xerox), Dino Farinacci (Cisco), Paul Francis (NTT), Eric Fleischmann (Boeing), Mark Knopper (Ameritech), Greg Minshall (Novell), Rob Ullmann (Lotus), and
5373:
2132:, and had a directorate with 15 engineers from diverse backgrounds for direction-setting and preliminary document review: The working-group members were
2303:
released technical specifications for devices to operate on its "next-generation" networks. The specification mandated IPv6 operation according to the
1077:
and is therefore as efficient as native IPv6. IPv6 routers may also allow entire subnets to move to a new router connection point without renumbering.
4247:
5321:
2163:
The
Internet Engineering Task Force adopted the IPng model on 25 July 1994, with the formation of several IPng working groups. By 1996, a series of
1736:
are needed to enable IPv6 hosts to reach IPv4 services and to allow isolated IPv6 hosts and networks to reach each other over IPv4 infrastructure.
1042:. Thus, while IPv4 allowed UDP datagram headers to have no checksum (indicated by 0 in the header field), IPv6 requires a checksum in UDP headers.
5400:
4566:
793:
5079:
2091:
has deprecated the use of fragmentation with
Neighbor Discovery, and discouraged the use of fragmentation with Secure Neighbor Discovery (SEND).
1240:
The 128 bits of an IPv6 address are represented in 8 groups of 16 bits each. Each group is written as four hexadecimal digits (sometimes called
805:
3805:
3771:
3740:
3375:
2733:
827:
RIPE NCC announced that it had fully run out of IPv4 addresses on 25 November 2019, and called for greater progress on the adoption of IPv6.
521:
248:
2845:
777:(RIRs). However, each RIR still has available address pools and is expected to continue with standard address allocation policies until one
378:
373:
343:
970:
The SLAAC address generation method is implementation-dependent. IETF recommends that addresses be deterministic but semantically opaque.
5098:
4099:
4058:
2823:
4147:
2141:
1732:
IPv6 is not foreseen to supplant IPv4 instantaneously. Both protocols will continue to operate simultaneously for some time. Therefore,
770:
739:
203:
4589:
4404:
753:. IPv4 includes an addressing system that uses numerical identifiers consisting of 32 bits. These addresses are typically displayed in
661:
transmission across multiple IP networks, closely adhering to the design principles developed in the previous version of the protocol,
4497:
1603:
s are specifically considered. It remains to be seen whether ISPs will honor this recommendation. For example, during initial trials,
1167:
450:
393:
318:
4890:
5431:
4630:
4481:
4337:
4306:
4286:
2611:
2066:
Research has shown that the use of fragmentation can be leveraged to evade network security controls, similar to IPv4. As a result,
460:
430:
1914:
was also frequently used for integrating IPv6 LANs with the IPv4 Internet backbone. Teredo is outlined in RFC 4380 and allows IPv6
5151:
1106:
IPv4 limits packets to 65,535 (2−1) octets of payload. An IPv6 node can optionally handle packets over this limit, referred to as
5436:
5132:
1171:
514:
445:
238:
915:, and therefore does not define broadcast addresses. In IPv6, the same result is achieved by sending a packet to the link-local
4784:
4199:
3831:
3102:
2667:
2532:
2493:
2117:
561:
115:
4832:
3070:
1987:). On these operating systems, a program must open a separate socket for each IP protocol it uses. On some systems, e.g., the
5252:
4858:
4121:
3183:
2414:
2399:
2238:
885:
785:
759:
263:
253:
2046:
The addition of nodes having IPv6 enabled by default by the software manufacturer may result in the inadvertent creation of
1279:
from any group of hexadecimal digits are removed, which is usually done to all of the leading zeros. For example, the group
4382:
3318:
3277:
1792:
clients should be configured to prefer IPv6 only if the network is able to forward IPv6 packets using the IPv6 versions of
1680:
An alternative record type was used in early DNS implementations for IPv6, designed to facilitate network renumbering, the
2770:
2314:
continued. In 2018 only 25.3% of the about 54,000 autonomous systems advertised both IPv4 and IPv6 prefixes in the global
1555:
blocks, which they divide among subordinate networks. The initial recommendation of
September 2001 stated assignment of a
1031:
383:
363:
313:
2710:
5383:
1095:
1003:
303:
298:
293:
5378:
4143:
2242:
1831:
1666:
1463:
1459:
956:
715:
480:
440:
308:
2279:(DNS) has supported IPv6 since 2008. In the same year, IPv6 was first used in a major world event during the Beijing
4987:
2565:
1392:
5393:
2230:
1842:
1823:
978:
774:
3415:
5388:
5352:
5082:(Press release). The Beijing Organizing Committee for the Games of the XXIX Olympiad. 30 May 2008. Archived from
2797:
2149:
1870:
1744:
1733:
1727:
1455:
1111:
1054:
769:
The last unassigned top-level address blocks of 16 million IPv4 addresses were allocated in February 2011 by the
601:
5059:
1927:
2444:
2176:
1517:
1110:, which can be as large as 4,294,967,295 (2−1) octets. The use of jumbograms may improve performance over high-
333:
273:
1271:
For convenience and clarity, the representation of an IPv6 address may be shortened with the following rules:
5347:
3521:
2315:
2261:
2246:
1886:
1541:
925:
821:
789:
763:
710:
600:, and thus direct communication between them is impossible, complicating the move to IPv6. However, several
565:
556:
that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the
500:
490:
283:
198:
182:
1935:
788:(CIDR) block remains. After that, only blocks of 1,024 addresses (/22) will be provided from the RIRs to a
2354:
had an IPv6 deployment of about 66%. In 2018 Xfinity reported an estimated 36.1 million IPv6 users, while
2300:
1763:
Dual-stack IP implementations provide complete IPv4 and IPv6 protocol stacks in the operating system of a
1035:
844:
553:
368:
218:
959:
obsolete. Therefore, every device on the network is globally addressable directly from any other device.
2371:
982:
896:
873:
848:
495:
268:
4554:
5083:
4523:
3791:
2385:
1815:
4940:
4806:
4756:
4675:
4447:
4221:
4167:
3948:
3895:
3853:
3676:
3599:
3541:
3495:
3454:
3349:
3230:
3124:
3049:
3003:
2681:
2280:
2164:
1945:
1858:
1022:
1010:
908:
754:
278:
162:
572:. In December 1998, IPv6 became a Draft Standard for the IETF, which subsequently ratified it as an
2265:
1915:
1160:
1141:
1021:
in the IPv6 protocol) is reduced by one. The absence of a checksum in the IPv6 header furthers the
944:
router renumbering protocol. When necessary, hosts may configure additional stateful addresses via
1202:
to make their packets small enough to reach the destination without needing to be fragmented. See
5245:
2641:
2367:
2276:
2137:
1748:
1639:
1627:
1487:
1479:
1401:
1199:
1137:
1074:
1050:
999:
673:
size is standardized by fixing the size of the host identifier portion of an address to 64 bits.
485:
213:
2524:
2485:
1845:(RIR) zones have obtained IPv6 address space. This includes many of the world's major ISPs and
5261:
4798:
4774:
4667:
4626:
4477:
4333:
4282:
4213:
4073:
4030:
3845:
3801:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3736:
3381:
3371:
3116:
2811:
2617:
2607:
2536:
2311:
2211:, which elevated IPv6 to "Internet Standard" (the highest maturity level for IETF protocols).
1980:
1862:
1797:
1793:
1151:
1058:
881:
742:
731:
638:
608:
573:
549:
413:
189:
3726:
824:
may receive additional allocation when about 80% of all the address space has been utilized.
5162:
5065:
5039:
5006:
4959:
4788:
4746:
4657:
4437:
4372:
4362:
4203:
4157:
4089:
4081:
4048:
4038:
4011:
3938:
3885:
3835:
3666:
3589:
3531:
3485:
3444:
3339:
3308:
3300:
3267:
3259:
3220:
3187:
3136:
3106:
3039:
2993:
2962:
2942:
2922:
2902:
2883:
2671:
2569:
2544:
2497:
2335:
2204:
2196:
2188:
2168:
2084:
2076:
2067:
1911:
1850:
1804:
1711:
1703:
1695:
1670:
1655:
1435:
1427:
1046:
677:
651:
2241:(CIDR) in the routing and IP address allocation for the Internet, and the extensive use of
1220:
5309:
5106:
3920:
2391:
2225:
2220:
1874:
1752:
1085:
1039:
654:
354:
104:
4302:
1779:. This permits dual-stack hosts to participate in IPv6 and IPv4 networks simultaneously.
622:
digits each, separated by colons. The full representation may be shortened; for example,
4911:
Cicileo, Guillermo; Gagliano, Roque; O’Flaherty, Christian; et al. (October 2009).
4002:
Narten, T. (August 1999). "Neighbor discovery and stateless autoconfiguration in IPv6".
2299:(VoIP) service that would leverage IPv6 enhancements. In 2009, the US cellular operator
2256:
deployed IPv6 at a trial location in 2004 and later expanded IPv6 deployment across the
1807:
and network device vendors, legacy networking hardware and servers do not support IPv6.
1114:
links. The use of jumbograms is indicated by the Jumbo Payload Option extension header.
1013:
is calculated for the IPv4 header, and has to be recalculated by routers every time the
49:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
3928:
3527:
Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6 Headers
2257:
2145:
2125:
1846:
1788:
1772:
1768:
851:(NTP), where the new address format may cause conflicts with existing protocol syntax.
836:
750:
647:
404:
74:
911:, i.e. the transmission of a packet to all hosts on the attached link using a special
5421:
5415:
5238:
3656:
3475:
3400:
2520:
2481:
2350:
had 73% and 63% IPv6 deployment respectively. In the United States the broadband ISP
2296:
2253:
2153:
2129:
1979:
feature, either because the IPv6 and IPv4 stacks are separate implementations (e.g.,
1878:
612:
597:
155:
4912:
1702:
and its references (with further discussion of the pros and cons of both schemes in
5283:
4113:
3924:
1988:
1740:
1690:
1434:
has replaced the original MAC-based method with the hash-based method specified in
1377:
1276:
1260:) and the groups are separated by colons (:). An example of this representation is
1228:
1215:
1014:
986:
938:
720:
323:
1919:
Google Statistics showed that the use of both mechanisms had dropped to almost 0.
5002:
2760:
1566:
subnet to end-consumer sites. In March 2011 this recommendation was refined: The
1450:
IPv6 uses a new mechanism for mapping IP addresses to link-layer addresses (e.g.
5288:
5224:
4818:
4809:
4778:
4759:
4740:
4703:
4699:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4678:
4647:
4459:
4450:
4431:
4354:
4233:
4224:
4193:
4179:
4170:
4151:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3932:
3907:
3898:
3879:
3865:
3856:
3825:
3732:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3679:
3660:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3602:
3583:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3544:
3525:
3507:
3498:
3479:
3457:
3438:
3352:
3333:
3292:
3251:
3233:
3214:
3140:
3127:
3096:
3052:
3033:
3019:
3015:
3006:
2987:
2966:
2946:
2926:
2906:
2684:
2661:
2323:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2172:
2157:
2140:(AT&T), Jim Bound (Digital Equipment Corporation), Ross Callon (Wellfleet),
2088:
2080:
2071:
1835:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1674:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1451:
1439:
1431:
1376:
As an IPv6 address may have more than one representation, the IETF has issued a
1203:
1123:
1070:
861:
840:
681:
619:
171:
167:
3623:
2104:
1053:, perform end-to-end fragmentation, or send packets no larger than the default
5230:
4914:
IPv6 For All: A Guide for IPv6 Usage and Application in Different Environments
2706:
2698:
2635:
2381:
2051:
1854:
1467:
1248:
1027:
952:
670:
580:
471:
5044:
5027:
4802:
4671:
4217:
3849:
3385:
3120:
2621:
2540:
1198:
Unlike with IPv4, routers never fragment a packet. Hosts are expected to use
1166:
The current use of the IPv6 Traffic Class field divides this between a 6 bit
5293:
3157:
3098:
Temporary Address Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6
2327:
2133:
2055:
1894:
1478:
transmission. IPv6 hosts verify the uniqueness of their IPv6 addresses in a
1475:
1107:
1018:
904:
884:, and allow implementation of special addressing features. In IPv4, complex
693:
150:
82:
2124:(IPng) area to deal specifically with such issues. The new area was led by
4739:
R. Gilligan; S. Thomson; J. Bound; J. McCann; W. Stevens (February 2003).
3252:"Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway?"
2734:"IPv4 Address Exhaustion Not Instant Cause for Concern with IPv6 in Wings"
1486:
the IPv6 host determines whether the LAN is connected on this link to any
43:
Parts of this article (those related to RFC 8200 and RFC 8201) need to be
4727:
4117:
3161:
2849:
2765:
2113:
1866:
1776:
1764:
1684:
records for the forward lookup and a number of other innovations such as
1631:
797:
746:
658:
557:
17:
4015:
3216:
Network Renumbering Overview: Why would I want it and what is it anyway?
2931:
Embedding the Rendezvous Point (RP) Address in an IPv6 Multicast Address
2342:
in the Netherlands had 73% deployment and in Belgium the broadband ISPs
2167:
was released defining Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), starting with
1128:
5218:
4723:
4251:
4248:"Comcast Activates First Users With IPv6 Native Dual Stack Over DOCSIS"
2879:
2819:
2355:
2351:
2347:
1996:
1984:
1604:
809:
766:, and that further changes to the Internet infrastructure were needed.
689:
685:
5212:
5011:
4964:
4955:
4377:
4094:
4053:
3313:
3272:
2888:
2793:
2549:
2502:
1506:
Address: This flag tells the host to actually create a global address.
5368:
5003:"The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol – Appendix B"
4793:
4751:
4662:
4442:
4367:
4208:
4162:
4085:
4043:
3943:
3890:
3840:
3797:
3671:
3594:
3536:
3490:
3449:
3437:
V. Devarapalli; R. Wakikawa; A. Petrescu; P. Thubert (January 2005).
3344:
3304:
3263:
3225:
3111:
3044:
2998:
2676:
2448:
2419:
2339:
2331:
2319:
1992:
1890:
1651:
1471:
1242:
945:
434:
328:
227:
207:
3071:"Privacy Extensions for Stateless Address Autoconfiguration in IPv6"
669:
responsibility for packet fragmentation in the end points. The IPv6
3728:
IPv6 Fundamentals: A Straightforward Approach to Understanding IPv6
2637:
Google IPv6 Conference 2008: What will the IPv6 Internet look like?
5183:
5032:
International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls
4717:
4594:
4562:
2527:(July 2017), "Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification",
2224:
2103:
2011:
1934:
1926:
1827:
1814:
1643:
1516:
1391:
1219:
1178:
1127:
1084:
895:
735:
714:
637:
455:
233:
4646:
M. Cotton; L. Vegoda; B. Haberman (April 2013). R. Bonica (ed.).
3416:"Operational Implications of IPv6 Packets with Extension Headers"
4653:
4498:"Understanding Dual Stacking of IPv4 and IPv6 Unicast Addresses"
4358:
4077:
4034:
3419:
3296:
3255:
2269:
2054:
systems that do not have an IPv6 stack enabled by default, with
1967:. A previous format, called "IPv4-compatible IPv6 address", was
1907:
1784:
1646:, where the name space is hierarchically divided by the 1-digit
1567:
727:
662:
569:
418:
388:
338:
258:
223:
143:
5234:
3759:
IPv6 Address Planning: Designing an Address Plan for the Future
2880:"Technical Criteria for Choosing IP The Next Generation (IPng)"
1999:, this feature is controlled by the socket option IPV6_V6ONLY.
1570:"recommends giving home sites significantly more than a single
5314:
2343:
1654:
units (4 bits) of the IPv6 address. This scheme is defined in
1049:. IPv6 hosts are required to do one of the following: perform
762:
model, it became clear that this would not suffice to prevent
585:
243:
29:
4153:
IAB/IESG Recommendations on IPv6 Address Allocations to Sites
3370:(3rd ed.). Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly Media. p. 196.
1983:
2000, XP, and Server 2003), or because of security concerns (
872:). Some blocks of this space and some specific addresses are
4531:
3585:
The Addition of Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) to IP
3095:
F. Gont; S. Krishnan; T. Narten; R. Draves (February 2021).
2330:
ISPs had deployed IPv6 for the majority of their customers.
2249:
to allow for IPv6 deployment, which began in the mid-2000s.
1195:
extension header), the payload must be less than 4 GB.
2292:
2288:
5227:– RFC 8200 document ratifying IPv6 as an Internet Standard
4074:"IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration - Section 5.5.1"
2374:
on IPv6, with the two network providers refusing to peer.
2260:. By 2016, 82% of the traffic on their network used IPv6.
1819:
IPv6 Prefix Assignment mechanism with IANA, RIRs, and ISPs
1009:
Moreover, an IPv6 header does not include a checksum. The
3154:"Overview of the Advanced Networking Pack for Windows XP"
2597:
2595:
2593:
2591:
1665:
When a dual-stack host queries a DNS server to resolve a
1581:, but does not recommend that every home site be given a
1030:
or error detection in higher-layer protocols, namely the
967:
address) can be independently self-configured by a host.
5133:"Verizon Mandates IPv6 Support for Next-Gen Cell Phones"
4623:
IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 into Your IPv4 Network
4474:
IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 into Your IPv4 Network
4330:
IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 into Your IPv4 Network
4279:
IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 into Your IPv4 Network
3368:
IPv6 Essentials: Integrating IPv6 into Your IPv4 Network
4405:"IPv6: Dual stack where you can; tunnel where you must"
2425:
University of New Hampshire InterOperability Laboratory
1529:
Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) requires a
618:
IPv6 addresses are represented as eight groups of four
5001:
Bradner, Scott O.; Mankin, Allison J. (January 1995).
4941:"IPv4-Mapped Addresses on the Wire Considered Harmful"
4433:
Basic Transition Mechanisms for IPv6 Hosts and Routers
3582:
K. Ramakrishnan; S. Floyd; D. Black (September 2001).
2951:
The Internet Multicast Address Allocation Architecture
2663:
The Recommendation for the IP Next Generation Protocol
2010:
is a class of IPv4-embedded IPv6 addresses for use in
802:
Latin America and Caribbean Network Information Centre
588:
addresses, theoretically allowing 2, or approximately
4956:"IP: Next Generation (IPng) White Paper Solicitation"
3827:
A Recommendation for IPv6 Address Text Representation
2709:: The Number Resource Organization. 3 February 2011.
1796:. When dual-stack network protocols are in place the
1458:
addressing method, on which the functionality of the
1184:
Without special options, a payload must be less than
611:
across the Internet, and thus limit the expansion of
4590:"Five ways for IPv6 and IPv4 to peacefully co-exist"
3069:
T. Narten; R. Draves; S. Krishnan (September 2007).
2252:
Universities were among the early adopters of IPv6.
835:
On the Internet, data is transmitted in the form of
564:(IETF) to deal with the long-anticipated problem of
5361:
5340:
5302:
5271:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3335:
Recommendation on Stable IPv6 Interface Identifiers
2986:S. Thomson; T. Narten; T. Jinmei (September 2007).
2953:, D. Thaler, M. Handley, D. Estrin (September 2000)
1710:), but has been deprecated to experimental status (
161:
149:
139:
121:
111:
100:
92:
4777:; M. Bagnulo; M. Boucadair; X. Li (October 2010).
2604:Linux Kernel Networking: Implementation and Theory
939:IPv6 address § Stateless address autoconfiguration
734:. IPv4 was developed as a research project by the
730:(IPv4) was the first publicly used version of the
684:and allows three different types of transmission:
676:The addressing architecture of IPv6 is defined in
5332:Comparison of IPv6 support in common applications
3934:Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax
2490:Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification
2410:Comparison of IPv6 support in common applications
2307:, and deprecated IPv4 as an optional capability.
2295:technologies, in which voice is provisioned as a
2203:in 1998. In July 2017 this RFC was superseded by
4303:"IPv6 Transition Mechanism/Tunneling Comparison"
1396:The Link-Local Unicast Address structure in IPv6
1334:After removing all leading zeros in each group:
798:Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre
5327:Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems
4886:Shadow Networks: an Unintended IPv6 Side Effect
4192:T. Narten; G. Huston; L. Roberts (March 2011).
4114:"IPv6 Address Allocation and Assignment Policy"
2878:Partridge, C.; Kastenholz, F. (December 1994).
2405:Comparison of IPv6 support in operating systems
1378:proposed standard for representing them in text
1224:A general structure for an IPv6 unicast address
5028:"The Shortcomings of Ipv6 and Upgrade of Ipv4"
4860:IPv6 Security Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
4588:Vaughan-Nichols, Steven J. (14 October 2010).
4555:"What Stops IPv6 Traffic in a Dual-Stack ISP?"
3440:Network Mobility (NEMO) Basic Support Protocol
3332:Cooper, Alissa; Gont, Fernando; Thaler, Dave.
2334:provided over 86% of its customers with IPv6,
1345:After omitting consecutive sections of zeros:
579:Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique
5246:
5080:"Beijing2008.cn leaps to next-generation Net"
3785:
3783:
2971:Unicast-Prefix-based IPv6 Multicast Addresses
2447:. New Zealand IPv6 Task Force. Archived from
1885:a fraction of total traffic at several large
1094:extension headers when they traverse transit
946:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6
522:
8:
4031:"Neighbor Discovery for IP version 6 (IPv6)"
3250:Ferguson, P.; Berkowitz, H. (January 1997).
2846:"The RIPE NCC has run out of IPv4 Addresses"
2529:IETF Request for Comments (RFC) Pages – Test
2366:There is a peering dispute going on between
2112:Due to the anticipated global growth of the
1521:The global unicast address structure in IPv6
1462:(ARP) in IPv4 is based. IPv6 implements the
1150:The fixed header occupies the first 40
808:(ARIN) have reached this stage. This leaves
68:
5184:"The case of Hurricane Electric And Cogent"
5026:Wang, Tao; Gao, Jiaqiong (1 January 2019).
3401:"IPv6 Security Assessment and Benchmarking"
2326:and China. By mid-2018 some major European
2108:A timeline for the standards governing IPv6
933:Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
5253:
5239:
5231:
5146:
5144:
5142:
5126:
5124:
4742:Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6
3819:
3817:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3213:P. Ferguson; H. Berkowitz (January 1997).
2981:
2979:
2873:
2871:
2699:"Free Pool of IPv4 Address Space Depleted"
2305:3GPP Release 8 Specifications (March 2009)
2187:The first RFC to standardize IPv6 was the
2175:. (Version 5 was used by the experimental
1747:(MTU) of a link and therefore complicates
1446:Address uniqueness and router solicitation
1319:An example of application of these rules:
1089:Several examples of IPv6 extension headers
529:
515:
178:
67:
5219:An Introduction and Statistics about IPv6
5043:
5010:
4963:
4954:Bradner, S.; Mankin, A. (December 1993).
4939:Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino (October 2003).
4792:
4750:
4661:
4441:
4430:E. Nordmark; R. Gilligan (October 2005).
4376:
4366:
4355:"Advisory Guidelines for 6to4 Deployment"
4332:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. pp. 222–223.
4207:
4161:
4093:
4052:
4042:
3942:
3889:
3839:
3824:S. Kawamura; M. Kawashima (August 2010).
3793:Practical IPv6 for Windows Administrators
3670:
3593:
3535:
3489:
3448:
3343:
3312:
3271:
3224:
3110:
3043:
2997:
2887:
2761:"Europe hits old internet address limits"
2675:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2548:
2515:
2513:
2501:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
951:Like IPv4, IPv6 supports globally unique
745:, before becoming the foundation for the
736:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
642:Glossary of terms used for IPv6 addresses
5322:World IPv6 Day and World IPv6 Launch Day
4780:IPv6 Addressing of IPv4/IPv6 Translators
2989:IPv6 Stateless Address Autoconfiguration
2933:, P. Savola, B. Haberman (November 2004)
2660:Bradner, S.; Mankin, A. (January 1995).
1841:A significant percentage of ISPs in all
5427:Internet properties established in 1996
5401:Site Multihoming by IPv6 Intermediation
2566:"RFC 8200 – IPv6 Has Been Standardized"
2436:
1803:While dual-stack is supported by major
1400:All interfaces of IPv6 hosts require a
1361:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001
1327:2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329
1264:2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:ff00:0042:8329
948:(DHCPv6) or static addresses manually.
794:Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre
624:2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334
470:
403:
353:
188:
181:
4407:. networkworld.com. 5 September 2007.
2973:, B. Haberman, D. Thaler (August 2002)
2644:from the original on 11 December 2021.
1975:; however, this method is deprecated.
806:American Registry for Internet Numbers
4649:Special-Purpose IP Address Registries
4102:from the original on 11 January 2024.
4061:from the original on 17 January 2024.
3426:from the original on 27 October 2023.
2800:from the original on 10 January 2024.
1811:ISP customers with public-facing IPv6
723:representation to its binary notation
7:
5225:The standard document ratifying IPv6
5099:"IPv6 and the 2008 Beijing Olympics"
4602:from the original on 5 December 2023
4476:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 222.
4411:from the original on 20 January 2024
4385:from the original on 28 January 2023
4309:from the original on 23 October 2023
4281:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 176.
4258:from the original on 23 October 2023
4246:Brzozowski, John (31 January 2011).
4195:IPv6 Address Assignment to End Sites
3662:IP Version 6 Addressing Architecture
3280:from the original on 7 January 2024.
3194:from the original on 23 October 2023
2856:from the original on 19 January 2024
2826:from the original on 23 October 2023
2773:from the original on 5 November 2023
2740:from the original on 20 January 2024
2713:from the original on 18 January 2024
2576:from the original on 23 October 2023
1931:IPv4-compatible IPv6 unicast address
1420:link-local address autoconfiguration
1191:. With a Jumbo Payload option (in a
792:(LIR). As of September 2015, all of
548:) is the most recent version of the
4625:. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 33.
3184:"Privacy Extensions for IPv6 SLAAC"
2911:Host extensions for IP multicasting
2732:Rashid, Fahmida (1 February 2011).
2195:in 1995, which became obsoleted by
1454:), because it does not support the
1357:The loopback address is defined as
771:Internet Assigned Numbers Authority
740:United States Department of Defense
604:have been devised to rectify this.
4857:Gont, Fernando (10 January 2019),
4569:from the original on 27 March 2023
4504:. Juniper Networks. 31 August 2017
2358:reported 22.3 million IPv6 users.
1168:Differentiated Services Code Point
810:African Network Information Center
27:Version 6 of the Internet Protocol
25:
3321:from the original on 8 June 2023.
2272:, which relies entirely on IPv6.
2014:transition methods. For example,
1638:("quad-A") resource records. For
719:Decomposition of the dot-decimal
4883:Mullins, Robert (5 April 2012),
4834:IPv6 Security for IPv4 Engineers
4831:Gont, Fernando (10 March 2019),
4124:from the original on 3 June 2023
2759:Ward, Mark (14 September 2012).
2564:Siddiqui, Aftab (17 July 2017).
2384:
1939:IPv4-mapped IPv6 unicast address
1634:are mapped to IPv6 addresses by
1426:of security and privacy issues,
1172:Explicit Congestion Notification
1136:An IPv6 packet has two parts: a
993:Simplified processing by routers
81:
34:
5152:"State of IPv6 Deployment 2018"
4785:Internet Engineering Task Force
4200:Internet Engineering Task Force
3832:Internet Engineering Task Force
3103:Internet Engineering Task Force
2533:Internet Engineering Task Force
2494:Internet Engineering Task Force
2118:Internet Engineering Task Force
1642:, the IETF reserved the domain
562:Internet Engineering Task Force
116:Internet Engineering Task Force
4072:Thomson, S. (September 2007).
3291:Berkowitz, H. (January 1997).
2415:DoD IPv6 product certification
2400:China Next Generation Internet
2310:The deployment of IPv6 in the
2239:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
1622:IPv6 in the Domain Name System
1607:customers were given a single
886:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
786:Classless Inter-Domain Routing
568:, and was intended to replace
1:
5061:State of IPv6 Deployment 2018
4553:Pujol, Enric (12 June 2017).
4353:Carpenter, B. (August 2011).
4029:Narten, T. (September 2007).
2229:Monthly IPv6 allocations per
1032:Transmission Control Protocol
5384:Multicast Listener Discovery
4980:"History of the IPng Effort"
3524:; D. Black (December 1998).
2338:had 56% deployment of IPv6,
2095:Standardization through RFCs
2022:represents the IPv4 address
1959:represents the IPv4 address
1759:Dual-stack IP implementation
1045:IPv6 routers do not perform
775:regional Internet registries
560:. IPv6 was developed by the
5379:Neighbor Discovery Protocol
5131:Morr, Derek (9 June 2009).
3478:; R. Hinden (August 1999).
3035:Router Renumbering for IPv6
3032:M. Crawford (August 2000).
2243:network address translation
1832:network address translation
1667:fully qualified domain name
1464:Neighbor Discovery Protocol
1460:Address Resolution Protocol
1338:2001:db8:0:0:0:ff00:42:8329
957:network address translation
900:Multicast structure in IPv6
728:Internet Protocol Version 4
663:Internet Protocol Version 4
542:Internet Protocol version 6
127:; 28 years ago
69:Internet Protocol version 6
5453:
5394:Multicast router discovery
4821:.
4706:.
4462:.
4236:.
4182:.
3987:.
3910:.
3881:Special-Use IPv6 Addresses
3878:M. Blanchet (April 2008).
3868:.
3715:.
3638:.
3572:.
3510:.
3293:"Router Renumbering Guide"
3143:.
3022:.
2913:, S. Deering (August 1989)
2640:. Event occurs at 13:35.
2231:regional Internet registry
2218:
1923:IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses
1843:regional Internet registry
1824:Internet service providers
1734:IPv6 transition mechanisms
1725:
1694:records. It is defined in
1213:
1121:
979:Internet Protocol Security
936:
820:or 1024 IPv4 addresses. A
708:
5389:Secure Neighbor Discovery
5353:IPv6 transition mechanism
4745:. Network Working Group.
4436:. Network Working Group.
4156:. Network Working Group.
3937:. Network Working Group.
3884:. Network Working Group.
3665:. Network Working Group.
3588:. Network Working Group.
3530:. Network Working Group.
3484:. Network Working Group.
3443:. Network Working Group.
3219:. Network Working Group.
3038:. Network Working Group.
2992:. Network Working Group.
2237:The 1993 introduction of
2062:IPv6 packet fragmentation
1893:reported it to be 2% and
1800:can be migrated to IPv6.
1745:maximum transmission unit
1728:IPv6 transition mechanism
1542:Local Internet registries
1204:IPv6 packet fragmentation
1055:maximum transmission unit
874:reserved for special uses
80:
73:
5432:Internet layer protocols
5213:IPv6 in the Linux Kernel
5045:10.21307/ijanmc-2019-029
2177:Internet Stream Protocol
1887:Internet exchange points
1859:Chubu Telecommunications
1838:and other destinations.
1775:implementation, such as
1404:, which have the prefix
987:cryptographic algorithms
657:and provides end-to-end
5437:Network layer protocols
5348:IPv4 address exhaustion
4004:IEEE Internet Computing
3790:Horley, Edward (2013).
3725:Graziani, Rick (2012).
3414:Gont, F. (March 2016).
2316:Border Gateway Protocol
2262:Imperial College London
2247:IPv4 address exhaustion
2100:Working-group proposals
926:local Internet registry
839:. IPv6 specifies a new
790:local Internet registry
764:IPv4 address exhaustion
711:IPv4 address exhaustion
705:IPv4 address exhaustion
628:2001:db8::8a2e:370:7334
566:IPv4 address exhaustion
554:communications protocol
183:Internet protocol suite
4702:. Updated by RFC
4178:Obsoleted by RFC
3971:. Updated by RFC
3906:Obsoleted by RFC
3691:. Updated by RFC
3626:. Updated by RFC
3560:. Updated by RFC
3520:K. Nichols; S. Blake;
3399:Zack, E. (July 2013).
3018:. Updated by RFC
2234:
2109:
1940:
1932:
1820:
1544:are assigned at least
1522:
1397:
1365:and is abbreviated to
1349:2001:db8::ff00:42:8329
1236:Address representation
1225:
1133:
1090:
1036:User Datagram Protocol
901:
845:File Transfer Protocol
724:
643:
5097:Das, Kaushik (2008).
4684:Best Common Practice.
4621:Silvia Hagen (2014).
4472:Silvia Hagen (2014).
4328:Silvia Hagen (2014).
4277:Silvia Hagen (2014).
4230:Best Common Practice.
3957:Internet Standard 66.
3756:Coffeen, Tom (2014).
3366:Silvia Hagen (2014).
2794:"IPV4 Address Report"
2372:Cogent Communications
2228:
2107:
1938:
1930:
1818:
1771:on top of the common
1722:Transition mechanisms
1520:
1395:
1373:by using both rules.
1223:
1131:
1088:
1057:(MTU), which is 1280
983:Internet Key Exchange
899:
849:Network Time Protocol
718:
700:Motivation and origin
641:
602:transition mechanisms
2852:. 25 November 2019.
2606:. New York: Apress.
2602:Rosen, Rami (2014).
2281:2008 Summer Olympics
2018:64:ff9b::192.0.2.128
1946:dot-decimal notation
1069:Unlike mobile IPv4,
1023:end-to-end principle
1011:IPv4 header checksum
855:Larger address space
831:Comparison with IPv4
755:dot-decimal notation
5341:IPv4 to IPv6 topics
5159:InternetSociety.org
5086:on 4 February 2009.
4686:Obsoletes RFC
4458:Obsoletes RFC
4232:Obsoletes RFC
4120:. 8 February 2011.
4016:10.1109/4236.780961
3983:. Updates RFC
3959:Obsoletes RFC
3687:Obsoletes RFC
3614:. Updates RFC
3610:Obsoletes RFC
3552:Obsoletes RFC
3506:Obsoletes RFC
3164:on 7 September 2017
3014:Obsoletes RFC
2554:Obsoletes RFC 2460.
2507:Obsoletes RFC 1883.
2268:collaboration with
2266:high energy physics
2183:RFC standardization
2002:The address prefix
1916:local area networks
1849:operators, such as
1751:, and may increase
1592:either". Blocks of
773:(IANA) to the five
70:
4815:Proposed Standard.
4726:Kernel Interfaces
4534:on 12 January 2017
4456:Proposed Standard.
4150:(September 2001).
3904:Proposed Standard.
3862:Proposed Standard.
3608:Proposed Standard.
3550:Proposed Standard.
3504:Proposed Standard.
3463:Proposed Standard.
3133:Proposed Standard.
3058:Proposed Standard.
2451:on 29 January 2019
2368:Hurricane Electric
2277:Domain Name System
2235:
2122:IP Next Generation
2110:
1955:::ffff:192.0.2.128
1941:
1933:
1821:
1749:Path MTU Discovery
1650:representation of
1640:reverse resolution
1628:Domain Name System
1523:
1480:local area network
1470:, which relies on
1402:link-local address
1398:
1388:Link-local address
1226:
1200:Path MTU Discovery
1193:Hop-By-Hop Options
1134:
1132:IPv6 packet header
1096:autonomous systems
1091:
1075:triangular routing
1051:Path MTU Discovery
902:
725:
644:
125:December 1995
5409:
5408:
5362:Related protocols
5262:Internet Protocol
5068:, 2018, p. 3
4817:Updates RFC
4250:(Press release).
4037:. section 6.3.7.
3864:Updates RFC
3807:978-1-4302-6371-5
3773:978-1-4919-0326-1
3742:978-0-13-303347-2
3659:(February 2006).
3377:978-1-4493-3526-7
3190:. 8 August 2014.
2848:(Press release).
2488:(December 1998),
2312:Internet backbone
1981:Microsoft Windows
1863:Kabel Deutschland
1798:application layer
1794:routing protocols
1686:bit-string labels
1513:Global addressing
1466:(NDP, ND) in the
1323:Initial address:
1252:and informally a
1246:or more formally
1081:Extension headers
913:broadcast address
882:route aggregation
760:classless network
732:Internet Protocol
609:route aggregation
576:on 14 July 2017.
574:Internet Standard
550:Internet Protocol
539:
538:
190:Application layer
177:
176:
64:
63:
16:(Redirected from
5444:
5255:
5248:
5241:
5232:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5180:
5174:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5163:Internet Society
5156:
5148:
5137:
5136:
5128:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5114:
5109:on 1 August 2008
5105:. Archived from
5094:
5088:
5087:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5066:Internet Society
5056:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5023:
5017:
5016:
5014:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4986:. Archived from
4976:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4919:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4893:on 11 April 2013
4889:, archived from
4880:
4874:
4873:
4872:
4870:
4865:
4854:
4848:
4847:
4846:
4844:
4839:
4828:
4822:
4813:
4796:
4794:10.17487/RFC6052
4770:
4764:
4763:
4754:
4752:10.17487/RFC3493
4736:
4730:
4721:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4682:
4665:
4663:10.17487/RFC6890
4643:
4637:
4636:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4530:. Archived from
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4488:
4487:
4469:
4463:
4454:
4445:
4443:10.17487/RFC4213
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4401:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4380:
4370:
4368:10.17487/RFC6343
4350:
4344:
4343:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4314:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4243:
4237:
4228:
4211:
4209:10.17487/RFC6177
4189:
4183:
4174:
4165:
4163:10.17487/RFC3177
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4097:
4086:10.17487/RFC4862
4069:
4063:
4062:
4056:
4046:
4044:10.17487/RFC4861
4026:
4020:
4019:
3999:
3988:
3955:
3946:
3944:10.17487/RFC3986
3931:(January 2005).
3917:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3891:10.17487/RFC5156
3875:
3869:
3860:
3843:
3841:10.17487/RFC5952
3821:
3812:
3811:
3787:
3778:
3777:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3722:
3716:
3683:
3674:
3672:10.17487/RFC4291
3652:
3639:
3606:
3597:
3595:10.17487/RFC3168
3579:
3573:
3548:
3539:
3537:10.17487/RFC2474
3517:
3511:
3502:
3493:
3491:10.17487/RFC2675
3471:
3465:
3461:
3452:
3450:10.17487/RFC3963
3434:
3428:
3427:
3411:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3347:
3345:10.17487/RFC8064
3329:
3323:
3322:
3316:
3305:10.17487/RFC2072
3288:
3282:
3281:
3275:
3264:10.17487/RFC2071
3247:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3226:10.17487/RFC2071
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3188:Internet Society
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3160:. Archived from
3150:
3144:
3131:
3114:
3112:10.17487/RFC8981
3092:
3086:
3085:
3083:
3081:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3047:
3045:10.17487/RFC2894
3029:
3023:
3010:
3001:
2999:10.17487/RFC4862
2983:
2974:
2960:
2954:
2940:
2934:
2920:
2914:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2875:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2679:
2677:10.17487/RFC1752
2657:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2599:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2570:Internet Society
2561:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2517:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2478:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2441:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2336:Deutsche Telekom
2028:
2027:
2020:
2019:
2008:
2007:
1973:
1972:
1965:
1964:
1957:
1956:
1912:Teredo tunneling
1851:Verizon Wireless
1805:operating system
1616:
1615:
1612:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1579:
1578:
1575:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1538:
1537:
1534:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1371:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1351:
1350:
1340:
1339:
1329:
1328:
1309:
1308:
1303:is converted to
1301:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1287:is converted to
1285:
1284:
1266:
1265:
1190:
1189:
1047:IP fragmentation
871:
869:
864:, approximately
818:
817:
783:
782:
595:
593:
531:
524:
517:
179:
135:
133:
128:
85:
71:
59:
56:
50:
38:
37:
30:
21:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5445:
5443:
5442:
5441:
5412:
5411:
5410:
5405:
5357:
5336:
5310:IPv6 deployment
5298:
5267:
5259:
5209:
5204:
5203:
5193:
5191:
5182:
5181:
5177:
5167:
5165:
5154:
5150:
5149:
5140:
5130:
5129:
5122:
5112:
5110:
5096:
5095:
5091:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5025:
5024:
5020:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4990:on 23 May 2014.
4978:
4977:
4973:
4953:
4952:
4948:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4896:
4894:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4772:
4771:
4767:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4674:. BCP 153.
4645:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4620:
4619:
4615:
4605:
4603:
4587:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4522:
4521:
4517:
4507:
4505:
4496:
4495:
4491:
4484:
4471:
4470:
4466:
4429:
4428:
4424:
4414:
4412:
4403:
4402:
4398:
4388:
4386:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4340:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4312:
4310:
4301:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4245:
4244:
4240:
4220:. BCP 157.
4191:
4190:
4186:
4142:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4112:
4111:
4107:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4001:
4000:
3991:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3823:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:. p. 170.
3755:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3685:Draft Standard.
3654:
3653:
3642:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3481:IPv6 Jumbograms
3473:
3472:
3468:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3413:
3412:
3408:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3378:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3290:
3289:
3285:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3212:
3211:
3207:
3197:
3195:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3079:
3077:
3068:
3067:
3063:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3012:Draft Standard.
2985:
2984:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2941:
2937:
2921:
2917:
2901:
2897:
2877:
2876:
2869:
2859:
2857:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2792:Huston, Geoff.
2791:
2790:
2786:
2776:
2774:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2716:
2714:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2659:
2658:
2649:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2614:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2563:
2562:
2558:
2519:
2518:
2511:
2480:
2479:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2433:
2392:Internet portal
2390:
2383:
2380:
2364:
2245:(NAT), delayed
2223:
2221:IPv6 deployment
2217:
2185:
2142:Brian Carpenter
2102:
2097:
2064:
2048:shadow networks
2044:
2042:Shadow networks
2036:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2016:
2005:
2004:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1904:
1813:
1761:
1730:
1724:
1624:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1598:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1540:address block.
1535:
1532:
1531:
1515:
1448:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1390:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1348:
1347:
1337:
1336:
1326:
1325:
1306:
1305:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1289:
1282:
1281:
1263:
1262:
1238:
1218:
1212:
1187:
1185:
1126:
1120:
1104:
1083:
1067:
1040:transport layer
995:
976:
941:
935:
894:
867:
865:
857:
837:network packets
833:
815:
814:
780:
779:
713:
707:
702:
655:internetworking
652:packet-switched
636:
591:
589:
535:
355:Transport layer
131:
129:
126:
105:Internetworking
88:
60:
54:
51:
48:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5450:
5448:
5440:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5414:
5413:
5407:
5406:
5404:
5403:
5398:
5397:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5358:
5356:
5355:
5350:
5344:
5342:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5329:
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5319:
5318:
5317:
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5297:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5275:
5273:
5269:
5268:
5260:
5258:
5257:
5250:
5243:
5235:
5229:
5228:
5222:
5216:
5208:
5207:External links
5205:
5202:
5201:
5175:
5138:
5120:
5089:
5071:
5051:
5018:
4993:
4971:
4946:
4931:
4903:
4875:
4849:
4823:
4765:
4731:
4708:
4638:
4631:
4613:
4580:
4545:
4515:
4489:
4482:
4464:
4422:
4396:
4345:
4338:
4320:
4294:
4287:
4269:
4238:
4184:
4135:
4105:
4064:
4021:
3989:
3947:. STD 66.
3921:T. Berners-Lee
3912:
3870:
3813:
3806:
3800:. p. 17.
3779:
3772:
3764:O'Reilly Media
3748:
3741:
3735:. p. 55.
3717:
3640:
3574:
3512:
3466:
3429:
3406:
3391:
3376:
3358:
3324:
3283:
3242:
3239:Informational.
3205:
3175:
3145:
3087:
3061:
3024:
2975:
2955:
2935:
2915:
2895:
2867:
2837:
2816:my.afrinic.net
2803:
2784:
2751:
2724:
2690:
2647:
2627:
2612:
2587:
2556:
2509:
2462:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2379:
2376:
2363:
2362:Peering issues
2360:
2258:campus network
2219:Main article:
2216:
2213:
2184:
2181:
2138:Steve Bellovin
2126:Allison Mankin
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2063:
2060:
2043:
2040:
2035:
2032:
1924:
1921:
1903:
1900:
1847:mobile network
1812:
1809:
1789:Happy Eyeballs
1787:has published
1773:physical layer
1769:network device
1760:
1757:
1726:Main article:
1723:
1720:
1623:
1620:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1504:
1496:
1447:
1444:
1389:
1386:
1355:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1317:
1316:
1312:
1237:
1234:
1229:IPv6 addresses
1214:Main article:
1211:
1208:
1122:Main article:
1119:
1116:
1103:
1100:
1082:
1079:
1066:
1063:
1034:(TCP) and the
994:
991:
975:
972:
934:
931:
893:
890:
856:
853:
832:
829:
804:(LACNIC), and
751:World Wide Web
709:Main article:
706:
703:
701:
698:
648:Internet Layer
635:
632:
613:routing tables
537:
536:
534:
533:
526:
519:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:
498:
493:
488:
483:
475:
474:
468:
467:
466:
465:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
428:
427:
426:
421:
408:
407:
405:Internet layer
401:
400:
399:
398:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
358:
357:
351:
350:
349:
348:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
221:
216:
211:
201:
193:
192:
186:
185:
175:
174:
165:
159:
158:
153:
147:
146:
141:
137:
136:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
102:
98:
97:
94:
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75:Protocol stack
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2297:voice over IP
2294:
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2259:
2255:
2254:Virginia Tech
2250:
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2198:
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2161:
2159:
2155:
2154:Steve Deering
2151:
2147:
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2139:
2136:(Microsoft),
2135:
2131:
2130:Scott Bradner
2127:
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2119:
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2013:
2009:
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1971:::192.0.2.128
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1855:StarHub Cable
1852:
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1452:MAC addresses
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1294:
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1278:
1277:leading zeros
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1038:(UDP) on the
1037:
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1016:
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863:
854:
852:
850:
846:
842:
841:packet format
838:
830:
828:
825:
823:
819:
811:
807:
803:
799:
796:(APNIC), the
795:
791:
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784:
776:
772:
767:
765:
761:
756:
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748:
744:
741:
737:
733:
729:
722:
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712:
704:
699:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
666:
664:
660:
656:
653:
650:protocol for
649:
640:
634:Main features
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
616:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
598:interoperable
587:
582:
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575:
571:
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563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
532:
527:
525:
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212:
209:
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200:
197:
196:
195:
194:
191:
187:
184:
180:
173:
169:
166:
164:
160:
157:
156:Network layer
154:
152:
148:
145:
142:
138:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
106:
103:
99:
95:
91:
84:
79:
76:
72:
66:
58:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5284:IPv6 address
5278:
5264:
5194:10 September
5192:. Retrieved
5187:
5178:
5166:. Retrieved
5158:
5111:. Retrieved
5107:the original
5102:
5092:
5084:the original
5074:
5060:
5054:
5035:
5031:
5021:
4996:
4988:the original
4983:
4974:
4949:
4934:
4922:. Retrieved
4913:
4906:
4895:, retrieved
4891:the original
4885:
4878:
4867:, retrieved
4859:
4852:
4841:, retrieved
4833:
4826:
4814:
4779:
4768:
4741:
4734:
4711:
4683:
4648:
4641:
4622:
4616:
4604:. Retrieved
4593:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4558:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4532:the original
4527:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4501:
4492:
4473:
4467:
4455:
4432:
4425:
4413:. Retrieved
4399:
4387:. Retrieved
4348:
4329:
4323:
4311:. Retrieved
4297:
4278:
4272:
4260:. Retrieved
4241:
4229:
4194:
4187:
4175:
4152:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4108:
4067:
4024:
4010:(4): 54–62.
4007:
4003:
3956:
3933:
3915:
3903:
3880:
3873:
3861:
3826:
3792:
3758:
3751:
3727:
3720:
3684:
3661:
3607:
3584:
3577:
3549:
3526:
3515:
3503:
3480:
3469:
3462:
3439:
3432:
3409:
3394:
3367:
3361:
3334:
3327:
3286:
3245:
3238:
3215:
3208:
3196:. Retrieved
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3162:the original
3148:
3132:
3097:
3090:
3078:. Retrieved
3075:www.ietf.org
3074:
3064:
3057:
3034:
3027:
3011:
2988:
2970:
2958:
2950:
2938:
2930:
2918:
2910:
2898:
2858:. Retrieved
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2815:
2806:
2787:
2777:15 September
2775:. Retrieved
2764:
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2727:
2715:. Retrieved
2702:
2693:
2662:
2636:
2630:
2603:
2578:. Retrieved
2559:
2528:
2489:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2439:
2365:
2309:
2304:
2285:
2274:
2251:
2236:
2186:
2162:
2121:
2111:
2065:
2047:
2045:
2037:
2023:
2015:
2006:64:ff9b::/96
2003:
2001:
1989:Linux kernel
1977:
1968:
1960:
1952:
1950:
1942:
1905:
1883:
1840:
1822:
1802:
1781:
1762:
1741:Silvia Hagen
1738:
1731:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1664:
1625:
1608:
1593:
1582:
1571:
1556:
1545:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1484:
1449:
1424:
1419:
1405:
1399:
1382:
1375:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1335:
1324:
1318:
1304:
1296:
1295:. The group
1288:
1280:
1275:One or more
1270:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1241:
1239:
1227:
1216:IPv6 address
1197:
1192:
1183:
1176:
1170:and a 2-bit
1165:
1155:
1149:
1146:
1135:
1118:IPv6 packets
1105:
1092:
1068:
1044:
1015:time to live
1008:
996:
977:
969:
965:
961:
953:IP addresses
950:
942:
922:
916:
912:
909:IP broadcast
905:Multicasting
903:
892:Multicasting
878:
858:
834:
826:
813:
800:(RIPE NCC),
778:
768:
726:
721:IPv4 address
675:
667:
645:
627:
623:
617:
606:
578:
545:
541:
540:
501:
461:
423:
394:
344:
122:Introduction
112:Developer(s)
93:Abbreviation
65:
52:
44:
5294:Mobile IPv6
5289:IPv6 packet
5190:. BGP.tools
5135:. CircleID.
4920:. p. 5
4502:Juniper.net
4415:27 November
3929:L. Masinter
3925:R. Fielding
3733:Cisco Press
3655:R. Hinden;
3474:D. Borman;
2860:26 November
2830:28 November
2580:25 February
2324:Middle East
2158:Lixia Zhang
2152:(NEARNET),
2150:John Curran
2026:192.0.2.128
1963:192.0.2.128
1836:web servers
1648:hexadecimal
1258:quad-nibble
1249:hexadectets
1181:framework.
1156:Next Header
1124:IPv6 packet
1071:mobile IPv6
862:undecillion
738:(DARPA), a
646:IPv6 is an
620:hexadecimal
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5416:Categories
5303:Deployment
5168:19 January
5038:(1): 1–9.
4775:C. Huitema
4508:19 January
4313:20 January
3657:S. Deering
3476:S. Deering
3198:17 January
3135:Obsoletes
2717:19 January
2707:Montevideo
2521:S. Deering
2482:S. Deering
2455:26 October
2431:References
2215:Deployment
2146:Dave Clark
2052:Windows XP
1879:Telefónica
1468:link layer
1210:Addressing
1108:jumbograms
1102:Jumbograms
1028:link layer
1004:word sizes
937:See also:
847:(FTP) and
581:IP address
552:(IP), the
472:Link layer
5265:version 6
5221:by Google
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5113:15 August
4869:30 August
4843:30 August
4803:2070-1721
4672:2070-1721
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4218:2070-1721
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3850:2070-1721
3386:881832733
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3121:2070-1721
2736:. eWeek.
2622:869747983
2541:2070-1721
2525:R. Hinden
2486:R. Hinden
2328:broadband
2160:(Xerox).
2134:J. Allard
2056:Windows 7
1948:of IPv4.
1902:Tunneling
1895:SeattleIX
1875:Internode
1632:hostnames
1618:network.
1503:lifetime.
1476:multicast
1456:broadcast
1019:hop limit
917:all nodes
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584:uses 128-
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18:A6 record
5103:IPv6.com
4787:(IETF).
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4409:Archived
4383:Archived
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4262:15 April
4256:Archived
4202:(IETF).
4128:27 March
4122:Archived
4118:RIPE NCC
4100:Archived
4059:Archived
3522:F. Baker
3424:Archived
3319:Archived
3278:Archived
3192:Archived
3168:15 April
3080:13 March
2854:Archived
2850:RIPE NCC
2824:Archived
2798:Archived
2771:Archived
2766:BBC News
2738:Archived
2711:Archived
2642:Archived
2574:Archived
2535:(IETF),
2496:(IETF),
2378:See also
2356:AT&T
2144:(CERN),
2114:Internet
2034:Security
1889:(IXPs).
1871:T-Mobile
1867:Swisscom
1777:Ethernet
1765:computer
1644:ip6.arpa
1065:Mobility
1017:(called
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747:Internet
665:(IPv4).
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626:becomes
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4984:The Sun
4924:2 March
4897:2 March
4724:OpenBSD
4573:13 June
4528:NRO.net
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2744:23 June
2703:NRO.net
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2148:(MIT),
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1985:OpenBSD
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1630:(DNS),
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1243:hextets
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1161:payload
1142:payload
1073:avoids
1000:routers
690:anycast
686:unicast
502:more...
486:Tunnels
462:more...
395:more...
345:more...
334:TLS/SSL
289:ONC/RPC
226: (
132:1995-12
130: (
101:Purpose
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5374:ICMPv6
5369:DHCPv6
5009:
4962:
4801:
4728:Manual
4670:
4629:
4524:"IPv6"
4480:
4375:
4336:
4285:
4216:
4092:
4051:
3848:
3804:
3798:Apress
3770:
3739:
3384:
3374:
3311:
3270:
3139:
3119:
2965:
2945:
2925:
2905:
2886:
2620:
2610:
2547:
2539:
2500:
2445:"FAQs"
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2322:, the
2320:Africa
2207:
2199:
2191:
2171:
2116:, the
2087:
2079:
2070:
1995:, and
1993:NetBSD
1891:AMS-IX
1714:
1706:
1698:
1673:
1658:
1652:nibble
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1438:
1430:
1408:fe80::
1315:zeros.
1152:octets
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671:subnet
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163:RFC(s)
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4510:2022
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4234:3177
4225:6177
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4078:IETF
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3802:ISBN
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3693:5952
3689:3513
3680:4291
3636:8311
3634:and
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3628:4301
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3620:2401
3616:2474
3612:2481
3603:3168
3570:8436
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3558:1349
3556:and
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3545:2474
3508:2147
3499:2675
3458:3963
3420:IETF
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3372:ISBN
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3007:4862
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2832:2018
2779:2012
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2719:2022
2685:1752
2668:IETF
2618:OCLC
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2550:8200
2537:ISSN
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2201:2460
2193:1883
2173:1883
2165:RFCs
2128:and
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2081:7113
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1908:6to4
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1432:8064
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319:SNMP
314:SMTP
299:RTSP
274:OSPF
264:NNTP
259:MQTT
254:MGCP
249:LDAP
239:IMAP
224:HTTP
204:DHCP
172:8200
168:2460
144:IPv4
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5315:6rd
5040:doi
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4082:doi
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4039:doi
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3667:doi
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3301:doi
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3260:doi
3231:RFC
3221:doi
3137:RFC
3125:RFC
3107:doi
3050:RFC
3040:doi
3004:RFC
2994:doi
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2943:RFC
2923:RFC
2903:RFC
2884:RFC
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2344:VOO
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2205:RFC
2197:RFC
2189:RFC
2179:.)
2169:RFC
2085:RFC
2077:RFC
2068:RFC
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1718:).
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1256:or
1112:MTU
866:3.4
822:LIR
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678:RFC
590:3.4
586:bit
496:MAC
491:PPP
481:ARP
446:ECN
441:NDP
369:UDP
364:TCP
324:SSH
309:SIP
304:RIP
294:RTP
284:PTP
279:POP
269:NTP
244:IRC
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214:DNS
199:BGP
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