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1304:, which pronounced the aether to be "superfluous". In a later interview, Einstein said of the MichelsonâMorley experiment, "I was not conscious it had influenced me directly ... I guess I just took it for granted that it was true." Regardless of Einstein's specific knowledge, the experiment is today considered the canonical experiment in regards to showing the lack of a detectable aether.
1131:. The experimental setup was as follows: Light generated from a source is directed towards a rotating mirror through a slit on a fixed plate; the rotating mirror reflects the incoming light and at a certain angle, towards the direction where another fixed flat mirror is placed whose surface is perpendicular to the incoming ray of light; the rotating mirror should have rotated by an angle
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light can be modeled by a random sample from a distribution with unknown expectation and finite variance; thus, the speed of light is represented by the expectation of the model distribution and the ultimate goal is to estimate the expectation of the model distribution on the acquired dataset. The law of large numbers suggests to estimate the expectation by the sample mean.
3338:
1460:"Albert Abraham Michelson was born in this city on December 19, 1852. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, a Nobel laureate, who, with his famous experiments on the speed of light, started a new era in the development of physics. This plaque was placed to celebrate the foundation of great physics." A commemorative plaque in
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956:, with his more adequately funded project, obtained a value of 299,860 ± 30 km/s, just at the extreme edge of consistency with Michelson's. Michelson continued to "refine" his method and in 1883 published a measurement of 299,853 ± 60 km/s, rather closer to that of his mentor.
778:, at the age of 78. The University of Chicago Residence Halls remembered Michelson and his achievements by dedicating 'Michelson House' in his honor. Case Western Reserve has dedicated a Michelson House to him, and Michelson Hall (an academic building of science classrooms, laboratories and offices) at the
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appears to reference the experiment on first glanceâ"together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the 'light medium', suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest"âit
1505:
was in the store of his father, first on Main Street, Murphys, CA across from the Sperry & Perry Hotel and after the 1859 fire, in a store next to the hotel. His aunt Bertha Meyers owned a house on Main Street toward the east end of town and
Michelson probably visited her family there frequently.
1222:
and apply subsequent corrections. For instance, he adopted a steel measuring tape with a said length of 100 feet and he intended to measure tens of times across the distance; still, he measured its length against a copy of the official standard yard to find out it as 100.006 feet, thus eliminating a
1099:
and Fred
Pearson to perform a measurement in a 1.6 km tube 3 feet in diameter at the Irvine Ranch near Santa Ana, California. In multiple reflections the light path was increased to 5 miles. For the first time in history the speed of light was measured in an almost perfect vacuum of 0.5 mm
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in
Ridgecrest, California, is named for him. There is a display in the publicly accessible area of the Lab which includes facsimiles of Michelson's Nobel Prize medal, the prize document, and examples of his diffraction gratings. In 2017, a newly renovated physics research center at the University of
1926:
Michelson's biographers stress, that our hero was not conspicuous by religiousness. His father was a free-thinker and
Michelson grew up in non-religious family and have no opportunity to acknowledge the belief of his forebears. He was agnostic through his whole life and only for the short period he
1226:
Aside from the efforts to reduce as much as possible the systematic errors, repeated measurements were performed at multiple levels to obtain more accurate results. As R.J. MacKay and R.W. Oldford remarked in their article, 'It is clear that
Michelson appreciated the power of averaging to
1246:
for repeated measurements with the assumption of independence or identical distributions is unrealistic. In the case of light speed study, each measurement is approached as the sum of quantity of interest and measurement error. In the absence of systematic error, the measurement error of speed of
1415:
are detected using a
Michelson interferometer with a laser light source. In 2020 there were three Michelson interferometer gravitational wave detectors operational, and a fourth under construction. These Michelson interferometers have arms 4 kilometers in length, set at 90 degree angles to each
1509:
New Beast
Theater Works in collaboration with High Concept Laboratories produced a 'semi-opera' about Michelson, his obsessive working style and its effect on his family life. The production ran from February 11 to February 26, 2011, in Chicago at The Building Stage. Michelson was portrayed by
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other, with the light passing through 1 m diameter vacuum tubes running their entire length. A passing gravitational wave will slightly stretch one arm as it shortens the other. This is precisely the motion to which these
Michelson interferometers are most sensitive. As of 2020 fifteen
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Beginning in the 1970s, astronomical interferometry was revived, with the configurations using two (or more) separate apertures (with diameters small compared to their separation) being often referred to as "Michelson
Stellar Interferometry". This was to distinguish it from
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Numerous awards, lectures, and honors have been created in Albert A. Michelson's name. Some of the current awards and lectures named for
Michelson include the following: the Bomem-Michelson Award and Lecture annually presented until 2017 by the Coblentz Society; the
1333:
1858:
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1938, Vol. XIX) quotes (on p. 128) Michelson's sister, the novelist Miriam Michelson, as having written of her parents in a letter to Millikan that "both Albert Michelson's father and mother were born of Jewish
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Michelson's formal experiments took place in June and July 1879. He constructed a frame building along the north sea wall of the Naval Academy to house the machinery. Michelson published his result of 299,910 ± 50 km/s in 1879 before joining
1383:
interferometer configuration of which the interferometer used in the MichelsonâMorley experiment was an instance. Michelson's concept of interfering light from two relatively small apertures separated by a substantial distance (but with that distance, or
1285:. Surprised, Michelson repeated the experiment with greater and greater precision over the next years, but continued to find no ability to measure the aether. The MichelsonâMorley results were immensely influential in the physics community, leading
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for measuring the speed of light, using improved optics and a longer baseline. He conducted some preliminary measurements using largely improvised equipment in 1878, about the same time that his work came to the attention of
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of 299,781 ± 10 km/s. Though this result has subsequently been shown to be severely biased by the poor electrical standards in use at the time, it seems to have set a fashion for rather lower measured values.
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Famous as the measurement is, it was beset by problems, not least of which was the haze created by the smoke from forest fires which blurred the mirror image. It is also probable that the intensively detailed work of the
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537:(modern-day Strzelno, Poland), to Jewish parents, the son of Samuel Michelson and his wife, Rozalia PrzyĆubska. He moved to the US with his parents in 1855, at the age of two. He grew up in the mining towns of
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1964:
Morley was deeply religious. His original training had been in theology and he only turned to chemistry, a self-taught hobby, when he was unable to enter the ministry. Michelson, by contrast, was a religious
1367:, producing interference fringes observed through the eyepiece. The measurement of stellar diameters and the separations of binary stars took up an increasing amount of Michelson's life after this.
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of mercury. Michelson died with only 36 of the 233 measurement series completed and the experiment was subsequently beset by geological instability and condensation problems before the result of
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reduce variability in measurement', it is clear that Michelson had in mind the property that averages vary less which should be formally described as: the standard deviation of the average of
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implements Michelson's stellar interferometer (1920). Mirrors on that stage (not visible in picture) redirect starlight from two smaller apertures up to 20 feet (6m) apart into the telescope.
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Michelson sought another measurement, but this time in an evacuated tube to avoid difficulties in interpreting the image owing to atmospheric effects. In 1929, he began a collaboration with
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tapes. With the baseline length established in 1924, measurements were carried out over the next two years to obtain the published value of 299,796 ± 4 km/s.
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1498:, where Michelson lived with his parents prior to leaving for the Naval Academy. In a voice-over at the end of the episode, Greene mentions Michelson's 1907 Nobel Prize.
2537:. "In 1877, he married Margaret Hemingway, daughter of a wealthy New York stockbroker and lawyer. This marriage lasted twenty years and produced two sons and a daughter."
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3341:(contains notes on the lectures of Albert A. Michelson, including courses taught by Michelson: Mechanics and Wave Motion, Electricity and Magnetism, and Physical Optics)
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by the time the ray of light travels back and is reflected again towards the fixed plate (the distance between the fixed mirror and the rotating one is recorded as
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1532:(ed. O. Alan Weltzien, 2008), it is an appreciation of Michelson from Maclean's vantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards.
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1363:. A periscope arrangement was used to direct light from two subpupils, separated by up to 20 feet (6m), into the main pupil of the 100 inch (2.5m)
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and Lecture, along with the Michelson Lecture Series, and the Michelson Postdoctoral Prize Lectureship, all of which are given annually by
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724:"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". He also won the
635:, as part of a class demonstration in 1877. His Annapolis experiment was refined, and in 1879, he measured the speed of light in air to be
272:
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549:. He spent his high school years in San Francisco in the home of his aunt, Henriette Levy (née Michelson), who was the mother of author
505:, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of
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On the religious question, Michelson disagreed with both these men. He had renounced any belief that moral issues were at stake in ...
1053:, using similar optical instrumentation. These instruments and related collaborations included the participation of fellow physicists
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in Washington DC to assist with his measurements there. Thus began a long professional collaboration and friendship between the two.
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In 1877 Michelson married Margaret Hemingway, daughter of a wealthy New York stockbroker and lawyer and the niece of his commander
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Michelson was fascinated by light all his life. Once asked why he studied light, he reputedly said, "because it's so much fun".
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600:. In the following year he obtained leave of absence to continue his studies in Europe. He visited the Universities of
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1482:) helps the 16-year-old Michelson (portrayed by 25-year-old Douglas Lambert (1936â1986)) obtain an appointment to the
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584:. After graduating in 1873 and two years at sea, he returned to the Naval Academy in 1875 to become an instructor in
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independent random variables is less than that of a single random variable by a factor of the square root of
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Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© des sciences et des lettres de ĆĂłdĆș: SĂ©rie, Recherches sur les dĂ©formations, Volumes 39â42
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807:; and the Michelson Memorial Lecture Series presented annually by the Division of Mathematics and Science at the
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In the 1890s Michelson built a mechanical device called the harmonic analyzer, for computing coefficients of
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The precision of their equipment allowed Michelson and Morley to be the first to get precise values for the
709:, and in 1892 was appointed professor and the first head of the department of physics at the newly organized
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1235:. To realize that, he also strived to have each measurement not influencing each other, thus being mutually
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489:(surname pronunciation anglicized as "Michael-son"; December 19, 1852 â May 9, 1931) was a German-American
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In November 1929, at the French Academy of Sciences, Michelson's death was erroneously announced, see
545:, where his father was a merchant. His family was non-religious, and Michelson himself was a lifelong
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During June and early July 1879, Michelson refined experimental arrangements from those developed by
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AA. Michelson and E. W. Morley, Amer. J. Sci.34, 427 (1887); Phil Mag. 24, 463 (1887).
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The Ethereal Aether: A History of the MichelsonâMorleyâMiller Aether-Drift Experiments, 1880â1930
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James, I. (2009). Driven to Innovate: A Century of Jewish Mathematicians and Physicists p. 101.
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made the first measurement of the diameter of a star other than the Sun. Michelson had invented
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came to the attention of Michelson, possibly giving him considerable motivation. See the book
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The period after 1927 marked the advent of new measurements of the speed of light using novel
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Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light Made at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis
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The Book of Nothing: Vacuums, Voids, and the Latest Ideas About the Origins of the Universe
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until 1879. In 1879, he was posted to the Nautical Almanac Office, Washington (part of the
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1896:"APS Physics | FIP | Albert Abraham Michelson: "A Pole - well up in Arithmetic""
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in the measurement of stellar diameters and in measuring the separations of binary stars.
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began two years of painstaking measurement of the baseline using the recently available
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has been shown that Einstein was referring to a different category of experiments here.
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William Polk Jesse student notebooks, 1919â1921, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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The U.S. Naval Academy Observatory Programs and Times Gone By: A Tale of Two Domes
3274:"Billiards Is a Good Game": Gamesmanship and America's First Nobel Prize Scientist
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2250:. Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo (Canada).
1119:
Application of basic statistical principles in Michelson's study of speed of light
3142:
Détermination expérimentale de la valeur du mÚtre en longueurs d'ondes lumineuses
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1281:, the hypothetical medium in which light was supposed to travel, resulted in a
17:
6925:
6715:
6595:
6495:
6398:
6010:
5778:
5766:
5601:
5196:
5112:
5092:
4935:
4883:
4496:
4432:
4388:
4225:
4141:
4031:
3999:
3684:
3612:
3192:
2858:
A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics: Understanding Why and How
1653:
1360:
569:
5304:
2842:
2579:
1139:); a displacement from the slit is detected on the plate which measures
619:
Michelson was fascinated with the sciences, and the problem of measuring the
6775:
4584:
4556:
4392:
2833:
2816:
1837:
1357:
967:
671:
624:
589:
490:
3280:
2789:
2739:
2418:
3220:
2233:
1300:
was aware of the MichelsonâMorley results when he developed his theory of
767:
in the reserve in May 1919 and was recalled briefly to active duty in the
720:
In 1907, Michelson had the honor of being the first American to receive a
6675:
4332:
3230:
1461:
970:. He rejoined the U.S. Navy in World War I, when this portrait was taken.
546:
526:
85:
3263:
1147:
while the number of revolutions per second of the mirror is recorded as
995:
From 1920, Michelson started planning a definitive measurement from the
1548:
marks the path of Michelson's experiments measuring the speed of light.
1474:
933:, Michelson started planning a repeat of the rotating-mirror method of
871: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
666:
in 1881. In 1883 he accepted a position as professor of physics at the
585:
311:
3145:. Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1894. (French translation of
2856:
Dekking, F. M.; Kraaikamp, C.; LopuhaÀ, H. P.; Meester, L. E. (2005).
1486:, despite the opposition of the bigoted town schoolteacher (played by
1202:
While at plain sight, four measured quantities are involved: distance
3328:
2303:"UChicago names building after pioneering physicist Albert Michelson"
646:
kilometres per second, and estimated the speed of light in vacuum as
573:
93:
3193:
Three Glimpses of Albert Abraham Michelson at the Peak of His Career
2921:
1924:. SociĂ©tĂ© des sciences et des lettres de ĆĂłdĆș. 2003. p. 162.
1331:
1274:
1067:
1015:
3204:
Michelson's Life and Works from the American Institute of Physics
1478:("Look to the Stars", broadcast March 18, 1962), Ben Cartwright (
1030:
of June 29, 1925, which was an estimated magnitude of 6.3 on the
3221:
From USNA to Nobel: Albert A. Michelson's Life and Contributions
1393:
741:
6456:
5707:
5526:
5308:
3797:
3348:
826:
In 1899, he married Edna Stanton. They raised three daughters.
7107:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1092:
devices, all substantially lower than Michelson's 1926 value.
840:
2291:
http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.118/183/100/598/5/588
662:. After two years of studies in Europe, he resigned from the
2287:
http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.118/97/100/598/5/588
2163:
In 1879 a letter from James Clerk Maxwell to the astronomer
3334:
USNA Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Collection, 1803â1989
2758:"Measurement of the velocity of light in a partial vacuum"
1388:, now often as long as hundreds of meters) is employed at
7127:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
3329:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1420:
had been observed using these Michelson interferometers.
771:
before being released from service on 30 September 1921.
747:
He returned to military service in the closing months of
2101:"Nineteenth century astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy"
2021:"Nineteenth century astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy"
1528:
wrote an essay "Billiards is a Good Game"; published in
1296:
There has been some historical controversy over whether
686:
which failed to detect evidence of the existence of the
3081:
The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson
2912:, "Einstein, Michelson, and the 'Crucial' Experiment",
2441:"Awards & Scholarships: AA Michelson Award Winners"
2417:. Case Western Reserve University. 2017. Archived from
2248:"Michelson's 1879 determinations of the speed of light"
1979:
The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson
1430:
Ball-and-disk integrator § Invention and early use
799:; the A.A. Michelson Award presented every year by the
3306:
Nineteenth Century Astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy
2556:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2550:
den Boer, Marten (1999). "Michelson, Albert Abraham".
929:
As early as 1869, while serving as an officer in the
2999:. The University of Chicago Magazine. Archived from
2756:
Michelson, A. A.; Pease, F. G.; Pearson, F. (1935).
1293:
equations as a means of explaining the null result.
6301:
6146:
5985:
5842:
5741:
5431:
5412:
5387:
5363:
5344:
4945:
4602:
4291:
4069:
3835:
3179:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
3147:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
2667:"A Geodetic Measurement of Unusually High Accuracy"
1800:"Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Papers 1891â1969"
1633:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1336:The horizontal structure mounted at the top of the
916:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
905:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
787:Chicago was renamed in honor of Michelson as well.
674:, Ohio, and concentrated on developing an improved
461:
443:
433:
425:
404:
388:
369:
355:
343:
317:
307:
235:
227:
180:
134:
120:
101:
71:
41:
3078:
2676:. Coast and Geodetic Survey: 68â74. Archived from
2331:. Nimitz Library, US Naval Academy. Archived from
1830:"Michelson, Albert A. (Albert Abraham), 1852-1931"
1273:. Their experiment for the expected motion of the
3318:Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Papers 1891â1969
1438:and drawing graphs of their partial sums. He and
1041:also influenced the affirmation attempts of peer
7137:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
3199:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
3195:This video includes audio of Michelson speaking.
1501:The home in which Michelson lived as a child in
1472:In Season 3 Episode 26 of the television series
1315:gave a theoretical explanation, introducing the
3239:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1907
2762:Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory
2665:Garner, C. L., Captain (retired) (April 1949).
2008:Nimitz Library's Virtual Exhibits â LibExhibits
1872:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from
1311:in the atomic spectral lines for which in 1916
1214:and rotating mirror revolution per second
979:In 1906, a novel electrical method was used by
564:awarded Michelson a special appointment to the
3025:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1356:which was used to measure the diameter of the
7167:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6468:
5719:
5538:
5320:
3809:
3360:
2916:, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer, 1969), pp. 133â197
2815:Oldford, R. W.; MacKay, R. J. (August 2000).
2751:
2749:
2099:Shankland, Paul D.; Orchiston, Wayne (2002).
2019:Shankland, Paul D.; Orchiston, Wayne (2002).
1927:was a member of the 21st lodge in Washington.
803:; the Albert A. Michelson Award given by the
782:also bears his name. Michelson Laboratory at
713:. In 1902, he was elected as a member of the
8:
3226:Michelson House at the University of Chicago
2701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2108:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
2028:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1981:. University of Chicago Press. p. 106.
1612:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1442:published a paper about this machine in the
1115:values, was published posthumously in 1935.
734:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
7172:Presidents of the American Physical Society
5735:Presidents of the American Physical Society
2228:(4). Optical Society of America: 14. 1978.
1265:of Western Reserve University, now part of
7147:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
6475:
6461:
6453:
5726:
5712:
5704:
5545:
5531:
5523:
5327:
5313:
5305:
3816:
3802:
3794:
3367:
3353:
3345:
3234:
2415:"Michelson Postdoctoral Prize Lectureship"
1251:MichelsonâMorley interferometry experiment
60:
38:
7142:Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
2832:
2562:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301131
2355:"The ABB Sponsored Bomem-Michelson Award"
1716:
1714:
1003:, a prominent bump on the south ridge of
966:Albert A. Michelson while serving in the
887:Learn how and when to remove this message
7112:American people of German-Jewish descent
2634:
2632:
1627:, the National Academy of Sciences, the
1539:
1455:
1185:; speed of light can be derived as
958:
909:
898:
697:In 1889 Michelson became a professor at
7067:Case Western Reserve University faculty
3152:
2896:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
1710:
1261:In 1887 he collaborated with colleague
1118:
1012:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
2893:Note that while Einstein's 1905 paper
2694:
2674:U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Journal
2646:from the original on December 22, 2021
2545:
2543:
1375:, but should not be confused with the
1007:("Old Baldy"), some 22 miles distant.
572:at the Academy, Michelson excelled in
3255:Works by or about Albert A. Michelson
1948:. Random House Digital, Inc. p.
1677:List of Naval Academy Nobel Laureates
7:
7132:Foreign members of the Royal Society
7057:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2972:Albert Michelson's Harmonic Analyzer
2640:"Albert A. Michelson â Biographical"
1870:"Albert Abraham Michelson 1852â1931"
1734:
1732:
1730:
1352:and built such an instrument at the
869:adding citations to reliable sources
823:. They had two sons and a daughter.
784:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
568:in 1869. During his four years as a
493:known for his work on measuring the
30:Not to be confused with the athlete
2946:(1898). "A New Harmonic Analyzer".
2501:"Michelson Memorial Lecture Series"
7092:United States Naval Academy alumni
3136:. Chicago: University Press. 1907.
2995:Maclean, Norman F. (Summer 1975).
2218:"Optics at the U.S. Naval Academy"
1750:from the original on July 25, 2021
1724:, University of Texas Press, 2013.
1601:, the French astronomical society.
25:
7162:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
7052:People from the Province of Posen
3276:; reprinted in Lapham's Quarterly
2884:, University of Texas Press, 1972
2128:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2002.02.07
2048:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2002.02.07
1111:, consistent with the prevailing
975:Mount Wilson and Lookout Mountain
829:He is a great uncle of physicist
162:MichelsonâGaleâPearson experiment
7152:20th-century American physicists
7072:American experimental physicists
6484:Hall of Fame for Great Americans
3170:
3155:
2475:Navy League of the United States
1698:Michelson and the Speed of Light
1656:
1390:modern operational observatories
1223:systematic error, albeit small.
845:
805:Navy League of the United States
467:
393:
200:
172:Michelson stellar interferometer
3241:Recent Advances in Spectroscopy
3216:U.S. Naval Academy and The Navy
3085:. University of Chicago Press.
2716:"Michelson's Last Experiment".
2389:Case Western Reserve University
1977:Livingston, Dorothy Michelson.
1267:Case Western Reserve University
914:Concluding page of Michelson's
856:needs additional citations for
797:Case Western Reserve University
594:United States Naval Observatory
511:Case Western Reserve University
325:Case Western Reserve University
217:
196:
7087:Recipients of the Copley Medal
5441:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
2176:. Scientific American Library.
1770:"Albert A. Michelson, Physics"
1672:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1623:Michelson was a member of the
1604:1922 â Honorary Member of the
1599:Société astronomique de France
715:American Philosophical Society
668:Case School of Applied Science
553:. His sister was the novelist
507:Case School of Applied Science
27:American physicist (1852â1931)
1:
7102:University of Chicago faculty
3573:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
2782:10.1126/science.81.2091.100-a
2726:(1899): 10â14. May 22, 1931.
1084:Michelson, Pease, and Pearson
7177:Recipients of Franklin Medal
5555:National Academy of Sciences
3246:Works by Albert A. Michelson
2070:"USNO â Our Command History"
1589:National Academy of Sciences
1452:Michelson in popular culture
1237:independent random variables
985:National Bureau of Standards
692:astronomical interferometers
356:Other academic advisors
7097:United States Navy officers
7077:American optical physicists
5993:Charles Christian Lauritsen
3661:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
3049:"Albert Michelson | Optica"
2970:; Carpenter, Bruce (2014).
2949:American Journal of Science
2553:American National Biography
2471:"Albert A. Michelson Award"
1597:, the highest award of the
1546:United States Naval Academy
1514:. The play was directed by
1464:, Poland, installed by the
1445:American Journal of Science
1350:astronomical interferometry
1323:Astronomical interferometry
1271:MichelsonâMorley experiment
1257:MichelsonâMorley experiment
1039:MichelsonâMorley experiment
780:United States Naval Academy
690:. He later moved on to use
684:MichelsonâMorley experiment
501:. In 1907, he received the
499:MichelsonâMorley experiment
448:United States Naval Academy
157:MichelsonâMorley experiment
125:United States Naval Academy
7193:
7122:Jewish American physicists
7032:Nobel laureates in Physics
6766:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
5862:William Francis Gray Swann
3323:September 7, 2019, at the
3163:Light waves and their uses
3133:Light waves and their uses
3109:. Berkeley: Heyday Books.
3077:Livingston, D. M. (1973).
2997:"Billiards is a good game"
2732:10.1126/science.73.1899.10
2445:Computer Measurement Group
1640:Computer Measurement Group
1606:Optical Society of America
1427:
1254:
987:to obtain a value for the
801:Computer Measurement Group
417:United States Navy Reserve
29:
6706:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
6701:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
6491:
6429:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
5773:Edward Leamington Nichols
5561:
5450:
3597:Charles Scott Sherrington
3589:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3383:
2860:. Springer. p. 248.
1629:American Physical Society
1530:The Norman Maclean Reader
1418:gravitational wave events
1289:to devise his now-famous
627:, he conducted his first
466:
457:
453:
383:
300:
59:
7042:Clark University faculty
7037:American Nobel laureates
6891:William Tecumseh Sherman
6581:George Washington Carver
6166:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
5999:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
5827:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
5422:Albert Abraham Michelson
3605:Charles Algernon Parsons
2802:Astrophysics Data System
1503:Murphys Camp, California
1440:S. W. Stratton
1377:Michelson interferometer
1354:Mount Wilson Observatory
1028:Santa Barbara earthquake
997:Mount Wilson Observatory
903:Page one of Michelson's
623:in particular. While at
478:Albert Abraham Michelson
167:Michelson interferometer
6971:John Greenleaf Whittier
6586:William Ellery Channing
6184:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
5940:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
5928:Percy Williams Bridgman
5803:Robert Andrews Millikan
2568:(subscription required)
2309:. University of Chicago
1518:with music composed by
1466:Polish Physical Society
1317:fine-structure constant
682:carried out the famous
497:and especially for the
291:Duddell Medal and Prize
7082:History of Los Angeles
6956:James McNeill Whistler
6886:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
6801:Matthew Fontaine Maury
6083:John Archibald Wheeler
5970:Francis Wheeler Loomis
5904:John Torrence Tate Sr.
5791:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
5749:Henry Augustus Rowland
5456:Nobel Prize recipients
5433:Physiology or Medicine
5424:(United States/Poland)
5397:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
3829:Nobel Prize in Physics
3733:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
3517:Pierre Paul Ămile Roux
3264:IMDB: Bonanza episode
3209:July 16, 2012, at the
3177:French translation of
2942:Michelson, Albert A.;
2880:Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.,
2622:Michelson, Albert A. "
2507:. 2017. Archived from
2477:. 2016. Archived from
2447:. 2017. Archived from
2391:. 2017. Archived from
2361:. 2017. Archived from
2329:"Michelson Remembered"
2074:U.S. Naval Observatory
1720:Loyd S. Swenson, Jr.,
1573:Nobel Prize in Physics
1549:
1526:Norman Fitzroy Maclean
1494:was set in and around
1469:
1373:speckle interferometry
1344:In 1920 Michelson and
1341:
1263:Edward Williams Morley
1080:
999:, using a baseline to
971:
918:
907:
793:MichelsonâMorley Award
722:Nobel Prize in Physics
525:Michelson was born in
503:Nobel Prize in Physics
255:Nobel Prize in Physics
6906:Harriet Beecher Stowe
6876:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6606:James Fenimore Cooper
6566:William Cullen Bryant
6541:Alexander Graham Bell
6286:Jerome Isaac Friedman
5964:J. Robert Oppenheimer
5785:William Francis Magie
5761:Arthur Gordon Webster
3541:Horace Tabberer Brown
3445:Alfred Russel Wallace
3293:on September 22, 2008
2834:10.1214/ss/1009212817
2594:"The Master of Light"
2234:10.1364/ON.4.4.000014
2192:"raman-scattering.eu"
1902:on September 21, 2019
1700:, Doubleday. New York
1644:A. A. Michelson Award
1579:Elliott Cresson Medal
1543:
1496:Virginia City, Nevada
1459:
1335:
1071:
962:
913:
902:
763:. He was promoted to
711:University of Chicago
543:Virginia City, Nevada
515:University of Chicago
360:Georg Hermann Quincke
350:Hermann von Helmholtz
335:University of Chicago
261:Elliott Cresson Medal
7047:People from Strzelno
6936:Booker T. Washington
6846:Alice Freeman Palmer
6826:William T. G. Morton
6771:James Russell Lowell
6250:Donald N. Langenberg
6238:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6107:Edward Mills Purcell
6017:Raymond Thayer Birge
5815:Joseph Sweetman Ames
3749:Edgar Douglas Adrian
3389:Josiah Willard Gibbs
3312:Archival collections
3106:920 O'Farrell Street
3023:"Henry Draper Medal"
2385:"Michelson Lectures"
2266:search.amphilsoc.org
2262:"APS Member History"
1996:920 O'Farrell Street
1810:on September 7, 2019
1804:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1774:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1744:www.history.navy.mil
1400:and the U.S. Navy's
1379:which is one common
865:improve this article
776:Pasadena, California
753:Lieutenant Commander
744:is named after him.
429:1873â1881; 1918â1921
199: 1877;
129:University of Berlin
113:Pasadena, California
6951:George Westinghouse
6921:Henry David Thoreau
6831:John Lothrop Motley
6806:Albert A. Michelson
6686:Nathaniel Hawthorne
6636:Ralph Waldo Emerson
6621:James Buchanan Eads
6423:Philip H. Bucksbaum
6315:William F. Brinkman
6202:Mildred Dresselhaus
6125:Joseph Edward Mayer
6101:Luis Walter Alvarez
6065:John Harry Williams
5892:Harrison M. Randall
5850:Karl Taylor Compton
5755:Albert A. Michelson
5620:Albert A. Michelson
3621:William Henry Bragg
3453:George William Hill
3437:Albert A. Michelson
3231:Albert A. Michelson
3029:on January 26, 2013
2944:Stratton, Samuel W.
2821:Statistical Science
2774:1935Sci....81..100M
2604:on February 2, 2020
2511:on October 22, 2017
2481:on October 19, 2018
2451:on October 22, 2017
2365:on October 23, 2017
2335:on October 22, 2017
2120:2002JAHH....5..165S
2040:2002JAHH....5..165S
1876:on February 3, 2016
1780:on October 21, 2017
1722:The Ethereal Aether
1413:Gravitational waves
1291:Lorentz contraction
614:Ăcole Polytechnique
147:Hyperfine structure
43:Albert A. Michelson
7062:American agnostics
6881:Theodore Roosevelt
6821:Samuel F. B. Morse
6681:Alexander Hamilton
6626:Thomas Alva Edison
6536:Henry Ward Beecher
6521:John James Audubon
6387:Malcolm R. Beasley
6351:Arthur Bienenstock
6226:James A. Krumhansl
6172:Lewis M. Branscomb
6059:William V. Houston
6029:Henry DeWolf Smyth
5958:Lee Alvin DuBridge
5898:Lyman James Briggs
5886:Floyd K. Richtmyer
5553:Presidents of the
3693:Thomas Hunt Morgan
3677:Henry Hallett Dale
3653:John Scott Haldane
3637:George Ellery Hale
3233:on Nobelprize.org
3101:Levy, Harriet Lane
3003:on August 17, 2018
2505:U.S. Naval Academy
1595:Prix Jules Janssen
1585:Henry Draper Medal
1550:
1484:U.S. Naval Academy
1470:
1408:Gravitational wave
1342:
1302:special relativity
1081:
1051:special relativity
1047:general relativity
972:
931:United States Navy
922:Early measurements
919:
908:
821:William T. Sampson
809:U.S. Naval Academy
774:Michelson died in
769:9th Naval District
761:Bureau of Ordnance
730:Henry Draper Medal
688:luminiferous ether
566:U.S. Naval Academy
541:, California, and
535:Kingdom of Prussia
426:Service years
412:United States Navy
364:Marie Alfred Cornu
267:Henry Draper Medal
186:Margaret Hemingway
90:Kingdom of Prussia
7009:
7008:
6941:George Washington
6896:John Philip Sousa
6731:Thomas J. Jackson
6721:Washington Irving
6666:William C. Gorgas
6651:Benjamin Franklin
6616:Charlotte Cushman
6501:John Quincy Adams
6450:
6449:
6381:Michael S. Turner
6220:Val Logsdon Fitch
6190:Maurice Goldhaber
6154:William A. Fowler
6089:Charles H. Townes
5976:Isidor Isaac Rabi
5809:Henry A. Bumstead
5701:
5700:
5686:Ralph J. Cicerone
5596:Alexander Agassiz
5520:
5519:
5302:
5301:
3791:
3790:
3557:Ernest Rutherford
3376:Copley Medallists
3287:"NAWS China Lake"
3266:Look to the Stars
3250:Project Gutenberg
3116:978-0-930588-91-5
3092:978-0-226-48711-3
2683:on March 25, 2009
2535:978-1-906165-22-2
2198:on March 24, 2012
2174:Einstein's Legacy
2145:on August 8, 2017
1959:978-0-375-72609-5
1859:parents ..."
1840:on March 22, 2019
1536:Honors and awards
1488:William Schallert
1424:Harmonic analyzer
1313:Arnold Sommerfeld
1244:statistical model
1220:systematic errors
1005:Mount San Antonio
897:
896:
889:
759:, serving in the
678:. In 1887 he and
610:CollĂšge de France
582:technical drawing
551:Harriet Lane Levy
475:
474:
370:Doctoral students
302:Scientific career
279:Gold Medal of RAS
82:December 19, 1852
66:Michelson in 1907
16:(Redirected from
7184:
7117:Jewish agnostics
6781:Edward MacDowell
6736:Thomas Jefferson
6671:Ulysses S. Grant
6631:Jonathan Edwards
6601:Grover Cleveland
6516:Susan B. Anthony
6477:
6470:
6463:
6454:
6357:Cherry A. Murray
6274:D. Allan Bromley
6244:Ernest M. Henley
6232:Eugen Merzbacher
6208:Robert R. Wilson
6047:Victor Weisskopf
6041:George Uhlenbeck
5916:George B. Pegram
5728:
5721:
5714:
5705:
5632:William Campbell
5608:William H. Welch
5547:
5540:
5533:
5524:
5458:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5306:
5295:
5279:
5263:
5247:
5231:
5215:
5199:
5183:
5167:
5155:
5139:
5127:
5115:
5099:
5087:
5071:
5055:
5043:
5031:
5015:
4999:
4983:
4967:
4938:
4922:
4910:
4894:
4878:
4862:
4850:
4838:
4826:
4818:
4810:
4794:
4778:
4762:
4750:
4734:
4726:
4714:
4702:
4694:
4678:
4666:
4650:
4634:
4618:
4595:
4579:
4567:
4551:
4535:
4527:
4515:
4507:
4499:
4491:
4483:
4467:
4451:
4435:
4427:
4415:
4407:
4395:
4379:
4367:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4319:
4307:
4284:
4276:
4268:
4260:
4252:
4244:
4236:
4228:
4220:
4219:
4213:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4199:
4191:
4183:
4171:
4159:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4132:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4081:
4062:
4050:
4042:
4034:
4026:
4018:
4010:
4002:
3994:
3986:
3985:
3979:
3967:
3959:
3957:Kamerlingh Onnes
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3915:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3883:
3875:
3859:
3847:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3795:
3784:
3776:
3773:George de Hevesy
3768:
3760:
3752:
3744:
3736:
3728:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3696:
3688:
3680:
3672:
3664:
3656:
3648:
3640:
3632:
3624:
3616:
3608:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3568:
3560:
3552:
3544:
3536:
3528:
3520:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3472:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3429:Ălie Metchnikoff
3424:
3421:Dmitri Mendeleev
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3346:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3289:. Archived from
3272:Norman Maclean:
3259:Internet Archive
3238:
3174:
3159:
3137:
3120:
3096:
3084:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3034:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
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2960:
2954:
2953:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2907:
2901:
2891:
2885:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2836:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2753:
2744:
2743:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2700:
2692:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2671:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2636:
2627:
2620:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2609:
2600:. Archived from
2590:
2584:
2583:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2547:
2538:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
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2467:
2461:
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2456:
2437:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2359:Coblentz Society
2351:
2345:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2299:
2293:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2194:. Archived from
2188:
2182:
2177:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2138:. Archived from
2105:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2076:. Archived from
2066:
2060:
2059:
2025:
2016:
2010:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1898:. Archived from
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1836:. Archived from
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1806:. Archived from
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1776:. Archived from
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1755:
1736:
1725:
1718:
1666:
1664:Biography portal
1661:
1660:
1659:
1642:gives an annual
1365:Hooker Telescope
1346:Francis G. Pease
1338:Hooker Telescope
1277:relative to the
1198:
1184:
1179:
1165:
1125:Hippolyte Fizeau
1110:
1108:
1105:
1097:Francis G. Pease
1063:Robert Shankland
1001:Lookout Mountain
892:
885:
881:
878:
872:
849:
841:
732:in 1916 and the
699:Clark University
661:
659:
653:
651:
645:
643:
640:
596:), to work with
562:Ulysses S. Grant
555:Miriam Michelson
488:
471:
399:
397:
396:
345:Doctoral advisor
330:Clark University
221:
219:
204:
202:
198:
108:
81:
79:
64:
54:
39:
32:Albert Michelsen
21:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7181:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7005:
6981:Frances Willard
6916:Sylvanus Thayer
6866:Edgar Allan Poe
6851:Francis Parkman
6761:Abraham Lincoln
6741:John Paul Jones
6661:Josiah W. Gibbs
6576:Andrew Carnegie
6561:Phillips Brooks
6526:George Bancroft
6487:
6481:
6451:
6446:
6435:Frances Hellman
6333:Marvin L. Cohen
6321:Myriam Sarachik
6309:George Trilling
6297:
6292:James S. Langer
6268:J.R. Schrieffer
6178:Herman Feshbach
6142:
6137:Chien-Shiung Wu
6119:Philip M. Morse
6053:Frederick Seitz
5981:
5946:Harvey Fletcher
5838:
5737:
5732:
5702:
5697:
5662:Frederick Seitz
5650:Alfred Richards
5644:Frank B. Jewett
5614:Charles Walcott
5566:Alexander Bache
5557:
5551:
5521:
5516:
5454:
5446:
5427:
5408:
5383:
5380:(Great Britain)
5378:Rudyard Kipling
5359:
5340:
5333:
5303:
5298:
5282:
5266:
5250:
5234:
5218:
5202:
5186:
5170:
5158:
5142:
5130:
5118:
5102:
5090:
5074:
5058:
5046:
5034:
5018:
5002:
4986:
4970:
4954:
4947:
4941:
4925:
4913:
4897:
4888:Cohen-Tannoudji
4881:
4865:
4853:
4841:
4829:
4821:
4813:
4797:
4781:
4765:
4753:
4737:
4729:
4717:
4705:
4697:
4681:
4669:
4653:
4637:
4621:
4609:
4598:
4582:
4570:
4554:
4538:
4530:
4518:
4510:
4502:
4494:
4486:
4470:
4454:
4438:
4430:
4418:
4410:
4398:
4382:
4370:
4354:
4342:
4330:
4322:
4310:
4298:
4287:
4279:
4271:
4263:
4255:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4194:
4186:
4174:
4162:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4135:
4127:
4121:
4120:
4112:
4104:
4096:
4084:
4076:
4065:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3970:
3962:
3954:
3946:
3938:
3930:
3918:
3910:
3902:
3894:
3886:
3878:
3862:
3850:
3842:
3831:
3822:
3792:
3787:
3779:
3771:
3763:
3755:
3747:
3739:
3731:
3725:Joseph Barcroft
3723:
3717:Robert Robinson
3715:
3707:
3699:
3691:
3683:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3629:Arthur Schuster
3627:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3595:
3587:
3581:Albert Einstein
3579:
3571:
3563:
3555:
3547:
3539:
3533:William Bayliss
3531:
3525:Hendrik Lorentz
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3483:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3419:
3413:William Crookes
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3373:
3325:Wayback Machine
3314:
3296:
3294:
3285:
3211:Wayback Machine
3189:
3182:
3175:
3166:
3160:
3130:
3127:
3117:
3099:
3093:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3032:
3030:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2982:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2908:
2904:
2892:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2868:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2814:
2813:
2809:
2768:(2091): 100â1.
2755:
2754:
2747:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2693:
2686:
2684:
2680:
2669:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2638:
2637:
2630:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2592:
2591:
2587:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2452:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2424:
2422:
2421:on May 13, 2017
2413:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2395:on May 13, 2017
2383:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2366:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2338:
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2327:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2284:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2168:
2165:David Peck Todd
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2103:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2080:on June 6, 2011
2068:
2067:
2063:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1834:history.aip.org
1828:
1827:
1823:
1813:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1753:
1751:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1690:
1662:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1561:Matteucci Medal
1538:
1454:
1432:
1426:
1410:
1330:
1325:
1298:Albert Einstein
1287:Hendrik Lorentz
1259:
1253:
1210:, displacement
1186:
1177:
1167:
1152:
1151:. In this way,
1121:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1086:
1059:Hendrik Lorentz
1043:Albert Einstein
1037:The now-famous
1024:geodetic survey
977:
924:
893:
882:
876:
873:
862:
850:
839:
831:Peter Michelson
817:
657:
655:
649:
647:
641:
638:
636:
523:
480:
421:
394:
392:
384:Military career
376:
374:Robert Millikan
362:
339:
296:
243:Matteucci Medal
223:
220: 1899)
215:
211:
207:
206:
203: 1898)
194:
190:
187:
176:
127:
121:Alma mater
116:
110:
106:
97:
92:(now Strzelno,
83:
77:
75:
67:
55:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:A. A. Michelson
15:
12:
11:
5:
7190:
7188:
7180:
7179:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7114:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7084:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7064:
7059:
7054:
7049:
7044:
7039:
7034:
7029:
7024:
7014:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7004:
7003:
6998:
6996:Orville Wright
6993:
6991:Woodrow Wilson
6988:
6986:Roger Williams
6983:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6946:Daniel Webster
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6918:
6913:
6911:Gilbert Stuart
6908:
6903:
6898:
6893:
6888:
6883:
6878:
6873:
6868:
6863:
6858:
6856:George Peabody
6853:
6848:
6843:
6838:
6833:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6811:Maria Mitchell
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6726:Andrew Jackson
6723:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6703:
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6646:Stephen Foster
6643:
6641:David Farragut
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6571:Luther Burbank
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:Louis Brandeis
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6482:
6480:
6479:
6472:
6465:
6457:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6432:
6426:
6420:
6414:
6408:
6402:
6396:
6390:
6384:
6378:
6375:Robert L. Byer
6372:
6366:
6360:
6354:
6348:
6342:
6336:
6330:
6324:
6318:
6312:
6305:
6303:
6299:
6298:
6296:
6295:
6289:
6283:
6280:Andrew Sessler
6277:
6271:
6265:
6262:C. Kumar Patel
6259:
6256:Burton Richter
6253:
6247:
6241:
6235:
6229:
6223:
6217:
6211:
6205:
6199:
6196:Robert Marshak
6193:
6187:
6181:
6175:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6150:
6148:
6144:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6134:
6128:
6122:
6116:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6092:
6086:
6080:
6074:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6050:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6026:
6020:
6014:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5989:
5987:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5979:
5973:
5967:
5961:
5955:
5949:
5943:
5937:
5934:Albert W. Hull
5931:
5925:
5922:George Stewart
5919:
5913:
5907:
5901:
5895:
5889:
5883:
5880:Robert W. Wood
5877:
5874:Arthur Compton
5871:
5865:
5859:
5853:
5846:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5836:
5830:
5824:
5821:Theodore Lyman
5818:
5812:
5806:
5800:
5797:Ernest Merritt
5794:
5788:
5782:
5776:
5770:
5764:
5758:
5752:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5723:
5716:
5708:
5699:
5698:
5696:
5695:
5689:
5683:
5677:
5671:
5668:Philip Handler
5665:
5659:
5653:
5647:
5641:
5635:
5629:
5623:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5599:
5593:
5587:
5581:
5578:William Rogers
5575:
5569:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5437:
5435:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5418:
5416:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5400:
5393:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5372:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5354:Eduard Buchner
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5334:
5332:
5331:
5324:
5317:
5309:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5280:
5264:
5248:
5232:
5216:
5200:
5184:
5168:
5156:
5140:
5128:
5116:
5100:
5088:
5072:
5056:
5044:
5032:
5016:
5000:
4984:
4968:
4951:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4923:
4911:
4895:
4879:
4863:
4851:
4839:
4827:
4819:
4811:
4795:
4779:
4763:
4751:
4735:
4727:
4715:
4703:
4695:
4679:
4667:
4651:
4635:
4624:P. W. Anderson
4619:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4580:
4568:
4552:
4536:
4528:
4516:
4508:
4500:
4492:
4484:
4468:
4452:
4445:Goeppert Mayer
4436:
4428:
4416:
4408:
4396:
4380:
4368:
4352:
4340:
4328:
4320:
4308:
4295:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4184:
4172:
4169:C. D. Anderson
4160:
4152:
4145:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4102:
4094:
4082:
4073:
4071:
4067:
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1428:Main article:
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1255:Main article:
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3202:
3200:
3197:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3186:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3118:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3058:September 13,
3054:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2988:
2983:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:Krantz, Steve
2965:
2964:Hammack, Bill
2959:
2956:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2903:
2898:
2897:
2890:
2887:
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2822:
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2808:
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2763:
2759:
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2721:
2720:
2712:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2679:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2616:
2603:
2599:
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2589:
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2581:
2575:
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2563:
2559:
2555:
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2546:
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2496:
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2394:
2390:
2386:
2380:
2377:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2334:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2307:UChicago News
2304:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2267:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2213:
2210:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2170:Schwinger, J.
2166:
2160:
2157:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2092:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1906:September 21,
1901:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1715:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:List of Poles
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1654:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:Royal Society
1619:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:Rumford Prize
1552:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1489:
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1481:
1477:
1476:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1258:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1129:LĂ©on Foucault
1126:
1116:
1114:
1113:electro-optic
1098:
1093:
1091:
1090:electro-optic
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1055:Dayton Miller
1052:
1048:
1045:'s theory of
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1032:Richter scale
1029:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:In 1922, the
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
993:
990:
986:
982:
974:
969:
965:
961:
957:
955:
954:Simon Newcomb
951:
949:
943:
941:
940:Simon Newcomb
936:
935:LĂ©on Foucault
932:
927:
921:
917:
912:
906:
901:
891:
888:
880:
870:
866:
860:
859:
854:This section
852:
848:
843:
842:
836:
834:
832:
827:
824:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
757:Naval Reserve
754:
750:
749:World War One
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
728:in 1907, the
727:
723:
718:
716:
712:
708:
707:Massachusetts
704:
700:
695:
693:
689:
685:
681:
680:Edward Morley
677:
673:
669:
665:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:Simon Newcomb
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:Murphy's Camp
536:
532:
528:
520:
518:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
487:
483:
479:
470:
465:
460:
456:
452:
449:
446:
442:
439:
436:
432:
428:
424:
418:
415:
413:
410:
409:
407:
403:
400:United States
391:
387:
382:
379:
375:
372:
368:
365:
361:
358:
354:
351:
348:
346:
342:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
320:
316:
313:
310:
306:
303:
299:
292:
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
253:
250:
247:
244:
241:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
183:
179:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
114:
104:
100:
95:
91:
87:
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7157:Metrologists
6976:Emma Willard
6961:Walt Whitman
6931:Lillian Wald
6901:Joseph Story
6861:William Penn
6841:Thomas Paine
6816:James Monroe
6805:
6711:Mark Hopkins
6691:Joseph Henry
6611:Peter Cooper
6591:Rufus Choate
6546:Daniel Boone
6531:Clara Barton
6405:Laura Greene
6369:Barry Barish
6345:Leo Kadanoff
6214:Sidney Drell
6095:John Bardeen
6005:Enrico Fermi
5754:
5656:Detlev Bronk
5638:Frank Lillie
5619:
5572:Joseph Henry
5486:
5421:
4732:von Klitzing
4724:Van der Meer
3904:
3741:Oswald Avery
3709:Thomas Lewis
3669:Arthur Evans
3436:
3405:Eduard Suess
3297:September 3,
3295:. Retrieved
3291:the original
3273:
3265:
3240:
3178:
3162:
3146:
3140:
3132:
3105:
3080:
3056:. Retrieved
3052:
3043:
3033:February 19,
3031:. Retrieved
3027:the original
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
3001:the original
2990:
2971:
2958:
2947:
2937:
2928:
2913:
2905:
2894:
2889:
2881:
2876:
2857:
2851:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2800:– via
2765:
2761:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2697:cite journal
2685:. Retrieved
2678:the original
2673:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2618:
2606:. Retrieved
2602:the original
2597:
2588:
2574:
2551:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:the original
2495:
2485:December 25,
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2465:
2453:. Retrieved
2449:the original
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:the original
2409:
2397:. Retrieved
2393:the original
2379:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2349:
2337:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2306:
2297:
2281:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:
2256:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2186:
2173:
2159:
2149:November 26,
2147:. Retrieved
2140:the original
2111:
2107:
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2078:the original
2064:
2031:
2027:
2014:
2003:
1995:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1944:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:the original
1890:
1878:. Retrieved
1874:the original
1864:
1854:
1842:. Retrieved
1838:the original
1833:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:the original
1803:
1794:
1782:. Retrieved
1778:the original
1773:
1764:
1752:. Retrieved
1743:
1721:
1697:
1637:
1622:
1567:Copley Medal
1529:
1524:
1520:Joshua Dumas
1512:Jon Stutzman
1508:
1500:
1491:
1480:Lorne Greene
1473:
1471:
1443:
1433:
1411:
1385:
1380:
1369:
1343:
1306:
1295:
1260:
1241:
1232:
1228:
1225:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1109:11 km/s
1094:
1087:
1077:Auguste LĂ©on
1075:portrait by
1036:
1020:
1009:
994:
978:
952:
944:
928:
925:
915:
904:
883:
874:
863:Please help
858:verification
855:
828:
825:
818:
789:
773:
746:
736:in 1923. A
726:Copley Medal
719:
696:
618:
559:
524:
477:
476:
318:Institutions
301:
273:Albert Medal
249:Copley Medal
210:Edna Stanton
107:(1931-05-09)
36:
7027:1931 deaths
7022:1852 births
6966:Eli Whitney
6871:Walter Reed
6791:Horace Mann
6551:Edwin Booth
6506:Jane Addams
6417:David Gross
6393:Sam Aronson
6327:Helen Quinn
6160:George Pake
6077:Felix Bloch
6035:Jesse Beams
5910:John Zeleny
5688:(2005â2016)
5682:(1993â2005)
5676:(1981â1993)
5674:Frank Press
5670:(1969â1981)
5664:(1962â1969)
5658:(1950â1962)
5652:(1947â1950)
5646:(1939â1947)
5640:(1935â1939)
5634:(1931â1935)
5628:(1927â1931)
5622:(1923â1927)
5616:(1917â1923)
5610:(1913â1917)
5604:(1907â1913)
5598:(1901â1907)
5592:(1895â1900)
5586:(1883â1895)
5580:(1879â1882)
5574:(1868â1878)
5568:(1863â1867)
5337:Nobel Prize
4776:Steinberger
4692:K. Siegbahn
4684:Bloembergen
4405:Chamberlain
4138:Schrödinger
4048:M. Siegbahn
3977:W. H. Bragg
3973:W. L. Bragg
3757:G. H. Hardy
3565:Horace Lamb
3509:James Dewar
3501:Ivan Pavlov
3477:Felix Klein
3378:(1901â1950)
2515:October 22,
2455:October 22,
2425:October 22,
2399:October 22,
2369:October 22,
2339:October 22,
2313:January 22,
2222:Optics News
2179:2012 e-book
1880:January 27,
1740:"Michelson"
1516:David Maral
1283:null result
629:experiments
578:climatology
105:May 9, 1931
7016:Categories
6926:Mark Twain
6746:James Kent
6716:Elias Howe
6596:Henry Clay
6496:John Adams
6399:Homer Neal
5856:Henry Gale
5779:Henry Crew
5767:Carl Barus
5602:Ira Remsen
5365:Literature
5293:L'Huillier
5257:Hasselmann
5213:Strickland
5181:Kosterlitz
5105:Perlmutter
4844:Brockhouse
4549:Schrieffer
4421:Hofstadter
4373:C. N. Yang
4130:Heisenberg
4107:De Broglie
3685:Niels Bohr
3613:Max Planck
3071:References
3007:August 16,
2687:August 13,
2608:January 7,
2034:(2): 165.
1754:August 17,
1381:laboratory
1361:Betelgeuse
1073:Autochrome
981:E. B. Rosa
660: mi/s
652: km/s
616:in Paris.
608:, and the
606:Heidelberg
570:midshipman
560:President
513:) and the
389:Allegiance
78:1852-12-19
6776:Mary Lyon
6486:inductees
6147:1976â2000
6023:E. Wigner
5986:1951â1975
5843:1926â1950
5742:1899â1925
5356:(Germany)
5346:Chemistry
5339:laureates
5277:Zeilinger
5097:Novoselov
5065:Kobayashi
4989:Abrikosov
4836:J. Taylor
4816:de Gennes
4808:R. Taylor
4700:K. Wilson
4648:R. Wilson
4632:Van Vleck
4603:1976â2000
4593:Rainwater
4589:Mottelson
4565:Josephson
4513:Gell-Mann
4477:Schwinger
4465:Prokhorov
4425:Mössbauer
4385:Cherenkov
4377:T. D. Lee
4301:Cockcroft
4292:1951â1975
4091:C. Wilson
4070:1926â1950
4016:Guillaume
3905:Michelson
3865:Becquerel
3836:1901â1925
3825:Laureates
2974:. Blurb.
2843:0883-4237
2598:The Attic
2136:110077408
2056:110077408
1965:agnostic.
1844:August 2,
1814:August 2,
1784:August 2,
1688:Biography
1587:from the
1448:in 1898.
1358:red giant
1269:, in the
1206:, radius
968:U.S. Navy
964:Lt. Cmdr.
765:Commander
703:Worcester
672:Cleveland
625:Annapolis
590:chemistry
491:physicist
462:Signature
438:Commander
6676:Asa Gray
6011:H. Bethe
5443:(France)
5405:(France)
5285:Agostini
5173:Thouless
5165:McDonald
5153:Nakamura
5121:Wineland
5053:GrĂŒnberg
5009:Politzer
4993:Ginzburg
4981:Giacconi
4961:Ketterle
4916:'t Hooft
4900:Laughlin
4892:Phillips
4872:Osheroff
4800:Friedman
4772:Schwartz
4768:Lederman
4688:Schawlow
4664:Weinberg
4473:Tomonaga
4365:Brattain
4357:Shockley
4266:Blackett
4258:Appleton
4250:Bridgman
4197:Lawrence
4177:Davisson
4157:Chadwick
4040:Millikan
4024:Einstein
3913:Lippmann
3881:Rayleigh
3873:M. Curie
3869:P. Curie
3321:Archived
3207:Archived
3103:(1996).
2798:28035563
2790:17816642
2740:17843974
2644:Archived
2172:(1986).
1942:(2002).
1748:Archived
1650:See also
1631:and the
1462:Strzelno
1392:such as
1386:baseline
983:and the
877:May 2017
576:, heat,
547:agnostic
228:Children
5694:(2016â)
5414:Physics
5399:(Italy)
5273:Clauser
5237:Penrose
5221:Peebles
5177:Haldane
5145:Akasaki
5133:Englert
5125:Haroche
5109:Schmidt
5069:Maskawa
5021:Glauber
5013:Wilczek
4997:Leggett
4977:Koshiba
4957:Cornell
4948:present
4932:Kroemer
4928:Alferov
4920:Veltman
4904:Störmer
4824:Charpak
4804:Kendall
4788:Dehmelt
4756:Bednorz
4656:Glashow
4644:Penzias
4640:Kapitsa
4612:Richter
4585:A. Bohr
4561:Giaever
4541:Bardeen
4505:Alvarez
4489:Kastler
4481:Feynman
4361:Bardeen
4325:Zernike
4317:Purcell
4087:Compton
4032:N. Bohr
3921:Marconi
3853:Lorentz
3845:Röntgen
3827:of the
3327:at the
3257:at the
2817:"Light"
2770:Bibcode
2719:Science
2650:July 9,
2580:"Links"
2271:May 19,
2202:June 2,
2116:Bibcode
2084:June 2,
2036:Bibcode
1696:(1960)
1616:1923 â
1610:1923 â
1593:1922 â
1583:1916 â
1577:1912 â
1571:1907 â
1565:1907 â
1559:1903 â
1553:1888 â
1492:Bonanza
1475:Bonanza
1328:Optical
948:Newcomb
755:in the
740:on the
631:on the
586:physics
527:Strelno
312:Physics
222:
214:
205:
193:
189:
181:Spouses
86:Strelno
6443:(2023)
6437:(2022)
6431:(2021)
6425:(2020)
6419:(2019)
6413:(2018)
6407:(2017)
6401:(2016)
6395:(2015)
6389:(2014)
6383:(2013)
6377:(2012)
6371:(2011)
6365:(2010)
6359:(2009)
6353:(2008)
6347:(2007)
6341:(2006)
6335:(2005)
6329:(2004)
6323:(2003)
6317:(2002)
6311:(2001)
6294:(2000)
6288:(1999)
6282:(1998)
6276:(1997)
6270:(1996)
6264:(1995)
6258:(1994)
6252:(1993)
6246:(1992)
6240:(1991)
6234:(1990)
6228:(1989)
6222:(1987)
6216:(1986)
6210:(1985)
6204:(1984)
6198:(1983)
6192:(1982)
6186:(1981)
6180:(1980)
6174:(1979)
6168:(1978)
6162:(1977)
6156:(1976)
6139:(1975)
6133:(1974)
6127:(1973)
6121:(1972)
6115:(1971)
6109:(1970)
6103:(1969)
6097:(1968)
6091:(1967)
6085:(1966)
6079:(1965)
6073:(1964)
6067:(1963)
6061:(1962)
6055:(1961)
6049:(1960)
6043:(1959)
6037:(1958)
6031:(1957)
6025:(1956)
6019:(1955)
6013:(1954)
6007:(1953)
6001:(1952)
5995:(1951)
5978:(1950)
5972:(1949)
5966:(1948)
5960:(1947)
5954:(1946)
5948:(1945)
5942:(1944)
5936:(1943)
5930:(1942)
5924:(1941)
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5769:(1905)
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5757:(1901)
5751:(1899)
5289:Krausz
5283:2023:
5269:Aspect
5267:2022:
5261:Manabe
5253:Parisi
5251:2021:
5241:Genzel
5235:2020:
5229:Queloz
5219:2019:
5209:Mourou
5205:Ashkin
5203:2018:
5197:Thorne
5193:Barish
5187:2017:
5171:2016:
5161:Kajita
5159:2015:
5143:2014:
5131:2013:
5119:2012:
5103:2011:
5091:2010:
5075:2009:
5059:2008:
5047:2007:
5037:Mather
5035:2006:
5029:HĂ€nsch
5019:2005:
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4987:2003:
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4965:Wieman
4955:2001:
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4866:1996:
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4784:Ramsey
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4760:MĂŒller
4754:1987:
4748:Rohrer
4744:Binnig
4738:1986:
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4720:Rubbia
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4712:Fowler
4706:1983:
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4079:Perrin
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4056:Franck
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4038:1923:
4030:1922:
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4014:1920:
4006:1919:
4000:Planck
3998:1918:
3992:Barkla
3990:1917:
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3889:Lenard
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3857:Zeeman
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3783:(1950)
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3113:
3089:
2978:
2864:
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2796:
2788:
2738:
2566:
2533:
2134:
2054:
1994:Levy,
1956:
1279:aether
1079:, 1921
1061:, and
815:Family
738:crater
602:Berlin
574:optics
405:Branch
398:
308:Fields
293:(1929)
287:(1923)
281:(1923)
275:(1920)
269:(1916)
263:(1912)
257:(1907)
251:(1907)
245:(1903)
236:Awards
115:, U.S.
94:Poland
6302:2001â
5487:1907
5389:Peace
5335:1907
5225:Mayor
5189:Weiss
5149:Amano
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4461:Basov
4401:SegrĂš
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4060:Hertz
4008:Stark
3949:Dalén
3925:Braun
3125:Works
2794:S2CID
2681:(PDF)
2670:(PDF)
2143:(PDF)
2132:S2CID
2104:(PDF)
2052:S2CID
2024:(PDF)
1998:, 47.
1705:Notes
1398:CHARA
1275:Earth
1153:tan(2
1016:invar
751:as a
654:, or
531:Posen
509:(now
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212:
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191:
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5507:1911
5502:1910
5497:1909
5492:1908
5482:1906
5477:1905
5472:1904
5467:1903
5462:1902
5369:1907
5245:Ghez
5093:Geim
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5025:Hall
4908:Tsui
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4792:Paul
4628:Mott
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4234:Rabi
4218:1942
4211:1941
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4122:1931
3984:1916
3965:Laue
3941:Wien
3299:2010
3111:ISBN
3087:ISBN
3060:2024
3035:2011
3009:2018
2976:ISBN
2914:Isis
2862:ISBN
2839:ISSN
2786:PMID
2736:PMID
2703:link
2689:2009
2652:2022
2610:2020
2531:ISBN
2517:2017
2487:2018
2457:2017
2427:2017
2401:2017
2371:2017
2341:2017
2315:2021
2289:and
2273:2021
2204:2011
2151:2017
2086:2011
1954:ISBN
1908:2019
1882:2016
1846:2019
1816:2019
1786:2019
1756:2022
1638:The
1490:).
1402:NPOI
1394:VLTI
1157:) =
1127:and
1049:and
742:Moon
664:Navy
612:and
604:and
588:and
580:and
521:Life
486:FRAS
444:Unit
434:Rank
201:div.
102:Died
72:Born
52:FRAS
5077:Kao
4884:Chu
3248:at
2918:doi
2829:doi
2778:doi
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2230:doi
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