542:
325:
341:. Assemblages with tanged tools may therefore reflect particular activities involving the use of such tool types, and may not necessarily reflect a substantively different archaeological culture to others from the same period in North Africa. The findings are significant because they suggest that current archaeological nomenclatures do not reflect the true variability of the archaeological record of North Africa during the Middle Stone Age from the Last Interglacial, and hints at how early modern humans dispersed into previously uninhabitable environments. This notwithstanding, the term still usefully denotes the presence of tanged tools in North African Middle Stone Age assemblages.
333:
Africa with tanged tools, the concept of an
Aterian industry obfuscates other similarities between tanged tool assemblages and other non-Aterian North African assemblages of the same date. For example, bifacial leaf points are found widely across North Africa in assemblages that lack tanged tools and Levallois flakes and cores are near ubiquitous. Instead of elaborating discrete industries, the findings of the comparative study suggest that North Africa during the Last Interglacial comprised a network of related technologies whose similarities and differences correlated with geographical distance and the
321:
stone tool industries of the same date. Levallois reduction is widespread across the whole of North Africa throughout the Middle Stone Age, and scrapers and denticulates are ubiquitous. Bifacial foliates moreover represent a huge taxonomic category and the form and dimension of such foliates associated with tanged tools is extremely varied. There is also a significant variation of tanged tools themselves, with various forms representing both different tool types (e.g., knives, scrapers, points) and the degree tool resharpening.
27:
349:, which in North Africa, resulted in hyperarid conditions. Assemblages with tanged tools, 'the Aterian', therefore have a significant temporal and spatial range. However, the exact geographical distribution of this lithic industry is uncertain. The Aterian's spatial range is thought to have existed in North Africa up to the Nile Valley Possible Aterian lithic tools have also been discovered in Middle Paleolithic deposits in
443:
313:
320:
The technological character of the
Aterian has been debated for almost a century, but has until recently eluded definition. The problems defining the industry have related to its research history and the fact that a number of similarities have been observed between the Aterian and other North African
491:
Studies of the variation and distribution of the
Aterian have also now suggested that associated populations lived in subdivided populations, perhaps living most of their lives in relative isolation and aggregating at particular times to reinforce social ties. Such a subdivided population structure
505:
were also exploited. Although there is no direct evidence from the
Aterian yet, plant processing is evidenced in North Africa from as much as 182,000 years ago. In 2012, a 90,000-year-old bone knife was discovered in the Dar es-Soltan I cave, which is basically made of a cattle-sized animal's rib.
504:
was widespread, perhaps to maintain flexibility in the face of strongly seasonal environment with a pronounced dry season. Scrapers, knives and points all seem to have been hafted, suggesting a wide range of activities were facilitated by technological advances. It is probable that plant resources
332:
More recently, a large-scale study of North
African stone tool assemblages, including Aterian assemblages, indicated that the traditional concept of stone tool industries is problematic in the North African Middle Stone Age. Although the term Aterian defines Middle Stone Age assemblages from North
462:
specimens, further examinations revealed that the Jebel Irhoud specimens are similar to them in some respects but differ in that the Jebel Irhoud specimens have a continuous supraorbital torus while the
Aterian and Iberomaurasian specimens have a discontinuous supraorbital torus or in some cases,
499:
Associated faunal studies suggest that the people making the
Aterian exploited coastal resources as well as engaging in hunting. As the points are small and lightweight, it is likely that they were not hand-delivered but instead thrown. There is no evidence that a spear thrower was used, but the
259:
shell beads) are known from at least one
Aterian site, with an age of 82,000 years. The Aterian is one of the oldest examples of regional technological diversification, evidencing significant differentiation to older stone tool industries in the area, frequently described as
1396:
Dibble, Harold L.; Aldeias, Vera; Jacobs, Zenobia; Olszewski, Deborah I.; Rezek, Zeljko; Lin, Sam C.; Alvarez-Fernández, Esteban; Barshay-Szmidt, Carolyn C.; Hallett-Desguez, Emily (2013-03-01). "On the industrial attributions of the
Aterian and Mousterian of the Maghreb".
1967:
Stoetzel, Emmanuelle; Marion, Lucile; Nespoulet, Roland; El
Hajraoui, Mohammed Abdeljalil; Denys, Christiane (2011-01-01). "Taphonomy and palaeoecology of the late Pleistocene to middle Holocene small mammal succession of El Harhoura 2 cave (Rabat-Témara, Morocco)".
344:
Tanged tools persisted in North Africa until around 20,000 years ago, with the youngest sites located in Northwest Africa. By this time, the Aterian lithic industry had long ceased to exist in the rest of North Africa due to the onset of the
1531:
mankind, International Commission for a History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of Mankind History of; Mankind, International Commission for the New Edition of the History of the Scientific and Cultural Development of (1994).
2079:
Barton, R. N. E.; Bouzouggar, A.; Collcutt, S. N.; Schwenninger, J. -L.; Clark-Balzan, L. (2009-09-01). "OSL dating of the Aterian levels at Dar es-Soltan I (Rabat, Morocco) and implications for the dispersal of modern Homo sapiens".
1807:
Hublin, J.-J.; Verna, C.; Bailey, S.; Smith, T.; Olejniczak, A.; Sbihi-Alaoui, F. Z.; Zouak, M. (2012-01-01). "Dental Evidence from the Aterian Human Populations of Morocco". In Hublin, Jean-Jacques; McPherron, Shannon P. (eds.).
1174:
Richter, Daniel; Moser, Johannes; Nami, Mustapha; Eiwanger, Josef; Mikdad, Abdeslam (2010-12-01). "New chronometric data from Ifri n'Ammar (Morocco) and the chronostratigraphy of the Middle Palaeolithic in the Western Maghreb".
500:
points have characteristics similar to atlatl dart points. It has so far been difficult to estimate whether Aterian populations further inland were exploiting freshwater resources as well. Studies have suggested that
382:, Aterians camped near lakes, rivers, and springs, and engaged in the activity of hunting (e.g., antelope, buffalo, elephant, rhinoceros) and some gathering. As a result of a hyper-aridification event of Saharan
483:
in the Levant, and they are broadly contemporary to them. Apart from producing a highly distinctive and sophisticated stone tool technology, these early North African populations also seem to have engaged with
541:
488:, creating what are amongst the earliest African examples of personal ornamentation. Such examples of shell 'beads' have been found far inland, suggesting the presence of long distance social networks.
324:
1841:
d'Errico, Francesco; Vanhaeren, Marian; Barton, Nick; Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Mienis, Henk; Richter, Daniel; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; McPherron, Shannon P.; Lozouet, Pierre (2009-09-22).
1311:
Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Barton, Nick; Vanhaeren, Marian; d'Errico, Francesco; Collcutt, Simon; Higham, Tom; Hodge, Edward; Parfitt, Simon; Rhodes, Edward (2007-06-12).
1496:
Scerri, Eleanor M. L.; Drake, Nick A.; Jennings, Richard; Groucutt, Huw S. (2014-10-01). "Earliest evidence for the structure of Homo sapiens populations in Africa".
228:. The earliest Aterian dates to c. 150,000 years ago, at the site of Ifri n'Ammar in Morocco. However, most of the early dates cluster around the beginning of the
2193:
1645:
Niang, Khady; et al. (December 2020). "The Middle Stone Age occupations of Tiémassas, coastal West Africa, between 62 and 25 thousand years ago".
2188:
232:, around 150,000 to 130,000 years ago, when the environment of North Africa began to ameliorate. The Aterian disappeared around 20,000 years ago.
1825:
1292:
1005:
2003:
Van Peer, P; Fullagar, R; Stokes, S; Bailey, R. M; Moeyersons, J; Steenhoudt, F; Geerts, A; Vanderbeken, T; De Dapper, M (2003-08-01).
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1434:"Shape Variation in Aterian Tanged Tools and the Origins of Projectile Technology: A Morphometric Perspective on Stone Tool Function"
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The Aterian is primarily distinguished through the presence of tanged or pedunculated tools, and is named after the type site of
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2178:
1900:
Gunz, Philipp; Bookstein, Fred L.; Mitteroecker, Philipp; Stadlmayr, Andrea; Seidler, Horst; Weber, Gerhard W. (2009-04-14).
368:
1234:
513:
Due to the archaeological spread of the Aterian culture and unique linguistic spread of the Niger-Congo languages (e.g.,
2005:"The Early to Middle Stone Age Transition and the Emergence of Modern Human Behaviour at site 8-B-11, Sai Island, Sudan"
998:
728:
640:
480:
476:
121:
2062:"A brief overview of recent research into the Aterian and Upper Palaeolithic of northern and eastern Morocco"
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Archaeological and stratigraphical context of the bone implement from Dar es-Soltan 1, dated, 90,000 years BP
1902:"Early modern human diversity suggests subdivided population structure and a complex out-of-Africa scenario"
205:
244:
1313:"82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behavior"
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955:
777:
759:
485:
346:
125:
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1913:
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Ferembach, D. (1976). "Les restes humains de la Grotte de Dar-es-Soltane II (Maroc). Campagne 1975".
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Specialised bone tool in the Aterian Middle Stone Age of North Africa 90,000 year-old Dar es-Soltan
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El Akarit: un site archéologique du paléolithique moyen dans le sud de la Tunisie in SearchWorks
1843:"Additional evidence on the use of personal ornaments in the Middle Paleolithic of North Africa"
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391:
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none at all, and from this, it was concluded that the Jebel Irhoud specimens represent archaic
264:. The appropriateness of the term Mousterian is contested in a North African context, however.
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has also been inferred from the pattern of variation observed in early African fossils of
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1812:. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer Netherlands. pp. 189–204.
109:
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
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instruments in the area may indicate that Bubaline rock art was developed by Aterians.
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Bouzouggar, Abdeljalil; Barton, R. Nicholas E.; Igreja, Marina De Araujo (2004–2005).
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471:. The 'Aterian' fossils also display morphological similarities with the early
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specimens were originally noted to have been similar to later Aterian and some
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But Scerri (2012) also reckoned that the (Aterian) peoples were ultimately of
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1935:
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1211:"Stone Tools Suggest Modern Humans Lingered in Arabia - Archaeology Magazine"
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while the Aterian and Iberomaurusian specimens represent anatomically modern
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2043:"A 90,000-year-old bone knife hints special tools appeared early in Africa"
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1375:"The Early Dispersions of Homo sapiens sapiens and proto-Human from Africa"
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1110:"The Nubian Complex and the Dispersal of Modern Humans in North Africa"
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1112:. In Krzyżaniak, Lech; Kroeper, Karla; Kobusiewicz, Michał (eds.).
1535:
History of Humanity: Prehistory and the beginnings of civilization
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flakes and cores. Items of personal adornment (pierced and ochred
217:
1235:"The Aterian and its place in the North African Middle Stone Age"
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event, Aterian hunter-gatherers may have migrated into areas of
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56:
1283:(5th ed.). Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company. pp.
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linguistic phylum is derived from the Aterian culture area.”
1774:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
1114:
Recent Research into the Stone Age of Northeastern Africa
243:. Bifacially-worked, leaf-shaped tools are also a common
1699:
Palaeolithic Quarrying Sites in Upper and Middle Egypt
1565:
Round Heads: The Earliest Rock Paintings in the Sahara
529:), Fleming et al. (2013) indicates that possibly the “
280:
origin, or as we have proposed, they dispersed from
153:
143:
101:
89:
81:
67:
36:
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31:Aterian point from Zaccar, Djelfa region, Algeria
1906:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1847:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1317:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1144:Gwen Robbins Schug, Subhash R. Walimbe (2016).
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1568:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 36.
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367:appear in the northern region of Tassili, at
8:
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1555:
414:, Aterians may have migrated southward into
19:
454:at a number of sites in Morocco. While the
402:. More specifically, amid aridification in
1725:"The origin and evolution of Homo sapiens"
1647:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports
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992:
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1943:
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1602:"Africa, north: Sahara, West and Central"
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1346:
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1244:. The Middle Palaeolithic in the Desert.
486:symbolically constituted material culture
1702:. Leuven University Press. p. 321.
1538:. Taylor & Francis. pp. PA120.
1373:Fleming, Harold C.; et al. (2013).
247:type in Aterian assemblages, and so are
1139:
1137:
1070:
551:
2149:
2139:
18:
1150:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 64.
1147:A Companion to South Asia in the Past
450:The Aterian is associated with early
7:
1233:Scerri, Eleanor M. L. (2013-06-25).
386:, which occurred around the time of
2194:Archaeological cultures in Morocco
1087:. EOLSS Publications. p. 38.
1081:Hardesty, Donald L. (2010-06-15).
816:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
406:and regional change of climate in
14:
1600:Barich, Barbara (December 2008).
1562:Soukopova, Jitka (Jan 16, 2013).
2189:Archaeological cultures in Egypt
1614:10.1016/B978-012373962-9.00320-4
1279:An Encyclopedia of World History
1275:Langer, William L., ed. (1972).
179:Selected Aterian sites from the
2102:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.03.010
1518:10.1016/j.quascirev.2014.07.019
515:languages of the Atlantic coast
1696:Vermeersch, Pierre M. (2002).
1608:. Academic Press. p. 63.
272:Fleming et al. (2013) stated:
1:
2021:10.1016/S0047-2484(03)00103-9
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220:, but also possibly found in
1982:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.016
1818:10.1007/978-94-007-2929-2_13
1659:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102658
1459:10.1371/journal.pone.0029029
1411:10.1016/j.jhevol.2012.10.010
1262:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.09.008
1189:10.1016/j.jhevol.2010.07.024
1606:Encyclopedia of Archaeology
1432:Iovita, Radu (2011-12-27).
1108:Vermeersch, Pierre (2000).
2210:
2082:Quaternary Science Reviews
2009:Journal of Human Evolution
1970:Journal of Human Evolution
1498:Quaternary Science Reviews
1399:Journal of Human Evolution
1177:Journal of Human Evolution
2174:Middle Stone Age cultures
1039:Dar es Soltan I (Morocco)
729:Initial Upper Paleolithic
446:Aterian nosed end-scraper
122:Grotte des Contrebandiers
85:c. 150,000 – c. 20,000 BP
24:
1242:Quaternary International
1027:Contrebandiers (Morocco)
410:, in the Sahara and the
2184:History of North Africa
1927:10.1073/pnas.0808160106
1860:10.1073/pnas.0903532106
1786:10.3406/bmsap.1976.1849
1330:10.1073/pnas.0703877104
1084:ARCHAEOLOGY – Volume II
1054:Oued el Akarit(Tunisia)
475:modern humans found at
1741:10.1098/rstb.2015.0237
1024:Ifri n'Ammar (Morocco)
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16:Archaeological culture
2179:History of the Sahara
1723:Stringer, C. (2016).
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1385:: 151, 154–155, 175.
438:Associated behaviour
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1918:2009PNAS..106.6094G
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1510:2014QSRv..101..207S
1450:2011PLoSO...629029I
1254:2013QuInt.300..111S
1042:El Mnasra (Morocco)
509:Associated language
316:Aterian nosed point
202:Middle Palaeolithic
72:Middle Palaeolithic
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657:Middle Paleolithic
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76:Upper Palaeolithic
37:Geographical range
2049:. 3 October 2018.
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1827:978-94-007-2928-5
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1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1003:
996:
988:
985:
984:
977:
976:
973:
972:
966:
953:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
917:
914:Iberomaurusian
911:
898:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
872:(15.5–13.1 ka)
867:
861:
855:
849:
843:
837:
831:
825:
819:
813:
807:
794:
793:
792:(12.2–10.8 ka)
787:
786:(14.5–11.5 ka)
781:
775:
769:
763:
757:
751:
745:
732:
731:
725:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
698:
692:
686:
680:
673:
655:
654:
651:
650:
647:
646:
645:
644:
638:
632:
626:
614:
608:
601:
577:
576:
573:
572:
557:
556:
538:
535:
510:
507:
460:Iberomaurusian
439:
436:
400:coastal Africa
309:
306:
284:by way of the
269:
266:
183:(CC BY-SA 4.0
178:
177:
176:
173:
172:
170:Iberomaurusian
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
103:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
69:
65:
64:
38:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2206:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2155:
2143:
2129:
2127:9782865383108
2123:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2075:
2072:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1776:(in French).
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1709:9789058672667
1705:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1638:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1623:9780123739629
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1575:9781443845793
1571:
1567:
1566:
1558:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1545:9789231028106
1541:
1537:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1379:Mother Tongue
1376:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1123:83-907529-6-4
1119:
1115:
1111:
1104:
1101:
1096:
1094:9781848260030
1090:
1086:
1085:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
989:
987:
986:
983:
979:
978:
970:
969:Afontova Gora
967:
964:
963:Mal'ta–Buret'
961:
960:
959:
957:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
926:
923:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
905:
904:
902:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
859:
858:Epigravettian
856:
853:
850:
847:
844:
841:
838:
835:
832:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
801:
800:
798:
791:
788:
785:
782:
779:
776:
773:
770:
767:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
739:
738:
736:
730:
727:
726:
721:
710:
705:
704:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
674:
669:
658:
653:
652:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
620:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
602:
597:
593:
580:
575:
574:
570:
569:
563:
559:
558:
555:
550:
543:
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
508:
506:
503:
497:
495:
489:
487:
482:
478:
474:
473:out of Africa
470:
466:
461:
457:
453:
444:
437:
435:
433:
432:Senegal River
429:
426:; Tiemassas,
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
363:
358:
356:
352:
348:
342:
340:
336:
326:
322:
314:
307:
304:
302:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
273:
267:
265:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:) stone tool
203:
199:
195:
186:
182:
181:ROAD database
171:
167:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
118:Dar es Soltan
115:
111:
107:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
39:
35:
28:
23:
2131:. Retrieved
2116:
2110:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2066:ResearchGate
2065:
2055:
2047:Science News
2046:
2037:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1809:
1802:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1698:
1691:
1650:
1646:
1640:
1605:
1564:
1534:
1526:
1501:
1497:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1378:
1320:
1316:
1278:
1270:
1245:
1241:
1205:
1180:
1176:
1146:
1128:ResearchGate
1126:– via
1113:
1103:
1083:
1046:Kharga Oasis
1019:North Africa
954:
899:
878:(14–12.8 ka)
812:(44.5–36 ka)
795:
774:(18–12.5 ka)
733:
682:
643:(400–220 ka)
637:(424–400 ka)
631:(500–130 ka)
613:(2.6–1.7 Ma)
567:
531:Nilo-Saharan
512:
498:
494:Homo sapiens
493:
490:
469:Homo sapiens
468:
465:Homo sapiens
464:
456:Jebel Irhoud
452:Homo sapiens
451:
449:
377:
359:
343:
339:Green Sahara
331:
319:
294:interglacial
275:
271:
234:
210:North Africa
208:centered in
193:
191:
120:I & II,
114:Kharga Oasis
110:Ifri n'Ammar
41:North Africa
1976:(1): 1–33.
1504:: 207–216.
1248:: 111–130.
876:Federmesser
864:Magdalenian
834:Périgordian
822:Aurignacian
760:Aurignacian
754:Baradostian
697:(130–10 ka)
691:(130–70 ka)
685:(145–20 ka)
679:(160–40 ka)
554:Paleolithic
416:West Africa
369:Wadi Djerat
355:Thar Desert
308:Description
278:sub-Saharan
239:, south of
237:Bir el Ater
226:Thar Desert
154:Followed by
144:Preceded by
138:Bir Tarfawi
102:Major sites
96:Bir el Ater
61:Thar Desert
2168:Categories
2133:2016-08-04
1675:8709222767
1653:: 102658.
1065:References
1058:Adrar Bous
982:Mesolithic
971:(21–12 ka}
965:(24–15 ka)
939:(15–11 ka)
933:(15—11 ka)
927:(22–14 ka)
916:(25–11 ka)
910:(42–18 ka)
890:(13–12 ka)
888:Ahrensburg
884:(14–10 ka)
866:(17–12 ka)
860:(20–10 ka)
854:(22–17 ka)
848:(29–25 ka)
842:(33–24 ka)
840:Gravettian
836:(35–20 ka)
824:(43–26 ka)
818:(43–32 ka)
806:(48–40 ka)
804:Bohunician
778:Trialetian
768:(20–10 ka)
762:(35–29 ka)
756:(36–18 ka)
750:(46–42 ka)
744:(50–40 ka)
677:Mousterian
635:Clactonian
589: 3.3
424:Mauritania
262:Mousterian
214:Mauritania
148:Mousterian
134:Adrar Bous
2152:ignored (
2142:cite book
1936:0027-8424
1869:0027-8424
1794:0037-8984
1683:228826414
1667:2352-409X
1632:128002774
1584:826685273
1339:0027-8424
1033:(Morocco)
951:(10–8 ka)
945:(15–5 ka)
920:Mushabian
908:Khormusan
896:(11–8 ka)
894:Swiderian
852:Solutrean
846:Pavlovian
828:Szeletian
780:(16–8 ka)
689:Micoquien
623:Madrasian
617:Acheulean
537:Locations
434:Valley).
373:Levallois
301:wet spots
292:and the (
290:Lake Chad
257:Nassarius
253:Levallois
166:Khormusan
91:Type site
2120:. 2007.
2029:14529653
1990:21035833
1954:19307568
1887:19717433
1759:27298468
1478:22216161
1438:PLOS ONE
1419:23399349
1357:17548808
1197:20880568
1031:Taforalt
949:Magosian
937:Sebilian
790:Khiamian
784:Natufian
748:Ahmarian
641:Mugharan
625:(1.5 Ma)
607:(3.3 Ma)
562:Pliocene
523:Kordofan
430:; Lower
362:engraved
353:and the
282:Ethiopia
249:racloirs
245:artefact
224:and the
206:industry
162:Ahmarian
130:Uan Tabu
106:Taforalt
2090:Bibcode
1945:2669363
1914:Bibcode
1878:2752514
1750:4920294
1506:Bibcode
1469:3246439
1446:Bibcode
1348:1891266
1250:Bibcode
1060:(Niger)
1048:(Egypt)
956:Siberia
943:Eburran
882:Azilian
870:Hamburg
772:Kebaran
766:Zarzian
695:Sangoan
683:Aterian
666:300–50
629:Soanian
611:Oldowan
605:Lomekwi
566:before
519:Senegal
502:hafting
428:Senegal
418:(e.g.,
378:In the
347:Ice Age
298:Saharan
241:Tébessa
212:, from
194:Aterian
20:Aterian
2124:
2027:
1988:
1952:
1942:
1934:
1885:
1875:
1867:
1824:
1792:
1757:
1747:
1706:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1630:
1620:
1582:
1572:
1542:
1476:
1466:
1417:
1355:
1345:
1337:
1291:
1195:
1154:
1120:
1091:
925:Halfan
901:Africa
797:Europe
742:Emiran
718:50–12
712:
660:
594:– 300
582:
481:Qafzeh
388:Europe
384:Africa
380:Sahara
268:Origin
185:ROCEEH
158:Emiran
68:Period
53:Arabia
45:Sahara
1679:S2CID
1628:S2CID
1238:(PDF)
931:Qadan
527:Sudan
477:Skhul
412:Sahel
408:MIS 4
404:MIS 5
360:Most
337:of a
286:Sahel
218:Egypt
196:is a
82:Dates
2154:help
2122:ISBN
2025:PMID
1986:PMID
1950:PMID
1932:ISSN
1883:PMID
1865:ISSN
1822:ISBN
1790:ISSN
1755:PMID
1704:ISBN
1671:OCLC
1663:ISSN
1618:ISBN
1580:OCLC
1570:ISBN
1540:ISBN
1474:PMID
1415:PMID
1353:PMID
1335:ISSN
1289:ISBN
1193:PMID
1152:ISBN
1118:ISBN
1089:ISBN
568:Homo
552:The
479:and
398:and
351:Oman
288:and
251:and
222:Oman
200:(or
192:The
57:Oman
2098:doi
2017:doi
1978:doi
1940:PMC
1922:doi
1910:106
1873:PMC
1855:doi
1851:106
1814:doi
1782:doi
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1733:371
1655:doi
1651:34B
1610:doi
1514:doi
1502:101
1464:PMC
1454:doi
1407:doi
1343:PMC
1325:doi
1321:104
1258:doi
1246:300
1185:doi
525:in
517:in
390:'s
357:.
216:to
59:?,
55:?,
2170::
2146::
2144:}}
2140:{{
2096:.
2086:28
2084:.
2064:.
2045:.
2023:.
2013:45
2011:.
2007:.
1984:.
1974:60
1972:.
1948:.
1938:.
1930:.
1920:.
1908:.
1904:.
1881:.
1871:.
1863:.
1849:.
1845:.
1820:.
1788:.
1753:.
1743:.
1731:.
1727:.
1677:.
1669:.
1661:.
1649:.
1626:.
1616:.
1604:.
1592:^
1578:.
1554:^
1512:.
1500:.
1486:^
1472:.
1462:.
1452:.
1440:.
1436:.
1413:.
1403:64
1401:.
1383:18
1381:.
1377:.
1365:^
1351:.
1341:.
1333:.
1319:.
1315:.
1303:^
1287:.
1256:.
1240:.
1219:^
1191:.
1181:59
1179:.
1166:^
1136:^
1116:.
1073:^
980:↓
958::
903::
799::
737::
720:ka
716:c.
668:ka
664:c.
596:ka
592:Ma
586:c.
560:↑
521:,
496:.
422:,
371:.
296:)
168:,
164:,
160:,
136:,
132:,
128:,
124:,
116:,
112:,
108:,
74:–
51:,
47:,
43:,
2156:)
2136:.
2104:.
2100::
2092::
2068:.
2031:.
2019::
1992:.
1980::
1956:.
1924::
1916::
1889:.
1857::
1830:.
1816::
1796:.
1784::
1778:3
1761:.
1739::
1712:.
1685:.
1657::
1634:.
1612::
1586:.
1548:.
1520:.
1516::
1508::
1480:.
1456::
1448::
1442:6
1421:.
1409::
1359:.
1327::
1297:.
1285:9
1264:.
1260::
1252::
1213:.
1199:.
1187::
1160:.
1130:.
1097:.
1007:e
1000:t
993:v
722:)
714:(
670:)
662:(
598:)
584:(
571:)
564:(
303:.
187:)
63:?
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
