32:
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1298:, both theoretical and experimental fields have advanced at a rapid pace. This can be attributed to progress in computing technology, which has allowed larger and more sophisticated models of atomic structure and associated collision processes. Similar technological advances in accelerators, detectors, magnetic field generation and
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then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered. This means that the individual atoms can be treated as if each were in isolation, as the vast majority of the time they are. By this consideration, atomic physics provides
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If the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will be transferred to an excited state. After a certain time, the electron in an excited state will "jump" (undergo a transition) to a lower state. In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in
202:
1275:. In seeking to explain atomic spectra, an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed. As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i.e. the
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If an inner electron has absorbed more than the binding energy (so that the atom ionizes), then a more outer electron may undergo a transition to fill the inner orbital. In this case, a visible photon or a
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may take place, where the released energy is transferred to another bound electron, causing it to go into the continuum. The Auger effect allows one to multiply ionize an atom with a single photon.
1090:
Atomic physics primarily considers atoms in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. It is not concerned with the formation of
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In the Bohr model, the transition of an electron with n=3 to the shell n=2 is shown, where a photon is emitted. An electron from shell (n=2) must have been removed beforehand by ionization
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in the 18th century. At this stage, it wasn't clear what atoms were, although they could be described and classified by their properties (in bulk). The invention of the
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as to the electronic configurations that can be reached by excitation by light — however, there are no such rules for excitation by collision processes.
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As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of
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1024:. Atomic physics typically refers to the study of atomic structure and the interaction between atoms. It is primarily concerned with
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1067:. Physicists distinguish between atomic physics—which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons—and
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One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed of
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Atoms, molecules and photons : an introduction to atomic-, molecular-, and quantum-physics
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197:{\displaystyle {\hat {H}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle =i\hbar {\frac {d}{dt}}|\psi _{n}(t)\rangle }
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For the classical view of the atom which developed into atomic physics, see
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267:{\displaystyle G_{\mu \nu }+\Lambda g_{\mu \nu }={\kappa }T_{\mu \nu }}
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and the processes by which these arrangements change. This comprises
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The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of
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1177:. The atom is said to have undergone the process of ionization.
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Stanford QFARM Initiative for
Quantum Science & Enginneering
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but can be excited by the absorption of energy from light (
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Joint
Quantum Institute at University of Maryland and NIST
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the way in which electrons are arranged around the nucleus
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and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by
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1082:. Physics research groups are usually so classified.
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Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a
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1138:around the nucleus. These are normally in a
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1588:The Theory of Atomic Structure and Spectra
1567:Condon, E.U. & Shortley, G.H. (1935).
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1302:have greatly assisted experimental work.
1189:is emitted, or a phenomenon known as the
1102:. It is concerned with processes such as
1075:and special properties of atomic nuclei.
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1605:Lindgren, I. & Morrison, J. (1986).
39:This article includes a list of general
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2074:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1927:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1677:MIT-Harvard Center for Ultracold Atoms
1267:. The study of these lines led to the
1080:atomic, molecular, and optical physics
1244:by the British chemist and physicist
7:
1609:(Second ed.). Springer-Verlag.
1550:Atomic Spectra and Atomic Structure
1510:Bransden, BH; Joachain, CJ (2002).
1181:energy, since energy is conserved.
1590:. University of California Press.
227:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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1256:was another great step forward.
30:
2048:Timeline of physics discoveries
1514:(2nd ed.). Prentice Hall.
1692:Atomic Physics on the Internet
1571:. Cambridge University Press.
1512:Physics of Atoms and Molecules
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1306:Significant atomic physicists
1569:The Theory of Atomic Spectra
2012:Quantum information science
1548:Herzberg, Gerhard (1979) .
1533:. Oxford University Press.
1250:periodic system of elements
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2090:
1843:Classical electromagnetism
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1586:Cowan, Robert D. (1981).
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1016:as an isolated system of
1949:Condensed matter physics
1407:Charlotte Froese Fischer
1204:History and developments
1196:There are rather strict
1134:Electrons form notional
1130:Electronic configuration
280:Einstein field equations
1607:Atomic Many-Body Theory
1388:Clinton Joseph Davisson
1043:can be associated with
583:Theories of gravitation
498:Electroweak interaction
60:more precise citations.
2033:Nobel Prize in Physics
1895:Relativistic mechanics
1638:Demtröder, W. (2006).
1358:Post quantum mechanics
1175:conservation of energy
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2038:Philosophy of physics
1702:ORNL Physics Division
1697:JILA (Atomic Physics)
1323:Joseph von Fraunhofer
1312:Pre quantum mechanics
1265:Joseph von Fraunhofer
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461:Philosophy of physics
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1997:Mathematical physics
1644:. Berlin: Springer.
1475:George Paget Thomson
1277:atomic orbital model
1271:and to the birth of
1187:characteristic X-ray
593:Theory of everything
471:Quantum field theory
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1972:Atmospheric physics
1811:Classical mechanics
1739:branches of physics
1552:. New York: Dover.
1124:atmospheric physics
543:Non-linear dynamics
481:Quantum computation
476:Quantum information
350:Satyendra Nath Bose
2028:History of physics
1364:Alexander Dalgarno
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568:General relativity
563:Special relativity
503:Strong interaction
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2043:Physics education
1992:Materials science
1959:Interdisciplinary
1917:Quantum mechanics
1651:978-3-540-32346-4
1616:978-0-387-16649-0
1597:978-0-520-03821-9
1578:978-0-521-09209-8
1559:978-0-486-60115-1
1540:978-0-19-850696-6
1529:Foot, CJ (2004).
1521:978-0-582-35692-4
1338:Ernest Rutherford
1285:quantum chemistry
1273:quantum mechanics
1173:according to the
1073:nuclear reactions
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315:Werner Heisenberg
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1254:Dmitri Mendeleev
1242:chemical element
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1100:condensed matter
1071:, which studies
1065:standard English
1008:is the field of
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528:Condensed matter
493:Weak interaction
488:Electromagnetism
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1227:Vaiśeṣika Sūtra
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21:atomic theory
1967:Astrophysics
1931:
1781:Experimental
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1606:
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1504:Bibliography
1400:Enrico Fermi
1293:
1289:spectroscopy
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1223:
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1191:Auger effect
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1140:ground state
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1005:
1004:
573:Astrophysics
553:Neurophysics
507:
456:Mathematical
446:Experimental
72:
63:
44:
1870:Statistical
1786:Theoretical
1763:Engineering
1465:Mike Seaton
1450:Nevill Mott
1433:Ratko Janev
1369:David Bates
1318:John Dalton
1246:John Dalton
1232:written by
1163:bound state
1096:solid state
836:von Neumann
701:Schrödinger
533:Statistical
451:Theoretical
403:Information
276:Schrödinger
58:introducing
2063:Categories
1987:Geophysics
1977:Biophysics
1821:Analytical
1774:Approaches
1625:References
1455:I. I. Rabi
1374:Niels Bohr
1343:Democritus
1294:Since the
1220:Democritus
1108:excitation
1104:ionization
1053:synonymous
953:Categories
746:Heisenberg
706:de Broglie
656:Rutherford
651:Sommerfeld
605:Scientists
548:Biophysics
398:Randomness
335:Paul Dirac
305:Niels Bohr
295:Max Planck
41:references
1937:Molecular
1838:Acoustics
1831:Continuum
1826:Celestial
1816:Newtonian
1803:Classical
1746:Divisions
1660:262692011
1281:chemistry
1092:molecules
1039:The term
1018:electrons
941:Uhlenbeck
931:Zeilinger
891:Gell-Mann
621:Becquerel
578:Cosmology
260:ν
257:μ
248:κ
239:ν
236:μ
228:Λ
220:ν
217:μ
192:⟩
174:ψ
150:ℏ
141:⟩
123:ψ
111:^
1482:See also
1381:Max Born
936:Goudsmit
926:Lawrence
921:Chadwick
916:Shockley
876:'t Hooft
826:Millikan
811:Poincaré
801:Lemaître
671:Einstein
513:Particle
435:Branches
418:Particle
368:Topology
362:Concepts
310:Max Born
289:Founders
2021:Related
1905:General
1900:Special
1758:Applied
1498:Atomism
1144:photons
1061:nuclear
1055:use of
1020:and an
1010:physics
911:Bardeen
881:Veltman
851:Feynman
821:Penrose
816:Wheeler
806:Thomson
791:Hawking
766:Hilbert
761:Moseley
721:Compton
696:Kramers
676:Wilczek
626:Lorentz
616:Röntgen
518:Nuclear
441:Applied
408:Entropy
54:improve
1932:Atomic
1887:Modern
1737:Major
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1613:
1594:
1575:
1556:
1537:
1518:
1300:lasers
1287:) and
1236:Kaṇāda
1136:shells
1119:plasma
1057:atomic
866:Lenard
786:Wigner
776:Jordan
756:Zeeman
731:Walton
631:Planck
611:Witten
508:Atomic
388:Matter
383:Energy
43:, but
1216:atoms
1014:atoms
906:Bragg
901:Raman
871:Salam
841:Higgs
831:Nambu
781:Dirac
771:Gödel
751:Dyson
736:Fermi
726:Pauli
666:Onnes
661:Soddy
636:Curie
413:Light
373:Space
1858:Wave
1753:Pure
1656:OCLC
1646:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1535:ISBN
1516:ISBN
1106:and
1059:and
1047:and
1034:atom
1030:ions
886:Bell
856:Yang
846:Hahn
716:Bose
711:Laue
691:Bohr
686:Weyl
681:Born
641:Wien
423:Wave
393:Work
378:Time
278:and
1853:Ray
1252:by
1222:or
1146:),
1117:or
1115:gas
1098:as
1063:in
861:Lee
2065::
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994:e
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232:g
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183:(
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162:t
159:d
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23:.
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