4240:
1654:
2755:," the three modes that determine how we inhabit, experience and understand the world. He argues that critical theories in the Humanities and Social Sciences study the historical and social dimensions of our lived experience, neglecting the spatial dimension. He builds on Henri Lefebvre's work to address the dualistic way in which humans understand space—as either material/physical or as represented/imagined. Lefebvre's "lived space" and Soja's "thirdspace" are terms that account for the complex ways in which humans understand and navigate place, which "firstspace" and "Secondspace" (Soja's terms for material and imagined spaces respectively) do not fully encompass.
794:. In this world, the temperature is taken to vary in such a way that all objects expand and contract in similar proportions in different places on the sphere. With a suitable falloff in temperature, if the scientists try to use measuring rods to determine the sum of the angles in a triangle, they can be deceived into thinking that they inhabit a plane, rather than a spherical surface. In fact, the scientists cannot in principle determine whether they inhabit a plane or sphere and, Poincaré argued, the same is true for the debate over whether real space is Euclidean or not. For him, which geometry was used to describe space was a matter of
378:
322:, with a stationary Sun at the center and the planets—including the Earth—revolving around the Sun. If the Earth moved, the Aristotelian belief that its natural tendency was to remain at rest was in question. Galileo wanted to prove instead that the Sun moved around its axis, that motion was as natural to an object as the state of rest. In other words, for Galileo, celestial bodies, including the Earth, were naturally inclined to move in circles. This view displaced another Aristotelian idea—that all objects gravitated towards their designated natural place-of-belonging.
415:. Space could be thought of in a similar way to the relations between family members. Although people in the family are related to one another, the relations do not exist independently of the people. Leibniz argued that space could not exist independently of objects in the world because that implies a difference between two universes exactly alike except for the location of the material world in each universe. But since there would be no observational way of telling these universes apart then, according to the
427:
478:
2741:." This is the effect of technological advances and capitalism on our perception of time, space and distance. Changes in the modes of production and consumption of capital affect and are affected by developments in transportation and technology. These advances create relationships across time and space, new markets and groups of wealthy elites in urban centers, all of which annihilate distances and affect our perception of linearity and distance.
4312:
37:
4214:
1667:
811:
757:
546:
2521:
2332:
2193:
2065:
1872:
1717:
4276:
790:, a French mathematician and physicist of the late 19th century, introduced an important insight in which he attempted to demonstrate the futility of any attempt to discover which geometry applies to space by experiment. He considered the predicament that would face scientists if they were confined to the surface of an imaginary large sphere with particular properties, known as a
4300:
4252:
4288:
767:
4264:
399:, who set out two opposing theories of what space is. Rather than being an entity that independently exists over and above other matter, Leibniz held that space is no more than the collection of spatial relations between objects in the world: "space is that which results from places taken together". Unoccupied regions are those that
356:
The
Cartesian notion of space is closely linked to his theories about the nature of the body, mind and matter. He is famously known for his "cogito ergo sum" (I think therefore I am), or the idea that we can only be certain of the fact that we can doubt, and therefore think and therefore exist. His
469:
apparently not the result of relative motion between the bucket and the water. Instead, Newton argued, it must be a result of non-inertial motion relative to space itself. For several centuries the bucket argument was considered decisive in showing that space must exist independently of matter.
468:
is hung from a rope and set to spin, starts with a flat surface. After a while, as the bucket continues to spin, the surface of the water becomes concave. If the bucket's spinning is stopped then the surface of the water remains concave as it continues to spin. The concave surface is therefore
2463:
is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behavior, being an important factor in architecture, where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on
780:, a German mathematician, was the first to consider an empirical investigation of the geometrical structure of space. He thought of making a test of the sum of the angles of an enormous stellar triangle, and there are reports that he actually carried out a test, on a small scale, by
252:
said that the concepts of space and time are not empirical ones derived from experiences of the outside world—they are elements of an already given systematic framework that humans possess and use to structure all experiences. Kant referred to the experience of "space" in his
495:
On his view the nature of spatial predicates are "relations that only attach to the form of intuition alone, and thus to the subjective constitution of our mind, without which these predicates could not be attached to anything at all." This develops his theory of
1821:, meaning that it cannot be defined via other quantities because nothing more fundamental is known at the present. On the other hand, it can be related to other fundamental quantities. Thus, similar to other fundamental quantities (like time and
2718:. These theories account for the effect of the history of colonialism, transatlantic slavery and globalization on our understanding and experience of space and place. The topic has garnered attention since the 1980s, after the publication of
624:. Until the 19th century, few doubted the truth of the postulate; instead debate centered over whether it was necessary as an axiom, or whether it was a theory that could be derived from the other axioms. Around 1830 though, the Hungarian
526:
because it is the form of our receptive abilities to receive information about the external world. For example, someone without sight can still perceive spatial attributes via touch, hearing, and smell. Knowledge of space itself is
2726:
In this book, Lefebvre applies
Marxist ideas about the production of commodities and accumulation of capital to discuss space as a social product. His focus is on the multiple and overlapping social processes that produce space.
846:
that two events that appear simultaneous to one particular observer will not be simultaneous to another observer if the observers are moving with respect to one another. Moreover, an observer will measure a moving clock to
294:
in 1687. Newton's theories about space and time helped him explain the movement of objects. While his theory of space is considered the most influential in physics, it emerged from his predecessors' ideas about the same.
1972:'s work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions. Einstein's discoveries showed that due to relativity of motion our space and time can be mathematically combined into one object–
1991:
In addition, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in
Minkowski space. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in
2454:
or territory). While some cultures assert the rights of the individual in terms of ownership, other cultures will identify with a communal approach to land ownership, while still other cultures such as
1008:
1032:
353:
in structure—infinite, uniform and flat. It was defined as that which contained matter; conversely, matter by definition had a spatial extension so that there was no such thing as empty space.
456:, in which the velocity changes with time, since all spatial measurements are relative to other objects and their motions. But Newton argued that since non-inertial motion generates
776:
Although there was a prevailing
Kantian consensus at the time, once non-Euclidean geometries had been formalised, some began to wonder whether or not physical space is curved.
2621:. Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived, see, for example,
3638:
2617:
Psychologists first began to study the way space is perceived in the middle of the 19th century. Those now concerned with such studies regard it as a distinct branch of
3708:
3514:
Abbott, Benjamin P.; et al. (LIGO Scientific
Collaboration and Virgo Collaboration) (2016). "Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger".
2169:, 13.8 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since. The overall shape of space is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly due to the
3788:
290:
2489:
is a term used to define areas of land as collectively owned by the community, and managed in their name by delegated bodies; such spaces are open to all, while
1698:
3492:
1287:
2015:
1406:
874:
at places with lower gravitational potentials and rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field. Scientists have studied the behaviour of
3277:
2042:
2025:
One consequence of this postulate, which follows from the equations of general relativity, is the prediction of moving ripples of spacetime, called
1379:
2503:
to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. When modeling activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit
491:
published his theory of space as "a property of our mind" by which "we represent to ourselves objects as outside us, and all as in space" in the
3597:
4239:
1653:
518:
in virtue of the meaning of the terms contained in the proposition. In the counter-example, the proposition "all unmarried men are bachelors"
3764:
3731:
3684:
3339:
3180:
3132:
3056:
870:
acting in spacetime, Einstein suggested that it modifies the geometric structure of spacetime itself. According to the general theory, time
2304:
during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second. This definition coupled with present definition of the second is based on the
1361:
408:
2475:
is decided internationally. Other forms of ownership have been recently asserted to other spaces—for example to the radio bands of the
3570:
3311:
3410:
could also be used to bend the path of light and again deceive the scientists if they attempt to use light to map out their geometry.
2924:
3471:
2604:
2415:
2276:
2148:
1955:
1800:
1691:
412:
4357:
3825:
3634:
924:
802:
is simpler than non-Euclidean geometry, he assumed the former would always be used to describe the 'true' geometry of the world.
2876:
2459:, rather than asserting ownership rights to land, invert the relationship and consider that they are in fact owned by the land.
377:
154:
Debates concerning the nature, essence and the mode of existence of space date back to antiquity; namely, to treatises like the
1027:
964:
2847:
2542:
2353:
2214:
2086:
1893:
1738:
1022:
506:
420:
1282:
221:
viewed space as absolute, existing permanently and independently of whether there was any matter in the. In contrast, other
672:. In this geometry, triangles have more than 180° and circles have a ratio of circumference-to-diameter that is less than
629:
531:
because it belongs to the subjective constitution of our mind as the form or manner of our intuition of external objects.
4230:
1277:
2812:
2773:
logic. Bhabha's Third Space is the space in which hybrid cultural forms and identities exist. In his theories, the term
2305:
1984:
separately are not invariant with respect to
Lorentz coordinate transformations, but distances in Minkowski space along
1684:
1671:
1432:
1355:
859:
825:
453:
388:
1120:
878:, confirming the predictions of Einstein's theories, and non-Euclidean geometry is usually used to describe spacetime.
3916:
3910:
2985:. Concerning Ibn al-Haytham's 11th century conception of "geometrical place" as "spatial extension", which is akin to
1351:
1152:
912:
871:
445:
143:
41:
3005:, "In Defence of the Sovereignty of Philosophy: al-Baghdadi's Critique of Ibn al-Haytham's Geometrisation of Place",
361:
tradition, which attributes knowledge about the world to our ability to think rather than to our experiences, as the
2585:
2396:
2257:
2129:
1936:
1781:
19:
This article is about the general framework of distance and direction. For the space beyond Earth's atmosphere, see
3010:
2439:
is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device.
1571:
1460:
1386:
1246:
1179:
843:
416:
3484:
2557:
2531:
2368:
2342:
2229:
2203:
2101:
2075:
1908:
1882:
1753:
1727:
1325:
261:
2476:
2297:, (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used.
1601:
1445:
2443:
apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data of Earth to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena.
2030:
403:
have objects in them, and thus spatial relations with other places. For
Leibniz, then, space was an idealised
2564:
2375:
2236:
2108:
1915:
1760:
423:, any theory of space that implied that there could be these two possible universes must therefore be wrong.
4102:
3269:
2837:
2792:
2165:
question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. It appears that space was created in the
1833:
1591:
1551:
1315:
887:
492:
255:
52:
2752:
2738:
2538:
2456:
2349:
2210:
2082:
1889:
1734:
1596:
1413:
932:
632:
separately published treatises on a type of geometry that does not include the parallel postulate, called
540:
111:
28:
366:
95:. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical
2907:
2822:
2787:
2769:
is different from Soja's
Thirdspace, even though both terms offer a way to think outside the terms of a
2679:
2170:
2054:
1849:
1606:
1581:
1267:
1085:
867:
281:
2571:
2382:
2243:
2115:
1922:
1767:
407:
from the relations between individual entities or their possible locations and therefore could not be
3818:
3534:
3089:
3044:
2674:
The understanding of three-dimensional space in humans is thought to be learned during infancy using
2504:
2472:
2038:
1861:
1814:
1626:
1621:
1586:
1494:
1490:
1482:
1472:
1262:
1255:
1011:
777:
760:
234:
104:
60:
3593:
2640:
of surroundings is important due to its necessary relevance to survival, especially with regards to
333:
set out to replace the
Aristotelian worldview with a theory about space and motion as determined by
4304:
4029:
3964:
3463:
3407:
2300:
Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply meter, is defined as the
1401:
1342:
1320:
1065:
1060:
1055:
955:
893:
665:
633:
585:
553:
426:
315:
222:
212:
176:
139:
56:
24:
2777:
describes new cultural forms that emerge through the interaction between colonizer and colonized.
2553:
2364:
2225:
2097:
1904:
1749:
4347:
4292:
4280:
3782:
3702:
3558:
3524:
2970:
2807:
2766:
2715:
2026:
2001:
1993:
1985:
1845:
1531:
1272:
1147:
1115:
1075:
900:
852:
799:
581:
565:
561:
549:
156:
135:
86:
584:, has been the subject of debate among mathematicians for many centuries. It states that on any
3080:
Janiak, Andrew (2015). "Space and Motion in Nature and
Scripture: Galileo, Descartes, Newton".
2033:
system, for example) experiments attempting to directly measure these waves are ongoing at the
477:
436:
Newton took space to be more than relations between material objects and based his position on
365:
believe. He posited a clear distinction between the body and mind, which is referred to as the
4352:
4337:
3770:
3760:
3737:
3727:
3690:
3680:
3550:
3467:
3335:
3307:
3186:
3176:
3138:
3128:
3105:
3062:
3052:
2899:
2832:
2770:
2675:
2645:
2633:
2629:
1541:
1498:
1455:
1450:
1391:
1167:
1157:
1050:
908:
904:
787:
770:
441:
392:
381:
330:
277:
226:
64:
4256:
4017:
3906:
3876:
3542:
3516:
3299:
3097:
2916:
2842:
2683:
2490:
2460:
2321:
1997:
1636:
1616:
1561:
1556:
1502:
1477:
1332:
1190:
1135:
1110:
828:, which led to the concept that space and time can be viewed as a single construct known as
661:
311:
146:
have confirmed that non-Euclidean geometries provide a better model for the shape of space.
83:
75:
3304:
Kant's Transcendental Idealism: An Interpretation and Defense; Revised and Enlarged Edition
2435:, utilizing spatial awareness to try to understand why things exist in specific locations.
229:, thought that space was in fact a collection of relations between objects, given by their
4342:
4217:
4092:
4047:
3941:
3936:
3926:
3811:
2797:
2758:
2707:
2493:
is the land culturally owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure.
1969:
1841:
1631:
1576:
1526:
1521:
1440:
821:
814:
795:
461:
350:
346:
303:
273:
238:
131:
127:
116:
2751:
describes space and spatiality as an integral and neglected aspect of what he calls the "
2293:
has long been important. Although earlier societies had developed measuring systems, the
625:
3538:
3093:
3048:
580:
contained five postulates that form the basis for Euclidean geometry. One of these, the
211:
and then reformulated in the 17th century, particularly during the early development of
4332:
4316:
4244:
3002:
2762:
2719:
2668:
2649:
2496:
2309:
2301:
1658:
1566:
1467:
1184:
1130:
936:
835:
299:
4326:
3901:
3562:
3327:
2868:
2703:
2440:
2008:
1546:
1373:
875:
848:
781:
649:
644:. Consequently, the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180° and the ratio of a
569:
488:
481:
319:
249:
810:
756:
36:
4311:
4268:
4125:
4111:
3621:
Henri Lefebvre on Space: Architecture, Urban Research, and the Production of Theory
3546:
2827:
2734:
2711:
2622:
2578:
2486:
2389:
2250:
2122:
1929:
1774:
1611:
1536:
1225:
1105:
928:
916:
791:
430:
396:
285:
218:
110:
In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine geometries that are
103:
over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a
100:
2664:
545:
4084:
3959:
3101:
2748:
2660:
2520:
2436:
2331:
2192:
2182:
2064:
2029:. While indirect evidence for these waves has been found (in the motions of the
1871:
1826:
1716:
437:
404:
358:
338:
334:
208:
20:
4176:
4057:
2637:
2618:
2480:
1396:
1070:
362:
246:
122:
3774:
3332:
Critique of Pure Reason (The Cambridge Edition of the Works of Immanuel Kant)
3190:
2431:
is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing places on
4135:
4097:
4052:
4042:
3982:
3741:
3694:
3142:
3066:
3041:
Space from Zeno to Einstein: classic readings with a contemporary commentary
2986:
2817:
2802:
2774:
2500:
2447:
2428:
2162:
2005:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1837:
1418:
830:
766:
497:
342:
181:
91:
71:
3554:
3109:
2446:
Geographical space is often considered as land, and can have a relation to
851:
than one that is stationary with respect to them; and objects are measured
2920:
188:(i.e. place), or in the later "geometrical conception of place" as "space
4186:
4130:
4062:
3997:
3883:
3871:
3843:
2699:
2682:. The visual ability to perceive the world in three dimensions is called
2468:
2451:
2166:
1337:
1220:
1195:
653:
637:
449:
230:
201:
170:
165:
96:
207:. Many of these classical philosophical questions were discussed in the
4181:
4169:
4107:
4037:
4012:
3972:
3951:
3921:
2695:
2694:
Space has been studied in the social sciences from the perspectives of
2641:
2545: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2356: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2217: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2089: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1896: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1818:
1741: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1310:
1163:
1080:
863:
307:
204:
3677:
Thirdspace: journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places
280:
theories about space, matter, and motion are at the foundation of the
237:
from one another. In the 18th century, the philosopher and theologian
4164:
4157:
3866:
3861:
3835:
3803:
2656:
1369:
1215:
1125:
839:
645:
557:
465:
68:
3571:"Observation of Gravitational Waves from a Binary Black Hole Merger"
2004:(where different signs are assigned to time and space components of
855:
in the direction that they are moving with respect to the observer.
387:
Following Galileo and Descartes, during the seventeenth century the
4263:
3529:
2997:, and his own mathematical refutation of Aristotle's definition of
419:, there would be no real difference between them. According to the
4194:
4152:
4145:
4140:
3977:
3931:
3893:
3635:"Time-Space Compression – Geography – Oxford Bibliographies – obo"
3203:
Leibniz, Fifth letter to Samuel Clarke. By H.G. Alexander (1956).
2432:
1205:
1142:
809:
765:
755:
544:
476:
457:
425:
376:
161:
35:
284:, which is understood to have culminated with the publication of
4072:
4007:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3856:
2034:
1822:
1210:
1173:
79:
3807:
2018:, it is postulated that spacetime is geometrically distorted –
3395:
Concepts of Space. The History of Theories of Space in Physics
2514:
2325:
2186:
2058:
1865:
1710:
241:
attempted to refute the "visibility of spatial depth" in his
3483:
Castelvecchi, Davide; Witze, Alexandra (11 February 2016).
2467:
Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of
2294:
673:
657:
866:
interacts with spacetime. Instead of viewing gravity as a
1003:{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}={\frac {d\mathbf {p} }{dt}}}
522:
true by virtue of each term's meaning. Further, space is
3755:
Ashcroft Bill; Griffiths, Gareth; Tiffin, Helen (2013).
345:
explanation for his theories about matter and motion.
4228:
3218:
Leibniz & Clarke: A Study of Their Correspondence
3207:. Manchester: Manchester University Press, pp. 55–96.
967:
2312:
plays the role of a fundamental constant of nature.
2043:
first such direct observation of gravitational waves
4071:
4028:
3950:
3892:
3842:
514:because any proposition about space cannot be true
1002:
500:in which knowledge about space itself can be both
3596:. The European Space Agency (ESA). 2 April 2013.
3334:. Cambridge University Press. p. A3/B37-38.
487:In the eighteenth century the German philosopher
640:number of parallel lines pass through the point
3664:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 244–246.
3662:Spaces of Capital: Towards a Critical Geography
3160:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 164.
2628:Other, more specialized topics studied include
915:is defined, frequently by means of a distance (
3485:"Einstein's gravitational waves found at last"
3397:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, p. 165.
3034:
3032:
2022:– near to gravitationally significant masses.
907:with some added structure. They are typically
510:. According to Kant, knowledge about space is
460:, it must be absolute. He used the example of
3819:
3127:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
2041:collaborations. LIGO scientists reported the
1848:). The idea behind spacetime is that time is
1692:
168:in his reflections on what the Greeks called
67:, physical space is often conceived in three
8:
3707:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3421:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
3382:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
3369:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
3356:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
3220:. New York: Oxford University Press, p. 115.
3082:Studies in History and Philosophy of Science
2950:An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
1836:is viewed as embedded in a four-dimensional
919:). The elements of a space are often called
691:Ratio of circumference to diameter of circle
448:, in which the object travels with constant
142:deviates from Euclidean space. Experimental
2981:, Book IV, Chapter 5, on the definition of
613:on the plane that passes through the point
4077:
3826:
3812:
3804:
3787:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1699:
1685:
946:
668:, in which no parallel lines pass through
395:, a German philosopher–mathematician, and
99:. However, disagreement continues between
3528:
3306:. Yale University Press. p. 97-132.
2605:Learn how and when to remove this message
2416:Learn how and when to remove this message
2277:Learn how and when to remove this message
2149:Learn how and when to remove this message
1956:Learn how and when to remove this message
1852:to each of the three spatial dimensions.
1801:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:
978:
969:
968:
966:
2989:' and Leibniz's 17th century notions of
923:, but they can have other names such as
892:For broader coverage of this topic, see
842:is the same for all observers—which has
678:
464:to demonstrate his argument. Water in a
444:there can be no real difference between
4235:
3623:. Univ of Minnesota Press. pp. ix.
2860:
2016:Einstein's general theory of relativity
1996:(where time is sometimes considered an
1018:
954:
3780:
3757:Postcolonial studies: the key concepts
3700:
3641:from the original on 20 September 2018
184:(Book IV, Delta) in the definition of
3495:from the original on 16 February 2016
2952:. New York: Dove. (Original edition:
1381:Newton's law of universal gravitation
617:and is parallel to the straight line
606:, there is exactly one straight line
16:Framework of distances and directions
7:
3460:A Journey into Gravity and Spacetime
3173:Descartes: a very short introduction
2954:Philosophical Foundations of Physics
2543:adding citations to reliable sources
2354:adding citations to reliable sources
2302:distance traveled by light in vacuum
2215:adding citations to reliable sources
2087:adding citations to reliable sources
1894:adding citations to reliable sources
1739:adding citations to reliable sources
243:Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision
3175:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
3024:Introduction to Classical Mechanics
3022:French, A.J.; Ebison, M.G. (1986).
2898:Bunyadzade, Konul (15 March 2018).
1362:Mechanics of planar particle motion
970:
858:Subsequently, Einstein worked on a
44:used to indicate positions in space
3280:from the original on 17 March 2008
2667:(the fear of celestial space) and
664:developed an equivalent theory of
588:on which there is a straight line
302:, Galileo revised the established
14:
3600:from the original on 5 April 2013
3233:. Boulder: Westview Press, p. 20.
3205:The Leibniz-Clarke Correspondence
3001:in natural philosophy, refer to:
2930:from the original on 5 April 2019
2869:"Space – Physics and Metaphysics"
2450:usage (in which space is seen as
1976:. It turns out that distances in
114:, in which space is conceived as
40:A right-handed three-dimensional
23:. For the writing separator, see
4310:
4298:
4286:
4274:
4262:
4250:
4238:
4213:
4212:
2915:. AcademyGate Publishing: 8–29.
2659:have been identified, including
2648:as well as simply one's idea of
2519:
2330:
2191:
2063:
1870:
1715:
1666:
1665:
1652:
985:
3679:. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell.
2969:in the Loeb Classical Library,
2956:. New York: Basic books, 1966).
2879:from the original on 6 May 2008
2732:The Condition of Postmodernity,
2671:(the fear of enclosed spaces).
2530:needs additional citations for
2341:needs additional citations for
2202:needs additional citations for
2161:Relativity theory leads to the
2074:needs additional citations for
1881:needs additional citations for
1726:needs additional citations for
3547:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102
3007:Arabic Sciences and Philosophy
1988:are—which justifies the name.
421:principle of sufficient reason
337:. In other words, he sought a
1:
3726:. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell.
3578:LIGO Scientific Collaboration
3013:), Vol. 17 (2007), pp. 57–80.
2737:describes what he terms the "
2295:International System of Units
1825:), space can be explored via
1288:Koopman–von Neumann mechanics
630:Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky
391:revolved around the ideas of
318:theory that the universe was
3043:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
3026:. Dordrecht: Springer, p. 1.
2973:, and to his reflections on
2813:Philosophy of space and time
2678:, and is closely related to
2306:special theory of relativity
1356:Non-inertial reference frame
860:general theory of relativity
826:special theory of relativity
389:philosophy of space and time
259:as being a subjective "pure
82:, to be part of a boundless
3102:10.1016/j.shpsa.2015.02.004
3039:Huggett, Nick, ed. (1999).
2663:(the fear of open spaces),
1283:Appell's equation of motion
1153:Inertial frame of reference
862:, which is a theory of how
688:Sum of angles in a triangle
440:and experimentation. For a
200:) of the 11th-century Arab
144:tests of general relativity
42:Cartesian coordinate system
29:Space (disambiguation)
4374:
3759:(Third ed.). London.
3011:Cambridge University Press
2848:Spatial–temporal reasoning
2319:
2180:
2052:
1859:
891:
885:
784:mountain tops in Germany.
538:
462:water in a spinning bucket
417:identity of indiscernibles
298:As one of the pioneers of
174:(i.e. "space"), or in the
78:usually consider it, with
18:
4208:
4121:
4080:
3675:W., Soja, Edward (1996).
3406:A medium with a variable
2724:The Production of Space .
3722:Lefebvre, Henri (1991).
2477:electromagnetic spectrum
1813:Space is one of the few
1446:Rotating reference frame
1278:Hamilton–Jacobi equation
911:, in which a concept of
4358:Concepts in metaphysics
3724:The production of space
3619:Stanek, Lukasz (2011).
3156:Dainton, Barry (2014).
3123:Dainton, Barry (2001).
2977:. See also Aristotle's
2873:Encyclopædia Britannica
2838:Spacetime (mathematics)
2793:Absolute space and time
1834:three-dimensional space
1387:Newton's laws of motion
1247:Newton's laws of motion
888:Three-dimensional space
636:. In this geometry, an
493:Critique of Pure Reason
357:theories belong to the
256:Critique of Pure Reason
3660:Harvey, David (2001).
2739:time-space compression
2690:In the social sciences
2655:Several space-related
2457:Australian Aboriginals
2045:on 14 September 2015.
1815:fundamental quantities
1414:Simple harmonic motion
1327:Euler's laws of motion
1121:D'Alembert's principle
1004:
899:In modern mathematics
834:. In this theory, the
817:
773:
763:
573:
541:Non-Euclidean geometry
535:Non-Euclidean geometry
484:
433:
384:
314:cosmos. He backed the
45:
27:. For other uses, see
3447:Philosophy of Physics
3434:Philosophy of Physics
3257:Philosophy of Physics
3244:Philosophy of Physics
3231:Philosophy of Physics
3171:Tom., Sorell (2000).
2921:10.33864/MTFZK.2019.0
2823:Shape of the universe
2788:State space (physics)
2680:hand-eye coordination
2676:unconscious inference
2055:Shape of the universe
1850:hyperbolic-orthogonal
1268:Hamiltonian mechanics
1086:Statistical mechanics
1005:
813:
769:
759:
694:Measure of curvature
548:
480:
429:
380:
291:Principia Mathematica
282:Scientific Revolution
55:continuum containing
39:
4093:Evolutionary history
3462:. Chapters 8 and 9,
3393:Jammer, Max (1954).
3216:Vailati, E. (1997).
2753:trialectics of being
2539:improve this article
2505:extraneous variables
2350:improve this article
2211:improve this article
2083:improve this article
1890:improve this article
1862:Theory of relativity
1735:improve this article
1491:Angular acceleration
1483:Rotational frequency
1263:Lagrangian mechanics
1256:Analytical mechanics
1012:Second law of motion
965:
778:Carl Friedrich Gauss
761:Carl Friedrich Gauss
265:form of intuition".
223:natural philosophers
140:gravitational fields
105:conceptual framework
4030:Natural environment
3594:"Cosmic Detectives"
3539:2016PhRvL.116f1102A
3464:Scientific American
3408:index of refraction
3094:2015SHPSA..51...89J
3049:1999sze..book.....H
2948:Carnap, R. (1995).
2289:The measurement of
2177:Spatial measurement
2031:Hulse–Taylor binary
2027:gravitational waves
2000:coordinate) and in
1986:spacetime intervals
1343:Harmonic oscillator
1321:Equations of motion
956:Classical mechanics
950:Part of a series on
894:Space (mathematics)
685:Number of parallels
666:elliptical geometry
634:hyperbolic geometry
554:elliptical geometry
454:non-inertial motion
213:classical mechanics
150:Philosophy of space
25:Space (punctuation)
3229:Sklar, L. (1992).
2971:Harvard University
2911:(in Azerbaijani).
2908:Metafizika Journal
2900:"Thoughts of Time"
2808:General relativity
2716:critical geography
2499:is a term used in
2316:Geographical space
2002:general relativity
1994:special relativity
1846:special relativity
1659:Physics portal
1273:Routhian mechanics
1148:Frame of reference
1000:
909:topological spaces
818:
800:Euclidean geometry
774:
764:
752:Gauss and Poincaré
582:parallel postulate
574:
550:Spherical geometry
485:
434:
385:
373:Leibniz and Newton
194:Discourse on Place
192:extension" in the
136:general relativity
46:
4226:
4225:
4204:
4203:
3877:chemical elements
3766:978-0-415-66190-4
3733:978-0-631-14048-1
3686:978-1-55786-674-5
3458:Wheeler, John A.
3341:978-0-5216-5729-7
3300:Allison, Henry E.
3270:"Newton's bucket"
3182:978-0-19-154036-3
3134:978-0-7735-2302-9
3058:978-0-585-05570-1
2965:Refer to Plato's
2833:Space exploration
2646:self preservation
2634:object permanence
2630:amodal perception
2615:
2614:
2607:
2589:
2507:such as terrain.
2426:
2425:
2418:
2400:
2287:
2286:
2279:
2261:
2159:
2158:
2151:
2133:
1966:
1965:
1958:
1940:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1785:
1709:
1708:
1456:Centrifugal force
1451:Centripetal force
1407:Euler's equations
1392:Relative velocity
1168:Moment of inertia
998:
972:
749:
748:
393:Gottfried Leibniz
382:Gottfried Leibniz
367:Cartesian dualism
227:Gottfried Leibniz
76:Modern physicists
65:classical physics
53:three-dimensional
4365:
4315:
4314:
4303:
4302:
4301:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4267:
4266:
4255:
4254:
4253:
4243:
4242:
4234:
4216:
4215:
4088:
4078:
4018:tropical cyclone
3968:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3805:
3793:
3792:
3786:
3778:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3706:
3698:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3657:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3566:
3532:
3517:Phys. Rev. Lett.
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3480:
3474:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3430:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3404:
3398:
3391:
3385:
3378:
3372:
3365:
3359:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3266:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3146:
3120:
3114:
3113:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3036:
3027:
3020:
3014:
2963:
2957:
2946:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2935:
2929:
2904:
2895:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2865:
2843:Spatial analysis
2684:depth perception
2610:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2590:
2588:
2547:
2523:
2515:
2491:private property
2461:Spatial planning
2421:
2414:
2410:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2358:
2334:
2326:
2322:Spatial analysis
2282:
2275:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2260:
2219:
2195:
2187:
2171:cosmic inflation
2154:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2134:
2132:
2091:
2067:
2059:
2014:Furthermore, in
1961:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1939:
1898:
1874:
1866:
1829:and experiment.
1806:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1743:
1719:
1711:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1562:Johann Bernoulli
1557:Daniel Bernoulli
1478:Tangential speed
1382:
1358:
1333:Fictitious force
1328:
1180:Mechanical power
1170:
1111:Angular momentum
1009:
1007:
1006:
1001:
999:
997:
989:
988:
979:
974:
973:
947:
872:goes more slowly
849:tick more slowly
682:Type of geometry
679:
662:Bernhard Riemann
660:. In the 1850s,
656:is greater than
628:and the Russian
341:foundation or a
198:Qawl fi al-Makan
84:four-dimensional
4373:
4372:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4323:
4322:
4321:
4309:
4299:
4297:
4287:
4285:
4275:
4273:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4237:
4229:
4227:
4222:
4200:
4117:
4086:
4067:
4024:
3966:
3946:
3937:Gaia hypothesis
3927:Plate tectonics
3888:
3838:
3832:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3779:
3767:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3734:
3721:
3720:
3716:
3699:
3687:
3674:
3673:
3669:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3573:
3569:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3431:
3427:
3418:
3414:
3405:
3401:
3392:
3388:
3379:
3375:
3366:
3362:
3353:
3349:
3342:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3283:
3281:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3254:
3250:
3241:
3237:
3228:
3224:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3198:
3183:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3155:
3154:
3150:
3135:
3122:
3121:
3117:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3059:
3038:
3037:
3030:
3021:
3017:
2964:
2960:
2947:
2943:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2882:
2880:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2798:Aether theories
2783:
2708:postcolonialism
2692:
2611:
2600:
2594:
2591:
2548:
2546:
2536:
2524:
2513:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2359:
2357:
2347:
2335:
2324:
2318:
2283:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2220:
2218:
2208:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2155:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2068:
2057:
2051:
1970:Albert Einstein
1962:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1899:
1897:
1887:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1842:Minkowski space
1807:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1744:
1742:
1732:
1720:
1705:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1516:
1508:
1507:
1487:
1441:Circular motion
1435:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1380:
1350:
1347:
1326:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1250:
1240:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1189:
1185:Mechanical work
1178:
1162:
1100:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1045:
1037:
1014:
990:
980:
963:
962:
945:
937:function spaces
903:are defined as
897:
890:
884:
853:to be shortened
822:Albert Einstein
815:Albert Einstein
808:
754:
622:
611:
604:
593:
568:) there are no
543:
537:
475:
446:inertial motion
375:
347:Cartesian space
328:
271:
239:George Berkeley
152:
138:, space around
132:Albert Einstein
130:. According to
128:Euclidean space
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4371:
4369:
4361:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4325:
4324:
4320:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4283:
4271:
4259:
4247:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4220:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4174:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4150:
4149:
4148:
4133:
4128:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4081:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4015:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3962:
3956:
3954:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3904:
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3848:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3801:
3800:External links
3798:
3795:
3794:
3765:
3747:
3732:
3714:
3685:
3667:
3652:
3626:
3611:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3506:
3475:
3451:
3438:
3425:
3412:
3399:
3386:
3384:. pp. 134–136.
3373:
3360:
3358:. pp. 177–178.
3347:
3340:
3328:Kant, Immanuel
3319:
3313:978-0300102666
3312:
3291:
3261:
3248:
3235:
3222:
3209:
3196:
3181:
3163:
3158:Time and Space
3148:
3133:
3125:Time and space
3115:
3072:
3057:
3028:
3015:
3003:Nader El-Bizri
2995:analysis situs
2958:
2941:
2890:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2765:'s concept of
2720:Henri Lefebvre
2691:
2688:
2669:claustrophobia
2650:personal space
2613:
2612:
2527:
2525:
2518:
2512:
2509:
2497:Abstract space
2424:
2423:
2338:
2336:
2329:
2317:
2314:
2310:speed of light
2291:physical space
2285:
2284:
2199:
2197:
2190:
2181:Main article:
2178:
2175:
2157:
2156:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2053:Main article:
2050:
2047:
1964:
1963:
1878:
1876:
1869:
1860:Main article:
1857:
1854:
1809:
1808:
1723:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1675:
1662:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1468:Coriolis force
1465:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1437:
1436:
1431:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1404:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1377:
1366:
1365:
1364:
1359:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1253:
1251:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1171:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1133:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1010:
996:
993:
987:
983:
977:
959:
958:
952:
951:
944:
941:
886:Main article:
883:
880:
876:binary pulsars
836:speed of light
824:published his
807:
804:
788:Henri Poincaré
771:Henri Poincaré
753:
750:
747:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
692:
689:
686:
683:
620:
609:
602:
591:
570:parallel lines
552:is similar to
539:Main article:
536:
533:
474:
471:
374:
371:
327:
326:René Descartes
324:
310:ideas about a
300:modern science
270:
267:
151:
148:
120:, rather than
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4370:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4306:
4296:
4294:
4284:
4282:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4258:
4248:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4219:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4197:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4175:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4120:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4087:(abiogenesis)
4083:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4010:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3902:Earth science
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3829:
3824:
3822:
3817:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3806:
3799:
3790:
3784:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3758:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3653:
3640:
3636:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3615:
3612:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3523:(6): 061102.
3522:
3519:
3518:
3510:
3507:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3472:0-7167-6034-7
3469:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3396:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3343:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3323:
3320:
3315:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3295:
3292:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3265:
3262:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3149:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2942:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2891:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2704:postmodernism
2701:
2697:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2609:
2606:
2598:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2559:
2556: –
2555:
2551:
2550:Find sources:
2544:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2528:This section
2526:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2511:In psychology
2510:
2508:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2441:Geostatistics
2438:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2417:
2409:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367: –
2366:
2362:
2361:Find sources:
2355:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2339:This section
2337:
2333:
2328:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2313:
2311:
2308:in which the
2307:
2303:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2281:
2278:
2270:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228: –
2227:
2223:
2222:Find sources:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2200:This section
2198:
2194:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2150:
2142:
2131:
2128:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100: –
2099:
2095:
2094:Find sources:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2072:This section
2070:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1960:
1957:
1949:
1938:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1907: –
1906:
1902:
1901:Find sources:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1879:This section
1877:
1873:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1802:
1794:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752: –
1751:
1747:
1746:Find sources:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1724:This section
1722:
1718:
1713:
1712:
1702:
1697:
1695:
1690:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1679:
1673:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1511:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1378:
1375:
1371:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1243:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1013:
994:
991:
981:
975:
961:
960:
957:
953:
949:
948:
942:
940:
938:
934:
930:
929:vector spaces
926:
922:
918:
917:metric spaces
914:
913:neighbourhood
910:
906:
902:
895:
889:
881:
879:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
845:
841:
837:
833:
832:
827:
823:
816:
812:
805:
803:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
783:
782:triangulating
779:
772:
768:
762:
758:
751:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
731:
727:
724:
721:
718:
715:
714:
710:
707:
704:
701:
698:
697:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
680:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:circumference
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
616:
612:
605:
598:
594:
587:
583:
579:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
542:
534:
532:
530:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
508:
503:
499:
494:
490:
489:Immanuel Kant
483:
482:Immanuel Kant
479:
472:
470:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
432:
428:
424:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
383:
379:
372:
370:
368:
364:
360:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
325:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
293:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
268:
266:
264:
263:
258:
257:
251:
250:Immanuel Kant
248:
247:metaphysician
245:. Later, the
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
214:
210:
206:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
178:
173:
172:
167:
163:
159:
158:
149:
147:
145:
141:
137:
134:'s theory of
133:
129:
125:
124:
119:
118:
113:
112:non-Euclidean
108:
106:
102:
98:
94:
93:
88:
85:
81:
77:
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
43:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4305:Solar System
4193:
4126:Biodiversity
4112:astrobiology
3851:
3834:Elements of
3756:
3750:
3723:
3717:
3676:
3670:
3661:
3655:
3643:. Retrieved
3629:
3620:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3588:
3577:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3497:. Retrieved
3488:
3478:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3331:
3322:
3303:
3294:
3282:. Retrieved
3274:st-and.ac.uk
3273:
3264:
3256:
3251:
3243:
3238:
3230:
3225:
3217:
3212:
3204:
3199:
3172:
3166:
3157:
3151:
3124:
3118:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3040:
3023:
3018:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2966:
2961:
2953:
2949:
2944:
2932:. Retrieved
2912:
2906:
2893:
2881:. Retrieved
2872:
2863:
2828:Social space
2759:Postcolonial
2757:
2745:
2744:In his book
2743:
2735:David Harvey
2731:
2730:In his book
2729:
2723:
2712:urban theory
2693:
2673:
2654:
2627:
2623:visual space
2616:
2601:
2592:
2582:
2575:
2568:
2561:
2549:
2537:Please help
2532:verification
2529:
2495:
2487:Public space
2485:
2466:
2445:
2427:
2412:
2403:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2360:
2348:Please help
2343:verification
2340:
2299:
2290:
2288:
2273:
2264:
2254:
2247:
2240:
2233:
2221:
2209:Please help
2204:verification
2201:
2163:cosmological
2160:
2145:
2136:
2126:
2119:
2112:
2105:
2093:
2081:Please help
2076:verification
2073:
2024:
2019:
2013:
1990:
1967:
1952:
1943:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1900:
1888:Please help
1883:verification
1880:
1831:
1812:
1797:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1733:Please help
1728:verification
1725:
1501: /
1497: /
1495:displacement
1493: /
1354: /
1316:Displacement
1254:
1245:
1239:Formulations
1226:Virtual work
1200:
1166: /
1106:Acceleration
1099:Fundamentals
920:
898:
857:
829:
819:
792:sphere-world
786:
775:
669:
641:
626:János Bolyai
618:
614:
607:
600:
596:
595:and a point
589:
577:
575:
528:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
501:
486:
435:
431:Isaac Newton
411:but must be
400:
397:Isaac Newton
386:
355:
339:metaphysical
335:natural laws
329:
320:heliocentric
304:Aristotelian
297:
289:
272:
260:
254:
242:
219:Isaac Newton
217:
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
169:
155:
153:
126:, as in the
121:
115:
109:
101:philosophers
90:
48:
47:
33:
4293:Outer space
4281:Spaceflight
4177:Prokaryotes
3965:Atmosphere
3960:Meteorology
3489:Nature News
3419:Carnap, R.
3380:Carnap, R.
3367:Carnap, R.
3354:Carnap, R.
2767:Third Space
2763:Homi Bhabha
2749:Edward Soja
2746:Thirdspace,
2665:astrophobia
2661:agoraphobia
2437:Cartography
2183:Measurement
1832:Today, our
1827:measurement
1637:von Neumann
1304:Core topics
882:Mathematics
868:force field
733:Elliptical
699:Hyperbolic
442:relationist
438:observation
405:abstraction
363:empiricists
359:rationalist
209:Renaissance
21:Outer space
4327:Categories
4058:Wilderness
3911:geological
3530:1602.03837
3499:12 January
3445:Sklar, L.
3432:Sklar, L.
3255:Sklar, L.
3242:Sklar, L.
2855:References
2638:perception
2619:psychology
2595:April 2020
2565:newspapers
2481:cyberspace
2406:April 2020
2376:newspapers
2320:See also:
2267:April 2020
2237:newspapers
2139:April 2020
2109:newspapers
1946:April 2020
1916:newspapers
1856:Relativity
1791:April 2020
1761:newspapers
1572:d'Alembert
1552:Maupertuis
1515:Scientists
1397:Rigid body
1071:Kinematics
844:the result
796:convention
716:Euclidean
409:continuous
343:mechanical
316:Copernican
312:geocentric
225:, notably
72:dimensions
61:directions
4348:Spacetime
4257:Astronomy
4136:Eukaryota
4103:Hierarchy
4098:Biosphere
4063:Wildfires
4053:Radiation
4043:Ecosystem
3983:Moonlight
3917:Structure
3872:particles
3783:cite book
3775:824119565
3703:cite book
3645:28 August
3563:124959784
3423:. p. 148.
3371:. p. 126.
3191:428970574
3088:: 89–99.
2987:Descartes
2818:Proxemics
2803:Cosmology
2761:theorist
2501:geography
2464:farming.
2448:ownership
2429:Geography
2049:Cosmology
2006:spacetime
1998:imaginary
1974:spacetime
1840:, called
1838:spacetime
1617:Liouville
1499:frequency
1419:Vibration
1136:potential
1061:Continuum
1056:Celestial
1033:Textbooks
933:functions
831:spacetime
820:In 1905,
739:> 180°
705:< 180°
576:Euclid's
512:synthetic
507:synthetic
498:knowledge
351:Euclidean
331:Descartes
308:Ptolemaic
278:Cartesian
235:direction
182:Aristotle
92:spacetime
89:known as
87:continuum
57:positions
4353:Topology
4338:Geometry
4218:Category
4187:bacteria
4170:protista
4131:Organism
3998:Sunlight
3844:Universe
3742:22624721
3695:33863376
3639:Archived
3604:26 April
3598:Archived
3555:26918975
3493:Archived
3449:. p. 43.
3436:. p. 57.
3330:(1999).
3302:(2004).
3278:Archived
3259:. p. 22.
3246:. p. 21.
3143:47691120
3110:26227236
3067:42855123
2991:extensio
2934:15 March
2925:Archived
2883:28 April
2877:Archived
2781:See also
2700:feminism
2469:airspace
2452:property
2167:Big Bang
1672:Category
1597:Hamilton
1582:Lagrange
1577:Clairaut
1542:Horrocks
1503:velocity
1473:Pendulum
1461:reactive
1433:Rotation
1402:dynamics
1352:Inertial
1338:Friction
1221:Velocity
1196:Momentum
1076:Kinetics
1066:Dynamics
1044:Branches
1028:Timeline
806:Einstein
798:. Since
702:Infinite
654:diameter
638:infinite
578:Elements
529:a priori
524:a priori
502:a priori
450:velocity
413:discrete
274:Galilean
262:a priori
231:distance
202:polymath
166:Socrates
97:universe
4317:Science
4245:Physics
4231:Portals
4195:Viruses
4182:archaea
4158:animals
4110: (
4108:Biology
4085:Origin
4038:Ecology
4013:tornado
3973:Climate
3967:(Earth)
3952:Weather
3922:Geology
3909: (
3907:History
3535:Bibcode
3284:20 July
3090:Bibcode
3045:Bibcode
2979:Physics
2967:Timaeus
2696:Marxism
2657:phobias
2642:hunting
2579:scholar
2554:"Space"
2471:and of
2390:scholar
2365:"Space"
2251:scholar
2226:"Space"
2123:scholar
2098:"Space"
1968:Before
1930:scholar
1905:"Space"
1819:physics
1775:scholar
1750:"Space"
1632:Koopman
1592:Poisson
1587:Laplace
1532:Huygens
1527:Galileo
1372: (
1311:Damping
1164:Inertia
1158:Impulse
1131:kinetic
1081:Statics
1051:Applied
1023:History
943:Physics
925:vectors
864:gravity
745:> 0
711:< 0
652:to its
599:not on
562:surface
556:. On a
269:Galileo
205:Alhazen
177:Physics
157:Timaeus
4343:Nature
4146:plants
3978:Clouds
3942:Future
3932:Oceans
3884:Change
3867:Matter
3862:Energy
3836:nature
3773:
3763:
3740:
3730:
3693:
3683:
3561:
3553:
3470:
3338:
3310:
3189:
3179:
3141:
3131:
3108:
3065:
3055:
2775:hybrid
2771:binary
2636:. The
2581:
2574:
2567:
2560:
2552:
2479:or to
2473:waters
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2363:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2224:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2096:
2020:curved
2009:metric
1980:or in
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1903:
1777:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1748:
1670:
1622:Appell
1607:Cauchy
1602:Jacobi
1547:Halley
1537:Newton
1522:Kepler
1374:linear
1370:Motion
1216:Torque
1191:Moment
1126:Energy
1116:Couple
921:points
901:spaces
840:vacuum
742:< π
708:> π
646:circle
558:sphere
516:merely
466:bucket
458:forces
452:, and
286:Newton
117:curved
69:linear
4333:Space
4269:Stars
4165:fungi
4153:fauna
4141:flora
4048:Field
4003:Tides
3894:Earth
3852:Space
3574:(PDF)
3559:S2CID
3525:arXiv
2999:topos
2983:topos
2975:khora
2928:(PDF)
2903:(PDF)
2586:JSTOR
2572:books
2433:Earth
2397:JSTOR
2383:books
2258:JSTOR
2244:books
2130:JSTOR
2116:books
2039:Virgo
1978:space
1937:JSTOR
1923:books
1844:(see
1782:JSTOR
1768:books
1627:Gibbs
1612:Routh
1567:Euler
1206:Speed
1201:Space
1143:Force
586:plane
564:of a
560:(the
401:could
186:topos
171:khĂ´ra
164:, or
162:Plato
63:. In
51:is a
49:Space
4073:Life
4008:Wind
3993:Snow
3988:Rain
3857:Time
3789:link
3771:OCLC
3761:ISBN
3738:OCLC
3728:ISBN
3709:link
3691:OCLC
3681:ISBN
3647:2018
3606:2013
3551:PMID
3501:2018
3468:ISBN
3336:ISBN
3308:ISBN
3286:2008
3187:OCLC
3177:ISBN
3139:OCLC
3129:ISBN
3106:PMID
3063:OCLC
3053:ISBN
2993:and
2936:2018
2885:2008
2714:and
2644:and
2632:and
2558:news
2369:news
2230:news
2102:news
2037:and
2035:LIGO
1982:time
1909:news
1823:mass
1754:news
1211:Time
1174:Mass
931:and
905:sets
722:180°
566:ball
504:and
473:Kant
349:was
306:and
276:and
233:and
123:flat
80:time
59:and
3543:doi
3521:116
3098:doi
2917:doi
2722:'s
2541:by
2352:by
2213:by
2085:by
2011:).
1892:by
1817:in
1737:by
935:in
927:in
838:in
648:'s
288:'s
190:qua
180:of
160:of
4329::
3785:}}
3781:{{
3769:.
3736:.
3705:}}
3701:{{
3689:.
3637:.
3576:.
3557:.
3549:.
3541:.
3533:.
3491:.
3487:.
3466:,
3276:.
3272:.
3185:.
3137:.
3104:.
3096:.
3086:51
3084:.
3061:.
3051:.
3031:^
2923:.
2905:.
2875:.
2871:.
2710:,
2706:,
2702:,
2698:,
2686:.
2652:.
2625:.
2483:.
2173:.
939:.
728:0
676:.
674:pi
658:pi
520:is
369:.
215:.
107:.
74:.
4233::
4114:)
3913:)
3827:e
3820:t
3813:v
3791:)
3777:.
3744:.
3711:)
3697:.
3649:.
3608:.
3580:.
3565:.
3545::
3537::
3527::
3503:.
3344:.
3316:.
3288:.
3193:.
3145:.
3112:.
3100::
3092::
3069:.
3047::
3009:(
2938:.
2919::
2913:1
2887:.
2608:)
2602:(
2597:)
2593:(
2583:·
2576:·
2569:·
2562:·
2535:.
2419:)
2413:(
2408:)
2404:(
2394:·
2387:·
2380:·
2373:·
2346:.
2280:)
2274:(
2269:)
2265:(
2255:·
2248:·
2241:·
2234:·
2207:.
2152:)
2146:(
2141:)
2137:(
2127:·
2120:·
2113:·
2106:·
2079:.
1959:)
1953:(
1948:)
1944:(
1934:·
1927:·
1920:·
1913:·
1886:.
1804:)
1798:(
1793:)
1789:(
1779:·
1772:·
1765:·
1758:·
1731:.
1700:e
1693:t
1686:v
1376:)
995:t
992:d
986:p
982:d
976:=
971:F
896:.
736:0
725:Ď€
719:1
670:P
642:P
621:1
619:L
615:P
610:2
608:L
603:1
601:L
597:P
592:1
590:L
572:.
196:(
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
