632:
777:, while having the same pattern of vertebral metrics, lacks a tailwhip and doesn't display fusion in any "transitional region". Also, the crush fractures which would be expected if the tail was used as a whip have never been found in diplodocids. More recently, Baron (2020) considers the use of the tail as a bullwhip unlikely because of the potentially catastrophic muscle and skeletal damage such speeds could cause on the large and heavy tail. Instead, he proposes that the tails might have been used as a tactile organ to keep in touch with the individuals behind and on the sides in a group while migrating, which could have augmented cohesion and allowed communication among individuals while limiting more energetically demanding activities like stopping to search for dispersed individuals, turning to visually check on individuals behind, or communicating vocally.
786:
696:, as it explains the unusual wear patterns of the teeth (coming from tooth–food contact). In unilateral branch stripping, one tooth row would have been used to strip foliage from the stem, while the other would act as a guide and stabilizer. With the elongated preorbital (in front of the eyes) region of the skull, longer portions of stems could be stripped in a single action. Also, the palinal (backwards) motion of the lower jaws could have contributed two significant roles to feeding behaviour: 1) an increased gape, and 2) allowed fine adjustments of the relative positions of the tooth rows, creating a smooth stripping action.
703:(2012) used biomechanical modelling to examine the performance of the diplodocine skull. It was concluded that the proposal that its dentition was used for bark-stripping was not supported by the data, which showed that under that scenario, the skull and teeth would undergo extreme stresses. The hypotheses of branch-stripping and/or precision biting were both shown to be biomechanically plausible feeding behaviors. Diplodocine teeth were also continually replaced throughout their lives, usually in less than 35 days, as was discovered by Michael D'Emic
4242:
4253:
4260:
652:
orientation consisting of arching rows of square scales is noted to look similar to scale orientations seen around crocodilian limbs, so it is hypothesized that this area may have come from around a limb in life. Due to the high diversity of scales seen on a relatively small area of skin, the small size of the scales, and the presence of small and juvenile individuals at the Mother's Day Quarry, it is hypothesized that the skin originated from a small or juvenile individual.
5654:
7839:
170:
6386:
7621:
7615:
5659:
5116:
7610:
681:
5108:
7604:
6378:
4248:
5128:
906:
5122:
6394:
677:). Diplodocines have highly unusual teeth compared to other sauropods. The crowns are long and slender, and elliptical in cross-section, while the apex forms a blunt, triangular point. The most prominent wear facet is on the apex, though unlike all other wear patterns observed within sauropods, diplodocine wear patterns are on the labial (cheek) side of both the upper and lower teeth.
145:
7827:
466:
540:
124:
643:
preserved portions of the skin from around the tip of the tail, or "whiplash". Czerkas noted that the skin preserved a sequence of conical spines, and that other, larger spines were found scattered around larger tail vertebrae. The spines appeared to be oriented in a single row along the mid-line of
720:
Long-bone histology enables researchers to estimate the age that a specific individual reached. A study by
Griebeler et al. (2013) examined long bone histological data and concluded that the diplodocid MfN.R.2625 weighed 4,753 kilograms (5.2 short tons), reached sexual maturity at 23 years and died
517:
in an animal with a trunk, such as an elephant, is large as it innervates the trunk. The evidence suggests that the facial nerve is very small in diplodocids. Studies by
Lawrence Witmer (2001) indicated that, while the nasal openings were high on the head, the actual, fleshy nostrils were situated
1516:
Diplodocids probably evolved in North
America, where most diplodocid fossils are found. However, diplodocids have been found on most continents, including South America, Europe, and Africa. Diplodocids and their close relatives, dicraeosaurids, must have diverged from each other by the time the
651:
sp. These skin fossils exhibit a vast amount of scale diversity, the scales of which vary in shape, size, orientation, and 3-dimensional relief depending on their location on the integument. Some of the scale orientations may indicate where the skin originated on the body. For instance, a scale
589:: the ectopterygoid process of the pterygoid is located below the antorbital fenestra, and is reduced, such that it is not visible below the ventral margin of the skull when examined in lateral view; also the breadth of the main body of the pterygoid at least 33% of the length of the pterygoid
548:
A diagnosis is a statement of the anatomical features of an organism (or group) that collectively distinguish it from all other organisms. Some, but not all, of the features in a diagnosis are also autapomorphies - distinctive anatomical features that are unique to a given organism or group.
512:
The heads of diplodocids have been widely depicted with the nostrils on top due to the position of the nasal openings at the apex of the skull. There has been speculation over whether such a configuration meant that diplodocids may have had a trunk. A 2006 study surmised there was no
765:, which may be a symptom of cracking their tails: these are particularly common between the 18th and the 25th caudal vertebra, a region the authors consider a transitional zone between the stiff muscular base and the flexible whiplike section. However, Rega (2012) notes that
2302:
Young, Mark T.; Rayfield, Emily J.; Holliday, Casey M.; Witmer, Lawrence M.; Button, David J.; Upchurch, Paul; Barrett, Paul M. (August 2012). "Cranial biomechanics of
Diplodocus (Dinosauria, Sauropoda): testing hypotheses of feeding behaviour in an extinct megaherbivore".
1755:
Gallina, Pablo A.; ApesteguĂa, Sebastián; Carballido, JosĂ© L.; Garderes, Juan P. (2022). "Southernmost spiny backs and whiplash tails: flagellicaudatans from South
America". In Otero, Alejandro; Carballido, José L.; Pol, Diego (eds.).
543:
Diplodocid heads have historically been restored in various ways: a) skull, b) classic rendering of the head with nostrils on top, c) with speculative trunk, d) modern depiction with nostrils low on the snout and a possible resonating
707:
Within each tooth socket, as many as five replacement teeth were developing to replace the next one. Studies of the teeth also reveal that it preferred different vegetation from the other sauropods of the
Morrison, such as
631:
622:: pedal phalanx I-1 has a proximoventral margin drawn out into a thin plate or heel that underlies the distal end of metatarsal I; also pedal phalanx II-2 is reduced in craniocaudal length and has an irregular shape
761:, and may have been used in mating displays, or to drive off predators. There is some circumstantial evidence supporting this as well: a number of diplodocids have been found with fused or damaged tail
2870:
521:
Diplodocids had long necks, which could reach an estimated length of 15 metres (49 ft) in the largest, longest-necked species. The neck was typically composed of 15 vertebrae, though in
509:
Their heads, like those of other sauropods, were tiny with the nasal openings on the top of the head (though in life the nostrils themselves would have been close to the tip of the snout).
2423:"Aging, Maturation and Growth of Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs as Deduced from Growth Curves Using Long Bone Histological Data: An Assessment of Methodological Constraints and Solutions"
2958:
Whitlock, John A.; Wilson
Mantilla, Jeffrey A. (2020-12-23). "The Late Jurassic sauropod dinosaur 'Morosaurus' agilis Marsh, 1889 reexamined and reinterpreted as a dicraeosaurid".
478:
Diplodocids were generally large animals, even by sauropod standards. Thanks to their long necks and tails, diplodocids were among the longest sauropods, with some species such as
1530:
Most diplodocids lived during the
Jurassic period, but they survived into the Early Cretaceous, at least in Africa and South America. An unnamed diplodocid is known from the
749:, which were thick at the base and tapered off to be very thin at the end. Computer simulations have shown that the diplodocids could have easily snapped their tails, like a
721:
at age 24. The same growth model indicated that the diplodocid MfN.R.NW4 weighed 18,463 kilograms (20.4 short tons), and died at age 23, before reaching sexual maturity.
665:
Their teeth were only present in the front of the mouth, and looked like pencils or pegs. They probably used their teeth to crop off food, without chewing, and relied on
2907:
Rauhut, O.W.M.; Remes, K.; Fechner, R.; Cladera, G. & Puerta, P. (2005). "Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late
Jurassic period of Patagonia".
851:
Some dinosaurs have been considered diplodocids in the past but have not been found to be members of that group in later, larger analyses of the family's relationships.
818:, sometimes considered a diplodocid. However, the name Amphicoeliidae did not come into wider use and was not used in the scientific literature after 1899, making it a
733:
nicknamed "Dolly" shows evidence of a throat infection that created cauliflowered bone in the vertebral air sacs. The infection is theorized to have been similar to
639:
Few skin impressions of diplodocids have been found. However, at least one significant find was reported by
Stephen Czerkas in 1992. Fossils from the Howe Quarry in
825:
3117:"High diversity in the sauropod dinosaur fauna of the Lower Cretaceous Kirkwood Formation of South Africa: Implications for the Jurassic–Cretaceous transition"
3058:
Dai, Hui; Tan, Chao; Xiong, Can; Ma, Qingyu; Li, Ning; Yu, Haidong; Wei, Zhaoying; Wang, Ping; Yi, Jian; Wei, Guangbiao; You, Hailu; Ren, Xinxin (2022-11-02).
7874:
3284:
2886:
2817:
844:
in 1991, though scientists such as Steel and Nowinski had treated Atlantosauridae as a valid name as late as 1971, and the former even added a subfamily,
865:
was traditionally considered a diplodocid due to its similar anatomy, but phylogenetic studies showed it to be a more basal member of the Diplodocoidea.
1538:
is from the Bajada Colorada Formation of Argentina, and indeterminate diplodocid material is known from the nearby Mulichinco Formation of similar age.
531:
of diplodocids is controversial; studies have proposed postures ranging from nearly straight and below horizontal to an S-curve that reaches vertical.
3344:
868:
The relationships of species within Diplodocidae has also been subject to frequent revision. A study by Lovelace, Hartman and Wahl in 2008 found that
7748:
7879:
3291:
692:
and other diplodocids was radically different from that of other sauropods. Unilateral branch stripping is the most likely feeding behavior of
3060:"New macronarian from the Middle Jurassic of Chongqing, China: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for neosauropod dinosaur evolution"
7869:
2225:
1765:
7864:
3001:
Xu, Xing; Upchurch, Paul; Mannion, Philip D.; Barrett, Paul M.; Regalado-Fernandez, Omar R.; Mo, Jinyou; Ma, Jinfu; Liu, Hongan (2018).
527:, the neck probably had 16 vertebrae as the result of the incorporation of an additional vertebra from the dorsal series. The habitual
914:
798:
157:
136:
832:
itself does not belong to this family, but is instead a more primitive diplodocoid. A similar situation occurred for the family name
1951:
1942:
McIntosh, John S. (2005). "The genus Barosaurus Marsh (Sauropoda, Diplodocidae)". In Tidwell, Virginia; Carpenter, Kenneth (eds.).
785:
3225:"First Lower Cretaceous record of Podocarpaceae wood associated with dinosaur remains from Patagonia, Neuquén Province, Argentina"
4252:
4241:
3316:
4259:
1852:
Knoll, F.; Galton, P.M.; López-Antoñanzas, R. (2006). "Paleoneurological evidence against a proboscis in the sauropod dinosaur
2160:"Evidence of integumentary scale diversity in the late Jurassic Sauropod Diplodocus sp. from the Mother's Day Quarry, Montana"
5653:
804:
Diplodocidae was the third name given to what is now recognized as the single family of long-necked, whip-tailed sauropods.
1784:
Witmer, L. M. (2001-08-03). "Nostril position in dinosaurs and other vertebrates and its significance for nasal function".
1527:
was originally thought to be possibly as old as Early Jurassic, but is now considered to date to the late Middle Jurassic.
3337:
7817:
574:
processes: the angle between the rostral quadratojugal process and the dorsal quadratojugal process is approximately 130°
2624:
Carpenter, K., K. (2006). "Biggest of the big: a critical re-evaluation of the mega-sauropod Amphicoelias fragillimus".
3305:
169:
6385:
2500:
2480:
2081:
Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P. M.; Dodson, P. (2004). "Sauropoda". In Weishampel, D. B.; Dodson, P.; OsmĂłlska, H. (eds.).
2646:
Olshevsky, G. (1991). "A revision of the Parainfraclass Archosauria Cope, 1869, excluding the advanced Crocodylia".
828:, preventing it from displacing the name Diplodocidae as a senior synonym. More recent studies have also shown that
1243:
7620:
7614:
644:
the tail, and Czerkas speculated that this midline row may have continued over the animal's entire back and neck.
2852:
2144:
737:, though research is ongoing. Whether or not the infection contributed to the dinosaur's death remains unknown.
7657:
5658:
3432:
3330:
2216:
Upchurch, P.; Barrett, P.M. (2000). "The evolution of sauropod feeding mechanism". In Sues, Hans Dieter (ed.).
1620:(Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the Morrison Formation of Wyoming, and a re-evaluation of diplodocid phylogeny".
583:: the parasphenoid rostrum is a laterally compressed, thin spike and is lacking the longitudinal dorsal groove
500:, may have weighed close to 40 tonnes. However, not all diplodocids were so large; the South American species
3223:
Gnaedinger, Silvia; Coria, Rodolfo A.; Koppelhus, Eva; CasadĂo, Silvio; Tunik, Maisa; Currie, Philip (2017).
1639:
Bates, Karl T.; Falkingham, Peter L.; Macaulay, Sophie; Brassey, Charlotte; Maidment, Susannah C. R. (2015).
5115:
3003:"A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs"
840:
in 1877, and which Hay argued had priority over Amphicoelidae. George Olshevsky declared Atlantosauridae a
7678:
5127:
5107:
2024:"Quantifying the effect of intervertebral cartilage on neutral posture in the necks of sauropod dinosaurs"
1793:
1112:
7787:
7647:
7609:
7338:
3620:
2749:"A second Gondwanan diplodocid dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Tendaguru Beds of Tanzania, East Africa"
1088:
837:
528:
306:
7603:
6377:
5121:
2362:
D’Emic, M. D.; Whitlock, J. A.; Smith, K. M.; Fisher, D. C.; Wilson, J. A. (2013). Evans, A. R. (ed.).
1562:"A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)"
490:
estimated to have reached lengths of 30 meters (98 ft) or more. The heaviest diplodocids, such as
6393:
4247:
2789:
Taylor, M.P.; Naish, D. (2005). "The phylogenetic taxonomy of Diplodocoidea (Dinosauria: Sauropoda)".
7859:
7735:
2916:
2434:
2375:
2312:
2132:
1260:
882:, within the subfamily Apatosaurinae. However, a subsequent analysis by Whitlock in 2011 showed that
480:
1798:
577:
paroccipital process: the distal end of the paroccipital process is rounded and tongue-like in shape
7843:
4323:
1365:
1348:
1293:
1129:
1055:
805:
566:
502:
486:
405:
2256:
Dodson, P. (1990). "Sauropod paleoecology". In Weishampel, D.B.; Dodson, P.; OsmĂłlska, H. (eds.).
7378:
4450:
3262:
3224:
2983:
2940:
2844:
2771:
2606:
2544:
2344:
1988:
1819:
1737:
1721:
1660:
1531:
1212:
977:
730:
386:
164:
7792:
2579:"Tactile tails: a new hypothesis for the function of the elongate tails of diplodocid sauropods"
7716:
1839:
The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and their Extinction
7774:
7514:
7055:
5802:
5443:
5172:
4360:
3254:
3205:
3187:
3146:
3097:
3079:
3040:
3022:
2975:
2932:
2798:
2598:
2462:
2403:
2336:
2328:
2261:
2221:
2191:
2123:
Czerkas, S.A. (1993). "Discovery of dermal spines reveals a new look for sauropod dinosaurs".
2063:
2045:
2004:
1996:
1947:
1924:
1906:
1811:
1761:
1729:
1686:
1668:
1593:
1415:
1398:
712:. This may have better allowed the various species of sauropods to exist without competition.
7802:
7779:
1616:
Lovelace, David M.; Hartman, Scott A.; Wahl, William R. (2007). "Morphology of a specimen of
506:
was one of the smallest diplodocids, with an estimated length of only 9 meters (30 ft).
7831:
7385:
7230:
7170:
6812:
6704:
6610:
6501:
6303:
6283:
6222:
5341:
5194:
5041:
4758:
4712:
4692:
4636:
3939:
3716:
3696:
3244:
3236:
3195:
3177:
3136:
3128:
3087:
3071:
3030:
3014:
2967:
2924:
2836:
2763:
2685:
2590:
2562:
Rega, E. (2012). "Disease in dinosaurs". In Brett-Surman, M.; Holtz, T.; Farlow, J. (eds.).
2536:
2452:
2442:
2393:
2383:
2320:
2181:
2171:
2140:
2105:
2053:
2035:
1980:
1914:
1896:
1865:
1803:
1713:
1676:
1652:
1583:
1573:
1038:
610:
604:
43:
3164:
Gallina, Pablo A.; ApesteguĂa, Sebastián; Haluza, Alejandro; Canale, Juan I. (2014-05-14).
1968:
1704:
Campione, Nicolás E. (2017). "Extrapolating body masses in large terrestrial vertebrates".
7652:
7522:
7255:
7148:
6844:
6824:
6805:
6763:
6690:
6676:
6559:
6310:
6230:
5877:
5413:
5404:
5265:
5257:
5184:
4944:
4822:
4643:
4499:
4330:
4059:
4052:
4044:
4031:
3948:
3494:
3481:
3444:
3417:
3392:
3353:
3309:
2705:
Hay, O.P. (1902). "Bibliography and Catalogue of the Fossil Vertebrata of North America".
1317:
899:
288:
243:
39:
771:, while lacking a tailwhip, displays a similar level of caudal co-ossification, and that
3115:
McPhee, Blair W.; Mannion, Philip D.; de Klerk, William J.; Choiniere, Jonah N. (2016).
2920:
2438:
2379:
2316:
2136:
647:
Skin fossils have been discovered at the Mother's Day Quarry that have been assigned to
7529:
7444:
7326:
7271:
7221:
7033:
7026:
6972:
6944:
6899:
6872:
6747:
6712:
6654:
6581:
6494:
6258:
6137:
6109:
6088:
6073:
5995:
5968:
5786:
5770:
5736:
5579:
5378:
5250:
5076:
4815:
4794:
4743:
4735:
4587:
4580:
4487:
4386:
4374:
4182:
4154:
3991:
3962:
3955:
3901:
3815:
3801:
3785:
3760:
3590:
3200:
3165:
3092:
3059:
3035:
3002:
2457:
2422:
2398:
2363:
2186:
2159:
2058:
2023:
1919:
1884:
1681:
1640:
1588:
1561:
936:
773:
640:
586:
2748:
2521:
445:. The family includes some of the longest creatures ever to walk the Earth, including
7853:
7572:
7557:
7536:
7452:
7412:
7400:
7370:
7319:
7291:
7264:
7185:
7162:
7110:
7041:
6965:
6931:
6920:
6858:
6777:
6740:
6719:
6669:
6647:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6566:
6531:
6508:
6450:
6317:
6296:
6164:
6155:
6144:
6123:
6102:
6080:
6023:
5900:
5837:
5721:
5544:
5520:
5486:
5457:
5450:
5429:
5364:
5357:
5350:
5315:
5306:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5158:
5145:
5062:
4986:
4929:
4908:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4786:
4765:
4684:
4661:
4508:
4465:
4367:
4344:
4316:
4147:
4140:
4088:
3984:
3921:
3912:
3794:
3668:
3636:
3604:
3565:
3547:
3526:
3266:
2987:
2775:
2767:
2690:
2673:
2610:
997:
857:, for example, was initially described as a diplodocid, but may actually have been a
853:
820:
734:
616:
571:
369:
359:
272:
81:
2548:
2348:
1741:
7580:
7550:
7543:
7480:
7421:
7347:
7279:
7237:
7206:
7192:
7177:
7155:
7139:
7073:
7062:
7013:
6994:
6987:
6865:
6851:
6837:
6791:
6784:
6755:
6726:
6662:
6603:
6545:
6538:
6487:
6480:
6443:
6425:
6412:
6340:
6324:
6265:
6251:
6215:
6208:
6194:
6172:
6066:
6058:
6051:
6030:
6002:
5950:
5936:
5922:
5907:
5858:
5779:
5751:
5744:
5563:
5552:
5529:
5436:
5422:
5329:
5286:
5279:
5221:
5214:
4977:
4892:
4700:
4650:
4622:
4615:
4594:
4566:
4552:
4472:
4416:
4395:
4081:
3969:
3873:
3829:
3822:
3774:
3746:
3707:
3533:
2944:
2848:
2485:
2109:
1823:
1178:
814:
767:
580:
514:
377:
349:
3240:
3132:
3116:
2971:
2594:
1869:
680:
3182:
2447:
2388:
1984:
7761:
7710:
7565:
7473:
7459:
7355:
7244:
7199:
7096:
7089:
7082:
7048:
6980:
6958:
6879:
6770:
6465:
6272:
6237:
6130:
6095:
6037:
6016:
6009:
5981:
5914:
5886:
5851:
5844:
5830:
5729:
5714:
5615:
5537:
5500:
5371:
5322:
5083:
4959:
4922:
4915:
4884:
4868:
4808:
4772:
4750:
4670:
4629:
4573:
4545:
4531:
4479:
4432:
4352:
4337:
4309:
4175:
4133:
4119:
4099:
4073:
4019:
4012:
3928:
3894:
3880:
3723:
3661:
3597:
3574:
3540:
3512:
2578:
905:
597:
552:
The clade Diplodocidae is distinguished based on the following characteristics:
496:
453:
56:
3018:
17:
7466:
7393:
7362:
7124:
6951:
6798:
6733:
6697:
6683:
6618:
6589:
6552:
6515:
6458:
6044:
5988:
5943:
5893:
5865:
5823:
5759:
5707:
5689:
5676:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5572:
5479:
5472:
5465:
5385:
5297:
5272:
5002:
4952:
4936:
4900:
4801:
4677:
4601:
4515:
4458:
4409:
4161:
3977:
3866:
3730:
3689:
3654:
3383:
2840:
2822:(Dinosauria: Sauropoda) for flagellicaudatan intrarelationships and evolution"
2540:
2481:"Achoo! Respiratory illness gave young 'Dolly' the dinosaur flu-like symptoms"
2324:
1519:
930:
858:
754:
666:
523:
470:
447:
326:
315:
227:
101:
66:
7701:
3258:
3191:
3150:
3083:
3026:
2979:
2802:
2602:
2332:
2049:
2000:
1992:
1910:
1733:
1725:
1672:
1664:
7429:
7311:
7117:
6596:
6574:
6523:
6244:
6201:
6187:
5929:
5622:
5608:
5493:
5207:
5055:
5048:
4779:
4728:
4291:
4278:
4193:
4168:
4126:
4005:
3845:
3612:
3554:
3302:
1807:
953:
942:
870:
619:
259:
181:
106:
50:
3209:
3166:"A diplodocid sauropod survivor from the Early Cretaceous of South America"
3141:
3101:
3044:
2936:
2466:
2407:
2340:
2195:
2067:
2008:
1946:. Life of the past. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 38–77.
1928:
1815:
1690:
1656:
1597:
457:, some of which may have reached lengths of up to 42 metres (138 ft).
144:
465:
7727:
7695:
7437:
7103:
6913:
6116:
5957:
5816:
5069:
4559:
4402:
4112:
3887:
3859:
3767:
3682:
3675:
3582:
3519:
3401:
3377:
762:
750:
442:
439:
214:
201:
96:
91:
76:
71:
61:
3075:
2928:
2728:
n. gen., n. sp. (Sauropoda) from the uppermost Cretaceous of Mongolia".
2501:"Discovery of what ailed Dolly the dinosaur is a first, researchers say"
2176:
7753:
6473:
4877:
4721:
4608:
4066:
3249:
2265:
1717:
758:
565:: the jugal forms a substantial part of the caudoventral margin of the
539:
111:
86:
7766:
3319:
of several diplodocids, from Scott Hartman's Skeletal Drawing website.
2040:
1578:
7002:
6180:
3998:
3371:
2566:(2 ed.). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
1901:
559:: the external nares face dorsally; and the internarial bar is absent
191:
7672:
1969:"Neck Posture and Feeding Habits of Two Jurassic Sauropod Dinosaurs"
595:: at least 5-6 replacement teeth occur per alveolus (as observed in
123:
3322:
2674:"A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)"
904:
784:
679:
670:
630:
592:
562:
556:
538:
464:
7740:
2364:"Evolution of high tooth replacement rates in sauropod dinosaurs"
1885:"Why sauropods had long necks; and why giraffes have short necks"
7304:
3808:
746:
674:
7676:
7636:
6410:
5674:
5143:
4276:
3479:
3364:
3326:
4966:
3293:
Sauropod dinosaur may have whipped its tail like Indiana Jones
2505:
956:
of the Diplodocidae after Tschopp, Mateus, and Benson (2015).
1760:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 209–236.
513:
paleoneuroanatomical evidence for a trunk. It noted that the
2145:
10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<1068:dodsra>2.3.co;2
1641:"Downsizing a giant: re-evaluating Dreadnoughtus body mass"
2875:
gen. et sp. nov., from the Late Jurassic beds of Portugal"
474:, depicted with spines limited to the mid-line of the back
2626:
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin
2522:"Supersonic sauropods? Tail dynamics in the diplodocids"
913:
based on the University of Wyoming specimen produced by
635:
Skin impression of a diplodocid, specimen CMC VP 10659
7815:
1967:
Stevens, Kent A.; Parrish, J. Michael (1999-04-30).
374:
366:
355:
345:
322:
7685:
7506:
7411:
7337:
7290:
7254:
7220:
7138:
7072:
7012:
6930:
6897:
6823:
6423:
6339:
6282:
6154:
5967:
5876:
5800:
5769:
5687:
5562:
5519:
5510:
5412:
5403:
5340:
5305:
5296:
5193:
5182:
5156:
5033:
5001:
4985:
4976:
4867:
4711:
4660:
4529:
4498:
4430:
4385:
4289:
4192:
4098:
4030:
3938:
3911:
3843:
3784:
3744:
3706:
3634:
3564:
3492:
3443:
3416:
2096:Czerkas, S.A. (1993). "The new look of sauropods".
1883:Taylor, Michael P.; Wedel, Mathew J. (2013-02-12).
1560:Tschopp, E.; Mateus, O.; Benson, R. B. J. (2015).
2879:Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales
2218:Evolution of Herbivory in Terrestrial Vertebrates
2641:
2639:
946:have also been identified as close relatives of
2707:Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2085:(2nd ed.). University of California Press.
1611:
1609:
1607:
607:: no more than 10 dorsal vertebrae are present
3338:
1944:Thunder-lizards: the sauropodomorph dinosaurs
1555:
1553:
1551:
8:
2421:Griebeler, EM; Klein, N; Sander, PM (2013).
1779:
1777:
688:This implies that the feeding mechanism of
7673:
7633:
7503:
7296:
7251:
7018:
6936:
6905:
6829:
6435:
6431:
6420:
6407:
6288:
5973:
5808:
5699:
5695:
5684:
5671:
5516:
5409:
5302:
5199:
5190:
5164:
5153:
5140:
5030:
4982:
4537:
4442:
4438:
4301:
4297:
4286:
4273:
4104:
4036:
3851:
3781:
3752:
3646:
3642:
3504:
3500:
3489:
3476:
3422:
3413:
3361:
3345:
3331:
3323:
2158:Gallagher, T; Poole, J; Schein, J (2021).
143:
122:
31:
3248:
3199:
3181:
3140:
3091:
3034:
2689:
2678:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
2456:
2446:
2397:
2387:
2243:The illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs
2185:
2175:
2057:
2039:
1918:
1900:
1797:
1680:
1587:
1577:
729:An unnamed diplodocid specimen from the
7822:
2520:Myhrvold, N. P.; Currie, P. J. (1997).
1758:South American Sauropodomorph Dinosaurs
1547:
2279:Barrett, P.M.; Upchurch, P. (1994). "
928:and its closest relatives, including
745:Diplodocids also had long, whip-like
669:(gizzard stones) to break down tough
7:
2869:Bonaparte, J.F.; Mateus, O. (1999).
824:("forgotten name") according to the
613:: 70-80 caudal vertebrae are present
7875:Taxa named by Othniel Charles Marsh
2829:Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
1390:
1340:
1333:
1309:
1285:
1235:
1228:
1204:
1184:
1104:
1080:
1030:
1023:
1003:
993:
969:
959:
2960:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
2260:. University of California Press.
2098:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
915:Triebold Paleontology Incorporated
799:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
535:Distinguishing anatomical features
158:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
137:Carnegie Museum of Natural History
25:
7638:Topics in sauropodomorph research
2022:Taylor, Michael P. (2014-12-23).
438:("double beams"), are a group of
7837:
7825:
7619:
7613:
7608:
7602:
6392:
6384:
6376:
5657:
5652:
5126:
5120:
5114:
5106:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4240:
2768:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00652.x
2691:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00665.x
2577:Baron, Matthew G. (2021-10-03).
1523:, appears in the fossil record.
168:
2220:. Cambridge University Press.
2110:10.1080/02724634.1993.10011533
1517:earliest known dicraeosaurid,
518:much lower down on the snout.
1:
7880:Prehistoric dinosaur families
3241:10.1016/j.cretres.2017.06.014
3133:10.1016/j.cretres.2015.11.006
2972:10.1080/02724634.2020.1780600
2873:Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis
2595:10.1080/08912963.2020.1769092
1870:10.1016/j.geobios.2004.11.005
7870:Early Cretaceous extinctions
3183:10.1371/journal.pone.0097128
2448:10.1371/journal.pone.0067012
2389:10.1371/journal.pone.0069235
1985:10.1126/science.284.5415.798
2258:The Dinosauria" 1st Edition
2245:. London: Salamander Books.
434:, or members of the family
27:Extinct family of dinosaurs
7896:
7865:Bajocian first appearances
3064:Royal Society Open Science
3019:10.1038/s41467-018-05128-1
2885:(2): 13–29. Archived from
2726:Nemegtosaurus mongoliensis
1622:Arquivos do Museu Nacional
1512:Evolution and biogeography
1244:Supersaurus lourinhanensis
684:Seismosaurus (=Diplodocus)
673:fibers (similar to modern
7643:
7632:
7600:
7502:
7299:
7021:
6939:
6908:
6832:
6438:
6434:
6419:
6406:
6373:
6291:
5976:
5811:
5702:
5698:
5683:
5670:
5650:
5202:
5167:
5152:
5139:
5103:
5029:
4540:
4445:
4441:
4304:
4300:
4285:
4272:
4238:
4107:
4039:
3854:
3755:
3649:
3645:
3507:
3503:
3488:
3475:
3425:
3412:
3360:
2841:10.1017/S1477201906001805
2541:10.1017/S0094837300019801
2325:10.1007/s00114-012-0944-y
1412:
1395:
1388:
1362:
1345:
1338:
1331:
1314:
1307:
1290:
1283:
1257:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1209:
1202:
1189:
1182:
1126:
1109:
1102:
1085:
1078:
1052:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1008:
1001:
991:
974:
967:
924:, was erected to include
392:
385:
342:
337:
321:
314:
165:Scientific classification
163:
151:
142:
130:
121:
34:
7658:List of sauropod species
3303:Whips and Dinosaur Tails
3297:, from the NewScientist.
3288:, from the NewScientist.
2747:Remes, Kristian (2007).
898:is actually a primitive
753:. This could generate a
2730:Palaeontologia Polonica
2672:Whitlock, J.A. (2011).
1808:10.1126/science.1062681
3295:(says Nathan Myhrvold)
2281:Feeding mechanisms of
1837:Bakker, R. T. (1986).
1657:10.1098/rsbl.2015.0215
1113:Brontosaurus yahnahpin
917:
886:is slightly closer to
812:in 1878 for his genus
801:
789:Holotype specimens of
685:
636:
545:
475:
7788:Paleobiology Database
7648:Sauropod neck posture
7339:Opisthocoelicaudiinae
3317:Skeletal restorations
3007:Nature Communications
2818:"The significance of
2816:Harris, J.D. (2006).
2724:Nowinski, A (1971). "
2564:The Complete Dinosaur
2241:Norman, D.B. (1985).
1089:Brontosaurus excelsus
908:
838:Othniel Charles Marsh
788:
683:
634:
542:
468:
2648:Mesozoic Meanderings
1261:Supersaurus vivianae
481:Supersaurus vivianae
135:(specimen CM 3018),
7507:Dubious titanosaurs
4324:Chinshakiangosaurus
3229:Cretaceous Research
3121:Cretaceous Research
3076:10.1098/rsos.220794
2929:10.1038/nature03623
2921:2005Natur.435..670R
2871:"A new diplodocid,
2509:. 10 February 2022.
2489:. 10 February 2022.
2439:2013PLoSO...867012G
2380:2013PLoSO...869235D
2317:2012NW.....99..637Y
2305:Naturwissenschaften
2177:10.7717/peerj.11202
2137:1992Geo....20.1068C
1841:. New York: Morrow.
1536:Leinkupal laticauda
1366:Diplodocus hallorum
1349:Diplodocus carnegii
1294:Leinkupal laticauda
1130:Brontosaurus parvus
1056:Apatosaurus louisae
911:Brontosaurus parvus
806:Edward Drinker Cope
795:Apatosaurus louisae
791:Diplodocus carnegii
567:antorbital fenestra
503:Leinkupal laticauda
487:Diplodocus hallorum
7379:Opisthocoelicaudia
4451:Archaeodontosaurus
3308:2007-03-03 at the
2583:Historical Biology
1718:10.1017/pab.2017.9
1532:Kirkwood Formation
1213:Tornieria africana
978:Amphicoelias altus
918:
878:were relatives of
802:
731:Morrison Formation
686:
637:
546:
476:
7813:
7812:
7775:Open Tree of Life
7679:Taxon identifiers
7670:
7669:
7666:
7665:
7628:
7627:
7598:
7597:
7594:
7593:
7590:
7589:
7515:Bruhathkayosaurus
7498:
7497:
7494:
7493:
7490:
7489:
7216:
7215:
7134:
7133:
7056:Panamericansaurus
6893:
6892:
6889:
6888:
6402:
6401:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6335:
6334:
5803:Titanosauriformes
5796:
5795:
5666:
5665:
5648:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5444:Brachytrachelopan
5399:
5398:
5395:
5394:
5173:Haplocanthosaurus
5135:
5134:
5101:
5100:
5097:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5034:Dubious sauropods
5025:
5024:
5021:
5020:
5017:
5016:
4525:
4524:
4426:
4425:
4361:Protognathosaurus
4268:
4267:
4236:
4235:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
3839:
3838:
3740:
3739:
3630:
3629:
3471:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3285:Cracking the whip
2915:(7042): 670–672.
2820:Suuwassea emiliae
2589:(10): 2057–2066.
2227:978-0-521-59449-3
2131:(12): 1068–1070.
2041:10.7717/peerj.712
1979:(5415): 798–800.
1792:(5531): 850–853.
1767:978-3-030-95958-6
1579:10.7717/peerj.857
1534:of South Africa.
1508:
1507:
1499:
1498:
1490:
1489:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1463:
1462:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1426:
1416:Barosaurus lentus
1399:Kaatedocus siberi
1377:
1376:
1272:
1271:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1158:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1140:
1067:
1066:
950:by some authors.
934:. The Portuguese
909:Cast skeleton of
808:named the family
757:in excess of 200
429:
428:
423:
416:
409:
399:
310:
16:(Redirected from
7887:
7842:
7841:
7840:
7830:
7829:
7828:
7821:
7806:
7805:
7796:
7795:
7783:
7782:
7770:
7769:
7757:
7756:
7744:
7743:
7731:
7730:
7721:
7720:
7719:
7706:
7705:
7704:
7674:
7634:
7623:
7617:
7612:
7606:
7504:
7386:Pellegrinisaurus
7297:
7252:
7231:Bustingorrytitan
7171:Futalognkosaurus
7019:
6937:
6906:
6830:
6813:Diamantinasauria
6705:Pellegrinisaurus
6611:Jiangshanosaurus
6502:Baotianmansaurus
6436:
6432:
6421:
6408:
6397:
6396:
6389:
6388:
6381:
6380:
6304:Diamantinasaurus
6289:
6284:Diamantinasauria
6223:Jiangshanosaurus
5974:
5809:
5700:
5696:
5685:
5672:
5661:
5656:
5517:
5410:
5342:Rebbachisaurinae
5303:
5200:
5195:Rebbachisauridae
5191:
5165:
5154:
5141:
5130:
5124:
5119:
5118:
5111:
5110:
5042:Bothriospondylus
5031:
4983:
4759:Eomamenchisaurus
4713:Mamenchisauridae
4693:Lapparentosaurus
4637:Spinophorosaurus
4538:
4443:
4439:
4302:
4298:
4287:
4274:
4263:
4262:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4105:
4037:
3940:Massospondylidae
3852:
3782:
3753:
3717:Jaklapallisaurus
3697:Thecodontosaurus
3647:
3643:
3505:
3501:
3490:
3477:
3423:
3414:
3407:
3406:
3362:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3324:
3300:Ivan Peterson's
3271:
3270:
3252:
3220:
3214:
3213:
3203:
3185:
3161:
3155:
3154:
3144:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3095:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3038:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2955:
2949:
2948:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2857:
2851:. Archived from
2826:
2813:
2807:
2806:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2753:
2744:
2738:
2737:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2669:
2656:
2655:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2510:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2460:
2450:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2401:
2391:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2299:
2293:
2292:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2213:
2200:
2199:
2189:
2179:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2043:
2019:
2013:
2012:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1922:
1904:
1902:10.7717/peerj.36
1880:
1874:
1873:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1781:
1772:
1771:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1684:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1613:
1602:
1601:
1591:
1581:
1557:
1391:
1341:
1334:
1310:
1286:
1236:
1229:
1205:
1191:Unnamed species
1185:
1105:
1081:
1039:Apatosaurus ajax
1031:
1024:
1010:Unnamed species
1004:
994:
970:
960:
940:and the African
661:Diet and feeding
611:caudal vertebrae
605:dorsal vertebrae
421:
414:
404:
397:
395:Atlantosauridae
376:
368:
357:
347:
324:
305:
300:
287:
271:
258:
242:
173:
172:
147:
126:
116:
53:
44:Early Cretaceous
38:Temporal range:
32:
21:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7885:
7884:
7850:
7849:
7848:
7838:
7836:
7826:
7824:
7816:
7814:
7809:
7801:
7799:
7791:
7786:
7778:
7773:
7765:
7760:
7752:
7747:
7739:
7734:
7726:
7724:
7715:
7714:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7694:
7681:
7671:
7662:
7653:Sauropod hiatus
7639:
7624:
7586:
7523:Campylodoniscus
7486:
7407:
7333:
7286:
7256:Nemegtosauridae
7250:
7212:
7149:Argentinosaurus
7130:
7068:
7008:
6926:
6902:
6885:
6845:Atsinganosaurus
6825:Lirainosaurinae
6819:
6806:Xianshanosaurus
6691:Normanniasaurus
6677:Narambuenatitan
6560:Dongyangosaurus
6428:
6415:
6398:
6391:
6383:
6375:
6355:
6331:
6311:Sarmientosaurus
6278:
6231:Phuwiangosaurus
6150:
5963:
5878:Brachiosauridae
5872:
5805:
5792:
5765:
5692:
5679:
5662:
5628:
5558:
5506:
5414:Dicraeosauridae
5405:Flagellicaudata
5391:
5336:
5292:
5266:Nopcsaspondylus
5258:Maraapunisaurus
5187:
5185:Diplodocimorpha
5178:
5161:
5148:
5131:
5113:
5105:
5089:
5013:
4997:
4972:
4945:Tehuelchesaurus
4863:
4823:Tienshanosaurus
4707:
4656:
4644:Tehuelchesaurus
4534:
4521:
4500:Vulcanodontidae
4494:
4435:
4422:
4381:
4331:Gongxianosaurus
4294:
4281:
4264:
4257:
4208:
4188:
4094:
4053:Jingshanosaurus
4045:Chuxiongosaurus
4032:Sauropodiformes
4026:
3949:Adeopapposaurus
3934:
3907:
3848:
3835:
3780:
3749:
3736:
3702:
3639:
3626:
3560:
3497:
3495:Sauropodomorpha
3484:
3482:Sauropodomorpha
3459:
3445:Sauropodomorpha
3439:
3433:Avemetatarsalia
3418:Avemetatarsalia
3408:
3393:Avemetatarsalia
3367:
3366:
3356:
3354:Sauropodomorpha
3351:
3310:Wayback Machine
3280:
3275:
3274:
3222:
3221:
3217:
3163:
3162:
3158:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2966:(6): –1780600.
2957:
2956:
2952:
2906:
2905:
2901:
2892:
2890:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2824:
2815:
2814:
2810:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2671:
2670:
2659:
2645:
2644:
2637:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2524:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2361:
2360:
2356:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2255:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2215:
2214:
2203:
2157:
2156:
2152:
2122:
2121:
2117:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2021:
2020:
2016:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1882:
1881:
1877:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1799:10.1.1.629.1744
1783:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1651:(6): 20150215.
1645:Biology Letters
1638:
1637:
1633:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1559:
1558:
1549:
1544:
1514:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1378:
1318:Galeamopus hayi
1273:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1068:
846:Atlantosaurinae
834:Atlantosauridae
783:
743:
727:
718:
663:
658:
629:
537:
463:
420:
419:Brontosauridae
413:
403:
402:Amphicoeliidae
396:
333:
330:
304:
298:
289:Flagellicaudata
285:
269:
256:
244:Sauropodomorpha
240:
167:
156:type specimen,
117:
115:
114:
109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
49:170–136.4
48:
47:
40:Middle Jurassic
36:
28:
23:
22:
18:Atlantosauridae
15:
12:
11:
5:
7893:
7891:
7883:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7852:
7851:
7847:
7846:
7834:
7811:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7797:
7784:
7771:
7758:
7745:
7732:
7722:
7707:
7691:
7689:
7683:
7682:
7677:
7668:
7667:
7664:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7644:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7595:
7592:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7584:
7577:
7569:
7562:
7554:
7547:
7540:
7533:
7530:Clasmodosaurus
7526:
7519:
7510:
7508:
7500:
7499:
7496:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7484:
7477:
7470:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7445:Maxakalisaurus
7441:
7434:
7426:
7417:
7415:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7405:
7397:
7390:
7382:
7375:
7367:
7359:
7352:
7343:
7341:
7335:
7334:
7332:
7331:
7327:Quaesitosaurus
7323:
7316:
7308:
7300:
7294:
7288:
7287:
7285:
7284:
7276:
7272:Quaesitosaurus
7268:
7260:
7258:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7226:
7224:
7222:Saltasauroidea
7218:
7217:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7189:
7182:
7174:
7167:
7159:
7152:
7144:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7107:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7078:
7076:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7066:
7059:
7052:
7045:
7038:
7034:Maxakalisaurus
7030:
7027:Adamantisaurus
7022:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
6999:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6973:Epachthosaurus
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6945:Antarctosaurus
6940:
6934:
6928:
6927:
6925:
6924:
6917:
6909:
6903:
6900:Eutitanosauria
6898:
6895:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6883:
6876:
6873:Mansourasaurus
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6833:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6809:
6802:
6795:
6788:
6781:
6774:
6767:
6760:
6752:
6748:Tastavinsaurus
6744:
6737:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6713:Petrobrasaurus
6709:
6701:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6673:
6666:
6659:
6655:Malarguesaurus
6651:
6644:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6615:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6586:
6582:Epachthosaurus
6578:
6571:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6528:
6520:
6512:
6505:
6498:
6495:Austroposeidon
6491:
6484:
6477:
6470:
6462:
6455:
6447:
6439:
6429:
6424:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6404:
6403:
6400:
6399:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6354:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6345:
6343:
6337:
6336:
6333:
6332:
6330:
6329:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6292:
6286:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6259:Tangvayosaurus
6255:
6248:
6241:
6234:
6227:
6219:
6212:
6205:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6177:
6169:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6141:
6138:Tastavinsaurus
6134:
6127:
6120:
6113:
6110:Pukyongosaurus
6106:
6099:
6092:
6089:Liubangosaurus
6085:
6077:
6074:Liaoningotitan
6070:
6063:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6020:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5996:Astrophocaudia
5992:
5985:
5977:
5971:
5969:Somphospondyli
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5940:
5933:
5926:
5919:
5911:
5904:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5880:
5874:
5873:
5871:
5870:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5812:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5787:Lourinhasaurus
5783:
5775:
5773:
5771:Camarasauridae
5767:
5766:
5764:
5763:
5756:
5748:
5741:
5737:Dashanpusaurus
5733:
5726:
5718:
5711:
5703:
5693:
5688:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5668:
5667:
5664:
5663:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5645:
5642:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5580:Dinheirosaurus
5576:
5568:
5566:
5560:
5559:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5541:
5534:
5525:
5523:
5514:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5497:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5469:
5462:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5418:
5416:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5397:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5389:
5382:
5379:Rebbachisaurus
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5344:
5338:
5337:
5335:
5334:
5326:
5319:
5311:
5309:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5251:Lavocatisaurus
5247:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5188:
5183:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5157:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5137:
5136:
5133:
5132:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5080:
5077:Qinlingosaurus
5073:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5045:
5037:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5019:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5011:
5010:(see below ↓ )
5007:
5005:
4999:
4998:
4996:
4995:
4994:(see below ↓ )
4991:
4989:
4980:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4941:
4933:
4926:
4919:
4912:
4905:
4897:
4889:
4881:
4873:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4861:
4854:
4847:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4816:Rhomaleopakhus
4812:
4805:
4798:
4795:Mamenchisaurus
4791:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4747:
4744:Chuanjiesaurus
4740:
4736:Cetiosauriscus
4732:
4725:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4689:
4681:
4674:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4619:
4612:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4588:Dashanpusaurus
4584:
4581:Cetiosauriscus
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4541:
4535:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4488:Zizhongosaurus
4484:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4446:
4436:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4424:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4413:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4389:
4387:Lessemsauridae
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:Tuebingosaurus
4371:
4364:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4313:
4305:
4295:
4290:
4283:
4282:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4198:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4183:Sefapanosaurus
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4155:Melanorosaurus
4151:
4144:
4137:
4130:
4123:
4116:
4108:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4040:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3995:
3992:Massospondylus
3988:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3963:Glacialisaurus
3959:
3956:Coloradisaurus
3952:
3944:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3902:Tuebingosaurus
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3855:
3849:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3816:Pachysauriscus
3812:
3805:
3802:Gresslyosaurus
3798:
3790:
3788:
3786:Plateosauridae
3779:
3778:
3771:
3764:
3761:Plateosauravus
3756:
3750:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3658:
3650:
3640:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3628:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3594:
3591:Chromogisaurus
3587:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3516:
3508:
3498:
3493:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3436:
3435:
3426:
3420:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3365:
3358:
3357:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3342:
3335:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3314:
3298:
3289:
3279:
3278:External links
3276:
3273:
3272:
3215:
3156:
3107:
3070:(11): 220794.
3050:
2993:
2950:
2899:
2861:
2858:on 2019-12-29.
2835:(2): 185–198.
2808:
2781:
2762:(3): 653–667.
2739:
2716:
2697:
2684:(4): 872–915.
2657:
2635:
2616:
2569:
2554:
2535:(4): 393–409.
2512:
2492:
2472:
2413:
2354:
2311:(8): 637–643.
2294:
2271:
2248:
2233:
2226:
2201:
2150:
2115:
2088:
2083:The Dinosauria
2073:
2014:
1959:
1952:
1934:
1875:
1864:(2): 215–221.
1844:
1829:
1773:
1766:
1747:
1712:(4): 693–699.
1696:
1631:
1603:
1546:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1456:
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1438:
1434:
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1430:
1429:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1394:
1389:
1387:
1384:
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1380:
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1375:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
1000:
992:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
973:
968:
966:
958:
937:Dinheirosaurus
920:The subfamily
810:Amphicoeliidae
782:
781:Classification
779:
774:Mamenchisaurus
742:
739:
726:
725:Paleopathology
723:
717:
714:
662:
659:
657:
654:
641:Shell, Wyoming
628:
625:
624:
623:
614:
608:
602:
590:
584:
578:
575:
569:
560:
536:
533:
462:
459:
427:
426:
425:
424:
417:
412:Apatosauridae
410:
400:
390:
389:
383:
382:
381:
380:
372:
364:
353:
340:
339:
335:
334:
331:
319:
318:
312:
311:
296:
292:
291:
283:
276:
275:
267:
263:
262:
254:
247:
246:
238:
231:
230:
225:
218:
217:
212:
205:
204:
199:
195:
194:
189:
185:
184:
179:
175:
174:
161:
160:
149:
148:
140:
139:
128:
127:
119:
118:
110:
105:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
54:
37:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7892:
7881:
7878:
7876:
7873:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7857:
7855:
7845:
7835:
7833:
7823:
7819:
7804:
7798:
7794:
7789:
7785:
7781:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7737:
7733:
7729:
7723:
7718:
7712:
7708:
7703:
7697:
7693:
7692:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7680:
7675:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7642:
7635:
7631:
7622:
7618:
7616:
7611:
7605:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7575:
7574:
7573:Mongolosaurus
7570:
7568:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7559:
7558:Macrurosaurus
7555:
7553:
7552:
7548:
7546:
7545:
7541:
7539:
7538:
7537:Hypselosaurus
7534:
7532:
7531:
7527:
7525:
7524:
7520:
7517:
7516:
7512:
7511:
7509:
7505:
7501:
7483:
7482:
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7469:
7468:
7464:
7462:
7461:
7457:
7455:
7454:
7453:Neuquensaurus
7450:
7447:
7446:
7442:
7440:
7439:
7435:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7424:
7423:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7414:
7413:Saltasaurinae
7410:
7403:
7402:
7401:Zhuchengtitan
7398:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7383:
7381:
7380:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7371:Dreadnoughtus
7368:
7365:
7364:
7360:
7358:
7357:
7353:
7350:
7349:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7320:Qingxiusaurus
7317:
7314:
7313:
7309:
7307:
7306:
7302:
7301:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7292:Saltasauridae
7289:
7282:
7281:
7277:
7274:
7273:
7269:
7267:
7266:
7265:Nemegtosaurus
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7253:
7247:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7235:
7233:
7232:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7208:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7197:
7195:
7194:
7190:
7188:
7187:
7186:Mendozasaurus
7183:
7180:
7179:
7175:
7173:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7164:
7163:Dzharatitanis
7160:
7158:
7157:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7112:
7111:Gondwanatitan
7108:
7106:
7105:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7094:
7092:
7091:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7071:
7065:
7064:
7060:
7058:
7057:
7053:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7044:
7043:
7042:Muyelensaurus
7039:
7036:
7035:
7031:
7029:
7028:
7024:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6989:
6985:
6983:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6966:Chucarosaurus
6963:
6961:
6960:
6956:
6954:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6946:
6942:
6941:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6932:Colossosauria
6929:
6923:
6922:
6921:Menucocelsior
6918:
6916:
6915:
6911:
6910:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6896:
6882:
6881:
6877:
6875:
6874:
6870:
6868:
6867:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6859:Lirainosaurus
6856:
6854:
6853:
6849:
6847:
6846:
6842:
6840:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6815:
6814:
6810:
6808:
6807:
6803:
6801:
6800:
6796:
6794:
6793:
6789:
6787:
6786:
6782:
6780:
6779:
6778:Trigonosaurus
6775:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6766:
6765:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6741:Ruyangosaurus
6738:
6736:
6735:
6731:
6729:
6728:
6724:
6722:
6721:
6720:Pitekunsaurus
6717:
6715:
6714:
6710:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6695:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6686:
6685:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6674:
6672:
6671:
6670:Mnyamawamtuka
6667:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6650:
6649:
6648:Magyarosaurus
6645:
6642:
6641:
6640:Ligabuesaurus
6637:
6635:
6634:
6633:Laplatasaurus
6630:
6628:
6627:
6626:Karongasaurus
6623:
6621:
6620:
6616:
6613:
6612:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6591:
6587:
6584:
6583:
6579:
6577:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6567:Dreadnoughtus
6564:
6562:
6561:
6557:
6555:
6554:
6550:
6548:
6547:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6534:
6533:
6532:Borealosaurus
6529:
6526:
6525:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6509:Barrosasaurus
6506:
6504:
6503:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6492:
6490:
6489:
6485:
6483:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6467:
6463:
6461:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6452:
6451:Aegyptosaurus
6448:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6422:
6418:
6414:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6390:
6387:
6379:
6349:
6348:
6347:
6346:
6344:
6342:
6338:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6318:Savannasaurus
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6301:
6299:
6298:
6297:Australotitan
6294:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6285:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6270:
6268:
6267:
6263:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6254:
6253:
6249:
6247:
6246:
6242:
6240:
6239:
6235:
6233:
6232:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6206:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6185:
6183:
6182:
6178:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:Australodocus
6162:
6161:
6159:
6157:
6156:Euhelopodidae
6153:
6147:
6146:
6145:Triunfosaurus
6142:
6140:
6139:
6135:
6133:
6132:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6124:Sauroposeidon
6121:
6119:
6118:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6103:Padillasaurus
6100:
6098:
6097:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6086:
6083:
6082:
6081:Ligabuesaurus
6078:
6076:
6075:
6071:
6069:
6068:
6064:
6061:
6060:
6056:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6040:
6039:
6035:
6033:
6032:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6024:Chubutisaurus
6021:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6007:
6005:
6004:
6000:
5998:
5997:
5993:
5991:
5990:
5986:
5984:
5983:
5979:
5978:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5959:
5955:
5953:
5952:
5948:
5946:
5945:
5941:
5939:
5938:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5901:Brachiosaurus
5898:
5896:
5895:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5879:
5875:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5861:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5853:
5849:
5847:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5839:
5838:Fushanosaurus
5835:
5833:
5832:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5821:
5819:
5818:
5814:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5799:
5789:
5788:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5777:
5776:
5774:
5772:
5768:
5762:
5761:
5757:
5754:
5753:
5749:
5747:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5723:
5722:Bashunosaurus
5719:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5691:
5686:
5682:
5678:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5655:
5625:
5624:
5620:
5618:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:Atlantosaurus
5542:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5526:
5524:
5522:
5521:Apatosaurinae
5518:
5515:
5513:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5487:Smitanosaurus
5484:
5482:
5481:
5477:
5475:
5474:
5470:
5468:
5467:
5463:
5460:
5459:
5458:Dyslocosaurus
5455:
5453:
5452:
5451:Dicraeosaurus
5448:
5446:
5445:
5441:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5432:
5431:
5430:Amargatitanis
5427:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5402:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5381:
5380:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5369:
5367:
5366:
5365:Katepensaurus
5362:
5360:
5359:
5358:Itapeuasaurus
5355:
5353:
5352:
5351:Demandasaurus
5348:
5347:
5345:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5325:
5324:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5316:Cathartesaura
5313:
5312:
5310:
5308:
5307:Limaysaurinae
5304:
5301:
5299:
5295:
5289:
5288:
5284:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5246:
5245:
5244:Histriasaurus
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:Dzharatitanis
5233:
5231:
5230:
5229:Comahuesaurus
5226:
5224:
5223:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5181:
5175:
5174:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5160:
5159:Diplodocoidea
5155:
5151:
5147:
5146:Diplodocoidea
5142:
5138:
5129:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5109:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5079:
5078:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5065:
5064:
5063:Gigantosaurus
5060:
5058:
5057:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5046:
5044:
5043:
5039:
5038:
5036:
5032:
5028:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4993:
4992:
4990:
4988:
4987:Diplodocoidea
4984:
4981:
4979:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4942:
4939:
4938:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4930:Narindasaurus
4927:
4925:
4924:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4911:
4910:
4909:Losillasaurus
4906:
4903:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4894:
4890:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4866:
4860:
4859:
4858:Zigongosaurus
4855:
4853:
4852:
4851:Yuanmousaurus
4848:
4846:
4845:
4844:Xinjiangtitan
4841:
4839:
4838:
4837:Wamweracaudia
4834:
4832:
4831:
4830:Tonganosaurus
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4811:
4810:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4787:Klamelisaurus
4784:
4782:
4781:
4777:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4766:Huangshanlong
4763:
4761:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4737:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4703:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4690:
4687:
4686:
4685:Ferganasaurus
4682:
4680:
4679:
4675:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4662:Cetiosauridae
4659:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4632:
4631:
4627:
4625:
4624:
4620:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4604:
4603:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4592:
4590:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4547:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4518:
4517:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4509:Tazoudasaurus
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4490:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4477:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4467:
4466:Ohmdenosaurus
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4434:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4414:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4398:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4370:
4369:
4368:Schleitheimia
4365:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:Leonerasaurus
4342:
4340:
4339:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:Blikanasaurus
4314:
4312:
4311:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4299:
4296:
4293:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4243:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4149:
4148:Leonerasaurus
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:Lamplughsaura
4138:
4136:
4135:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4089:Yunnanosaurus
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4042:
4041:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3994:
3993:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3985:Lufengosaurus
3982:
3980:
3979:
3975:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3953:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3922:Eucnemesaurus
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3913:Riojasauridae
3910:
3904:
3903:
3899:
3897:
3896:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3831:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3795:Euskelosaurus
3792:
3791:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3743:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3719:
3718:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3698:
3694:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3678:
3677:
3673:
3671:
3670:
3669:Bagualosaurus
3666:
3664:
3663:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3644:
3641:
3638:
3637:Bagualosauria
3633:
3623:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3605:Pampadromaeus
3602:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3566:Saturnaliidae
3563:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3549:
3548:Pampadromaeus
3545:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:Gigantoscelus
3524:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3403:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3373:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3176:(5): –97128.
3175:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3157:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3142:10044/1/27470
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3108:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3054:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
2997:
2994:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2900:
2889:on 2012-02-19
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2865:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
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2823:
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2809:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2756:Palaeontology
2750:
2743:
2740:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2698:
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2565:
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2534:
2530:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2508:
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2496:
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2487:
2482:
2476:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2433:(6): e67012.
2432:
2428:
2424:
2417:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2374:(7): e69235.
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2298:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2283:Diplodocus".
2282:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2119:
2116:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2015:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1953:0-253-34542-1
1949:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
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1751:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
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1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1635:
1632:
1628:(4): 527–544.
1627:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1528:
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1521:
1511:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1477:
1476:
1468:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1450:
1449:
1441:
1440:
1432:
1431:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1417:
1410:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1343:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1163:
1155:
1154:
1146:
1145:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1063:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1050:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1005:
999:
998:Apatosaurinae
996:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:
980:
979:
972:
971:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
951:
949:
945:
944:
939:
938:
933:
932:
927:
923:
916:
912:
907:
903:
901:
900:dicraeosaurid
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:
866:
864:
860:
856:
855:
854:Australodocus
849:
847:
843:
842:nomen oblitum
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
822:
821:nomen oblitum
817:
816:
811:
807:
800:
796:
792:
787:
780:
778:
776:
775:
770:
769:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
741:Tail function
740:
738:
736:
735:aspergillosis
732:
724:
722:
715:
713:
711:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
682:
678:
676:
672:
668:
660:
655:
653:
650:
645:
642:
633:
626:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
599:
594:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
572:quadratojugal
570:
568:
564:
561:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
541:
534:
532:
530:
526:
525:
519:
516:
510:
507:
505:
504:
499:
498:
493:
489:
488:
483:
482:
473:
472:
467:
460:
458:
456:
455:
450:
449:
444:
441:
437:
433:
418:
411:
407:
401:
394:
393:
391:
388:
384:
379:
373:
371:
370:Apatosaurinae
365:
362:
361:
360:Atlantosaurus
354:
352:
351:
344:
343:
341:
336:
329:
328:
320:
317:
313:
308:
303:
297:
294:
293:
290:
284:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:Diplodocoidea
268:
266:Superfamily:
265:
264:
261:
255:
252:
249:
248:
245:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
206:
203:
200:
197:
196:
193:
190:
187:
186:
183:
180:
177:
176:
171:
166:
162:
159:
155:
150:
146:
141:
138:
134:
129:
125:
120:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
52:
45:
41:
33:
30:
19:
7844:Paleontology
7717:Diplodocidae
7687:Diplodocidae
7686:
7607:
7581:Titanosaurus
7579:
7571:
7564:
7556:
7551:Loricosaurus
7549:
7544:Iuticosaurus
7542:
7535:
7528:
7521:
7513:
7481:Yamanasaurus
7479:
7472:
7465:
7458:
7451:
7443:
7436:
7428:
7422:Abditosaurus
7420:
7399:
7392:
7384:
7377:
7369:
7361:
7354:
7348:Abditosaurus
7346:
7325:
7318:
7310:
7303:
7280:Tapuiasaurus
7278:
7270:
7263:
7243:
7238:Titanomachya
7236:
7229:
7207:Puertasaurus
7205:
7198:
7193:Notocolossus
7191:
7184:
7178:Jiangxititan
7176:
7169:
7161:
7156:Drusilasaura
7154:
7147:
7140:Lognkosauria
7123:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7088:
7081:
7074:Aeolosaurini
7063:Rinconsaurus
7061:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7032:
7025:
7014:Rinconsauria
7001:
6995:Tengrisaurus
6993:
6988:Quetecsaurus
6986:
6979:
6971:
6964:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6919:
6912:
6878:
6871:
6866:Lohuecotitan
6864:
6857:
6852:Garrigatitan
6850:
6843:
6838:Ampelosaurus
6836:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6792:Uberabatitan
6790:
6785:Sonidosaurus
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6756:Tengrisaurus
6754:
6746:
6739:
6732:
6727:Rapetosaurus
6725:
6718:
6711:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6675:
6668:
6663:Malawisaurus
6661:
6653:
6646:
6638:
6631:
6624:
6617:
6609:
6604:Huabeisaurus
6602:
6595:
6588:
6580:
6573:
6565:
6558:
6551:
6546:Choconsaurus
6544:
6539:Brasilotitan
6537:
6530:
6522:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6488:Atacamatitan
6486:
6481:Argyrosaurus
6479:
6472:
6464:
6457:
6449:
6444:Abdarainurus
6442:
6426:Titanosauria
6413:Titanosauria
6382:
6341:Titanosauria
6325:Wintonotitan
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6271:
6266:Yongjinglong
6264:
6257:
6252:Tambatitanis
6250:
6243:
6236:
6229:
6221:
6216:Huanghetitan
6214:
6209:Huabeisaurus
6207:
6200:
6195:Gannansaurus
6193:
6186:
6179:
6173:Chiayusaurus
6171:
6163:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6115:
6108:
6101:
6094:
6087:
6079:
6072:
6067:Jiutaisaurus
6065:
6059:Jiangxititan
6057:
6052:Garumbatitan
6050:
6043:
6036:
6031:Dongbeititan
6029:
6022:
6015:
6008:
6003:Austrosaurus
6001:
5994:
5987:
5980:
5956:
5951:Venenosaurus
5949:
5942:
5937:Sonorasaurus
5935:
5928:
5923:Giraffatitan
5921:
5913:
5908:Cedarosaurus
5906:
5899:
5892:
5885:
5864:
5859:Pelorosaurus
5857:
5850:
5843:
5836:
5829:
5822:
5815:
5785:
5780:Camarasaurus
5778:
5758:
5752:Haestasaurus
5750:
5745:Europasaurus
5743:
5735:
5728:
5720:
5713:
5706:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5592:
5585:
5578:
5571:
5564:Diplodocinae
5553:Brontosaurus
5551:
5543:
5536:
5530:Amphicoelias
5528:
5512:Diplodocidae
5511:
5499:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5471:
5464:
5456:
5449:
5442:
5437:Bajadasaurus
5435:
5428:
5423:Amargasaurus
5421:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5330:Rayososaurus
5328:
5321:
5314:
5287:Zapalasaurus
5285:
5280:Xenoposeidon
5278:
5271:
5264:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5234:
5227:
5222:Campananeyen
5220:
5215:Amazonsaurus
5213:
5206:
5171:
5112:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
4978:Neosauropoda
4965:
4958:
4951:
4943:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4899:
4893:Haestasaurus
4891:
4883:
4876:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4821:
4814:
4807:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4727:
4720:
4701:Patagosaurus
4699:
4691:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4651:Volkheimeria
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4623:Perijasaurus
4621:
4616:Nebulasaurus
4614:
4607:
4600:
4595:Dystrophaeus
4593:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4567:Barapasaurus
4565:
4558:
4553:Asiatosaurus
4551:
4544:
4514:
4507:
4486:
4478:
4473:Rhoetosaurus
4471:
4464:
4457:
4449:
4417:Lessemsaurus
4415:
4408:
4401:
4396:Antetonitrus
4394:
4373:
4366:
4359:
4351:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4245:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4111:
4087:
4082:Yizhousaurus
4080:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3976:
3970:Ignavusaurus
3968:
3961:
3954:
3947:
3927:
3920:
3900:
3893:
3886:
3879:
3874:Ignavusaurus
3872:
3865:
3858:
3830:Yimenosaurus
3828:
3823:Plateosaurus
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3775:Xixiposaurus
3773:
3766:
3759:
3747:Plateosauria
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:Unaysauridae
3695:
3688:
3681:
3674:
3667:
3660:
3653:
3619:
3611:
3603:
3596:
3589:
3581:
3573:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3534:Guaibasaurus
3532:
3525:
3518:
3511:
3397:
3388:
3301:
3292:
3283:
3232:
3228:
3218:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2891:. Retrieved
2887:the original
2882:
2878:
2872:
2864:
2853:the original
2832:
2828:
2819:
2811:
2794:
2790:
2784:
2759:
2755:
2742:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2706:
2700:
2681:
2677:
2651:
2647:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2586:
2582:
2572:
2563:
2557:
2532:
2529:Paleobiology
2528:
2515:
2504:
2495:
2486:Live Science
2484:
2475:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2371:
2367:
2357:
2308:
2304:
2297:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2257:
2251:
2242:
2236:
2217:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2031:
2027:
2017:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1943:
1937:
1892:
1888:
1878:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1789:
1785:
1757:
1750:
1709:
1706:Paleobiology
1705:
1699:
1648:
1644:
1634:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1569:
1565:
1535:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1515:
1414:
1413:
1397:
1396:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1346:
1316:
1315:
1292:
1291:
1259:
1258:
1242:
1241:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1179:Diplodocinae
1128:
1127:
1111:
1110:
1087:
1086:
1054:
1053:
1037:
1036:
1009:
976:
975:
964:Diplodocidae
963:
952:
947:
941:
935:
929:
925:
922:Diplodocinae
921:
919:
910:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
869:
867:
863:Amphicoelias
862:
852:
850:
845:
841:
833:
830:Amphicoelias
829:
819:
815:Amphicoelias
813:
809:
803:
794:
790:
772:
768:Camarasaurus
766:
744:
728:
719:
710:Camarasaurus
709:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
687:
664:
656:Paleobiology
648:
646:
638:
596:
581:parasphenoid
551:
547:
529:neck posture
522:
520:
515:facial nerve
511:
508:
501:
495:
491:
485:
479:
477:
469:
452:
446:
436:Diplodocidae
435:
431:
430:
422:Jaekel, 1911
378:Diplodocinae
358:
350:Amphicoelias
348:
325:
302:Diplodocidae
301:
279:
250:
234:
221:
208:
153:
132:
29:
7860:Diplodocids
7762:iNaturalist
7711:Wikispecies
7566:Microcoelus
7474:Saltasaurus
7460:Paralititan
7356:Alamosaurus
7245:Udelartitan
7200:Patagotitan
7097:Bravasaurus
7090:Arrudatitan
7083:Aeolosaurus
7049:Overosaurus
6981:Jainosaurus
6959:Bonitasaura
6880:Paludititan
6771:Traukutitan
6466:Angolatitan
6273:Yunmenglong
6238:Qiaowanlong
6131:Sibirotitan
6096:Oceanotitan
6038:Europatitan
6017:Brontomerus
6010:Brohisaurus
5982:Angolatitan
5915:Galvesaurus
5887:Abydosaurus
5852:Ornithopsis
5845:Fusuisaurus
5831:Eucamerotus
5730:Daanosaurus
5715:Aragosaurus
5616:Supersaurus
5538:Apatosaurus
5501:Tharosaurus
5372:Nigersaurus
5323:Limaysaurus
5084:Ultrasaurus
4960:Turiasaurus
4923:Moabosaurus
4916:Mierasaurus
4885:Bellusaurus
4869:Turiasauria
4809:Qijianglong
4773:Hudiesaurus
4751:Datousaurus
4671:Cetiosaurus
4630:Shunosaurus
4574:Bellusaurus
4546:Algoasaurus
4532:Eusauropoda
4480:Sanpasaurus
4433:Gravisauria
4353:Pulanesaura
4338:Isanosaurus
4310:Amygdalodon
4176:Pulanesaura
4134:Irisosaurus
4120:Anchisaurus
4100:Anchisauria
4074:Xingxiulong
4020:Xingxiulong
4013:Sarahsaurus
3929:Riojasaurus
3895:Sarahsaurus
3881:Kholumolumo
3724:Macrocollum
3662:Asylosaurus
3598:Nhandumirim
3575:Buriolestes
3541:Mbiresaurus
3513:Buriolestes
3250:11336/30408
3235:: 228–239.
3127:: 228–248.
3013:(1): 2700.
1618:Supersaurus
894:, and that
892:Apatosaurus
884:Supersaurus
880:Apatosaurus
876:Supersaurus
859:Macronarian
836:, named by
667:gastroliths
598:Nigersaurus
497:Apatosaurus
492:Supersaurus
461:Description
454:Supersaurus
432:Diplodocids
415:Huene, 1927
398:Marsh, 1877
332:Marsh, 1878
154:D. carnegii
35:Diplodocids
7854:Categories
7467:Rocasaurus
7394:Qunkasaura
7363:Baurutitan
7125:Shingopana
6952:Baalsaurus
6799:Volgatitan
6734:Rukwatitan
6698:Nullotitan
6684:Ninjatitan
6619:Kaijutitan
6590:Gandititan
6553:Daxiatitan
6516:Baurutitan
6459:Andesaurus
6350:see below↓
6045:Fukuititan
5989:Arkharavia
5944:Soriatitan
5894:Atlasaurus
5866:Rugocaudia
5824:Duriatitan
5760:Yuzhoulong
5708:Abrosaurus
5690:Macronaria
5677:Macronaria
5601:Kaatedocus
5594:Galeamopus
5587:Diplodocus
5573:Barosaurus
5480:Pilmatueia
5473:Lingwulong
5466:Kaatedocus
5386:Tataouinea
5298:Khebbashia
5273:Sidersaura
5003:Macronaria
4953:Tendaguria
4937:Oplosaurus
4901:Janenschia
4802:Omeisaurus
4678:Chebsaurus
4602:Janenschia
4516:Vulcanodon
4459:Kotasaurus
4410:Ledumahadi
4203:see below↓
4162:Meroktenos
3978:Leyesaurus
3867:Gyposaurus
3731:Unaysaurus
3690:Pantydraco
3655:Arcusaurus
3621:Saturnalia
3454:see below↓
3402:Dinosauria
3384:Sauropsida
2893:2013-06-13
2797:(2): 1–7.
2632:: 131–138.
2291:: 195–204.
2266:B008UBRHZM
2170:: e11202.
1854:Diplodocus
1542:References
1525:Lingwulong
1520:Lingwulong
948:Diplodocus
931:Barosaurus
926:Diplodocus
888:Diplodocus
755:sonic boom
694:Diplodocus
690:Diplodocus
649:Diplodocus
524:Barosaurus
471:Diplodocus
448:Diplodocus
338:Subgroups
327:Diplodocus
316:Type genus
228:Saurischia
215:Dinosauria
133:A. louisae
7832:Dinosaurs
7430:Bonatitan
7312:Isisaurus
7118:Punatitan
6597:Hamititan
6575:Elaltitan
6524:Bonatitan
6245:Silutitan
6202:Gobititan
6188:Euhelopus
5930:Lusotitan
5623:Tornieria
5609:Leinkupal
5494:Suuwassea
5208:Agustinia
5056:Dinodocus
5049:Cardiodon
4780:Jingiella
4729:Anhuilong
4292:Sauropoda
4279:Sauropoda
4194:Sauropoda
4169:Mussaurus
4127:Camelotia
4006:Pradhania
3846:Massopoda
3613:Panphagia
3555:Panphagia
3370:Kingdom:
3267:134854078
3259:0195-6671
3192:1932-6203
3151:0195-6671
3084:2054-5703
3027:2041-1723
2988:234424022
2980:0272-4634
2803:0031-0298
2791:PaleoBios
2776:129739733
2611:219762797
2603:0891-2963
2333:1432-1904
2050:2167-8359
2001:0036-8075
1993:1095-9203
1911:2167-8359
1794:CiteSeerX
1734:0094-8373
1726:1938-5331
1673:1744-9561
1665:1744-957X
954:Cladogram
943:Tornieria
896:Suuwassea
871:Suuwassea
763:vertebrae
620:phalanges
587:pterygoid
443:dinosaurs
260:Sauropoda
188:Kingdom:
182:Eukaryota
7741:52477104
7725:BioLib:
7696:Wikidata
7438:Ibirania
7104:Caieiria
6914:Inawentu
6117:Ruixinia
5958:Vouivria
5817:Astrodon
5070:Neosodon
4560:Bagualia
4403:Ingentia
4113:Aardonyx
4060:Qianlong
3888:Musankwa
3860:Gryponyx
3768:Ruehleia
3683:Nambalia
3676:Efraasia
3583:Eoraptor
3520:Eoraptor
3378:Chordata
3376:Phylum:
3372:Animalia
3306:Archived
3210:24828328
3170:PLOS ONE
3102:36340515
3045:30042444
2937:15931221
2736:: 57–81.
2713:: 1–868.
2549:83696153
2467:23840575
2427:PLOS ONE
2408:23874921
2368:PLOS ONE
2349:15109500
2341:22790834
2196:33986987
2068:25551027
2034:: e712.
2009:10221910
1929:23638372
1816:11486085
1742:90635399
1691:26063751
1598:25870766
1572:: e857.
890:than to
759:decibels
751:bullwhip
440:sauropod
387:Synonyms
295:Family:
202:Chordata
198:Phylum:
192:Animalia
178:Domain:
152:Mounted
131:Mounted
7818:Portals
7803:7053420
7780:4946866
7754:3239001
7702:Q131223
6474:Arackar
4878:Amanzia
4722:Analong
4609:Jobaria
4067:Seitaad
3382:Class:
3201:4020797
3093:9627447
3036:6057878
2945:4385136
2917:Bibcode
2849:9646734
2458:3686781
2435:Bibcode
2399:3714237
2376:Bibcode
2313:Bibcode
2187:8098675
2133:Bibcode
2125:Geology
2104:: 26A.
2059:4277489
1973:Science
1920:3628838
1895:: e36.
1858:Geobios
1824:7328047
1786:Science
1682:4528471
1589:4393826
544:chamber
7800:uBio:
7793:319108
7767:542621
7003:Vahiny
6764:Tiamat
6181:Erketu
3999:Ngwevu
3265:
3257:
3208:
3198:
3190:
3149:
3100:
3090:
3082:
3043:
3033:
3025:
2986:
2978:
2943:
2935:
2909:Nature
2847:
2801:
2774:
2609:
2601:
2547:
2465:
2455:
2406:
2396:
2347:
2339:
2331:
2264:
2224:
2194:
2184:
2066:
2056:
2048:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1950:
1927:
1917:
1909:
1822:
1814:
1796:
1764:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1689:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1596:
1586:
716:Growth
705:et al.
701:et al.
699:Young
408:, 1878
309:, 1884
7728:18716
3398:Clade
3389:Clade
3263:S2CID
2984:S2CID
2941:S2CID
2856:(PDF)
2845:S2CID
2825:(PDF)
2772:S2CID
2752:(PDF)
2607:S2CID
2545:S2CID
2525:(PDF)
2345:S2CID
2164:PeerJ
2028:PeerJ
1989:eISSN
1889:PeerJ
1820:S2CID
1738:S2CID
1722:eISSN
1661:eISSN
1566:PeerJ
747:tails
675:birds
671:plant
617:pedal
593:teeth
563:jugal
557:nares
307:Marsh
280:Clade
251:Clade
235:Clade
222:Clade
209:Clade
7749:GBIF
7305:Igai
3809:Issi
3431:see
3255:ISSN
3206:PMID
3188:ISSN
3147:ISSN
3098:PMID
3080:ISSN
3041:PMID
3023:ISSN
2976:ISSN
2933:PMID
2799:ISSN
2599:ISSN
2463:PMID
2404:PMID
2337:PMID
2329:ISSN
2285:Gaia
2262:ASIN
2222:ISBN
2192:PMID
2064:PMID
2046:ISSN
2005:PMID
1997:ISSN
1948:ISBN
1925:PMID
1907:ISSN
1812:PMID
1762:ISBN
1730:ISSN
1687:PMID
1669:ISSN
1594:PMID
874:and
826:ICZN
793:and
627:Skin
494:and
484:and
451:and
406:Cope
57:Preęž’
7736:EoL
4967:Zby
3245:hdl
3237:doi
3196:PMC
3178:doi
3137:hdl
3129:doi
3088:PMC
3072:doi
3031:PMC
3015:doi
2968:doi
2925:doi
2913:435
2837:doi
2764:doi
2711:179
2686:doi
2682:161
2591:doi
2537:doi
2506:CNN
2453:PMC
2443:doi
2394:PMC
2384:doi
2321:doi
2182:PMC
2172:doi
2141:doi
2106:doi
2054:PMC
2036:doi
1981:doi
1977:284
1915:PMC
1897:doi
1866:doi
1856:".
1804:doi
1790:293
1714:doi
1677:PMC
1653:doi
1584:PMC
1574:doi
797:at
7856::
7790::
7777::
7764::
7751::
7738::
7713::
7698::
3400::
3391::
3261:.
3253:.
3243:.
3233:78
3231:.
3227:.
3204:.
3194:.
3186:.
3172:.
3168:.
3145:.
3135:.
3125:59
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3119:.
3096:.
3086:.
3078:.
3066:.
3062:.
3039:.
3029:.
3021:.
3009:.
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2974:.
2964:40
2962:.
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2931:.
2923:.
2911:.
2881:.
2877:.
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2831:.
2827:.
2795:25
2793:.
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2760:50
2758:.
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