487:
610:). Because they inhabit deep-waters and because of their low commercial value the effort put into data collection is low, as with many species under these circumstances. Although their appearances are fragmented they still are classified under large broader spaces due to the lack of research done. As a result, ranges of deep-water shark species are often considered continuous across broad expanses despite records of occurrence, in many cases, being spatially fragmented. This
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480:. The dorsal coloration varies from greenish or bluish gray to reddish brown, with a scattering of small, darker spots and sometimes irregular splotches; the underside is uniformly pale. This species reaches 1.3–1.5 m (4.3–4.9 ft) in length and at least 16 kg (35 lb) in weight.
452:
with smooth or slightly fringed margins. The wide mouth is positioned terminally on the head. The jaws contain 10 upper and 9 lower tooth rows on each side, with toothless gaps at the middle. Each tooth has a broad base and a single pointed cusp with smooth edges. There are five pairs of
637:, down to a depth of 90 m (300 ft). In winter and spring, it is found around the outer continental shelf at depths greater than 90 m (300 ft); individuals have been recorded as far as 140 km (87 mi) from land and 1,290 m (4,230 ft) deep.
300:-like appearance. There is a band of enlarged thorns running along the middle of its back. It is gray or brown in color, with scattered small dark spots. This species reaches 1.2–1.5 m (3.9–4.9 ft) in length.
717:
return. The variety of prey taken is greatest in fall and least in winter, and smaller sharks have a more varied diet than larger ones. In the northern Gulf of Mexico, the most important prey species are
708:
are infrequently eaten. This species feeds both during the day and at night. It tends to select prey approximately 50–60% as long as its mouth is wide; this size is consistent with what is predicted from
486:
830:
lasts roughly 12 months, and birthing occurs between
February and June at depths of 20–30 m (66–98 ft). The newborns measure 25–30 cm (9.8–11.8 in) in length. Males and females
633:
seasonally. In the summer, it moves towards the shore to depths of less than 35 m (115 ft), and many can be found in water only meters deep. During fall it can be found
774:). The relative importance of each differs across seasons (for example, squid are more important in winter), perhaps due to seasonal variation in their availability. A known
826:. Females reproduce no more than once every two years, perhaps longer. Litter size varies from four to 25 pups, and does not appear related to the size of the female. The
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The pectoral fins are broad and angular with narrow rear tips; the front of the pectoral fin is separate from the head, forming a triangular lobe. The two
476:
have rounded bases and three horizontal ridges. There is a distinctive band of larger thorns running along the midline of the back, from the nape to the
834:
at around 93 and 86 cm (37 and 34 in) long respectively; the fact that females mature at a smaller size than males is unusual among sharks.
1171:
Baremore, I.E.; Murie, D.J.; Carlson, J.K. (2008). "Prey selection by the
Atlantic angel shark Squatina dumeril in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico".
1742:
1334:
366:. Lesueur based his account on an adult male 1.2 m (3.9 ft) long caught off the eastern United States, and named the species in honor of
1933:
1781:
444:. The skin folds along the sides of the head have smooth margins, without lobes. The large eyes are placed on top of the head and have prominent
1846:
1027:
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822:
occurs in the spring; adult males have spines on the outer margins of their pectoral fins, which may help in gripping the female during
956:
Stelbrink, B.; von
Rintelen, T.; Cliff, G.; Kriwet, J. (2010). "Molecular systematics and global phylogeography of angel sharks (genus
367:
1057:
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1938:
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formed. The rise of the
Isthmus likely split the ancestral angel shark population, leading to their becoming separate species.
1928:
1786:
327:. The sand devil is not aggressive, but may attempt to bite if harassed or captured. Though not valued economically, it is
323:. Females have a multi-year reproductive cycle and give birth to 4–25 pups in spring or early summer, following a 12-month
534:
1327:
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waters in summer and fall, and deep offshore waters in winter and spring. The sand devil's flattened body and enlarged
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1074:
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85:
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The sand devil is a ray-like shark with a color pattern of many small dark spots on a gray-brown background.
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Though not normally aggressive towards humans, the sand devil can inflict serious wounds if provoked. Its
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1695:
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1075:"Distribution of angel sharks (Squatinidae) in United States waters of the western North Atlantic Ocean"
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workers when caught, and even out of the water it is capable of lunging upwards to bite. This shark is
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1050:
Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
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are rarely eaten, perhaps because they are more active and thus likely to escape attacks.
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Lesueur, C.A. (1818). "Description of several new species of North
American fishes".
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Pearse, A.S. (1950). "A new species of parasitic copepod from the angel shark".
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1052:. Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. pp. 145–146.
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The sand devil has a flattened, moderately narrow body with greatly enlarged
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are similar in size and shape, and are positioned far back on the body. The
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338:
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1263:
1136:"Seasonal and size-related differences in diet of the Atlantic angel shark
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Baremore, I. E. (2010). "Reproductive aspects of the
Atlantic angel shark
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594:. The southern extent of its range is uncertain due to confusion with the
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targeting other species. It is edible but seldom brought to market. The
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360:. Previously, it had been regarded as the same species as the European
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are a major secondary food source, particularly for smaller sharks.
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The
Atlantic croaker is an important food source for the sand devil.
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Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Journal of the
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
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Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
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578:, and there are additional unconfirmed records from
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The diet of the sand devil consists mainly of small
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1405:
1396:
1134:Baremore, I.E.; Murie, D.J.; Carlson, J.K. (2010).
614:shark is found over sandy or muddy bottoms on the
680:. However, some types of demersal fishes such as
916:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T197087A22515424.en
864:International Union for Conservation of Nature
846:refers to its habit of snapping vigorously at
356:described the sand devil in an 1818 volume of
1328:
1022:. Oxford University Press. pp. 167–169.
8:
1114:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
562:The sand devil is found in the northwestern
380:, has concluded that the sand devil and the
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798:Like other angel sharks, the sand devil is
657:that spends much time buried in the bottom
319:, with the unborn young nourished by their
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1304:Biological Profiles: Atlantic angel shark
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794:Sand devil embryo with external yolk sac.
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1007:
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629:, the sand devil has been documented to
448:behind. The nostrils bear thin, pointed
264:Squatinidae, native to the northwestern
1924:Fauna of the Southeastern United States
878:
866:(IUCN) presently rates this species as
482:
1107:
962:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
810:. Mature females have one functional
396:with other angel sharks found in the
7:
713:to yield the most efficient rate of
1914:IUCN Red List least concern species
1140:in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico"
902:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1295:(Atlantic Angel Shark, Sand Devil)
814:, on the left, and two functional
457:located on the sides of the head.
25:
468:is absent. The lower lobe of the
392:. The two of them in turn form a
1256:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2010.02608.x
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533:
521:
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485:
84:
1073:Driggers, Williams B.. (2018).
276:, and possibly in parts of the
1934:Fish of the Dominican Republic
661:. Its diet consists mainly of
472:is larger than the upper. The
1:
368:André Marie Constant Duméril
268:. It occurs off the eastern
1192:The Journal of Parasitology
1020:The Sharks of North America
982:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.07.029
424:, around the time that the
1955:
1173:Bulletin of Marine Science
284:shark is found in shallow
1352:
1048:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
778:of the sand devil is the
404:estimation has timed the
354:Charles Alexandre Lesueur
311:, which are captured via
233:
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206:
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81:Scientific classification
79:
57:
48:
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558:Distribution and habitat
234:Range of the sand devil
1568:Smoothback angelshark (
1532:Indonesian angelshark (
1462:Australian angelshark (
1236:Journal of Fish Biology
1096:(inactive 2024-07-15).
724:Micropogonias undulatus
711:optimal foraging theory
1939:Fish described in 1818
1611:Ocellated angelshark (
1586:Squatina pseudocellata
1514:Disparate angelshark (
1444:Argentine angelshark (
945:(2): 222–235, 359–368.
909:: e.T197087A22515424.
795:
650:
345:Taxonomy and phylogeny
1929:Fish of the Caribbean
1873:Paleobiology Database
1523:Japanese angelshark (
1437:Squatina albipunctata
1094:10.7755/FB.116.3-4.11
1018:Castro, J.H. (2011).
891:Baremore, I. (2019).
793:
768:longfin inshore squid
653:The sand devil is an
648:
1584:Western angelshark (
1550:Clouded angelshark (
1541:Mexican angelshark (
1505:Angular angelshark (
1478:Pacific angelshark (
1453:Chilean angelshark (
1435:Eastern angelshark (
1426:African angelshark (
1417:Sawback angelshark (
860:commercial fisheries
802:with the developing
740:Leiostomus xanthurus
596:disparate angelshark
246:Atlantic angel shark
18:Atlantic angel shark
1613:S. tergocellatoides
1602:Ornate angelshark (
1559:Hidden angelshark (
1496:Taiwan angelshark (
1248:2010JFBio..76.1682B
974:2010MolPE..54..395S
852:caught incidentally
784:Eudactylina spinula
772:Doryteuthis pealeii
732:Stenotomus caprinus
641:Biology and ecology
382:Pacific angel shark
376:analysis, based on
329:caught incidentally
51:Conservation status
838:Human interactions
796:
651:
604:Mexican angelshark
315:. This species is
272:, in the northern
1901:
1900:
1860:Open Tree of Life
1636:Taxon identifiers
1627:
1626:
1623:
1622:
1029:978-0-19-539294-4
616:continental shelf
426:Isthmus of Panama
378:mitochondrial DNA
363:Squatina squatina
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1281:Squatina dumeril
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1242:(7): 1682–1695.
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720:Atlantic croaker
625:Off the eastern
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325:gestation period
250:Squatina dumeril
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853:
849:
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19:
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1594:
1593:Angelshark (
1585:
1577:
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1542:
1533:
1524:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1487:Sand devil (
1486:
1479:
1472:S. caillieti
1471:
1464:S. australis
1463:
1454:
1446:S. argentina
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1406:
1386:Subdivision
1292:
1283:, Sand devil
1280:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1195:
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1185:
1176:
1172:
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938:
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920:. Retrieved
906:
900:
894:
858:operated by
841:
797:
782:
771:
763:
755:
752:red goatfish
747:
739:
736:spot croaker
731:
723:
678:butterfishes
652:
624:
607:
599:
572:Florida Keys
561:
459:
435:
417:
413:
409:
385:
374:Phylogenetic
372:
361:
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348:
336:bottom trawl
302:
249:
245:
241:
239:
209:
207:
191:
190:
178:
29:
1919:Squatinidae
1808:NatureServe
1756:iNaturalist
1595:S. squatina
1578:S. punctata
1552:S. nebulosa
1543:S. mexicana
1525:S. japonica
1428:S. africana
1419:S. aculeata
1398:Squatinidae
922:18 November
844:common name
608:S. mexicana
552:Lower teeth
462:dorsal fins
442:pelvic fins
432:Description
307:fishes and
294:pelvic fins
168:Squatinidae
35:Sand devil
1908:Categories
1570:S. oculata
1561:S. occulta
1534:S. legnota
1498:S. formosa
1489:S. dumeril
1370:Vertebrata
1368:Subphylum
1345:angelshark
874:References
824:copulation
800:viviparous
674:goatfishes
470:caudal fin
455:gill slits
410:S. dumeril
406:divergence
351:naturalist
333:commercial
317:viviparous
296:give it a
258:angelshark
242:sand devil
134:Subclass:
1455:S. armata
1380:Subclass
592:Venezuela
588:Nicaragua
504:Underside
446:spiracles
339:fisheries
321:yolk sacs
186:Species:
104:Kingdom:
98:Eukaryota
1813:2.103874
1774:10836012
1730:FishBase
1722:46560324
1680:BioLib:
1653:Wikidata
1408:Squatina
1388:Selachii
1364:Chordata
1358:Animalia
1356:Kingdom
1287:FishBase
1264:20557624
1102:54807345
990:19647086
958:Squatina
816:uteruses
776:parasite
706:bivalves
670:croakers
663:demersal
659:sediment
466:anal fin
438:pectoral
398:Americas
290:pectoral
179:Squatina
164:Family:
118:Chordata
114:Phylum:
108:Animalia
94:Domain:
71:IUCN 3.1
1748:2417800
1659:Q756873
1362:Phylum
1347:species
1343:Extant
1244:Bibcode
1212:3273282
970:Bibcode
848:fishery
804:embryos
780:copepod
766:), and
666:teleost
635:inshore
631:migrate
584:Jamaica
570:to the
450:barbels
349:French
305:teleost
286:inshore
280:. This
254:species
252:) is a
217:Lesueur
174:Genus:
154:Order:
124:Class:
69: (
1891:158525
1878:246593
1865:902505
1852:158525
1839:794521
1826:303946
1800:197087
1787:160787
1761:113052
1683:138815
1374:Class
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1100:
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820:Mating
715:energy
704:, and
702:skates
694:shrimp
676:, and
602:) and
590:, and
388:) are
262:family
219:, 1818
1886:WoRMS
1769:IRMNG
1709:6ZFHF
1696:92275
1208:JSTOR
1098:S2CID
1078:(PDF)
812:ovary
690:Crabs
686:Squid
682:jacks
620:slope
566:from
394:clade
309:squid
1847:OBIS
1821:NCBI
1795:IUCN
1782:ITIS
1743:GBIF
1691:BOLD
1260:PMID
1116:link
1054:ISBN
1024:ISBN
986:PMID
960:)".
924:2021
907:2019
808:yolk
618:and
580:Cuba
528:Jaws
516:Jaws
440:and
420:6.1
412:and
292:and
240:The
1735:731
1717:EoL
1704:CoL
1668:ADW
1306:at
1297:at
1285:at
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