Atlantic puffin - Knowledge

2136:, the period depending on the abundance of their food supply. In years of fish shortage, the whole colony may experience a longer fledgling period, but the normal range is 38 to 44 days, by which time chicks have reached about 75% of their mature body weight. The chick may come to the burrow entrance to defecate, but does not usually emerge into the open and seems to have an aversion to light until it is nearly fully fledged. Although the supply of fish by the adults reduces over the last few days spent in the nest, the chick is not abandoned as happens in the Manx shearwater. On occasions, an adult has been observed provisioning a nest even after the chick has departed. During the last few days underground, the chick sheds its down and the juvenile plumage is revealed. Its relatively small beak and its legs and feet are a dark colour, and it lacks the white facial patches of the adult. The chick finally leaves its nest at night, when the risk of predation is at its lowest. When the moment arrives, it emerges from the burrow, usually for the first time, and walks, runs, and flaps its way to the sea. It cannot fly properly yet, so descending a cliff is perilous; when it reaches the water, it paddles out to sea, and maybe 3 km (1.9 mi) away from the shore by daybreak. It does not congregate with others of its kind and does not return to land for 2–3 years. 1960: oz) per day. Initially, one or the other parent broods it, but as its appetite increases, it is left alone for longer periods. Observations of a nest chamber have been made from an underground hide with a peephole. The chick sleeps much of the time between its parents' visits and also involves itself in bouts of exercise. It rearranges its nesting material, picks up and drops small stones, flaps its immature wings, pulls at protruding root ends, and pushes and strains against the unyielding wall of the burrow. It makes its way towards the entrance or along a side tunnel to defecate. The growing chick seems to anticipate the arrival of an adult, advancing along the burrow just before it arrives, but not emerging into the open air. It retreats to the nest chamber as the adult bird brings in its load of fish. 1992: 2004: 1670: 2322:, where about half Iceland's puffins breed, the birds were almost driven to extinction by overharvesting around 1900 and a 30-year ban on hunting was put in place. When stocks recovered, a different method of harvesting was used and now hunting is maintained at a sustainable level. Nevertheless, a further hunting ban covering the whole of Iceland was called for in 2011, although the puffin's lack of recent breeding success was being blamed on a diminution in food supply rather than overharvesting. Since 2000, a sharp population decline has been seen in Iceland, Norway, the Faroe Islands, and Greenland. A similar trend has been seen in the United Kingdom, where an increase in 1969–2000 appears to have been reversed. For example, the 1441:

ornaments are shed and the eyes appear round. At the same time, the feathers of the head and neck are replaced and the face becomes darker. This winter plumage is seldom seen by humans because when they have left their chicks, the birds head out to sea and do not return to land until the next breeding season. The juvenile bird is similar to the adult in plumage, but altogether duller with a much darker grey face and yellowish-brown beak tip and legs. After fledging, it makes its way to the water and heads out to sea, and does not return to land for several years. In the interim, each year, it will have a broader bill, paler face patches, and brighter legs and beaks.

2330: 1818:, but this is the result of their fidelity to their nesting sites rather than to their mates, and they often return to the same burrows year after year. Later arrivals at the colony may find that all the best nesting sites have already been taken, so are pushed towards the periphery, where they are in greater danger of predation. Younger birds may come ashore a month or more after the mature birds and find no remaining nesting sites. They do not breed until the following year, although if the ground cover surrounding the colony is cut back before these subadults arrive, the number of successfully nesting pairs may be increased. 2016: 1789: 2028: 2299:

Nature upgraded its status from "least concern" to "vulnerable". This was caused by a review that revealed a rapid and ongoing population decline in its European range. Trends elsewhere are unknown, although, in 2018, the total global population was estimated at 12–14 million adult individuals. Some of the causes of population decline may be increased predation by gulls and skuas, the introduction of rats, cats, dogs, and foxes onto some islands used for nesting, contamination by toxic residues, drowning in fishing nets, declining food supplies, and

1401: 2043: 2365:). This has spread across the island in dense thickets and prevents the puffins from finding suitable sites for burrowing and breeding. The project has the support of over 700 volunteers and progress has been made in cutting back the plants, with puffins returning in greater numbers to breed. Another conservation measure undertaken by the centre is to encourage motorists to check under their cars in late summer before driving off, as young puffins, disorientated by the street lights, may land in the town and take shelter underneath the vehicles. 1615: 1600: 2196:), and similar-sized species, which can catch a bird in flight, or attack one that is unable to escape fast enough on the ground. On detecting danger, puffins take off and fly down to the safety of the sea or retreat into their burrows, but if caught, they defend themselves vigorously with beaks and sharp claws. When the puffins are wheeling around beside the cliffs, a predator concentrating on a single bird becomes very difficult, while any individual isolated on the ground is at greater risk. Smaller gull species such as the 1429:. A yellow, chevron-shaped ridge separates the two parts, with a yellow, fleshy strip at the base of the bill. At the joint of the two mandibles is a yellow, wrinkled rosette. The exact proportions of the beak vary with the age of the bird. In an immature individual, the beak has reached its full length, but it is not as broad as that of an adult. With time the bill deepens, the upper edge curves, and a kink develops at its base. As the bird ages, one or more grooves may form on the red portion. The bird has a powerful bite. 2392:

tagged. The first adults returned to the island by 1977. Puffin decoys had been installed on the island to fool the puffins into thinking they were part of an established colony. This did not catch on at first, but in 1981, four pairs nested on the island. In 2014, 148 nesting pairs were counted on the island. In addition to demonstrating the feasibility of re-establishing a seabird colony, the project showed the usefulness of using decoys and eventually call recordings and mirrors, to facilitate such re-establishment.

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maximum demand, as the chick grows. In northern Norway, the main food item fed to the chick is the young herring. The success of the newly hatched fish larvae during the previous year was governed by the water temperature, which controlled plankton abundance, and this, in turn, influenced the growth and survival of the first-year herring. The breeding success of Atlantic puffin colonies has been found to correlate in this way with the water surface temperatures of the previous year.

1873:, and have been known to peck and drive off the original occupant. Manx shearwaters also nest underground and often live in their own burrows alongside puffins, and their burrowing activities may break through into the puffin's living quarters, resulting in the loss of the egg. They are monogamous (mate for life) and give biparental care to their young. The male spends more time guarding and maintaining the nest, while the female is more involved in incubation and feeding the chick. 1413:

broad, black collar extends around the neck and throat. On each side of the head is a large, lozenge-shaped area of very pale grey. These face patches taper to a point and nearly meet at the back of the neck. The shape of the head creates a crease extending from the eye to the hindmost point of each patch, giving the appearance of a grey streak. The eyes look almost triangular because of a small, peaked area of horny blue-grey skin above them and a rectangular patch below. The

2516: 2746: 117: 1701:, especially in more coastal waters. When fishing, it swims underwater using its semi-extended wings as paddles to "fly" through the water and its feet as a rudder. It swims fast and can reach considerable depths and stay submerged for up to a minute. It can eat shallow-bodied fish as long as 18 cm (7 in), but its prey is commonly smaller fish, around 7 cm (3 in) long. An adult bird needs to eat an estimated 40 of these per day – 1827:

lowering their bodies before running down the slope to gain momentum. If a bird is startled and takes off unexpectedly, panic can spread through the colony with all the birds launching themselves into the air and wheeling around in a great circle. The colony is at its most active in the evening, with birds standing outside their burrows, resting on the turf, or strolling around. Then, the slopes empty for the night as the birds fly out to sea to

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different colonies to overwinter in different areas. Little is known of their behaviour and diet at sea, but no correlation was found between environmental factors, such as temperature variations, and their mortality rate. A combination of the availability of food in winter and summer probably influences the survival of the birds, since individuals starting the winter in poor condition are less likely to survive than those in good condition.

2568:. A few dead puffins were strewn around to entice incoming birds to land, and the net was flicked upwards to scoop a bird from the air as it slowed before alighting. Hunters often positioned themselves on cliff tops in stone seats built in small depressions to conceal themselves from puffins flying overhead. Most of the birds caught were subadults, and a skilled hunter could gather 200–300 in a day. Another method of capture, used in 2734: 1433: 1861:

outside the entrance while the other excavates, kicking out quantities of soil and grit that showers the partner standing outside. Some birds collect stems and fragments of dry grasses as nesting materials, but others do not bother. Sometimes, a beakful of materials is taken underground, only to be brought out again and discarded. Apart from nest-building, the other way in which the birds restore their bond is by

2276: 92: 418:. Sometimes, a bird such as an Arctic skua or blackback gull can cause a puffin arriving with a beak full of fish to drop all the fish the puffin was holding in its mouth. The puffin's striking appearance, large, colourful bill, waddling gait, and behaviour have given rise to nicknames such as "clown of the sea" or "sea parrot". It is the official bird of the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. 5318: 2758: 2401:

others, while attempting to remove the oil by preening, ingest and inhale toxins. This leads to inflammation of the airways and gut and in the longer term, damage to the liver and kidneys. This trauma can contribute to a loss of reproductive success and harm to developing embryos. An oil spill occurring in winter, when the puffins are far out at sea, may affect them less than inshore birds as the

2318:, where numbers increased by about 10% per year. In the 2013 breeding season, nearly 40,000 pairs were recorded on the Farne Islands, a slight increase on the 2008 census and on the previous year's poor season, when some of the burrows flooded. This number is dwarfed by the Icelandic colonies with five million pairs breeding, the Atlantic puffin being the most populous bird on the island. In the 2067: 1742: 2307:, the number of puffins decreased from 3,500 pairs in 1939 to 10 pairs in 2000. This was mainly due to the rats that had proliferated on the island and were eating eggs and young chicks. Following the elimination of the rats, populations were expected to recover, and in 2005, a juvenile was seen, believed to be the first chick raised on the island for 30 years. In 2018, 2284: 5304: 2553:

puffins are now protected by legislation, and in the countries where hunting is still permitted, strict laws prevent overexploitation. Although calls have been made for an outright ban on hunting puffins in Iceland because of concern over the dwindling number of birds successfully raising chicks, they are still caught and eaten there and on the Faroe Islands.

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maintain flight, the wings must beat very rapidly at a rate of several times each second. The bird's flight is direct and low over the surface of the water, and it can travel at 80 km/h (50 mph). Landing is awkward; it either crashes into a wave crest or in calmer water, does a belly flop. While at sea, the Atlantic puffin has its annual

2572:, involved the use of a flexible pole with a noose on the end. This was pushed along the ground towards the intended target, which advanced to inspect the noose as its curiosity overcame its caution. A flick of the wrist would flip the noose over the victim's head and it was promptly killed before its struggles could alarm other birds nearby. 396:

patches are dark grey. The juvenile does not have brightly coloured head ornamentation, its bill is narrower and is dark grey with a yellowish-brown tip, and its legs and feet are also dark. Puffins from northern populations are typically larger than in the south and these populations are generally considered a different subspecies.

1865:. This is a practice in which the pair approaches each other, each wagging their heads from side to side, and then rattling their beaks together. This seems to be an important element of their courtship behaviour because it happens repeatedly, and the birds continue to the bill, to a lesser extent, throughout the breeding season. 1935:

The total incubation time is around 39–45 days. From above ground level, the first evidence that hatching has taken place is the arrival of an adult with a beak-load of fish. For the first few days, the chick may be fed with this beak-to-beak, but later the fish are simply dropped on the floor of the

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are brown or very dark blue, and each has a red orbital ring. The underparts of the bird, the breast, belly, and under tail coverts, are white. By the end of the breeding season, the black plumage may have lost its shine or even taken on a slightly brown tinge. The legs are short and set well back on

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to its blunt-ended tail. Its wingspan is 47 to 63 cm (19 to 25 in) and on land it stands about 20 cm (8 in) high. The male is generally slightly larger than the female, but they are coloured alike. The forehead, crown, and nape are glossy black, as are the back, wings, and tail. A

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are hardly able to bring down a healthy adult puffin. They stride through the colony taking any eggs that have rolled towards burrow entrances or recently hatched chicks that have ventured too far toward the daylight. They also steal fish from puffins returning to feed their young. Where it nests on

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on their undersides, where an enhanced blood supply provides heat for the egg. The parent on incubation duty in the dark nest chamber spends much of its time asleep with its head tucked under its wing, occasionally emerging from the tunnel to flap dust out of its feathers or take a short flight down

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The Atlantic puffin is a bird of the colder waters of the North Atlantic Ocean. It breeds on the coasts of northwest Europe, the Arctic fringes, and eastern North America. More than 90% of the global population is found in Europe (4,770,000–5,780,000 pairs, equalling 9,550,000–11,600,000 adults) and

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in Newfoundland to Eastern Egg Rock. The young were placed into artificial sod burrows and fed with vitamin-fortified fish daily for about one month. Such yearly translocations took place until 1986, with 954 young puffins being moved in total. Each year before fledging, the young were individually

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When it takes off, the Atlantic puffin patters across the surface of the water while vigorously flapping its wings, before launching itself into the air. The size of the wing has adapted to its dual use, both above and below the water, and its surface area is small relative to the bird's weight. To

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puffins that failed to reappear at the colony did so during the breeding season. The rest were lost some time between departing from land in the summer and reappearing the following spring. The birds spend the winter widely spread out in the open ocean, though a tendency exists for individuals from

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In Maine, on the other side of the Atlantic, shifting fish populations due to changes in sea temperature are being blamed for the lack of availability of the herring, which is the staple diet of the puffins in the area. Some adult birds have become emaciated and died. Others have been provisioning

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The Atlantic puffin has an extensive range that covers over 1,620,000 km (625,000 sq mi) and Europe, which holds more than 90% of the global population, is home to 4,770,000–5,780,000 pairs (equalling 9,550,000–11,600,000 adults). In 2015, the International Union for Conservation of

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is shown by an upright stance, with fluffed chest feathers and a cocked tail, an exaggerated slow walk, head jerking, and gaping. Submissive birds lower their heads and hold their bodies horizontally and scurry past dominant individuals. Birds normally signal their intention to take off by briefly

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Atlantic puffins are cautious when approaching the colony, and no bird likes to land in a location where other puffins are not already present. They make several circuits of the colony before alighting. On the ground, they spend much time preening, spreading oil from their preen gland, and setting

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It fishes by sight and can swallow small fish while submerged, but larger specimens are brought to the surface. It can catch several small fish in one dive, holding the first ones in place in its beak with its muscular, grooved tongue while it catches others. The two mandibles are hinged in such a

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The Atlantic puffin has a direct flight, typically 10 m (35 ft) above the sea surface and higher over the water than most other auks. It mostly moves by paddling along efficiently with its webbed feet and seldom takes to the air. It is typically silent at sea, except for the soft purring

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The characteristic bright orange bill plates and other facial characteristics develop in the spring. At the close of the breeding season, these special coatings and appendages are shed in a partial moult. This makes the beak appear less broad, the tip less bright, and the base darker grey. The eye

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Climate change may well affect populations of seabirds in the northern Atlantic. The most important demographic may be an increase in the sea surface temperature, which may have benefits for some northerly Atlantic puffin colonies. Breeding success depends on ample supplies of food at the time of

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Since the Atlantic puffin spends its winters on the open ocean, it is susceptible to human actions and catastrophes such as oil spills. Oiled plumage has a reduced ability to insulate and makes the bird more vulnerable to temperature fluctuations and less buoyant in the water. Many birds die, and

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Atlantic puffins are sexually mature at 4–5 years old. They are colonial nesters, excavating burrows on grassy clifftops or reusing existing holes, and on occasion may nest in crevices and among rocks and scree, in competition with other birds and animals for burrows. They can excavate their own

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In the spring, mature birds return to land, usually to the colony where they were hatched. Birds that were removed as chicks and released elsewhere were found to show fidelity to their point of liberation. They congregate for a few days on the sea in small groups offshore before returning to the

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while at sea in the winter, and some of the brightly coloured facial characteristics are lost, with colour returning during the spring. The external appearances of the adult male and female are identical, though the male is usually slightly larger. The juvenile has similar plumage, but its cheek

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Historically, Atlantic puffins were caught and eaten fresh, salted in brine, or smoked and dried. Their feathers were used in bedding and their eggs were eaten, but not to the same extent as those of some other seabirds, being more difficult to extract from the nest. In most countries, Atlantic

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The puffins are energetic burrow engineers and repairers, so the grassy slopes may be undermined by a network of tunnels. This causes the turf to dry out in summer, vegetation to die, and dry soil to be whirled away by the wind. Burrows sometimes collapse, and humans may cause this to happen by

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Having spent the winter alone on the ocean, whether the Atlantic puffin meets its previous partner offshore or whether they encounter each other when they return to their nest of the previous year is unclear. On land, they soon set about improving and clearing out the burrow. Often, one stands

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have been attached to the legs of puffins, which store information on their whereabouts. The birds need to be recaptured to access the information, a difficult task. One bird was found to have covered 7,700 km (4,800 mi) of the ocean in 8 months, traveling northwards to the northern

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Breeding colonies of Atlantic puffins provide an interesting spectacle for bird watchers and tourists. For example, 4000 puffins nest each year on islands off the coast of Maine, and visitors can view them from tour boats that operate during the summers. The Project Puffin Visitor Center in

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one pair at a time to enable them still to be able to fly, but the puffin sheds all its primaries at one time and dispenses with flight entirely for a month or two. The moult usually takes place between January and March, but young birds may lose their feathers a little later in the year.

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Hunting areas are often located 100 km (62 mi) or more offshore from the nest sites, although when feeding their young, the birds venture out only half that distance. Adults bringing fish to their chicks tend to arrive in groups. This is thought to benefit the bird by reducing

2387:, had been occupied by nesting puffins until 1885, when the birds disappeared because of overhunting. Counting on the fact young puffins usually return to breed on the same island where they fledged, a team of biologists and volunteers translocated 10– to 14-day-old nestlings from 1747: 1744: 63: 2581: 1743: 1746: 2405:

slicks soon get broken up and dispersed by the churning of the waves. When oiled birds get washed up on beaches around Atlantic coasts, only about 1.5% of the dead auks are puffins, but many others may have died far from land and sunk. After the oil tanker

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brand in 1939. At first, these were nonfiction titles, but these were soon followed by a fiction list of well-known authors. The demand was so great that Puffin Book Clubs were introduced in schools to encourage reading, and a children's magazine called

1632:, propelling themselves through the water with powerful thrusts of their feet and keeping turned into the wind, even when resting and apparently asleep. They spend much time each day preening to keep their plumage in order and spread oil from their 2469:), but these are often too large and deep-bodied for the chick to swallow, causing it to die from starvation. Maine is on the southerly edge of the bird's breeding range, and with changing weather patterns, this may be set to contract northwards. 2710:(1995). The fledglings emerge from the nest and try to make their way to the sea, but sometimes get confused, perhaps by the street lighting, ending up landing in the village. The children collect them and liberate them to the safety of the sea. 61: 2217:) is a terrestrial predator, but at lower latitudes, it is a specialised kleptoparasite, concentrating on auks and other seabirds. It harasses puffins while they are airborne, forcing them to drop their catch, which it then snatches up. 1880:

each year, but if this is lost early in the breeding season, another might be produced. Synchronous laying of eggs is found in Atlantic puffins in adjacent burrows. The egg is large compared to the size of the bird, averaging 61 mm

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was lost through erosion when so little soil was left that burrows could not be made. New colonies are very unlikely to start up spontaneously because this gregarious bird only nests where others are already present. Nevertheless, the

1814:. Early arrivals take control of the best locations, the most desirable nesting sites being the densely packed burrows on grassy slopes just above the cliff edge where take-off is most easily accomplished. The birds are usually 1627:

Atlantic puffins lead solitary existences when out at sea, and this part of their lives has been little studied, as the task of finding even one bird on the vast ocean is formidable. When at sea, they bob about like a

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Atlantic puffins are probably safer when out at sea, where the dangers are more often from below the water rather than above; puffins can sometimes be seen putting their heads underwater to peer around for predators.

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way that they can be held parallel to hold a row of fish in place and these are also retained by inward-facing serrations on the edges of the beak. It copes with the excess salt that it swallows partly through its

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heavy metals such as mercury and arsenic. Measurements can be made on eggs, feathers, or internal organs, and beached bird surveys, accompanied by chemical analysis of feathers, can be effective indicators of

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Lowther, P E; Diamond, A W; Kress, S W; Robertson, G J; Russell, K; Nettleship, N G; Kirwan, G M; Christie, David A; Sharpe, C J; Garcia, E F J; Boesman, P F D (2021). Billerman, S M (ed.). "Atlantic Puffin

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Like many seabirds, the Atlantic puffin spends most of the year far from land in the open ocean and only visits coastal areas to breed. It is a sociable bird and it usually breeds in large colonies.

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Perez-Lopez, M.; Cid, F.; Oropesa, A.; Fidalgo, L.; Beceiro, A.; Soler, F. (2006). "Heavy metal and arsenic content in seabirds affected by the Prestige oil spill on the Galician coast (NW Spain)".

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colony was estimated at 20,200 individuals in 1986, but it had been almost halved by 2012. Based on current trends, the European population will decline an estimated 50–79% between 2000 and 2065.

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Spending the autumn and winter in the open ocean of the cold northern seas, the Atlantic puffin returns to coastal areas at the start of the breeding season in late spring. It nests in clifftop

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nest beside the chick, which swallows them whole. The chick is covered in fluffy black down, its eyes are open, and it can stand as soon as it is hatched. Initially weighing about 42 g (

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This puffin has a black crown and back, pale grey cheek patches, and a white body and underparts. Its broad, boldly marked red-and-black beak and orange legs contrast with its plumage. It

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provides information on the birds and their lives, and on the other conservation projects being undertaken by the National Audubon Society, which runs the center. Views of the colony on

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In a long-living bird with a small clutch size, such as the Atlantic puffin, the survival rate of adults is an important factor influencing the success of the species. Only 5% of the

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The beak is very distinctive. From the side, the beak is broad and triangular, but viewed from above, it is narrow. The half near the tip is orange-red and the half near the head is

4964: 4439: 2109:) normally form at least 90% of the food fed to chicks. In years when the availability of sand eels was low, breeding success rates fell, with many chicks starving to death. In 1354:

difference between the three is their size. Body length, wing length, and size of beak all increase at higher latitudes. For example, a puffin from northern Iceland (subspecies

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have been known to kill puffins, and large fish may also do so. Most puffin colonies are on small islands, and this is no coincidence, as it avoids predation by ground-based

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Greenstreet, Simon P. R.; Armstrong, Eric; Henrik, Mosegaard; Jensen, Henrik; Gibb, Iain M.; Fraser, Helen M.; Scott, Beth E.; Holland, Gayle J.; Sharples, Jonathan (2006).

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shipwreck and oil spill in 1967, few dead puffins were recovered, but the number of puffins breeding in France the following year was reduced to 16% of its previous level.

1315:) used for the cured carcasses. The Atlantic puffin acquired the name at a much later stage, possibly because of its similar nesting habits, and it was formally applied to 2054: 2357:, once one of the largest colonies in Scotland with 28,000 pairs, have declined dramatically to just a few thousand due to the invasion of a large introduced plant, the 1296:(Great Bear). The vernacular name "puffin" – puffed in the sense of swollen – was originally applied to the fatty, salted meat of young birds of the unrelated species 5606: 1408:

The Atlantic puffin is sturdily built with a thick-set neck and short wings and tail. It is 28 to 30 cm (11 to 12 in) in length from the tip of its stout

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Traditional means of capture varied across the birds' range, and nets and rods were used in various ingenious ways. In the Faroe Islands, the method of choice was

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unable to locate the birds against the dark, watery background, and underwater attackers fail to notice them as they blend in with the bright sky above the waves.

2015: 376:, Iceland. Although it has a large population and a wide range, the species has declined rapidly, at least in parts of its range, resulting in it being rated as 5671: 3164: 1848:

in Maine, where, after a gap of 90 years, puffins were reintroduced and started breeding again. By 2011, over 120 pairs were nested on the small islet. On the

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or "puffin island". An alternative explanation has been suggested connected with another meaning of the word "lund" referring to a copse or wooded area. The

1506:, Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Maine. Islands seem particularly attractive to the birds for breeding as compared to mainland sites, likely to avoid predators. 1466:

alone are home to 60% of the world's Atlantic puffins. The largest colony in the western Atlantic (estimated at more than 260,000 pairs) can be found at the

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Barrett, R. T.; Anker-Nilssen, T.; Rikardsen, F.; Valde, K.; Røv, N.; Vader, W. (1987). "The food, growth and fledging success of Norwegian puffin chicks

2027: 1517:. In the summer, its southern limit stretches from northern France to Maine; in the winter, the bird may range as far south as the Mediterranean Sea and 4878: 2121:) is the mainstay of the diet. When herring numbers dwindled, so did puffin numbers. In Labrador, the puffins seemed more flexible and when the staple 1669: 5857: 1445:

sounds it sometimes makes in flight. At the breeding colony, it is quiet above ground, but in its burrow makes a growling sound somewhat resembling a

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each feather in its correct position with beak or claw. They also spend time standing by their burrow entrances and interacting with passing birds.

1471: 3054: 5887: 5619: 3710: 2619:. Puffins have been given several informal names including "clowns of the sea" and "sea parrots", and juvenile puffins may be called "pufflings". 4269: 4173:

Rodway, Michael S.; Chardine, John W.; Montevecchi, William A. (1998). "Intra-colony variation in the breeding performance of Atlantic Puffins".

3153:, No. 257, (Poole, A. & Gill, F. eds). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, and The American Ornithologists' Union, Washington, DC 403:, digging a burrow in which a single white egg is laid. Chicks mostly feed on whole fish and grow rapidly. After about 6 weeks, they are fully 3506: 2444:

substances, as well as metals. In fact, these surveys can be used to provide evidence of the adverse effects of a particular pollutant, using

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Colonies are mostly on islands with no terrestrial predators, but adult birds and newly fledged chicks are at risk of attacks from the air by

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on the other side of the Atlantic, only five pairs of puffins were breeding in 1958, while 20 years later, 10,000 pairs were present.

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The Atlantic puffin diet consists almost entirely of fish, though examination of its stomach contents shows that it occasionally eats

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might have found the island a useful refuge and restocking point after their depredations on the mainland. The island issued its own

3923: 3600: 3347: 3006: 1380:) weighs 400 g (0.9 lb) and has a wing length of 158 mm (6.2 in). Individuals from southern Iceland (subspecies 2961: 2329: 5897: 5816: 5749: 2622:

Several islands have been named after the bird. The island of Lundy in the United Kingdom is reputed to derive its name from the

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Egg-laying starts in April in more southerly colonies but seldom occurs before June in Greenland. The female lays a single white

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with denominations in "puffins". Other countries and dependencies that have depicted Atlantic puffins on their stamps include

5233: 2042: 1467: 5624: 4209: 5031: 3023: 1561: sq mi) that each bird has more than 1 km of range at its disposal, so is seldom seen out at sea. In Maine, 5882: 5658: 5453: 5259: 3429: 5308: 2236:(probably originally a rabbit flea) have been recorded from the nests of puffins. Other fleas found on the birds include 5867: 5383: 5202: 4147: 2287: 1788: 1436:

Appearance of beak and eyes during the breeding season (left) and after the moult (right; lettered items have been shed)

1323:

in 1768. While the species is also known as the common puffin, "Atlantic puffin" is the English name recommended by the

384:. On land, it has the typical upright stance of an auk. At sea, it swims on the surface and feeds on zooplankton, small 1806:

cliff-top nesting sites. Each large puffin colony is divided into subcolonies by physical boundaries such as stands of

5430: 2314:

Puffin numbers increased considerably in the late 20th century in the North Sea, including on the Isle of May and the

2066: 2616: 5079: 4933: 3179: 116: 5549: 5048: 4517: 4301: 3980:

Merkel, Flemming Ravn; Nielsen, Niels Kurt; Olsen, Bergur (1998). "Clumped arrivals at an Atlantic Puffin colony".

407:

and make their way at night to the sea. They swim away from the shore and do not return to land for several years.

5676: 5172: 3772:

off southeast Scotland: an evaluation of area-closure fisheries management and stock abundance assessment methods"

5877: 5562: 3119: 2596: 353: 3737: 5872: 3957: 3940: 2962:"A new species of extinct late Pleistocene puffin (Aves: Alcidae) from the southern California Channel Islands" 2445: 2372: 2205: 4886: 2608: 1636:. Their downy under plumage remains dry and provides thermal insulation. In common with other seabirds, their 1392:

and are typical of variations found in the peripheral population and that no subspecies should be recognised.

5834: 3124: 2774: 2706: 2600: 2342: 2181: 1845: 1614: 1562: 5374: 5322: 1599: 1235:

to occur in the Atlantic Ocean. Two other species are known from the northeast Pacific, the tufted puffin (

5417: 5336: 3587:

Crick, Humphrey Q P (1993). "Puffin". In Gibbons, David Wingham; Reid, James B; Chapman, Robert A (eds.).

2308: 2244: 2238: 905: 5723: 5435: 2670: 2599:, Canada. In August 2007, the Atlantic puffin was unsuccessfully proposed as the official symbol of the 2258: 2197: 1487: 242: 211: 3749: 2835: 775: 751: 5821: 5156: 4756:"A latitudinal gradient in climate effects on seabird demography: results from interspecific analyses" 4491: 4276: 2564:, a 3.6-m-long pole with a small net at the end suspended between two rods, somewhat like a very long 1760: 5754: 5492: 5394: 4767: 4726: 4679: 4642: 4601: 4560: 4036: 3783: 3592: 3559: 2884: 2750: 1823: 1351: 974: 868: 3941:"Can surveillance radar be used to monitor the foraging distribution of colonially breeding alcids?" 3868:

Creelman, E.; Storey, A. E. (1991). "Sex differences in reproductive behavior of Atlantic Puffins".

3618:"Anatomy and histochemistry of flight muscles in a wing-propelled diving bird, the Atlantic puffin, 2931: 1400: 5862: 4908: 3517: 3516:. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador: Parks & Natural Areas Division. 2006. Archived from 3407: 2531: 2462: 2431:, and as fish are the primary food source for Atlantic puffins, the potential is great for them to 2102: 1815: 81: 5650: 5741: 5104: 4190: 4128: 4085: 3997: 3962: 3885: 3824: 3741: 3691: 3652: 3273: 3265: 3230: 2623: 2569: 1923: oz). The white shell is usually devoid of markings, but soon becomes covered with mud. The 1474:. Other major breeding locations include the north and west coasts of Norway, the Faroe Islands, 1036: 736: 377: 255: 111: 96: 2873:"Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)" 567: 5728: 5611: 4944: 2515: 2477: 2129:) declined in availability, they were able to adapt and feed the chicks on other prey species. 5710: 5637: 5466: 5253: 4834: 4695: 4413: 4250: 4153: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3644: 3596: 3460: 3343: 3092: 3033: 3002: 2912: 2604: 2538: 2494:

can be viewed via live cams during the breeding season. Similar tours operate in Iceland, the

2090:

by the Arctic skua, which harasses puffins until they drop their fish loads. Predation by the

806: 461: 41: 3132: 2177:. When they come ashore, the birds are still at risk and the main threats come from the sky. 5715: 5277: 5004: 4824: 4816: 4783: 4775: 4734: 4687: 4650: 4609: 4568: 4270:"Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: Results of the Seabird 2000 Census (1998–2002)" 4182: 4120: 4077: 4044: 3989: 3952: 3877: 3791: 3733: 3683: 3636: 3567: 3480: 3257: 3222: 2902: 2892: 2830: 2437: 2407: 2358: 2114: 2087: 1982: 1774: 1459: 1273: 1210: 1198: 989: 890: 821: 633: 305: 5585: 5422: 5399: 5684: 5035: 4951: 4353: 2487: 1862: 1841: 1674: 1657: 1633: 1629: 1389: 1297: 1247: 1226: 1194: 952: 611: 373: 168: 2880: 2812: 4771: 4730: 4683: 4646: 4605: 4564: 4040: 3787: 3563: 2972: 2888: 5557: 5544: 4829: 4804: 4788: 4755: 3811:

Kress, Stephen W.; Nettleship, David N. (1988). "Re-establishment of Atlantic Puffins (

2907: 2762: 2738: 2701: 2580: 2565: 2542: 2384: 2368: 2350: 2319: 2300: 1924: 1637: 1518: 1414: 1320: 1305: 1277: 1254: 648: 313: 5021:

Mohr, Janus. (12 December 1979). About the fleyging (catching) of puffins on Mykines.

3178:

Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2013).

2607:, after he observed a colony of these birds and became fascinated by their behaviour. 1358:) weighs about 650 g (1 lb 7 oz) and has a wing length of 186 mm ( 5851: 5632: 4779: 4469: 3670:

Falk, Knud; Jensen, Jens-Kjeld; Kampp, Kaj (1992). "Winter diet of Atlantic Puffins (

3617: 3277: 2821: 2681: 2638: 2584: 2522: 2441: 2432: 2420: 2380: 2376: 2346: 2315: 2034: 1795: 1606: 1514: 1499: 1289: 505: 483: 361: 341: 321: 317: 228: 101: 5767: 5458: 5129: 4805:"Trophic interactions under climate fluctuations: the Atlantic puffin as an example" 4691: 4388: 4132: 3966: 3842: 3745: 3656: 2275: 1509:

While at sea, the bird ranges widely across the North Atlantic Ocean, including the

388:, and crabs, which it catches by diving underwater, using its wings for propulsion. 5794: 5471: 3910:

The Birder's Handbook: A Field Guide to the Natural History of North American Birds

3366: 2733: 2726: 2685: 2499: 2424: 2416: 2291: 2225: 1831:, often choosing to do so at fishing grounds ready for early-morning provisioning. 1574: 1567: 1051: 589: 3796: 3767: 3113: 5536: 5445: 4228: 4107:) chick diet and reproductive performance at colonies with high and low capelin ( 60: 5736: 5663: 5645: 5593: 5368: 5029: 4853:"Atlantic puffin population in peril as fish stocks shift, ocean waters heat up" 3544:"Effect of wintering area and climate on the survival of adult Atlantic puffins 2872: 2654: 2334: 2122: 1928: 1849: 1503: 1419: 1265: 400: 357: 17: 5317: 1418:

the body, giving the bird its upright stance when on land. Both legs and large

5762: 4614: 4589: 4049: 4016: 3406:. Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University. Archived from 2428: 2354: 2189: 2091: 1730: 1698: 1690: 1641: 1432: 1426: 1385: 1304:), which in 1652 was known as the "Manks puffin". It is an Anglo-Norman word ( 1293: 1231: 1075: 5210: 1927:

responsibilities are shared by both parents. They each have two feather-free

5505: 4525: 4268:

Mitchell, P. I.; Newton, S. F.; Ratcliffe, N.; Dunn, T. E. (1 August 2011).

2857: 2677: 2646: 2402: 2323: 2060:

Nearly fully fledged, this chick is near its burrow and at risk of predation

1836: 1726: 1645: 1510: 1490:. Smaller-sized colonies are also found elsewhere in the British Isles, the 1483: 1206: 1113: 1098: 349: 128: 5523: 5359: 4838: 4820: 4739: 4714: 4699: 4573: 4548: 3648: 2916: 2897: 2283: 5303: 5008: 4025:

chicks at a Shetland colony during a period of changing prey availability"

3641:

10.1002/(SICI)1097-4687(200005)244:2<109::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-0

3248:

Mayr, Ernst (1969). "Discussion: Footnotes on the philosophy of biology".

5788: 5409: 5353: 4631:"The effects of oil pollution on populations of marine and coastal birds" 4495: 4357: 3939:

Lilliendahl, K.; Solmundsson, J.; Gudmundsson, G. A.; Taylor, L. (2003).

2666: 2662: 2650: 2642: 2495: 2146: 1877: 1751:

Atlantic puffins on a cliff top at Skellig Michael, County Kerry, Ireland

1702: 1653: 1491: 1475: 1446: 392: 148: 72: 5056: 5829: 5808: 5689: 5575: 5180: 4655: 4630: 4254: 4194: 4089: 4001: 3889: 3828: 3695: 3572: 3543: 3234: 2697: 2630: 1807: 1710: 1706: 1694: 1463: 1202: 1185: 434: 337: 333: 325: 298: 294: 3269: 2658: 2612: 2210: 2166: 2150: 2133: 2110: 1870: 1722: 1686: 1495: 1479: 1373: 1218: 1214: 404: 369: 345: 329: 309: 188: 138: 50: 5598: 5330: 4965:"Outright puffin hunting ban suggested in face of population crisis" 4440:"Outright puffin hunting ban suggested in face of population crisis" 4186: 4124: 4081: 3993: 3881: 3687: 3226: 5510: 5484: 4954:, Newfoundland and Labrador Tourism. Retrieved on 30 November 2020. 3261: 1229:

Fraterculini. The Atlantic puffin is the only species in the genus

5479: 2960:

Guthrie, Daniel A.; Howell, Thomas W.; Kennedy, George L. (1999).

2579: 2476: 2328: 2311:

reported that the Atlantic puffin was threatened with extinction.

2304: 2282: 2274: 2162: 1811: 1740: 1714: 1668: 1431: 1399: 1261: 365: 5497: 3589:

The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988–1991

1570:

then southeastward to the mid-Atlantic before returning to land.

1243:), the latter being the closest relative of the Atlantic puffin. 5702: 2634: 2230: 2221: 1828: 1409: 1404:

Adult puffins have boldly coloured beaks in the breeding season.

1285: 1264:, a reference to their black and white plumage, which resembles 415: 411: 385: 381: 158: 5334: 2448:

to provide evidence suitable for the prosecution of offenders.

4210:"Plumage polymorphism and kleptoparasitism in the Arctic skua 2174: 2170: 2158: 2154: 1225:) and the puffins are closely related, together composing the 302: 178: 2700:

for the children to rescue young puffins, a fact recorded in

4329:"Even familiar birds at risk of extinction, new study finds" 3719:

abundance at the Gannet Islands, Labrador in the late 1990s"

2098:) is also reduced by several birds arriving simultaneously. 1422:

are bright orange, contrasting with the sharp, black claws.

5049:"The Arms, Seals, and Emblems of Newfoundland and Labrador" 4553:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B

4103:

Baillie, Shauna M.; Jones, Ian L (2003). "Atlantic Puffin (

3738:

10.1675/1524-4695(2004)027[0102:ROAPTA]2.0.CO;2

4754:

Sandvik, Hanno; Coulson, Tim; Saether, Bernt-Erik (2008).

3958:

10.1650/0010-5422(2003)105[145:CSRBUT]2.0.CO;2

3542:

Harris, M. P.; Anker-Nilssen, T.; McCleery, R. H. (2005).

2415:

The Atlantic puffin and other pelagic birds are excellent

2371:

is an effort initiated in 1973 by Stephen W. Kress of the

1193:

The Atlantic puffin is a species of seabird in the order

1835:

walking incautiously across nesting slopes. A colony on

5158:

A dictionary of English and Folk-names of British Birds

4803:

Durant, J.M.; Anker-Nilssen, T; Stenseth, N.C. (2003).

3145:

Lee, D. S. & Haney, J. C. (1996) "Manx Shearwater (

3390: 3388: 2375:

to restore Atlantic puffins to nesting islands in the

5055:. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Archived from 4547:

Dunnet, G.; Crisp, D.; Conan, G.; Bourne, W. (1982).

4354:"Puffin census on Farne Islands shows numbers rising" 4275:. Joint Nature Conservation Committee. Archived from 3213:

from Iceland, and bill features as criteria of age".

2684:, introduced a range of books for children under the 5080:"Excrement-hiding bird championed as Liberal symbol" 4590:"The results of ringing auks in Britain and Ireland" 2180:

Aerial predators of the Atlantic puffin include the

1521:. These oceanic waters have such a vast extent of 15 5778: 5343: 3815:) at a former breeding site in the Gulf of Maine". 3209:Petersen, Aevar (1976). "Size variables in puffins 2969:

Proceedings of the 5th California Islands Symposium

2279:

Typical Atlantic puffin breeding habitat in Iceland

4635:Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen 4492:"North Berwick drivers warned over hidden puffins" 3907: 3901: 3899: 3112: 2836:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694927A132581443.en 2427:and other pollutants are concentrated through the 1384:) are intermediate between the other two in size. 250:Breeding range (orange) and winter range (yellow) 3906:Ehrlich, P. R.; Dobkin, D. S.; Wheye, D. (1988). 3514:A guide to our wilderness and ecological reserves 3168:Princeton University Press, Princeton, N.J. 2006. 1869:hole or move into a pre-existing system dug by a 4715:"Seabirds as monitors of the marine environment" 2009:Adult returning with sand eels to feed the chick 5893:Provincial symbols of Newfoundland and Labrador 5240:. Archived from the original on 25 October 2000 5003:. Ithaca, NY, USA: Cornell Lab of Ornithology. 3616:Kovacs, Christopher E.; Meyers, Ron A. (2000). 2294:, Ireland, a dedicated puffin conservation area 1330:The three subspecies generally recognized are: 2696:A tradition exists on the Icelandic island of 1950: oz), it grows at the rate of 10 g ( 372:in the east. It is most commonly found in the 4408: 4406: 3361: 3359: 3165:Birds of the World: Recommended English Names 1909: in) wide and weighing about 62 g ( 8: 3025:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names 2341:SOS Puffin is a conservation project at the 1388:has argued that the differences in size are 1221:, and the razorbill. The rhinoceros auklet ( 3914:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 3089:The Oxford Dictionary of British Bird Names 2806: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 282: 5331: 4713:Furness, R. W.; Camphuysen, C. J. (1997). 4245:Rothschild, Miriam; Clay, Theresa (1957). 3190:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology 2419:of the environment, as they occupy a high 1962: 1638:upper surface is black and underside white 241: 90: 58: 40: 31: 4885:. Maine Office of Tourism. Archived from 4828: 4787: 4738: 4654: 4613: 4572: 4048: 3956: 3795: 3768:"Variation in the abundance of sand eels 3571: 2906: 2896: 2834: 4379:Kristjánsson, Jóhann K. (22 July 2012). 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3091:. Oxford University Press. p. 100. 5161:. London: Witherby and Co. p. 149. 4549:"Oil pollution and seabird populations" 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3297: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3082: 3080: 2786: 2072:Juvenile recently emerged from the nest 1971: 5251: 3053:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert. 2349:to save the puffins on islands in the 2132:The chicks take from 34 to 50 days to 3338:Boag, David; Alexander, Mike (1995). 2645:, Canada, the Faroe Islands, France, 2587:1978 postal stamp by Holger Philipsen 1997:Adult in flight returning with fishes 1472:St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador 1325:International Ornithological Congress 7: 5835:6E6F2E20-C852-4779-8FC3-ADCE8FFEF104 5563:dbe805b2-6ebd-47b9-90cf-d24bf07e9091 5238:Birds of the World on Postage Stamps 3133:participating institution membership 3028:. London: Christopher Helm. p. 2492:Seal Island National Wildlife Refuge 2383:, about 10 km (6 mi) from 1276:of the bird, being derived from the 4934:"Wild Scotland – The Western Isles" 4302:"Lundy puffins back from the brink" 3709:Baillie, S.M.; Jones, I.L. (2004). 2822:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2213:in the far north, the Arctic skua ( 1090: 1029: 1022: 967: 945: 938: 883: 861: 854: 799: 729: 722: 715: 708: 626: 604: 582: 560: 498: 476: 454: 447: 440: 430: 5053:Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage 4809:Proceedings of the Royal Society B 4446:. 30 November 2011. Archived from 3436:. Planet of Birds. 11 January 2011 2704:photo-illustrated children's book 2353:. Puffin numbers on the island of 25: 5078:Canadian Press (30 August 2007). 4971:. 1 November 2011. Archived from 3711:"The response of Atlantic puffin 3162:Gill, Frank, and Minturn Wright, 2021:Running for burrow to avoid gulls 5858:IUCN Red List vulnerable species 5316: 5302: 4780:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01533.x 4672:Science of the Total Environment 4249:. MacMillan. pp. 116, 231. 3507:"Witless Bay Ecological Reserve" 3459:. Pica Press. pp. 252–253. 3373:. National Audubon Society. 2013 2768: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2530: 2514: 2065: 2053: 2041: 2026: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1974: 1787: 1773: 1759: 1613: 1598: 328:. The Atlantic puffin breeds in 324:being found in the northeastern 115: 5177:Pete Robson's Lundy Island Site 4859:. Associated Press. 2 June 2013 4692:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2005.04.006 2811:BirdLife International (2018). 1717:being the most often consumed. 1656:. Land birds mostly lose their 1620:'Running' take-off from the sea 5888:Native birds of Eastern Canada 5276:. Puffin Books. Archived from 4719:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4387:(in Icelandic). Archived from 3674:) in the Northeast Atlantic". 3552:Marine Ecology Progress Series 2615:has an Atlantic puffin as its 1895: in) long by 42 mm ( 1468:Witless Bay Ecological Reserve 1372: in), while one from the 1: 4017:"The diet of Atlantic Puffin 3797:10.1016/j.icesjms.2006.05.009 3457:The North American Bird Guide 2379:. Eastern Egg Rock Island in 2256:, and the common rabbit flea 1288:, referring to the northerly 5207:King George V Silver Jubilee 4152:. A. C. Black. p. 149. 3817:Journal of Field Ornithology 3487:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology 1965:Atlantic Puffin reproduction 5903:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 4518:"History of Project Puffin" 4356:. Science and Environment. 4149:The Secret Lives of Puffins 4113:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3404:Boreal Forests of the World 2775:Scottish islands portal 2591:The Atlantic puffin is the 316:; two related species, the 5919: 4629:Goethe, Friedrich (1968). 4227:(2): 41–52. Archived from 3151:The Birds of North America 3001:. Helm. pp. 404–405. 2673:, and the United Kingdom. 2595:symbol of the province of 5258:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 5203:"Lundy Island Cinderella" 5130:"Nature: Atlantic Puffin" 4615:10.1080/00063657409476401 4524:. Audubon. Archived from 4472:. Scottish Seabird Centre 4247:Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos 4146:Couzens, Dominic (2013). 4050:10.1080/00063658909477022 3120:Oxford English Dictionary 3065:. Perseus Digital Library 3022:Jobling, James A (2010). 2971:: 525–530. Archived from 2829:: e.T22694927A132581443. 2597:Newfoundland and Labrador 2446:fingerprinting techniques 2101:In the Shetland Islands, 1268:robes. The specific name 1239:) and the horned puffin ( 1111: 1095: 1088: 1073: 1049: 1034: 1027: 1020: 987: 972: 965: 950: 943: 936: 903: 888: 881: 866: 859: 852: 819: 804: 797: 773: 749: 734: 727: 720: 713: 706: 646: 631: 624: 609: 602: 587: 580: 565: 558: 518: 503: 496: 481: 474: 459: 452: 445: 438: 354:Newfoundland and Labrador 261: 254: 249: 240: 217: 210: 112:Scientific classification 110: 88: 79: 70: 57: 48: 39: 34: 5234:"Atlantic Puffin Stamps" 5155:Swann, H. Kirke (1913). 4950:13 February 2015 at the 4879:"Bird watching: Puffins" 4212:Stercorarius parasiticus 3715:to a decline in capelin 3548:in the eastern Atlantic" 3481:"Atlantic Puffin: Sound" 3087:Lockwood, W. B. (1993). 2997:Harrison, Peter (1988). 2751:Faroe Islands portal 2653:, Iceland, Ireland, the 2373:National Audubon Society 2266:Relationship with humans 2215:Stercorarius parasiticus 2206:lesser black-backed gull 1766:Relaxation in the colony 1184:Cladogram of the family 5898:Birds described in 1758 5047:Higgins, Jenny (2011). 3371:Audubon: Project Puffin 3125:Oxford University Press 3063:A Greek-English Lexicon 2707:Nights of the Pufflings 2637:, and in 1929, its own 2601:Liberal Party of Canada 2343:Scottish Seabird Centre 2271:Status and conservation 2254:Ceratophyllus vagabunda 2234:Ornithopsylla laetitiae 2182:great black-backed gull 2140:Predators and parasites 1846:Eastern Egg Rock Island 1794:Pair outside burrow on 1563:light-level geolocators 4913:Audubon Project Puffin 4821:10.1098/rspb.2003.2397 4740:10.1006/jmsc.1997.0243 4574:10.1098/rstb.1982.0051 4333:Birdlife International 4208:Jones, Trevor (2002). 4015:Martin, A. R. (1989). 3455:Sibley, David (2000). 2898:10.3897/zookeys.91.709 2588: 2482: 2338: 2309:BirdLife International 2295: 2280: 2245:Ceratophyllus gallinae 2239:Ceratophyllus borealis 1780:Establishing dominance 1752: 1682: 1437: 1405: 1274:northerly distribution 1241:Fratercula corniculata 422:Taxonomy and etymology 364:, and as far south as 283: 5724:Paleobiology Database 5274:"The story of Puffin" 5109:Heraldry of the World 5009:10.2173/bow.atlpuf.01 4760:Global Change Biology 3629:Journal of Morphology 3593:T. & A. D. Poyser 3342:. London: Blandford. 3250:Philosophy of Science 2671:St Pierre et Miquelon 2603:by its deputy leader 2583: 2480: 2332: 2286: 2278: 2259:Spilopsyllus cuniculi 1750: 1672: 1435: 1403: 1223:Cerorhinca monocerata 1205:, which includes the 289:), also known as the 5883:Birds of Scandinavia 5558:Fauna Europaea (new) 5313:at Wikimedia Commons 5173:"Meaning of lund-ey" 5034:3 March 2016 at the 4588:Mead, C. J. (1974). 4420:. Iceland on the Web 4414:"Puffins in Iceland" 4021:and Northern Gannet 3523:on 24 September 2015 3188:Animal Diversity Web 2871:Smith, N.A. (2011). 2560:, with the use of a 2467:Peprilus triacanthus 1729:through specialised 1513:, and may enter the 1486:, and the coasts of 1482:, the west coast of 975:Spectacled guillemot 869:Long-billed murrelet 5868:Birds of the Arctic 5059:on 19 February 2015 4909:"Audubon Live Cams" 4889:on 16 November 2012 4815:(1523): 1461–1466. 4772:2008GCBio..14..703S 4731:1997ICJMS..54..726F 4684:2006ScTEn.359..209P 4647:1968HWM....17..370G 4606:1974BirdS..21...45M 4565:1982RSPTB.297..413D 4234:on 24 October 2014. 4175:Colonial Waterbirds 4041:1989BirdS..36..170M 3982:Colonial Waterbirds 3788:2006ICJMS..63.1530G 3676:Colonial Waterbirds 3564:2005MEPS..297..283H 3123:(Online ed.). 2936:) (Linnaeus, 1758)" 2889:2011ZooK...91....1S 2481:Photographing birds 2333:In flight over the 2303:. On the island of 2250:Ceratophyllus garei 2220:Both the guillemot 1967: 1237:Fratercula cirrhata 1197:. It is in the auk 906:Kittlitz's murrelet 82:Conservation status 5768:Fratercula-arctica 5400:Fratercula_arctica 5375:Fratercula arctica 5345:Fratercula arctica 5324:Fratercula arctica 5310:Fratercula arctica 5213:on 10 January 2008 5001:Birds of the World 4997:Fratercula arctica 4975:on 7 December 2013 4915:. 22 December 2015 4656:10.1007/BF01611237 4450:on 7 December 2013 4308:. 22 February 2008 4282:on 3 December 2013 4105:Fratercula arctica 4070:Ornis Scandinavica 4066:Fratercula arctica 4019:Fratercula arctica 3843:"Eastern Egg Rock" 3813:Fratercula arctica 3713:Fratercula arctica 3672:Fratercula arctica 3620:Fratercula arctica 3573:10.3354/meps297283 3546:Fratercula arctica 3432:Fratercula arctica 3430:"Atlantic Puffin ( 3398:Fratercula arctica 3215:Ornis Scandinavica 3211:Fratercula arctica 3184:: Atlantic Puffin" 3182:Fratercula arctica 2934:Fratercula arctica 2932:"Atlantic Puffin ( 2815:Fratercula arctica 2763:Iceland portal 2739:Science portal 2609:Værøy Municipality 2589: 2545:are important food 2483: 2339: 2296: 2281: 2033:Outside burrow on 1963: 1753: 1683: 1679:Ammodytes tobianus 1438: 1406: 1317:Fratercula arctica 1037:Thick-billed murre 776:Craveri's murrelet 752:Scripps's murrelet 737:Guadalupe murrelet 284:Fratercula arctica 221:Fratercula arctica 71:Call, recorded on 27:Species of seabird 5845: 5844: 5711:Open Tree of Life 5337:Taxon identifiers 5307:Media related to 4559:(1087): 413–427. 4383:Fratercula artica 4221:Atlantic Seabirds 4159:978-1-4081-8667-1 4109:Mallotus villosus 3770:Ammodytes marinus 3717:Mallotus villosus 3466:978-1-873403-98-3 3367:"Cabot discovery" 3147:Puffinus puffinus 3131:(Subscription or 3098:978-0-19-866196-2 3039:978-1-4081-2501-4 2693:was established. 2676:The publisher of 2605:Michael Ignatieff 2194:Stercorarius skua 2127:Mallotus villosus 2107:Ammodytes marinus 2083: 2082: 1748: 1733:in its nostrils. 1449:being revved up. 1302:Puffinus puffinus 1191: 1190: 1178: 1177: 1169: 1168: 1160: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1142: 1141: 1133: 1132: 1124: 1123: 1062: 1061: 1009: 1008: 1000: 999: 925: 924: 916: 915: 841: 840: 832: 831: 807:Japanese murrelet 786: 785: 762: 761: 695: 694: 686: 685: 677: 676: 668: 667: 659: 658: 547: 546: 538: 537: 529: 528: 462:Rhinoceros auklet 308:. It is the only 273: 272: 268: 105: 64: 16:(Redirected from 5910: 5878:Birds of Iceland 5838: 5837: 5825: 5824: 5812: 5811: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5771: 5770: 5758: 5757: 5745: 5744: 5732: 5731: 5719: 5718: 5706: 5705: 5693: 5692: 5680: 5679: 5667: 5666: 5664:NBNSYS0000000013 5654: 5653: 5641: 5640: 5628: 5627: 5615: 5614: 5602: 5601: 5589: 5588: 5579: 5578: 5566: 5565: 5553: 5552: 5540: 5539: 5527: 5526: 5514: 5513: 5501: 5500: 5488: 5487: 5475: 5474: 5462: 5461: 5449: 5448: 5439: 5438: 5426: 5425: 5413: 5412: 5403: 5402: 5390: 5389: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5332: 5321:Data related to 5320: 5306: 5290: 5289: 5287: 5285: 5270: 5264: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5232:Gibbins, Chris. 5229: 5223: 5222: 5220: 5218: 5209:. Archived from 5199: 5193: 5192: 5190: 5188: 5179:. Archived from 5169: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5101: 5095: 5094: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5044: 5038: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4999:) version 1.0". 4991: 4985: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4961: 4955: 4942: 4936: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4905: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4849: 4843: 4842: 4832: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4791: 4751: 4745: 4744: 4742: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4678:(1–3): 209–220. 4667: 4661: 4660: 4658: 4641:(1–4): 370–374. 4626: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4585: 4579: 4578: 4576: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4528:on 24 March 2012 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4410: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4327:Sessa, Margret. 4324: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4281: 4274: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4242: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4119:(9): 1598–1607. 4100: 4094: 4093: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4052: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3960: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3913: 3903: 3894: 3893: 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3782:(8): 1530–1550. 3776:ICES J. Mar. Sci 3763: 3757: 3756: 3755:on 3 March 2012. 3754: 3748:. Archived from 3723: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3626: 3613: 3607: 3606: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3575: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3522: 3511: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3363: 3354: 3353: 3335: 3282: 3281: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3175: 3169: 3160: 3154: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3128: 3116: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3050: 3044: 3043: 3019: 3013: 3012: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2977: 2966: 2957: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2910: 2900: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2808: 2773: 2772: 2771: 2761: 2760: 2759: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2737: 2736: 2727:Birds portal 2725: 2724: 2723: 2702:Bruce McMillan's 2534: 2521:Puffin hunters, 2518: 2438:marine pollution 2363:Lavatera arborea 2088:kleptoparasitism 2069: 2057: 2045: 2030: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1983:Museum Wiesbaden 1978: 1968: 1959: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1922: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1791: 1777: 1763: 1749: 1699:polychaete worms 1675:lesser sand eels 1665:Food and feeding 1640:. This provides 1617: 1602: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1546: 1537: 1536: 1527: 1526: 1371: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1209:, typical auks, 1091: 1030: 1023: 990:Pigeon guillemot 968: 946: 939: 891:Marbled murrelet 884: 862: 855: 822:Ancient murrelet 800: 730: 723: 716: 709: 634:Whiskered auklet 627: 605: 583: 561: 520:Atlantic puffin 499: 477: 455: 448: 441: 431: 426: 425: 368:in the west and 286: 266: 245: 223: 120: 119: 99: 94: 93: 66: 65: 44: 35:Atlantic puffin 32: 21: 18:Atlantic puffins 5918: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5873:Birds of Europe 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5820: 5815: 5807: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5787: 5774: 5766: 5761: 5753: 5748: 5740: 5735: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5709: 5701: 5696: 5688: 5685:Observation.org 5683: 5675: 5670: 5662: 5657: 5649: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5623: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5586:atlantic-puffin 5584: 5582: 5574: 5569: 5561: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5535: 5530: 5522: 5517: 5509: 5504: 5496: 5491: 5483: 5478: 5470: 5465: 5457: 5452: 5444: 5442: 5434: 5429: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5406: 5398: 5393: 5387: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5339: 5299: 5294: 5293: 5283: 5281: 5272: 5271: 5267: 5250: 5243: 5241: 5231: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5214: 5201: 5200: 5196: 5186: 5184: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5154: 5153: 5149: 5139: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5103: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5086: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5046: 5045: 5041: 5036:Wayback Machine 5020: 5016: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4978: 4976: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4952:Wayback Machine 4943: 4939: 4932: 4928: 4918: 4916: 4907: 4906: 4902: 4892: 4890: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4628: 4627: 4623: 4587: 4586: 4582: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4531: 4529: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4501: 4499: 4490: 4489: 4485: 4475: 4473: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4438: 4437: 4433: 4423: 4421: 4412: 4411: 4404: 4394: 4392: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4352: 4351: 4347: 4337: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4311: 4309: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4285: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4216: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4187:10.2307/1521904 4172: 4171: 4167: 4160: 4145: 4144: 4140: 4125:10.1139/z03-145 4102: 4101: 4097: 4082:10.2307/3676842 4068:in 1980–1983". 4063: 4062: 4058: 4014: 4013: 4009: 3994:10.2307/1521918 3979: 3978: 3974: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3905: 3904: 3897: 3882:10.2307/1368955 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3810: 3809: 3805: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3721: 3708: 3707: 3703: 3688:10.2307/1521457 3669: 3668: 3664: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595:. p. 230. 3586: 3585: 3581: 3541: 3540: 3536: 3526: 3524: 3520: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3485:All about birds 3479: 3478: 3474: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3376: 3374: 3365: 3364: 3357: 3350: 3337: 3336: 3285: 3247: 3246: 3242: 3227:10.2307/3676188 3208: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3144: 3140: 3130: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3040: 3021: 3020: 3016: 3009: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2979: 2978:on 27 July 2020 2975: 2964: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2942: 2930:Lepage, Denis. 2929: 2928: 2924: 2870: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2855: 2851: 2841: 2839: 2810: 2809: 2788: 2783: 2769: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2578: 2562:fleygingarstong 2550: 2549: 2548: 2547: 2546: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2519: 2508: 2475: 2454: 2398: 2320:Westman Islands 2273: 2268: 2142: 2119:Clupea harengus 2096:Catharacta skua 2073: 2070: 2061: 2058: 2049: 2046: 2037: 2031: 2022: 2019: 2010: 2007: 1998: 1995: 1986: 1979: 1956: 1952: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1939: 1937: 1919: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1858: 1844:had success on 1842:Audubon Society 1803: 1802: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1741: 1739: 1667: 1625: 1624: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1618: 1610: 1609: 1603: 1592: 1584: 1554: 1552: 1544: 1542: 1534: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1455: 1398: 1368: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1298:Manx shearwater 1253:comes from the 1195:Charadriiformes 1179: 1170: 1161: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1125: 1063: 1010: 1001: 953:Black guillemot 926: 917: 842: 833: 787: 763: 696: 687: 678: 669: 660: 612:Parakeet auklet 568:Cassin's auklet 548: 539: 530: 424: 374:Westman Islands 277:Atlantic puffin 236: 225: 219: 206: 203:F. arctica 169:Charadriiformes 114: 106: 95: 91: 84: 59: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5916: 5914: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5850: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5839: 5826: 5813: 5800: 5784: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5772: 5759: 5746: 5733: 5720: 5707: 5694: 5681: 5668: 5655: 5642: 5629: 5616: 5603: 5590: 5580: 5567: 5554: 5545:Fauna Europaea 5541: 5528: 5515: 5502: 5489: 5476: 5463: 5450: 5440: 5427: 5414: 5404: 5391: 5380: 5365: 5349: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5335: 5329: 5328: 5327:at Wikispecies 5314: 5298: 5297:External links 5295: 5292: 5291: 5280:on 14 May 2013 5265: 5224: 5194: 5183:on 29 May 2014 5164: 5147: 5121: 5096: 5070: 5039: 5014: 4986: 4956: 4937: 4926: 4900: 4870: 4857:The Record.com 4844: 4795: 4766:(4): 703–713. 4746: 4725:(4): 726–737. 4705: 4662: 4621: 4580: 4539: 4522:Project Puffin 4509: 4498:. 30 July 2013 4483: 4461: 4431: 4418:Iceland Nature 4402: 4391:on 16 May 2003 4371: 4360:. 19 July 2013 4345: 4319: 4293: 4260: 4237: 4200: 4181:(2): 171–184. 4165: 4158: 4138: 4111:) abundance". 4095: 4056: 4035:(3): 170–180. 4007: 3988:(2): 261–267. 3972: 3951:(1): 145–150. 3931: 3924: 3895: 3876:(2): 390–398. 3860: 3847:Project Puffin 3834: 3823:(2): 161–170. 3803: 3758: 3732:(1): 102–111. 3701: 3682:(2): 230–235. 3662: 3635:(2): 109–125. 3608: 3601: 3579: 3534: 3498: 3472: 3465: 3447: 3421: 3410:on 1 July 2013 3384: 3355: 3348: 3283: 3262:10.1086/288246 3256:(2): 197–202. 3240: 3221:(2): 185–192. 3201: 3170: 3155: 3138: 3104: 3097: 3076: 3045: 3038: 3014: 3007: 2989: 2952: 2922: 2863: 2849: 2785: 2784: 2782: 2779: 2778: 2777: 2765: 2753: 2741: 2729: 2715: 2712: 2577: 2574: 2566:lacrosse stick 2536: 2529: 2528: 2520: 2513: 2512: 2511: 2510: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2474: 2471: 2461:the nest with 2453: 2452:Climate change 2450: 2397: 2394: 2385:Pemaquid Point 2369:Project Puffin 2351:Firth of Forth 2301:climate change 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2141: 2138: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2040: 2038: 2032: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1989: 1987: 1980: 1973: 1857: 1854: 1793: 1786: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1770: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1738: 1735: 1725:and partly by 1666: 1663: 1644:, with aerial 1619: 1612: 1611: 1605:In flight off 1604: 1597: 1596: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1583: 1580: 1519:North Carolina 1454: 1451: 1397: 1394: 1356:F. a. naumanii 1348: 1347: 1345:F. a. naumanni 1342: 1337: 1306:Middle English 1272:refers to the 1255:Medieval Latin 1189: 1188: 1181: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1171: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1094: 1089: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1065: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1055: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 997: 994: 993: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 971: 966: 964: 961: 960: 957: 956: 949: 944: 942: 937: 935: 932: 931: 928: 927: 923: 922: 919: 918: 914: 913: 910: 909: 902: 899: 898: 895: 894: 887: 882: 880: 877: 876: 873: 872: 865: 860: 858: 853: 851: 848: 847: 844: 843: 839: 838: 835: 834: 830: 829: 826: 825: 818: 815: 814: 811: 810: 803: 798: 796: 793: 792: 789: 788: 784: 783: 780: 779: 772: 769: 768: 765: 764: 760: 759: 756: 755: 748: 745: 744: 741: 740: 733: 728: 726: 721: 719: 714: 712: 707: 705: 702: 701: 698: 697: 693: 692: 689: 688: 684: 683: 680: 679: 675: 674: 671: 670: 666: 665: 662: 661: 657: 656: 653: 652: 649:Crested auklet 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 630: 625: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 608: 603: 601: 598: 597: 594: 593: 586: 581: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 564: 559: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 545: 544: 541: 540: 536: 535: 532: 531: 527: 526: 523: 522: 517: 514: 513: 510: 509: 502: 497: 495: 492: 491: 488: 487: 480: 475: 473: 470: 469: 466: 465: 458: 453: 451: 446: 444: 439: 437: 429: 423: 420: 314:Atlantic Ocean 312:native to the 271: 270: 267:Linnaeus, 1758 259: 258: 252: 251: 247: 246: 238: 237: 226: 215: 214: 208: 207: 200: 198: 194: 193: 186: 182: 181: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 146: 142: 141: 136: 132: 131: 126: 122: 121: 108: 107: 89: 86: 85: 80: 77: 76: 68: 67: 55: 54: 46: 45: 37: 36: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5915: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5836: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5790: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5777: 5769: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5708: 5704: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5581: 5577: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5494: 5490: 5486: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5405: 5401: 5396: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5366: 5361: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5333: 5326: 5325: 5319: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5296: 5279: 5275: 5269: 5266: 5261: 5255: 5239: 5235: 5228: 5225: 5212: 5208: 5204: 5198: 5195: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5148: 5135: 5131: 5125: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5100: 5097: 5085: 5081: 5074: 5071: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5023:Oyggjatiðindi 5018: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4987: 4974: 4970: 4966: 4960: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4946: 4941: 4938: 4935: 4930: 4927: 4914: 4910: 4904: 4901: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4845: 4840: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4796: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4709: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4666: 4663: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4510: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4407: 4403: 4390: 4386: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4359: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4320: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4294: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4241: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4213: 4204: 4201: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4169: 4166: 4161: 4155: 4151: 4150: 4142: 4139: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4060: 4057: 4051: 4046: 4042: 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3308: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3244: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3189: 3185: 3183: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3159: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3142: 3139: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3105: 3100: 3094: 3090: 3083: 3081: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3058: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3035: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3018: 3015: 3010: 3008:0-7470-1410-8 3004: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2956: 2953: 2941: 2937: 2935: 2926: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2850: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2766: 2764: 2754: 2752: 2742: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2718: 2717: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2708: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2683: 2682:Penguin Books 2679: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2625: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593:official bird 2586: 2585:Faroe Islands 2582: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2554: 2544: 2540: 2533: 2524: 2523:Faroe Islands 2517: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2479: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2458: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2434: 2433:bioaccumulate 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:trophic level 2418: 2417:bioindicators 2413: 2411: 2410: 2409:Torrey Canyon 2404: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2381:Muscongus Bay 2378: 2377:Gulf of Maine 2374: 2370: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347:North Berwick 2344: 2336: 2331: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2316:Farne Islands 2312: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2293: 2289: 2288:Puffin Island 2285: 2277: 2270: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2232: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2218: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2202:L. argentatus 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2186:Larus marinus 2183: 2178: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2078: 2068: 2063: 2056: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2035:Skomer Island 2029: 2024: 2017: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1993: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1966: 1961: 1933: 1930: 1929:brood patches 1926: 1879: 1874: 1872: 1866: 1864: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1830: 1825: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1797: 1796:Skomer Island 1790: 1776: 1762: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1659: 1655: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1616: 1608: 1607:Skomer Island 1601: 1589: 1587: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1550: 1540: 1530: 1520: 1516: 1515:Arctic Circle 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1500:Novaya Zemlya 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1442: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1423: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1402: 1395: 1393: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1382:F. a. arctica 1379: 1375: 1357: 1353: 1352:morphological 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1335:F. a. arctica 1333: 1332: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290:constellation 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1174: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1138: 1137: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1105: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1058: 1057: 1054: 1053: 1047: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1018: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1005: 1004: 996: 995: 992: 991: 985: 984: 981: 980: 977: 976: 970: 969: 963: 962: 959: 958: 955: 954: 948: 947: 941: 940: 934: 933: 930: 929: 921: 920: 912: 911: 908: 907: 901: 900: 897: 896: 893: 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 875: 874: 871: 870: 864: 863: 857: 856: 850: 849: 846: 845: 837: 836: 828: 827: 824: 823: 817: 816: 813: 812: 809: 808: 802: 801: 795: 794: 791: 790: 782: 781: 778: 777: 771: 770: 767: 766: 758: 757: 754: 753: 747: 746: 743: 742: 739: 738: 732: 731: 725: 724: 718: 717: 711: 710: 704: 703: 700: 699: 691: 690: 682: 681: 673: 672: 664: 663: 655: 654: 651: 650: 644: 643: 640: 639: 636: 635: 629: 628: 622: 621: 618: 617: 614: 613: 607: 606: 600: 599: 596: 595: 592: 591: 585: 584: 578: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 563: 562: 556: 555: 552: 551: 543: 542: 534: 533: 525: 524: 521: 516: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 506:Horned puffin 501: 500: 494: 493: 490: 489: 486: 485: 484:Tufted puffin 479: 478: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 463: 457: 456: 450: 449: 443: 442: 436: 433: 432: 428: 427: 421: 419: 417: 413: 408: 406: 402: 397: 394: 389: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Faroe Islands 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 322:horned puffin 319: 318:tufted puffin 315: 311: 307: 304: 300: 296: 292: 291:common puffin 288: 287: 285: 278: 269: 265: 260: 257: 253: 248: 244: 239: 234: 230: 224: 222: 216: 213: 212:Binomial name 209: 205: 204: 199: 196: 195: 192: 191: 187: 184: 183: 180: 177: 174: 173: 170: 167: 164: 163: 160: 157: 154: 153: 150: 147: 144: 143: 140: 137: 134: 133: 130: 127: 124: 123: 118: 113: 109: 103: 98: 87: 83: 78: 74: 69: 56: 52: 47: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 5780:Alca arctica 5779: 5344: 5323: 5309: 5282:. Retrieved 5278:the original 5268: 5242:. Retrieved 5237: 5227: 5215:. Retrieved 5211:the original 5206: 5197: 5185:. Retrieved 5181:the original 5176: 5167: 5157: 5150: 5138:. Retrieved 5133: 5124: 5112:. Retrieved 5108: 5099: 5087:. Retrieved 5083: 5073: 5061:. Retrieved 5057:the original 5052: 5042: 5025: 5022: 5017: 5000: 4996: 4989: 4977:. Retrieved 4973:the original 4968: 4959: 4945:Birdwatching 4940: 4929: 4917:. Retrieved 4912: 4903: 4891:. Retrieved 4887:the original 4882: 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4856: 4847: 4812: 4808: 4798: 4763: 4759: 4749: 4722: 4718: 4708: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4600:(1): 45–86. 4597: 4593: 4583: 4556: 4552: 4542: 4530:. Retrieved 4526:the original 4521: 4512: 4500:. Retrieved 4494:. Scotland. 4486: 4474:. Retrieved 4470:"SOS Puffin" 4464: 4452:. Retrieved 4448:the original 4443: 4434: 4422:. Retrieved 4417: 4393:. Retrieved 4389:the original 4382: 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4348: 4336:. Retrieved 4332: 4322: 4310:. Retrieved 4305: 4296: 4284:. 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Retrieved 2826: 2820: 2814: 2705: 2695: 2690: 2686:Puffin Books 2675: 2626: 2621: 2617:coat of arms 2590: 2561: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2525:, late 1890s 2500:Newfoundland 2484: 2466: 2459: 2455: 2425:Heavy metals 2414: 2408: 2399: 2389:Great Island 2367: 2362: 2340: 2313: 2297: 2292:County Kerry 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2226:Ixodes uriae 2224: 2219: 2214: 2201: 2198:herring gull 2193: 2185: 2179: 2143: 2131: 2126: 2118: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2084: 1964: 1934: 1932:to the sea. 1875: 1867: 1859: 1856:Reproduction 1833: 1820: 1804: 1719: 1684: 1678: 1650: 1634:preen glands 1626: 1585: 1572: 1568:Labrador Sea 1558: 1548: 1538: 1528: 1508: 1488:Newfoundland 1456: 1453:Distribution 1443: 1439: 1424: 1407: 1381: 1378:F. a. grabae 1377: 1376:(subspecies 1355: 1349: 1344: 1340:F. a. grabae 1339: 1334: 1329: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1301: 1281: 1269: 1257: 1250: 1248:generic name 1245: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1222: 1192: 1112: 1096: 1074: 1052:Common murre 1050: 1035: 988: 973: 951: 904: 889: 867: 820: 805: 774: 750: 735: 647: 632: 610: 590:Least auklet 588: 566: 519: 504: 482: 460: 409: 398: 390: 290: 281: 280: 276: 274: 264:Alca arctica 263: 262: 220: 218: 202: 201: 189: 29: 5737:SeaLifeBase 5646:NatureServe 5594:iNaturalist 5369:Wikispecies 3558:: 283–296. 2842:19 November 2691:Puffin Post 2655:Isle of Man 2539:Stóra Dímun 2359:tree mallow 2335:Isle of May 2123:forage fish 1850:Isle of May 1731:salt glands 1691:crustaceans 1541: km (6 1504:Spitzbergen 1470:, south of 1420:webbed feet 1396:Description 358:Nova Scotia 5863:Fratercula 5852:Categories 5795:Q106447065 5763:Xeno-canto 4919:8 February 4594:Bird Study 4255:B0000CKZP6 4029:Bird Study 3870:The Condor 3726:Waterbirds 3591:. London: 3340:The Puffin 3135:required.) 2781:References 2678:paperbacks 2665:, Russia, 2661:, Norway, 2576:In culture 2463:butterfish 2442:lipophilic 2429:food chain 2355:Craigleith 2337:, Scotland 2204:) and the 2190:great skua 2092:great skua 1925:incubation 1816:monogamous 1642:camouflage 1427:slate grey 1386:Ernst Mayr 1294:Ursa Major 1258:fratercula 1251:Fratercula 1232:Fratercula 1207:guillemots 1076:Little auk 378:vulnerable 360:, and the 190:Fratercula 97:Vulnerable 4979:29 August 4893:21 August 4502:26 August 4454:31 August 4364:28 August 4306:BBC Devon 3849:. 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