758:(Described by Miller in 1931), the oldest purported alcid from the Eocene of California, is actually a petrel (as reviewed by Chandler in 1990) and is reassigned to the tubenoses (Procellariiformes). A 2003 paper, "The Earliest North American Record of Auk (Aves: Alcidae) From the Late Eocene of Central Georgia", reports a Late Eocene, wing-propelled, diving auk from the Priabonain stage of the Late Eocene. These sediments have been dated through Chandronian NALMA {North American Land Mammal Age}, at an estimate of 34.5 to 35.5 million years on the Eocene time scale for fossil-bearing sediments of the Clinchfield Formation, Gordon, Wilkinson County, Georgia. Furthermore, the sediments containing this unabraded portion of a left humerus (43.7 mm long) are tropical or subtropical as evidenced by a wealth of warm-water shark teeth, palaeophied snake vertebrae, and turtles.
152:
698:
127:
1916:
2672:
752:. The current paucity of auks in the Atlantic (six species), compared to the Pacific (19–20 species) is considered to be because of extinctions to the Atlantic auks; the fossil record shows many more species were in the Atlantic during the Pliocene. Auks also tend to be restricted to continental-shelf waters and breed on few oceanic islands.
508:(which are dive-powered by their strong feet). In areas where the two groups feed on the same prey, the auks tend to feed further offshore. Strong-swimming murres hunt faster, schooling fish, whereas auklets take slower-moving krill. Time depth recorders on auks have shown that they can dive as deep as 100 m (330 ft) in the case of
1596:
581:
1798:
747:
Today, as in the past, the auks are restricted to cooler northern waters. Their ability to spread further south is restricted as their prey hunting method, pursuit diving, becomes less efficient in warmer waters. The speed at which small fish (which along with krill are the auk's principal prey) can
708:
The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. The extant auks (subfamily
Alcinae) are broken up into two main groups - the usually high-billed puffins (tribe Fraterculini) and auklets (tribe Aethiini), as opposed to the more slender-billed murres and true
483:
Although not to the extent of penguins, auks have largely sacrificed flight, and also mobility on land, in exchange for swimming ability; their wings are a compromise between the best possible design for diving and the bare minimum needed for flying. This varies by subfamily, with the
1704:
736:
murrelets should be split into a distinct tribe, as they appear more closely related to the Alcini; in any case, assumption of a closer relationship between the former and the true guillemots was only weakly supported by earlier studies.
748:
swim doubles as the temperature increases from 5 to 15 °C (41 to 59 °F), with no corresponding increase in speed for the bird. The southernmost auks, in
California and Mexico, can survive there because of cold
679:
are found. Early movement between the
Pacific and the Atlantic probably happened to the south (since no northern opening to the Atlantic existed), with later movements across the Arctic Ocean. The flightless subfamily
740:
Of the genera, only a few species are placed in each. This is probably a product of the rather small geographic range of the family (the most limited of any seabird family), and the periods of
461:, having black-and-white colours, upright posture, and some of their habits. Nevertheless, they are not closely related to penguins, but rather are believed to be an example of moderate
353:
Several species have different
English names in Europe and North America. The two species known as "murres" in North America are called "guillemots" in Europe, and the species called
675:, but the greater diversity of fossils and tribes in the Pacific leads most scientists to conclude they first evolved there, and in the Miocene Pacific, the first fossils of extant
615:(Mya). Alternatively, auks may have split off far earlier from the rest of the Lari and undergone strong morphological, but slow genetic evolution, which would require a very high
709:
auks (tribe Alcini), and the murrelets and guillemots (tribes
Brachyramphini and Cepphini). The tribal arrangement was originally based on analyses of morphology and
2878:
2917:
3009:
2488:
Smith, N. A. (2015). "Evolution of body mass in the Pan-Alcidae (Aves, Charadriiformes): the effects of combining neontological and paleontological data".
643:, 15 Mya) is the earliest known from good specimens. Two very fragmentary fossils are often assigned to the Alcidae, although this may not be correct:
2245:
2081:
2999:
2852:
595:, but genetic analyses have demonstrated that these peculiarities are the product of strong natural selection, instead; as opposed to, for example,
2614:
Paton, T.A.; Baker, A.J.; Groth, J.G.; Barrowclough, G.F. (2003). "RAG-1 sequences resolve phylogenetic relationships within charadriiform birds".
2891:
3004:
2616:
2220:
575:
603:
to a diving seabird lifestyle. Thus today, the auks are no longer separated in their own suborder (Alcae), but are considered part of the
2453:
528:
birds, spending the majority of their adult lives on the open sea and going ashore only for breeding, although some species, such as the
480:, at 1 kg (2.2 lb) and 45 cm (18 in). Due to their short wings, auks have to flap their wings very quickly to fly.
607:
suborder, which otherwise contains gulls and similar birds. Judging from genetic data, their closest living relatives appear to be the
492:) and murrelets being the most efficient under the water, whereas the puffins and auklets are better adapted for flying and walking.
2604:
2956:
2295:
255:
2896:
591:
Traditionally, the auks were believed to be one of the earliest distinct charadriiform lineages due to their characteristic
334:. The family contains 25 extant or recently extinct species that are divided into 11 genera. Auks are found throughout the
345:, all auks can fly, and are excellent swimmers and divers (appearing to "fly" in water), but their walking appears clumsy.
2904:
2774:
1601:
2205:
2831:
2690:
2134:
2922:
2844:
684:, which was apparently restricted to the Pacific Coast of southern North America and became extinct in the Early
2064:
of auks seems to have been markedly higher during the
Pliocene. See the genus accounts for prehistoric species.
151:
2582:
2529:
2338:
2287:"Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Evolution and Phylogeny of the Atlantic Alcidae, Including the Extinct Great Auk (
2241:"Phylogenetic Relationships Within the Alcidae (Charadriiformes: Aves) Inferred from Total Molecular Evidence"
2994:
2704:
2490:
1890:
1247:
2943:
723:
616:
2779:
2105:
1757:
1726:
1154:
1117:
1797:
2961:
2800:
2751:
2625:
2402:
1881:
1846:
1738:
1316:
1210:
690:
592:
462:
228:
24:
2376:
744:
advance and retreat that have kept the populations on the move in a narrow band of subarctic ocean.
2676:
2578:"Splitting headaches? Recent taxonomic changes affecting the British and Western Palaearctic lists"
335:
2554:
2507:
2470:
1744:
1626:
1378:
1139:
585:
477:
390:
383:
146:
2393:"Taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the flightless Mancallinae (Aves, Pan-Alcidae)"
1938:
1546:
909:
635:
535:
Auks are monogamous, and tend to form lifelong pairs. They typically lay a single egg, and they
2948:
2930:
2787:
2641:
2600:
2430:
2367:
2314:
2264:
2216:
2009:
1779:
1086:
801:
714:
504:-propelled, pursuit divers. In the region where auks live, their only seabird competition are
466:
2883:
2684:
2984:
2935:
2633:
2546:
2499:
2462:
2420:
2410:
2357:
2347:
2304:
2254:
2138:
1974:
1872:
1829:
1801:
1770:
1720:
1331:
1232:
1071:
975:
732:
645:
424:
368:
2309:
2286:
2259:
2240:
2027:
1956:
1820:
1707:
1294:
953:
860:
311:
203:
134:
2629:
2406:
2839:
2826:
2658:
2425:
2392:
1965:
990:
408:
2637:
2362:
2333:
2104:
Myers, P.; Espinosa, R.; Parr, C. S.; Jones, T.; Hammond, G. S.; Dewey, T. A. (2022).
697:
500:
The feeding behaviour of auks is often compared to that of penguins; both groups are
2989:
2978:
2742:
2078:, a traditional Inuit food from Greenland that is made of auks preserved in seal skin
2045:
2036:
1932:
1919:
1866:
845:
823:
562:
434:
331:
281:
251:
84:
2511:
2474:
2652:
2061:
1983:
1617:
1393:
931:
717:
688:, is sometimes included in the family Alcidae under some definitions. One species,
529:
525:
473:
237:
2792:
2168:
2909:
2865:
2756:
2736:
1679:
685:
681:
604:
547:
429:
213:
59:
46:
31:
2577:
1703:
126:
2466:
2451:
Konyukhov, N.B. (2002). "Possible Ways of
Spreading and Evolution of Alcids".
2003:
1670:
1644:
1638:
1417:
668:
536:
354:
245:
104:
69:
19:
This article is about a family of birds. For the ornithological journal, see
2813:
2550:
2142:
1685:
1662:
1656:
1455:
1440:
749:
701:
660:
505:
489:
438:
401:
342:
319:
163:
109:
53:
2727:
2645:
2434:
2415:
2371:
2352:
2318:
1915:
599:(a much older charadriiform lineage), auks radically changed from a wading
532:, spend a great part of the year defending their nesting spot from others.
2671:
2268:
1595:
2721:
727:
672:
664:
663:). Most extant genera are known to exist since the Late Miocene or Early
655:
183:
99:
94:
79:
74:
64:
2766:
2503:
2186:
2558:
2537:
2397:
1814:
1527:
774:
741:
710:
640:
552:
458:
271:
114:
89:
20:
560:, auklets, and some murrelets nest in burrows. All species except the
2870:
2074:
2021:
1950:
1551:
650:
627:
623:
596:
557:
327:
323:
173:
2857:
2698:
2683:
2818:
1914:
1796:
1702:
1594:
696:
676:
631:
600:
579:
2332:
Thomas, Gavin H.; Wills, Matthew A. & Székely, Tamás (2004).
1611:
612:
608:
501:
315:
303:
193:
2702:
580:
2805:
371:
30:"Auklet" redirects here. For the fishery patrol vessel, see
556:
guillemots, breed in small groups on rocky coasts; and the
476:, at 85 g (3 oz) and 15 cm (5.9 in), to the
2285:
Moum, Truls; Arnason, Ulfur & Árnason, Einar (2002).
2215:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. p. 40.
1714:, a true guillemot) in summer (front) and winter plumage
667:(about 5 Mya). Miocene fossils have been found in both
516:
guillemots and 30 m (98 ft) for the auklets.
1605:) is quite distinct from the brachyramphine murrelets.
619:, coupled with a long lifespan and slow reproduction.
357:
in Europe is referred to as dovekie in North
America.
2239:
Friesen, V.L.; Baker, A.J. & Piatt, J.F. (1996).
374:
2711:
2454:
Biology
Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences
2694:. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 85.
2446:
2444:
1808:, a brachyramphine murrelet) in breeding plumage
730:studies confirm these findings except that the
469:(males and females are similar in appearance).
2523:
2521:
2143:"Noddies, gulls, terns, skimmers, skuas, auks"
611:, with these two lineages separating about 30
2334:"A supertree approach to shorebird phylogeny"
8:
2213:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
694:, is the largest charadriiform of all time.
512:guillemots, 40 m (130 ft) for the
2386:
2384:
2699:
2595:Gaston, Anthony J.; Jones, Ian L. (1998).
2112:. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
125:
38:
2424:
2414:
2361:
2351:
2308:
2258:
2234:
2232:
2082:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
1599:The synthliboramphine Xantus's murrelet (
2093:
704:are an auk found in the Atlantic Ocean.
2280:
2278:
2617:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
2310:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004206
2260:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025595
2149:. International Ornithologists' Union
2129:
2127:
2099:
2097:
576:List of Charadriiformes by population
550:on cliff edges; others, such as the
7:
2845:3fbf23a9-cc5a-4352-8136-f3452170e666
2599:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1432:
1371:
1364:
1309:
1287:
1280:
1225:
1203:
1196:
1132:
1110:
1064:
1057:
1050:
968:
946:
924:
902:
838:
816:
794:
787:
780:
770:
546:guillemots (murres), nest in large
472:Extant auks range in size from the
3010:Taxa named by William Elford Leach
457:Auks are superficially similar to
427:name Alcidae comes from the genus
14:
2670:
2147:IOC World Bird List Version 12.2
367:
314:. The alcid family includes the
150:
3000:Extant Eocene first appearances
2296:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2246:Molecular Biology and Evolution
2530:"The phylogeny of the Alcidae"
1:
2654:Diving Birds of North America
2638:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00098-8
1701:– synthliboramphine murrelets
3005:Priabonian first appearances
1554:: Middle Miocene of CE USA)
1862:– brachyramphine murrelets
1784:Synthliboramphus wumizusume
1749:Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
1602:Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
3028:
2576:Collinson, Martin (2006).
2204:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1895:Brachyramphus brevirostris
1629:or, Brünnich's guillemot,
626:of auks are from the late
573:
570:Evolution and distribution
542:Some species, such as the
488:guillemots (including the
445:) from the Norwegian word
29:
23:. For other meanings, see
18:
2528:Strauch J.G. Jr. (1985).
1775:Synthliboramphus antiquus
1764:– sometimes separated in
1751:– sometimes separated in
1731:Synthliboramphus scrippsi
1593:– typical auks and murres
1453:
1437:
1430:
1415:
1391:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1329:
1314:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1245:
1230:
1223:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1152:
1137:
1130:
1115:
1108:
1084:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
988:
973:
966:
951:
944:
929:
922:
907:
900:
858:
843:
836:
821:
814:
799:
792:
785:
778:
622:The earliest unequivocal
267:
262:
243:
236:
147:Scientific classification
145:
133:
124:
41:
2339:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1877:Brachyramphus marmoratus
1806:Brachyramphus marmoratus
1762:Synthliboramphus craveri
756:Hydotherikornis oregonus
566:murrelets are colonial.
2691:Encyclopædia Britannica
2597:The Auks : Alcidae
2467:10.1023/A:1020457508769
1943:Ptychoramphus aleuticus
1906:Subfamily Fraterculinae
1699:Tribe Synthliboramphini
1578:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
1572:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
1566:Wijnker and Olson, 2009
341:Apart from the extinct
2416:10.3897/zookeys.91.709
2377:Supplementary Material
2353:10.1186/1471-2148-4-28
2141:, eds. (August 2022).
2041:Fratercula corniculata
1927:
1809:
1715:
1606:
1576:Miocepphus mergulellus
705:
588:
2944:Paleobiology Database
2551:10.1093/auk/102.3.520
2014:Cerorhinca monocerata
1918:
1840:Cepphus columba snowi
1800:
1706:
1620:or common guillemot,
1598:
700:
617:evolutionary pressure
583:
520:Breeding and colonies
2840:Fauna Europaea (new)
2679:at Wikimedia Commons
2391:Smith, N.A. (2011).
2110:Animal Diversity Web
1886:Brachyramphus perdix
1882:Long-billed murrelet
1860:Tribe Brachyramphini
1847:Spectacled guillemot
1317:Spectacled guillemot
1211:Long-billed murrelet
691:Miomancalla howardae
537:use the nesting site
463:convergent evolution
2630:2003MolPE..29..268P
2504:10.1017/pab.2015.24
2407:2011ZooK...91....1S
2187:"Definition of auk"
2169:"Definition of Auk"
2050:Fratercula cirrhata
1924:Fratercula cirrhata
1891:Kittlitz's murrelet
1564:Miocepphus bohaskai
1558:Miocepphus mcclungi
1248:Kittlitz's murrelet
630:, some 35 Mya. The
584:Auks as painted by
496:Feeding and ecology
336:Northern Hemisphere
2289:Pinguinus impennis
2137:; Donsker, David;
2032:Fratercula arctica
1997:Tribe Fraterculini
1970:Aethia cristatella
1928:
1838:Kurile guillemot,
1810:
1758:Craveri's murrelet
1745:Guadalupe murrelet
1727:Scripps's murrelet
1716:
1667:Pinguinus impennis
1627:Thick-billed murre
1607:
1379:Thick-billed murre
1155:Scripps's murrelet
1140:Guadalupe murrelet
1118:Craveri's murrelet
706:
589:
586:Archibald Thorburn
478:thick-billed murre
2972:
2971:
2931:Open Tree of Life
2705:Taxon identifiers
2675:Media related to
2222:978-1-4081-2501-4
2139:Rasmussen, Pamela
2010:Rhinoceros auklet
1961:Aethia psittacula
1795:– true guillemots
1780:Japanese murrelet
1739:Xantus's murrelet
1586:Subfamily Alcinae
1534:
1533:
1526:Cladogram of the
1520:
1519:
1511:
1510:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1483:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1404:
1403:
1351:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1267:
1266:
1258:
1257:
1183:
1182:
1174:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1097:
1096:
1087:Japanese murrelet
1037:
1036:
1028:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1010:
1009:
1001:
1000:
889:
888:
880:
879:
871:
870:
802:Rhinoceros auklet
613:million years ago
539:year after year.
415:(sea-bird, auk).
293:
292:
287:
277:
232:
139:Aethia psittacula
3017:
2965:
2964:
2952:
2951:
2939:
2938:
2926:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2910:NBNSYS0000159328
2900:
2899:
2887:
2886:
2874:
2873:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2847:
2835:
2834:
2822:
2821:
2809:
2808:
2796:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2770:
2769:
2760:
2759:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2687:
2674:
2649:
2610:
2591:
2563:
2562:
2534:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2428:
2418:
2388:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2355:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2312:
2303:(9): 1434–1439.
2282:
2273:
2272:
2262:
2236:
2227:
2226:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2131:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2117:
2101:
1975:Whiskered auklet
1873:Marbled murrelet
1830:Pigeon guillemot
1802:Marbled murrelet
1771:Ancient murrelet
1721:Synthliboramphus
1570:Miocepphus blowi
1433:
1372:
1365:
1332:Pigeon guillemot
1310:
1288:
1281:
1233:Marbled murrelet
1226:
1204:
1197:
1133:
1111:
1072:Ancient murrelet
1065:
1058:
1051:
976:Whiskered auklet
969:
947:
925:
903:
839:
817:
795:
788:
781:
771:
766:
765:
733:Synthliboramphus
646:Hydrotherikornis
530:common guillemot
437:in 1758 for the
382:is derived from
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
285:
275:
227:
155:
154:
135:Parakeet auklets
129:
119:
56:
45:Temporal range:
39:
3027:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3014:
2975:
2974:
2973:
2968:
2960:
2955:
2947:
2942:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2908:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2882:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2856:
2851:
2843:
2838:
2830:
2825:
2817:
2812:
2804:
2799:
2791:
2786:
2778:
2773:
2765:
2763:
2755:
2750:
2741:
2740:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2707:
2682:
2667:
2613:
2607:
2594:
2575:
2572:
2570:Further reading
2567:
2566:
2532:
2527:
2526:
2519:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2450:
2449:
2442:
2390:
2389:
2382:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2238:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2185:
2184:
2180:
2173:Merriam-Webster
2167:
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2115:
2113:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2090:
2070:
2028:Atlantic puffin
1957:Parakeet auklet
1939:Cassin's auklet
1834:Cepphus columba
1821:Black guillemot
1708:Black guillemot
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1405:
1352:
1343:
1295:Black guillemot
1268:
1259:
1184:
1175:
1166:
1098:
1038:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1002:
954:Parakeet auklet
910:Cassin's auklet
890:
881:
872:
861:Atlantic puffin
764:
578:
572:
522:
498:
455:
421:
370:
366:
365:The word "auk"
363:
351:
312:Charadriiformes
302:are a group of
258:
249:
226:
204:Charadriiformes
149:
120:
118:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
51:
50:
43:
35:
28:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2995:Diving animals
2992:
2987:
2977:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2966:
2953:
2940:
2927:
2914:
2901:
2888:
2875:
2862:
2849:
2836:
2827:Fauna Europaea
2823:
2810:
2797:
2784:
2771:
2761:
2748:
2733:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2680:
2666:
2665:External links
2663:
2662:
2661:
2659:Paul Johnsgard
2650:
2624:(2): 268–278.
2611:
2605:
2592:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2545:(3): 520–539.
2517:
2480:
2461:(5): 447–454.
2457:(in Russian).
2440:
2380:
2324:
2274:
2253:(2): 359–367.
2228:
2221:
2196:
2191:Dictionary.com
2178:
2160:
2123:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2043:
2034:
2018:
2017:
2016:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1988:Aethia pusilla
1981:
1979:Aethia pygmaea
1972:
1966:Crested auklet
1963:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1911:Tribe Aethiini
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1825:Cepphus grylle
1793:Tribe Cepphini
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1786:
1777:
1768:
1755:
1742:
1733:– formerly in
1712:Cepphus grylle
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1692:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1624:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1540:incertae sedis
1532:
1531:
1523:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
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1251:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1237:
1236:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1136:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1083:
1080:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1056:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
991:Crested auklet
987:
984:
983:
980:
979:
972:
967:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
950:
945:
943:
940:
939:
936:
935:
928:
923:
921:
918:
917:
914:
913:
906:
901:
899:
896:
895:
892:
891:
887:
886:
883:
882:
878:
877:
874:
873:
869:
868:
865:
864:
857:
854:
853:
850:
849:
842:
837:
835:
832:
831:
828:
827:
820:
815:
813:
810:
809:
806:
805:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
779:
777:
769:
763:
760:
571:
568:
521:
518:
497:
494:
454:
451:
420:
417:
409:Proto-Germanic
362:
359:
350:
347:
306:of the family
291:
290:
289:
288:
278:
265:
264:
260:
259:
250:
241:
240:
234:
233:
221:
217:
216:
211:
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
143:
142:
131:
130:
122:
121:
113:
108:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
57:
44:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3023:
3022:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2681:
2678:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2608:
2606:0-19-854032-9
2602:
2598:
2593:
2590:(6): 306–323.
2589:
2585:
2584:
2583:British Birds
2579:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2484:
2481:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2401:(91): 1–116.
2400:
2399:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2378:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2051:
2047:
2046:Tufted puffin
2044:
2042:
2038:
2037:Horned puffin
2035:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1933:Ptychoramphus
1930:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1920:Tufted puffin
1917:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1867:Brachyramphus
1864:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1851:Cepphus carbo
1848:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1736:
1735:S. hypoleucus
1732:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1560:Wetmore, 1940
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1516:
1515:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1462:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1347:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1296:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1228:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1178:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
992:
986:
985:
982:
981:
978:
977:
971:
970:
964:
963:
960:
959:
956:
955:
949:
948:
942:
941:
938:
937:
934:
933:
927:
926:
920:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
905:
904:
898:
897:
894:
893:
885:
884:
876:
875:
867:
866:
863:
862:
856:
855:
852:
851:
848:
847:
846:Horned puffin
841:
840:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
825:
824:Tufted puffin
819:
818:
812:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
797:
796:
790:
789:
783:
782:
776:
773:
772:
768:
767:
761:
759:
757:
753:
751:
745:
743:
738:
735:
734:
729:
725:
722:
721:
716:
712:
703:
699:
695:
693:
692:
687:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
652:
648:
647:
642:
638:
637:
633:
629:
625:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
587:
582:
577:
569:
567:
565:
564:
563:Brachyramphus
559:
555:
554:
549:
545:
540:
538:
533:
531:
527:
519:
517:
515:
511:
507:
503:
495:
493:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
470:
468:
464:
460:
452:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:Carl Linnaeus
432:
431:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
406:
403:
399:
395:
392:
388:
385:
379:
360:
358:
356:
348:
346:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:in the order
309:
305:
301:
297:
286:Strauch, 1985
284:
283:
282:Fraterculinae
279:
274:
273:
269:
268:
266:
261:
257:
253:
248:
247:
242:
239:
235:
230:
225:
222:
219:
218:
215:
212:
209:
208:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
182:
179:
178:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
55:
48:
40:
37:
33:
26:
22:
2712:
2689:
2653:
2621:
2615:
2596:
2587:
2581:
2542:
2536:
2495:
2491:Paleobiology
2489:
2483:
2458:
2452:
2396:
2343:
2337:
2327:
2300:
2294:
2288:
2250:
2244:
2212:
2199:
2190:
2181:
2172:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2146:
2114:. Retrieved
2109:
2073:
2062:Biodiversity
2060:
2049:
2040:
2031:
2020:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1984:Least auklet
1978:
1969:
1960:
1949:
1942:
1931:
1923:
1910:
1905:
1894:
1885:
1876:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1839:
1833:
1824:
1823:or tystie,
1813:
1805:
1792:
1783:
1774:
1765:
1761:
1752:
1748:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1698:
1689:
1678:
1666:
1655:
1648:
1647:or dovekie,
1637:
1630:
1621:
1618:Common murre
1610:
1600:
1591:Tribe Alcini
1590:
1585:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1557:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1454:
1438:
1416:
1394:Common murre
1392:
1377:
1330:
1315:
1293:
1246:
1231:
1209:
1153:
1138:
1116:
1085:
1070:
989:
974:
952:
932:Least auklet
930:
908:
859:
844:
822:
800:
755:
754:
746:
739:
731:
719:
707:
689:
654:
644:
639:, (from the
634:
621:
590:
561:
551:
543:
541:
534:
523:
513:
509:
499:
485:
482:
474:least auklet
471:
456:
446:
442:
428:
422:
412:
404:
397:
393:
386:
364:
352:
340:
307:
299:
295:
294:
280:
270:
263:Subfamilies
244:
238:Type species
223:
138:
36:
2866:iNaturalist
2737:Wikispecies
2685:"Auk"
2498:(1): 8–26.
2153:10 November
2135:Gill, Frank
2116:31 December
1766:Endomychura
1753:Endomychura
1631:Uria lomvia
762:Systematics
718:cytochrome
686:Pleistocene
682:Mancallinae
467:monomorphic
465:. Auks are
453:Description
276:Leach, 1820
47:Late Eocene
32:USFS Auklet
2979:Categories
2088:References
2022:Fratercula
2004:Cerorhinca
1999:– puffins
1690:Alca torda
1645:Little auk
1622:Uria aalge
1547:Miocepphus
1538:Basal and
1418:Little auk
750:upwellings
702:Razorbills
669:California
636:Miocepphus
593:morphology
574:See also:
506:cormorants
443:Alca torda
355:little auk
320:guillemots
246:Alca torda
210:Suborder:
52:35–0
2346:(1): 28.
2106:"Alcidae"
1913:– auklets
1686:Razorbill
1673:, c.1844)
1663:Great auk
1657:Pinguinus
1649:Alle alle
1456:Razorbill
1441:Great auk
724:sequences
661:Oligocene
601:shorebird
524:Auks are
490:razorbill
439:razorbill
433:given by
402:Old Norse
391:Norwegian
384:Icelandic
361:Etymology
343:great auk
332:murrelets
170:Kingdom:
164:Eukaryota
49:– recent
2764:BioLib:
2722:Wikidata
2646:13678682
2512:83934750
2475:36133751
2435:21594108
2372:15329156
2319:12200471
2068:See also
728:allozyme
673:Maryland
665:Pliocene
656:Petralca
548:colonies
459:penguins
419:Taxonomy
252:Linnaeus
220:Family:
184:Chordata
180:Phylum:
174:Animalia
160:Domain:
2985:Alcidae
2757:Alcidae
2743:Alcidae
2713:Alcidae
2677:Alcidae
2626:Bibcode
2559:4086647
2538:The Auk
2426:3084493
2403:Bibcode
2398:ZooKeys
2269:8587501
1815:Cepphus
1671:extinct
1530:family
1528:Alcidae
775:Alcidae
742:glacial
726:, and
711:ecology
641:Miocene
624:fossils
597:plovers
558:puffins
553:Cepphus
526:pelagic
514:Cepphus
328:puffins
324:auklets
308:Alcidae
272:Alcinae
224:Alcidae
200:Order:
190:Class:
21:The Auk
2962:136987
2936:855478
2897:176967
2884:104621
2819:1ALCXF
2728:Q28294
2644:
2603:
2557:
2510:
2473:
2433:
2423:
2370:
2363:515296
2360:
2317:
2267:
2219:
2206:"Alca"
2075:Kiviak
1951:Aethia
1552:fossil
677:genera
659:(Late
653:) and
651:Eocene
649:(Late
628:Eocene
425:family
330:, and
316:murres
300:alcids
231:, 1820
2957:WoRMS
2949:39605
2923:28683
2879:IRMNG
2871:71295
2832:10785
2555:JSTOR
2533:(PDF)
2508:S2CID
2471:S2CID
2209:(PDF)
715:mtDNA
632:genus
609:skuas
407:from
400:from
349:Names
304:birds
229:Leach
2990:Auks
2918:NCBI
2892:ITIS
2858:2985
2853:GBIF
2814:EPPO
2806:8015
2780:1434
2775:BOLD
2767:8718
2642:PMID
2601:ISBN
2431:PMID
2368:PMID
2315:PMID
2265:PMID
2217:ISBN
2155:2022
2118:2022
1680:Alca
1639:Alle
1612:Uria
671:and
605:Lari
544:Uria
510:Uria
502:wing
486:Uria
447:alke
430:Alca
423:The
413:alkǭ
405:ālka
398:alke
394:alka
389:and
387:álka
296:Auks
256:1758
214:Lari
194:Aves
60:PreꞒ
42:Auks
2905:NBN
2801:EoL
2793:66H
2788:CoL
2752:ADW
2657:by
2634:doi
2547:doi
2543:102
2500:doi
2463:doi
2421:PMC
2411:doi
2358:PMC
2348:doi
2305:doi
2255:doi
2048:,
2039:,
2030:,
2012:,
1986:,
1977:,
1968:,
1959:,
1941:,
1893:,
1875:,
1849:,
1832:,
396:or
298:or
25:AUK
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