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helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen. The net effect, taking the most
722:, where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater range of radio frequencies to travel greater distances.
1064:, which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence the relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets.
428:
contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally a variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level.
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Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at a wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal
883:
important escape processes into account, is that an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet from atmospheric escape and that for some magnetizations the presence of a magnetic field works to increase the escape rate.
677:. The troposphere contains 75–80% of the mass of the atmosphere, and is the atmospheric layer wherein the weather occurs; the height of the troposphere varies between 17 km at the equator and 7.0 km at the poles.
1020:. On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for
1303:"Titan: Interior, surface, atmosphere, and space environment, edited by I. Müller-Wodarg, C. A. Griffith, E. Lellouch, and T. E. Cravens. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2014, 474 p. $ 135, hardcover"
393:
Graphs of escape velocity against surface temperature of some Solar System objects showing which gases are retained. The objects are drawn to scale, and their data points are at the black dots in the middle.
381:
Composition and thickness is originally determined by the stellar nebula's chemistry and temperature, but can also by a product processes within the astronomical body outgasing a different atmosphere.
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524:. Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere.
830:
that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly, the distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules'
330:
and thus protects the organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the
1220:
1157:
797:). For an atmosphere of uniform temperature, the scale height is proportional to the atmospheric temperature and is inversely proportional to the product of the mean
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Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that is covered in
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is a significant factor in shaping the terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and
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The composition of Earth's atmosphere is determined by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air (mixture of gases) from
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has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun.
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Gunell, H.; Maggiolo, R.; Nilsson, H.; Stenberg Wieser, G.; Slapak, R.; Lindkvist, J.; Hamrin, M.; De Keyser, J. (2018).
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211:
90:
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35:
1024:, convection in the atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface.
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begins at 690 to 1,000 km from the surface, and extends to roughly 10,000 km, where it interacts with the
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before hitting a planet's surface. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind.
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is composed of layers with different properties, such as specific gaseous composition, temperature, and pressure.
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Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the
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Atmospheres in boldface are significant atmospheres; atmospheres in italics are unconfirmed atmospheres.
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differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet
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cannot exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in
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is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This extends from the planetary surface to the bottom of the
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456:. These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds.
1563:"Scientists Detected An Incoming Asteroid The Size Of A Car Last Week - Why That Matters To Us"
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of dry air, and the local acceleration of gravity at the point of barometric measurement.
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751:(per unit-area) perpendicular to a unit-area of planetary surface, as determined by the
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1523:"Why an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect a planet against atmospheric escape"
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158:(shorter wavelengths) more than light toward the red end (longer wavelengths) of the
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Atmospheres are clouds of gas bound to and engulfing an astronomical focal point of
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are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that
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This article is about atmospheres of celestial bodies. For Earth's atmosphere, see
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838:, allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, distant and cold
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1452:"On Atmospheric Loss of Oxygen Ions from Earth Through Magnetospheric Processes"
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of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the
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are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that
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are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities.
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of the vertical column of atmospheric gases. In said atmospheric model, the
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251:; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound
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Properties of atmospheric strata – The flight environment of the atmosphere
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17:
41:"Atmospheric environment" redirects here. For the scientific journal, see
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and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the
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The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when
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779:). The height at which the atmospheric pressure declines by a factor of
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Seki, K.; Elphic, R. C.; Hirahara, M.; Terasawa, T.; Mukai, T. (2001).
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1071:, the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the
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902:, and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the
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Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres.
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The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition was determined is
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ranges from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer wherein most
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is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the
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1184:"Earth's Atmosphere Composition: Nitrogen, Oxygen, Argon and CO2"
1675:
1397:"Hubble Probes Layer-cake Structure of Alien World's Atmosphere"
1352:
Ingersoll, Andrew P. (1990). "Dynamics of Triton's atmosphere".
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Layer of gases surrounding an astronomical body held by gravity
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The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's
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extends from the top of the troposphere to the bottom of the
922:. Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from
763:
measurement. The units of air pressure are based upon the
714:
extends from an altitude of 85 km to the base of the
278:(0.04%) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for
517:, a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the
1036:, the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface.
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may have lost much of their water when, after being
471:. When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun,
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1809:
1770:
1703:
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1156:Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (2015-09-24).
78:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1016:becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than
452:—allow them more readily to retain gases with low
1279:. San Francisco State University. Archived from
933:For planets with a significant atmosphere, most
467:, a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of
1244:"What is the Atmosphere Like on Other Planets?"
926:, and all of them collide with the surface as
1652:
707:are incinerated before reaching the surface.
8:
1659:
1645:
1637:
1277:Department of Earth & Climate Sciences
1546:
1475:
1318:
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
1632:Atmosphere – Everything you need to know
1599:An Introduction to Planetary Atmospheres
1148:
979:had liquid on its surface in the past.
1395:Weaver, D.; Villard, R. (2007-01-31).
7:
1399:. Hubble News Center. Archived from
1032:From the perspective of a planetary
76:adding citations to reliable sources
1307:Meteoritics & Planetary Science
166:glow over the horizon is seen when
154:The atmospheric gases around Earth
1223:from the original on 9 August 2022
874:into hydrogen and oxygen by solar
696:that Earth receives from the Sun.
370:with varyingly thick atmospheres,
207: 'vapour, steam' and
25:
1127:International Standard Atmosphere
878:radiation, the hydrogen escaped.
282:; lightning and bacteria perform
1694:
1597:Sanchez-Lavega, Agustin (2010).
1100:
886:Other mechanisms that can cause
789:equal to 2.71828) is called the
718:at 690 km and contains the
52:
1575:from the original on 2019-07-26
1432:from the original on 2022-06-10
1254:from the original on 2019-10-22
1194:from the original on 2022-04-19
528:Atmospheres in the Solar System
397:The atmospheres of the planets
63:needs additional citations for
355:can develop from interstellar
224: 'sphere') is a layer of
1:
1242:Williams, Matt (2016-01-07).
1213:"Evolution of the Atmosphere"
767:(atm), which is 101,325
178:is visible in the background.
822:retains light gases such as
747:Atmospheric pressure is the
405:are principally composed of
349:sufficiently dominating mass
240:of the atmosphere is low. A
1928:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
1548:10.1051/0004-6361/201832934
1426:National Geographic Society
989:Extraterrestrial atmosphere
338:Occurrence and compositions
36:Atmosphere (disambiguation)
1987:
1527:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1005:
986:
808:
740:
658:Earth's atmosphere profile
210:
193:
40:
29:
1941:
1692:
1301:Lorenz, Ralph D. (2014).
1273:"Atmospheric Composition"
983:Outside the Solar System
771:(equivalent to 760
463:, a moon of Saturn, and
1539:2018A&A...614L...3G
1486:10.1126/science.1058913
1166:Perseus Digital Library
1162:A Greek-English Lexicon
1008:Atmospheric circulation
645:Structure of atmosphere
608:Atmosphere of Enceladus
310:use carbon dioxide for
232:, held in place by the
43:Atmospheric Environment
1217:globalchange.umich.edu
880:Earth's magnetic field
858:, and so gases of low
659:
591:Atmosphere of Ganymede
581:Atmosphere of Callisto
554:Atmosphere of the Moon
394:
179:
34:. For other uses, see
1172:on 24 September 2015.
951:. In addition, since
894:-induced sputtering,
694:ultraviolet radiation
657:
627:Atmosphere of Neptune
620:Atmosphere of Titania
571:Atmosphere of Jupiter
539:Atmosphere of Mercury
534:Atmosphere of the Sun
392:
334:by living organisms.
290:that is used to make
153:
1918:Prebiotic atmosphere
1603:Taylor & Francis
1122:Atmospheric pressure
1075:and its variations.
930:and create craters.
888:atmosphere depletion
834:exceed the planet's
757:atmospheric pressure
743:Atmospheric pressure
632:Atmosphere of Triton
615:Atmosphere of Uranus
598:Atmosphere of Saturn
586:Atmosphere of Europa
368:astronomical objects
361:protoplanetary disks
72:improve this article
1468:2001Sci...291.1939S
1462:(5510): 1939–1941.
1366:1990Natur.344..315I
765:standard atmosphere
688:, and contains the
664:atmosphere of Earth
639:Atmosphere of Pluto
603:Atmosphere of Titan
566:Atmosphere of Ceres
549:Atmosphere of Earth
544:Atmosphere of Venus
260:atmosphere of Earth
230:astronomical object
32:Atmosphere of Earth
1933:Stellar atmosphere
1811:Natural satellites
1320:10.1111/maps.12317
811:Atmospheric escape
660:
561:Atmosphere of Mars
426:Earth's atmosphere
395:
242:stellar atmosphere
180:
156:scatter blue light
1971:Planetary science
1948:
1947:
1360:(6264): 315–317.
1330:978-0-521-19992-6
1018:thermal radiation
787:irrational number
353:planetary nucleus
284:nitrogen fixation
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576:Atmosphere of Io
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87:"Atmosphere"
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
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1668:Atmospheres
1132:Kármán line
1002:Circulation
996:HD 209458 b
937:burn up as
876:ultraviolet
690:ozone layer
671:troposphere
508:water vapor
328:cosmic rays
322:radiation,
320:ultraviolet
296:amino acids
292:nucleotides
280:respiration
249:photosphere
238:temperature
172:outer space
18:Atmospheric
1961:Atmosphere
1955:Categories
1878:Exoplanets
1579:2019-07-26
1507:2007-03-07
1436:2022-06-09
1407:2007-03-11
1287:2019-10-22
1258:2019-10-22
1198:2019-10-22
1143:References
1048:and leave
1028:Importance
1014:convection
935:meteoroids
928:meteorites
924:meteoroids
908:polar caps
900:weathering
892:solar wind
761:barometric
733:of Earth.
720:ionosphere
701:mesosphere
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1472:CiteSeerX
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1188:Earth How
1116:Atmometer
1088:evolution
1080:biologist
1040:picks up
1034:geologist
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898:erosion,
727:exosphere
716:exosphere
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253:molecules
1911:See also
1839:Callisto
1834:Ganymede
1793:Makemake
1573:Archived
1502:17644371
1494:11239148
1430:Archived
1252:Archived
1227:30 April
1221:Archived
1192:Archived
1094:See also
1050:deposits
904:regolith
824:hydrogen
737:Pressure
469:nitrogen
411:nitrogen
316:sunlight
274:(0.9%),
264:nitrogen
1761:Neptune
1740:Jupiter
1713:Mercury
1705:Planets
1535:Bibcode
1464:Bibcode
1456:Science
1382:4250378
1362:Bibcode
1158:"ἀτμός"
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288:ammonia
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1747:Saturn
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1354:Nature
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965:oceans
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753:weight
500:sulfur
492:Europa
486:gas),
484:sodium
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212:σφαῖρα
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1966:Gases
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1849:Dione
1786:Pluto
1780:Ceres
1726:Earth
1719:Venus
1676:Stars
1498:S2CID
1378:S2CID
1058:Frost
973:Titan
969:Earth
957:lakes
864:Venus
848:Pluto
840:Titan
749:force
650:Earth
473:Pluto
461:Titan
415:argon
399:Venus
365:rocky
363:into
304:algae
272:argon
202:atmós
195:ἀτμός
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170:from
119:JSTOR
105:books
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1800:Eris
1733:Mars
1607:ISBN
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1335:ISSN
1325:ISBN
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1060:and
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