311:
540:, there is a characteristic spine on the second pair of legs which assists in the mating process. According to this researcher, the presence of the spine allows the females second leg to "lock... in a raised position to enable mating and...prevent descent of the female's fangs". The mating behaviours of funnel web spiders is similar across species, with few species-specific differences. As with hunting, mating also occurs during the night in summer and spring months. After locating a female mate through
37:
489:
450:
685:
704:. The release of venom from the glandular lumen of the spider occurs through contraction of the muscular layers surrounding the venom gland. After contraction, the venom passes through to the fangs of the funnel web spider. The components of the spiders’ venom permit immobilisation of prey from protein substances and contains toxins that interfere with the
472:
The silk trip-lines are arranged in an irregular fashion lining the burrow, which extends roughly the length of an adult forearm. This arrangement allows the spider to be alerted when there are potential prey or predators at the burrow through the consequent vibrations from the silk. According to the
803:
spider bite is the same amongst all funnel web spiders. Pressure bandaging above or below the bite and immobilisation of the individual must be performed immediately if the patient develops signs of systemic envenoming. Pressure immobilisation bandaging first aid is required to delay envenoming and
669:
specifically has not been widely documented, the venom of this species is of equal concern to other Atrax species. Due to the nocturnal behaviour of the Atrax species, spider bites are more frequent during summer and spring nights as the male spiders enter homes for shelter. Generally, the toxicity
788:
therapy is unavailable. Death from an Atrax spider bite occurs more rapidly in young children compared to adults due to their small body size. According to
Professor James Tibballs, death in young children may occur approximately 15–90 minutes following an attack compared to adults which can take
402:
The female spider differs slightly in size, averaging at 18.84mm in body length and 7.5mm in body width. The characteristics of the dorsal groove is identical to the male species, as is the sternum (4.59mm). The average length of female spider legs is approximately 18.7mm, the first and last pair
711:
For Atrax species specifically, the toxin δ-atracotoxin is responsible for the neurotoxic effects of the venom. According to studies done on newborn mice, the lethal dose of Atrax venom for these mammals is approximately 0.16 mg/kg with a pH of 4.5-5. These toxins interfere with the normal
811:
Following the administration of anti-venom, the patient must be monitored for >24 hours. Acute allergic reactions to anti-venom are a possibility, however the chance of this occurring is unlikely. If the bite is minor and presents no immediate symptoms of envenomation, a minimum four-hour
592:
After the spiderlings hatch from the females' egg sack, they will remain in the burrow until further maturity is reached. For the male Atrax species, this will occur within 3–4 years of being in the burrow, whilst for females, the final moulting process will occur 1–2 years after the male.
631:
The chance of encountering a funnel web spider is increased during the humid, wet months as the male is most active in these conditions as it provides a more favourable environment. Funnel web spiders are commonly found living in sheltered habitats such as under rocks or logs.
523:
to immobilise and liquify its target to aid in digestion. For flying insects, the spider will stand on its hind legs to strike at the insect with its front legs. When threatened, Atrax species will adopt a similar stance, raising their front legs at their potential predator.
244:
to immobilise and break down its victim. During mating, the second leg of the female spider is locked in a raised position by the characteristic dorsal spine on the males second pair of legs. Once locked in the raised position, the male releases his sperm into the females
602:
212:
The adult male and female have a similar appearance, with the female being slightly larger. Females generally have a body length of 18.84mm whilst the male has an average body length between 16-17mm. Both sexes have a matte abdomen with a dark brown/black shiny body.
263:, remaining within the forest areas of south-eastern New South Wales, as well as the Australian Capital Territory. Most sightings occur during the humid, wet months where male activity is at its highest. Funnel web spiders belonging to the Atrax genus are highly
302:. Pressure immobilisation bandaging (PIB) is used to delay envenoming until an anti-venom is accessible. An anti-venom for Atrax spider bites has been available since the late 1980s and has saved many lives from funnel web spider envenomation.
804:
should only removed once the patient has been taken to a hospital or medical centre that possesses anti-venom. According to
Geoffrey K Isbister, after stabilisation of the airways, two vials of anti-venom should be administered
511:. When it comes time to hunt, the spider will remain in standby in the burrow, stalking its prey until it is alerted that there is a creature walking across the white silk lines. Once alerted that there is an insect such as a
391:(cephalothorax) and the abdomen, non-inclusive of legs. The dorsal groove present in the centre of the carapace is narrow and bent in a forward direction with small, fine hairs on the anterior carapace. The
620:
according to the
Australian Museum records. Common places where sightings have occurred include the alpine ash Bago State Forest and Dora Dora National park in NSW and the Uriarra Forest and
1594:
Little, Michelle J.; Wilson, Harry; Zappia, Cathy; Cestèle, Sandrine; Tyler, Margaret I.; Martin-Eauclaire, Marie-France; Gordon, Dalia; Nicholson, Graham M. (20 November 1998).
1282:
812:
observation period post bite is recommended. The pressure immobilisation bandage can be removed after the first two hours of observation if anti-venom is available.
469:, performing their hunting and web-making at night. The web of this species is distinguishable due to the silk trip-lines that exude out from the occupied tunnel.
548:
by moving in a specific way on the female spiders' silk trap-lines to generate vibrations that the female recognises as a mating signal rather than a prey alert.
1390:
228:
spends most of its time within its distinguishable burrow that is lined with silk trip lines that extrude out from the tunnel. It preys on small and large
335:
757:
Due to the large fang size of Atrax species (~5mm), the spider bite is painful and will usually leave a mark on its victim. The systemic symptoms of
1761:
310:
661:
is the most common species of Atrax involved in human death from spider bites. According to literature, only 10-15% of funnel web spider bites are
395:
of the average male is 4.43mm in length and oval-shaped with strong posterior hairs. Unlike spiders with long, slender legs such as the red back,
253:
of the eggs. Male spiderlings mature within 3–4 years of being in the burrow while the final moult for females occurs 1–2 years after the male.
1848:
1843:
815:
The development of anti-venom in the 1980s by Dr. Struan
Sutherland has prevented many deaths from envenomation since it became available. If
1222:
1058:
387:
The adult male of this spider species is reported to have an average body length between 16-17mm and average width of 7mm which includes the
612:
is not currently widespread across
Australia. The distribution of these spiders is reported to be within forest areas of south-eastern
1833:
1596:"δ-Atracotoxins from Australian funnel-web spiders compete with scorpion α-toxin binding on both rat brain and insect sodium channels"
1258:
665:, however the toxicity of funnel web spider venom is high and chance of fatality is major. Although the incidence of bites from
761:
occurs within 10 minutes of the spider bite and may include effects such as mouth numbness or spams, shortness of breath and
271:
is high. The venom of the male spider is significantly more toxic than the female spider's venom. The spiders venom contains
569:. Once the female spider is locked in the raised position, the male inserts his long embolus into the female, releasing his
236:
that walk across the silk trip lines. The spider will sense the vibrations from the web, then attack its prey by injecting
1838:
536:
possess reproductive organs and appendages that enable successful mating and reproduction. On the distal end of the male
373:
was named after the couple. After the death of Barbra York Main, many other genera of invertebrates were named after her
842:
617:
555:
is approximately 3mm in length with an accompanying narrow ejaculatory groove. This reproductive structure is longer in
326:
183:
118:
1738:
769:, vomiting and increased salivation and sweating. As described in literature, in severe cases patients may experience
392:
621:
717:
892:
657:
431:
416:
36:
784:
The effect of the venom toxin on the cardiorespiratory system is the main cause of death for individuals if
473:
Australian Museum, other spiders that live in burrows but possess different web patterns include the common
1729:
1145:
1105:
1691:
1566:
1504:"Spider Venom: Components, Modes of Action, and Novel Strategies in Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses"
954:
407:
on each side. Both sexes have a deep dark brown or black appearance with a shiny body and matte abdomen.
1805:
151:
995:
1800:
565:
species (1mm difference). The embolus of the male is attached to its genital bulb, also known as the
330:
805:
403:
being the longest for both sexes. Each spider has a pair of venomous fangs (5mm) connected to the
1828:
1297:
1276:
31:
781:
and a build-up of fluid in the lungs. Muscle and abdominal cramps are also common side effects
1787:
1671:
1625:
1617:
1543:
1525:
1481:
1473:
1431:
1317:
1264:
1254:
1218:
1080:
1054:
977:
561:
545:
422:
354:
346:
1792:
1661:
1607:
1533:
1515:
1309:
1210:
1046:
969:
725:
1339:
1743:
950:
613:
474:
350:
299:
295:
195:
167:
601:
488:
1538:
1503:
837:
816:
721:
713:
705:
382:
276:
1612:
1595:
1822:
973:
770:
762:
729:
697:
670:
of spider venom is significantly higher in males than females, where species such as
586:
322:
291:
250:
108:
1364:
1202:
1214:
1038:
774:
758:
478:
466:
217:
1050:
720:
by slowing the inactivation of these channels. The resulting slow inactivation of
1714:
1666:
1774:
1723:
1502:
Langenegger, Nicolas; Nentwig, Wolfgang; Kuhn-Nentwig, Lucia (22 October 2019).
582:
574:
566:
482:
449:
362:
246:
78:
1423:
1313:
700:
and produced by specialised glands within the spider's mouthparts known as the
1268:
778:
701:
581:
into the female's reproductive organ, the sperm will be stored in the females
404:
272:
1675:
1621:
1529:
1477:
981:
1461:
785:
745:
733:
541:
516:
358:
280:
268:
260:
187:
68:
48:
1753:
1547:
1520:
1485:
1435:
1321:
955:"A revision of the Australian funnel-web spiders (Hexathelidae: Atracinae)"
684:
1629:
1708:
1649:
820:
652:
427:
388:
191:
88:
1766:
862:
366:
221:
1779:
1248:
766:
512:
508:
426:
is its slightly smaller size, absence of dorsal tibial spines on its
233:
229:
98:
58:
1685:
1391:"Spider warning as cold front 'pulls cord' on unusually dry October"
832:
683:
662:
648:
578:
570:
537:
520:
487:
309:
264:
237:
202:
199:
128:
333:
was the first individual to document Atrax as a genus in 1877 in
823:
can be administered to an adult, or 0.02 mg/kg to a child.
819:
is still occurring in the patient, a dose of 0.6-1.2 mg of
507:
primarily consists of small and large insects, as well as small
275:
toxins such as δ-atracotoxin, that interfere with voltage gated
241:
1689:
1045:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 2565–2576,
1209:, Toxinology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 1–23,
996:"Professor Barbara York Main, OAM | Western Australian Museum"
628:
was on the Mount
Ainslie Walking Trail in ACT in late 2020.
808:
to the patient every 15–30 minutes until symptoms subside.
399:
has wide legs averaging at 1.71mm with a length of 21.5mm.
349:
review of funnel web spiders many years later in 2010 by
1296:
Pascini, Tales V.; Martins, Gustavo F. (April 2017).
1698:
651:have been reported to be one of the most dangerous
519:, the spider advances towards the prey, injecting
190:family and is found in forests in the vicinity of
605:Distribution of Atrax and Hadronyche in Australia
551:According to literature, the embolus of the male
1460:Nimorakiotakis, B.; Winkel, K. D. (April 2004).
249:where it is then stored until the female allows
1650:"Spider bite: a current approach to management"
1430:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
655:around the world. The Sydney funnel web spider
259:does not have a widespread distribution within
1422:Binstead, Justin T.; Nappe, Thomas M. (2021),
290:envenomation include mouth spasms, tongue and
624:in ACT. The most recent recorded sighting of
434:on the male, as described by Michael, R Gray
224:, web-making and mating at night. The female
8:
1281:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1338:Park, Australian Reptile (25 August 2020).
325:funnel-web spider, belonging to the family
1686:
724:leads to inappropriate overstimulation of
647:Funnel web spiders belonging to the genre
377:Description: appearance and body structure
361:of zoology made many contributions to the
336:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
20:
1665:
1611:
1537:
1519:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
279:activation, which is responsible for the
1462:"The funnel web and common spider bites"
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
765:. It is common for humans to experience
600:
448:
1333:
1331:
854:
1274:
674:show a 7-fold difference in toxicity.
1643:
1641:
1639:
1589:
1587:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1497:
1495:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1417:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1365:"Atrax yorkmainorum at Mount Ainslie"
1298:"The insect spermatheca: an overview"
1250:An introduction to Australian insects
1242:
1240:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1186:
209:species was first described in 2010.
205:was first documented in 1877 and the
7:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
453:Typical web of a funnel web spider (
267:spiders and chance of death without
1201:Tibballs, James (20 October 2017),
329:. According to historical records,
1203:"Spider Envenomation in Australia"
14:
740:Atrax bite symptoms and treatment
544:, the male spider will begin the
286:Some of the systemic symptoms of
1806:urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:043783
1247:W., Hadlington, Phillip (1998).
974:10.3853/j.0067-1975.62.2010.1556
962:Records of the Australian Museum
35:
1039:"Australian Funnel Web Spiders"
732:, which is responsible for the
577:. Although the male ejects its
1648:Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2006).
1389:Ward, Mary (22 October 2020).
1215:10.1007/978-94-007-6288-6_68-1
216:Funnel web spiders are mainly
196:south-eastern New South Wales.
1:
1849:Taxa named by Michael R. Gray
1844:Arthropods of New South Wales
1613:10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01378-7
1051:10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_105
873:. Natural History Museum Bern
799:The protocol for treating an
461:Funnel web spiders including
369:field, thus the species name
1667:10.18773/austprescr.2006.095
1424:"Funnel Web Spider Toxicity"
843:Australian funnel-web spider
789:over 30 hours after a bite.
618:Australian Capital Territory
184:Australian funnel-web spider
1466:Australian Family Physician
353:. Arachnologist, Professor
314:Professor Barbara York Main
1865:
1340:"Sydney Funnel Web Spider"
1314:10.1016/j.zool.2016.12.001
1106:"Sydney Funnel-web Spider"
743:
622:Tidbinbilla Nature Reserve
528:Reproduction and lifecycle
410:Features that distinguish
380:
357:and her husband professor
345:was first described in an
1834:Spiders described in 2010
1567:"Spider bites and venoms"
1395:The Sydney Morning Herald
298:, increased sweating and
182:is a venomous species of
157:
150:
32:Scientific classification
30:
23:
1043:Critical Care Toxicology
597:Distribution and habitat
559:species compared to the
1369:canberra.naturemapr.org
1344:Australian Reptile Park
736:effect of Atrax bites.
283:effect of Atrax bites.
1521:10.3390/toxins11100611
1037:White, Julian (2017),
718:voltage-gated channels
689:
606:
493:
492:Funnel web spider prey
458:
430:and the sleek, curved
315:
1654:Australian Prescriber
1571:The Australian Museum
1150:The Australian Museum
1110:The Australian Museum
744:Further information:
687:
604:
491:
452:
313:
1839:Spiders of Australia
1146:"Funnel-web Spiders"
1081:"Atrax yorkmainorum"
953:(24 November 2010).
871:World Spider Catalog
771:muscle fasciculation
763:tongue fasciculation
585:before the eggs are
331:O. Pickard-Cambridge
292:muscle fasciculation
143:A. yorkmainorum
779:irregular heartbeat
775:high blood pressure
306:Taxonomy and naming
1744:Atrax_yorkmainorum
1730:Atrax yorkmainorum
1700:Atrax yorkmainorum
865:Atrax yorkmainorum
801:Atrax yorkmainorum
694:Atrax yorkmainorum
690:
667:Atrax yorkmainorum
626:Atrax yorkmainorum
610:Atrax yorkmainorum
607:
557:Atrax yorkmainorum
553:Atrax yorkmainorum
534:Atrax yorkmainorum
505:Atrax yorkmainorum
494:
463:Atrax yorkmainorum
459:
455:Atrax yorkmainorum
412:Atrax yorkmainorum
397:Atrax yorkmainorum
341:The Atrax species
319:Atrax yorkmainorum
316:
288:Atrax yorkmainorum
257:Atrax yorkmainorum
226:Atrax yorkmainorum
220:and perform their
207:Atrax yorkmainorum
179:Atrax yorkmainorum
161:Atrax yorkmainorum
25:Atrax yorkmainorum
1816:
1815:
1788:Open Tree of Life
1692:Taxon identifiers
1224:978-94-007-6725-6
1060:978-3-319-17899-8
726:neurotransmitters
616:, as well as the
562:Atrax sutherlandi
542:pheromone sensing
423:Atrax sutherlandi
355:Barbara York Main
347:Australian Museum
321:is an Australian
186:belonging to the
175:
174:
16:Species of spider
1856:
1809:
1808:
1796:
1795:
1783:
1782:
1770:
1769:
1757:
1756:
1747:
1746:
1734:
1733:
1732:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1687:
1680:
1679:
1669:
1645:
1634:
1633:
1615:
1591:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1563:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1523:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1419:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1280:
1272:
1244:
1235:
1234:
1233:
1231:
1207:Microbial Toxins
1198:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1142:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1034:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1000:museum.wa.gov.au
992:
986:
985:
959:
951:Gray, Michael R.
947:
908:
907:
905:
903:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
859:
573:into her curved
532:Male and female
163:
40:
39:
21:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1812:
1804:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1778:
1773:
1765:
1760:
1752:
1750:
1742:
1737:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1694:
1684:
1683:
1647:
1646:
1637:
1593:
1592:
1585:
1575:
1573:
1565:
1564:
1555:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1440:
1438:
1421:
1420:
1409:
1399:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1337:
1336:
1329:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1273:
1261:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1200:
1199:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1144:
1143:
1124:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1036:
1035:
1014:
1004:
1002:
994:
993:
989:
957:
949:
948:
911:
901:
899:
897:www.zoobank.org
891:
890:
886:
876:
874:
863:"Taxon details
861:
860:
856:
851:
829:
817:hyper secretion
797:
755:
748:
742:
722:sodium channels
708:of its victim.
682:
645:
638:
614:New South Wales
599:
530:
501:
475:trapdoor spider
447:
440:
385:
379:
308:
300:pulmonary edema
296:hypersalivation
171:
165:
159:
146:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1860:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1821:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1797:
1784:
1771:
1758:
1748:
1735:
1720:
1704:
1702:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1682:
1681:
1660:(6): 156–158.
1635:
1606:(3): 246–252.
1583:
1553:
1491:
1472:(4): 244–251.
1447:
1407:
1381:
1356:
1327:
1288:
1259:
1253:. UNSW Press.
1236:
1223:
1162:
1122:
1097:
1072:
1059:
1012:
987:
968:(3): 285–392.
909:
884:
853:
852:
850:
847:
846:
845:
840:
838:Spider anatomy
835:
828:
825:
796:
791:
754:
749:
741:
738:
706:nervous system
681:
676:
672:Atrax robustus
658:Atrax robustus
644:
639:
637:
634:
598:
595:
529:
526:
500:
495:
446:
441:
439:
436:
417:Atrax robustus
383:Spider anatomy
378:
375:
307:
304:
277:sodium channel
173:
172:
166:
155:
154:
148:
147:
140:
138:
134:
133:
126:
122:
121:
116:
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
76:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
46:
42:
41:
28:
27:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1740:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1360:
1357:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1260:0-585-34993-2
1256:
1252:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1151:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1098:
1086:
1085:Arachnoboards
1082:
1076:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1001:
997:
991:
988:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
956:
952:
946:
944:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
932:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
920:
918:
916:
914:
910:
898:
894:
893:"ZooBank.org"
888:
885:
872:
868:
866:
858:
855:
848:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
826:
824:
822:
818:
813:
809:
807:
806:intravenously
802:
795:
792:
790:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
753:
750:
747:
739:
737:
735:
731:
730:acetylcholine
727:
723:
719:
715:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
692:The venom of
688:Acetylcholine
686:
680:
677:
675:
673:
668:
664:
660:
659:
654:
650:
643:
640:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
603:
596:
594:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:
558:
554:
549:
547:
546:mating ritual
543:
539:
535:
527:
525:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
499:
496:
490:
486:
484:
480:
476:
470:
468:
464:
456:
451:
445:
442:
437:
435:
433:
429:
425:
424:
419:
418:
413:
408:
406:
400:
398:
394:
390:
384:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
338:
337:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
252:
251:fertilisation
248:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
210:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:
169:
164:
162:
156:
153:
152:Binomial name
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
135:
132:
131:
127:
124:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
109:Mygalomorphae
107:
104:
103:
100:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
60:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
33:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1699:
1657:
1653:
1603:
1600:FEBS Letters
1599:
1574:. Retrieved
1570:
1511:
1507:
1469:
1465:
1439:, retrieved
1427:
1398:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1368:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:
1305:
1301:
1291:
1249:
1228:, retrieved
1206:
1153:. Retrieved
1149:
1113:. Retrieved
1109:
1100:
1088:. Retrieved
1084:
1075:
1064:, retrieved
1042:
1003:. Retrieved
999:
990:
965:
961:
900:. Retrieved
896:
887:
875:. Retrieved
870:
864:
857:
814:
810:
800:
798:
793:
783:
759:envenomation
756:
751:
712:function of
710:
693:
691:
678:
671:
666:
656:
646:
641:
630:
625:
609:
608:
591:
583:spermathecae
575:spermathecae
567:palpal organ
560:
556:
552:
550:
533:
531:
504:
503:The diet of
502:
497:
479:mouse spider
471:
462:
460:
454:
443:
421:
415:
411:
409:
401:
396:
386:
371:yorkmainorum
370:
351:Michael Gray
343:yorkmainorum
342:
340:
334:
318:
317:
287:
285:
256:
255:
247:spermathecae
225:
215:
211:
206:
178:
177:
176:
160:
158:
142:
141:
129:
105:Infraorder:
24:
18:
1775:iNaturalist
1724:Wikispecies
1514:(10): 611.
867:Gray, 2010"
636:Atrax bites
483:wolf spider
465:are mostly
363:arachnology
323:mygalomorph
232:as well as
79:Chelicerata
75:Subphylum:
1823:Categories
1428:StatPearls
1269:1105439249
849:References
786:anti-venom
702:chelicerae
698:neurotoxic
653:arachnoids
587:fertilised
457:not shown)
405:chelicerae
381:See also:
294:, nausea,
273:neurotoxic
269:anti-venom
69:Arthropoda
1829:Atracidae
1715:Q12573084
1676:0312-8008
1622:0014-5793
1530:2072-6651
1478:0300-8495
1308:: 56–71.
1277:cite book
982:0067-1975
794:First aid
746:Antivenom
734:paralyses
642:Incidence
517:cockroach
467:nocturnal
438:Behaviour
359:Bert Main
327:Atracidae
281:paralyses
261:Australia
240:with its
218:nocturnal
188:Atracidae
137:Species:
119:Atracidae
89:Arachnida
55:Kingdom:
49:Eukaryota
1751:BioLib:
1709:Wikidata
1548:31652611
1486:15129470
1436:30571015
1322:28089345
877:21 March
827:See also
821:atropine
752:Symptoms
728:such as
663:venomous
428:pedipalp
389:carapace
265:venomous
192:Canberra
115:Family:
65:Phylum:
59:Animalia
45:Domain:
1793:6174297
1767:7585721
1754:1040016
1630:9845331
1539:6832493
1302:Zoology
509:lizards
432:embolus
393:sternum
367:zoology
234:lizards
230:insects
222:hunting
125:Genus:
99:Araneae
95:Order:
85:Class:
1780:829128
1674:
1628:
1620:
1576:29 May
1546:
1536:
1528:
1508:Toxins
1484:
1476:
1441:29 May
1434:
1400:17 May
1374:17 May
1349:17 May
1320:
1267:
1257:
1230:17 May
1221:
1155:17 May
1115:17 May
1090:17 May
1066:17 May
1057:
1005:17 May
980:
902:17 May
767:nausea
714:sodium
513:beetle
170:, 2010
958:(PDF)
833:Atrax
679:Venom
649:Atrax
579:sperm
571:semen
538:tibia
521:venom
414:from
242:fangs
238:venom
203:Atrax
200:genus
130:Atrax
1762:GBIF
1672:ISSN
1626:PMID
1618:ISSN
1578:2021
1544:PMID
1526:ISSN
1482:PMID
1474:ISSN
1443:2021
1432:PMID
1402:2021
1376:2021
1351:2021
1318:PMID
1283:link
1265:OCLC
1255:ISBN
1232:2021
1219:ISBN
1157:2021
1117:2021
1092:2021
1068:2021
1055:ISBN
1007:2021
978:ISSN
904:2021
879:2017
716:ion
498:Prey
481:and
420:and
365:and
198:The
194:and
168:Gray
1801:WSC
1739:AFD
1662:doi
1608:doi
1604:439
1534:PMC
1516:doi
1310:doi
1306:121
1211:doi
1047:doi
970:doi
696:is
515:or
444:Web
1825::
1803::
1790::
1777::
1764::
1741::
1726::
1711::
1670:.
1658:29
1656:.
1652:.
1638:^
1624:.
1616:.
1602:.
1598:.
1586:^
1569:.
1556:^
1542:.
1532:.
1524:.
1512:11
1510:.
1506:.
1494:^
1480:.
1470:33
1468:.
1464:.
1450:^
1426:,
1410:^
1393:.
1367:.
1342:.
1330:^
1316:.
1304:.
1300:.
1279:}}
1275:{{
1263:.
1239:^
1217:,
1205:,
1165:^
1148:.
1125:^
1108:.
1083:.
1053:,
1041:,
1015:^
998:.
976:.
966:62
964:.
960:.
912:^
895:.
869:.
777:,
773:,
589:.
485:.
477:,
1678:.
1664::
1632:.
1610::
1580:.
1550:.
1518::
1488:.
1404:.
1378:.
1353:.
1324:.
1312::
1285:)
1271:.
1213::
1159:.
1119:.
1094:.
1049::
1009:.
984:.
972::
906:.
881:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
