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negativity. This is when two conditions exist for the voter: they have already selected their preferred candidate and the attack and the negativity is about their selected candidate. If these two conditions exist, there is a negative effect on voter turnout. In this case, a forty percent increase in "late" negative ads will decrease the likelihood of turnout by 0.087, and a sixty percent increase in late ads merits a 0.145 decrease in turnout. Thus, the only case in which attack ads have been found to effect on voter turn out is when the voter has already selected their candidate, as they realize that their candidate is potentially no better than the alternative options.
567:, and that "something's happening in the world". The voice-over then asked voters if they wanted someone who "already knows the world's leaders, knows the military" and is "tested and ready to lead in a dangerous world" to pick up the phone. While Obama was never mentioned by name, the implication was clear and the ad set off a firestorm of discussion and controversy, causing even Obama himself to respond and describe it as an ad that "play on people's fears", predicting it would not work. Later in the campaign, after Obama had become the Democratic nominee, Republican nominee
1006:. However, the "Just Not Ready" campaign was judged by the public as unfair and mocking of the Liberal leader. More importantly, the advertising campaign lowered public expectations of Trudeau's performance that even Conservative personnel noted that he would impress people if he showed any display of competence in public events such as the televised debates. That proved to be the case, and Trudeau took advantage of the public's low expectations to impress the public with his articulate and passionate manner to garner support throughout the campaign until his party won a
400:. Political attack ads across all types of media can have different strategic aims. Some are character attacks, trying to persuade the viewer to think differently about a candidate's character in hopes that they will reconsider their perception of the candidate and who they are as a person. Another strategy is an attack on the candidate's policy or political ideas. This attempts to derail one's support for a candidate by persuading them that the candidate-under-attack's political ideas are illogical, extreme, or will be ineffective.
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1025:. Nelson's ad stated, "Ron Kind has no trouble spending your money, he'd just rather spend it on sex," and, "Instead of spending money on cancer research, Ron Kind voted to spend your money to study the sex lives of Vietnamese prostitutes." Nelson's challenge fell short, as Ron Kind was reelected, while the attack's outrageous presentation provoked an uproar from Republicans and Democrats alike. A 1999 survey showed that challengers lose almost 3 points on the
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524:, who was convicted of murder. The ad stated that Governor Dukakis's prison furlough program (unsupervised weekend passes from Massachusetts prison) released Horton ten times; in one of those furloughs, he kidnapped a young couple, stabbed the boy and repeatedly raped the girl. The ad ended with, "Weekend prison passes. Dukakis on crime."
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the issues in question are "appropriate". In a 1999 survey of
Virginia voters, 80.7% felt it is fair for a candidate to criticize an opponent for "talking one way and voting another", though but only 7.7% feel it is fair for a candidate to attack an opponent for the "behavior of his/her family members".
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In the United States, researchers have consistently found that negative advertising has positive effects. Negative advertising "is likely to stimulate voters by increasing the degree to which they care about the election's outcome or by increasing ties to their party's nominee;" it makes the election
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Studies claim that 82% of
Americans dislike attack ads, and 53% believe that the "ethics and values" of election campaigns have worsened since 1985. The voting public see attack ads as an element of smear campaigning. Other research indicates that voters are open to candidates attacking each other if
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professor Scott
Hawkins "suggests that even a mention in the media that a candidate or party is planning to run negative advertisements can be beneficial, since it plants seeds of doubt in the voter's mind, especially early in the campaign when voters tend to be less involved. If the reported claims
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and weapons programs than
Dukakis. The footage, pulled from the news media, showed Dukakis riding a tank in his attempt to counter the claim that he was weak on defense. He wore a large, oversized helmet and a wide smile, which was used by the GOP to insinuate that he was a fool. The GOP also added
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are less likely to use attack ads than US elections, there has been an increasingly strong presence of negative ads in
Canadian campaigns in modern times. Comparatively, Canadians were more likely to use acclaim ads- or ads that praise another individual- than Americans, as American campaigns are
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in the United States. There is, in fact, a noted negative impact on voter turnout by some researches, but it has no bearing on the evidence as it is statistically insignificant. The only case in which evidence reveals a correlation between negative advertising and voter turnout is for "late"
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with
Humphrey laughing on the TV screen showing the text "Agnew, for vice president?". The ad ended with a quote "This would be funny, if it weren't so serious..." and it also ended with Humphrey coughing due to his non-stop laughter.
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971:. Outrage followed, and the PC Party's image was badly damaged in the polls. Similar backlash happened to the Liberal Party of Canada in the 2006 federal election, when they created an attack ad suggesting that Conservative leader
787:), kissing a woman and his comments about the rape-slay on the Australian missionary, the remarks of his war on drug campaign "would be bloody" should Duterte elected president, and finally raising his blurred middle finger.
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much more likely to use attack ads than
Canadian campaigns. Overall, however, Canadian campaigns are more likely to use attack ads than acclaim ads, similarly to the US. Famous examples of Canadian attack ads include the
697:; since Calderón was running with a motto of "the president of employment", the ads closed with, "dirty hands, zero employments". After López Obrador alleged that Calderón was illegally patronizing his brother-in-law
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echoed a similar sentiment. In a controversial ad called "Celebrity", McCain's campaign asked, " is the biggest celebrity in the world. But, is he ready to lead?" The ad juxtaposed Obama supporters with photos of
477:. The ad opened with a young girl innocently picking petals from a daisy, while a man's voice performed a countdown to zero. It then zoomed in to an extreme close-up to her eye, and cut to an image of a
520:. The two most famous were the "Willie Horton" and "Tank Ride" ads. The "Willie Horton" ad began with a statement of Vice President Bush's support of the death penalty. Then it described the case of
2010:
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The 30-second advertisement showing each of the six children (four boys and two girls) briefly criticizes the video clips shown: Duterte's remarks of "killing everybody", his cursing on
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Kahn, Kim
Fridkin; Kenney, Patrick J. (December 1999). "Do Negative Campaigns Mobilize or Suppress Turnout? Clarifying the Relationship between Negativity and Participation".
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were never aired, they diminished the believability of other ads by the
Liberal Party. A leaked copy, broadcast on the news, offended many Canadians, particularly the
869:(UPMC) were unable to reach an agreement on whether Highmark's insurance would be accepted at UPMC. Highmark also entered into negotiations to acquire the struggling
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1631:"Home > T-Mobile's New Print Attack Ad Hits AT&T, Verizon Again, And Again T-Mobile's New Print Attack Ad Hits AT&T, Verizon Again, And Again"
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includes mention of the "Two
Minutes Hate", a routine in which workers are subject to films encouraging distrust, fear and hatred towards the enemies of
1984:
2191:
Mayer, Robert N. (23 February 2007). "Winning the War of Words: The "Front Group" Label in Contemporary Consumer Politics: Winning the War of Words".
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Elmelund-Præstekær, Christian (March 2010). "Beyond American negativity: toward a general understanding of the determinants of negative campaigning".
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Regional Trial Court to stop ABS-CBN and its TV stations from airing the negative advertisement. Duterte's running mate, vice-presidential candidate
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956:
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873:; Highmark and UPMC then started airing attack ads at each other. Both parties' ads accused the other of pushing patients with their respective
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While attack ads have primarily been relegated for political usage, there have been some instances of private businesses running them. In 2013,
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1965:
1022:
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Krupnikov, Yanna (October 2011). "When Does Negativity Demobilize? Tracing the Conditional Effect of Negative Campaigning on Voter Turnout".
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points out that "issue ads" run by front groups use deceptive names to hide their true sponsors – such as the pharmaceutical industry-backed
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If an ad is seen as going too far or being "too personal", voters may turn against the party that put the ad out. For example, in the Canada
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730:, both of which were widely criticized and ultimately managed to improve the electoral results of the candidates being targeted by the ads.
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481:. The ad was shocking and disturbing, but also very effective. It convinced many that Goldwater's more aggressive approach to fighting the
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issued a statement that the ad had been reviewed to the ethics committee, complied with election laws, and was allowed to air. Later,
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claim that negative information has a tendency "to be more influential than equally extreme or equally likely positive information".
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531:. It created a lasting negative impression and helped guarantee Dukakis' defeat. The ad suggested that Bush was more supportive of
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685:; the ad claimed that López Obrador's "populistic" proposals would drive Mexico further into economic crisis and bankruptcy. The
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Goldstein, Ken; Freedman, Paul (August 2002). "Campaign Advertising and Voter Turnout: New Evidence for a Stimulation Effect".
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Finkel, Steven E.; Geer, John G. (April 1998). "A Spot Check: Casting Doubt on the Demobilizing Effect of Attack Advertising".
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A comparative content analysis of televised political advertising in the United States and Canada in 2004 and 2008
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TV stations with licenses issued by the FCC—effectively all regulated TV stations, since others would either be
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1985:"Stephen Harper underestimated Justin Trudeau, but it was the mocking way he did it that cost him the election"
1072:. As front ads are not controlled by the candidates they support, the candidates are insulated from criticism.
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1033:. The study also shows that the influence of negativity is less powerful for challengers than for incumbents.
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plans to hospitals operated by their respective health insurance provider, as well as attacking each other's
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and the Internet are not required to air such ads, attack ads have become commonplace on both media as well.
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419:—to air political ads by both parties, whether it be attack ads or more traditional political ads. Although
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591:, a Republican candidate from California, released a video on YouTube depicting former Republican opponent
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2011:"Graeme Hamilton: Justin Trudeau's stunning victory for the Liberals should finally silence his doubters"
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1029:(a 100-point scale used to assess survey-takers feelings on certain issues) when a candidate engages in
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in order to gain support for the attacking candidate and attract voters. Attack ads often form part of
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to imply that Dukakis could not run the tank smoothly – although tanks do not have gears that grind.
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1722:"Attack Advertising, the White Decision, and Voter Participation in State Supreme Court Elections"
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Freedman, P.; Lawton, D.; Wood, W. (1999). "Do's and Don'ts of Negative Ads: What Voters Say".
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launched negative advertisements that featured six children against presidential candidate and
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943:, and that it alienates independents, causing elections to be fought among partisan extremes.
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396:, usually by pointing out its faults. Often the ad will simply make use of innuendo, based on
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Televised attack ads rose to prominence in the United States in the 1960s, especially since
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turn up in advertisements later in the campaign, they already seem familiar to the voter."
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had not aired the ad, stating that it was disapproved by the internal election committee.
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559:. The ad began by showing children asleep in bed while phone rang in the background. A
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The advertisement drew criticism from Duterte's supporters on social media. A 72-hour
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By 2010, attack ads had spread online as political candidates published their ads on
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701:, the tagline was changed to "dirty hands, one employment for his brother-in-law".
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denied the conspiracy claim made by Cayetano. Prior to the airing of the ad, the
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This article is about the concept in politics. For the concept in business, see
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1053:) to run counter-attack ads. This technique ties into the wider practice of
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First Vice President for Legal Affairs, Maria Luz Delfin clarified that the
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1825:. Rotman School of Management at the University of Toronto. Archived from
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1966:"Martin says he only approved transcript of controversial 'soldiers ad"
1921:
Going negative : how attack ads shrink and polarize the electorate
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1675:(July 2005). "What Voters Want From Political Campaign Communication".
1489:"ABS-CBN on 'anti-Duterte' TVC: We are duty-bound to air legitimate ad"
939:. Other research has found that negative advertisements only appeal to
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Political operatives, however, have found attack ads to be useful, and
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1585:"UPMC, Pittsburgh stake positions for court fight on nonprofit status"
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814:; and ABS-CBN of conspiracy for making the ad. Former PCOO Secretary
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461:
One of the earliest and most famous television attack ads, known as "
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designed to wage a personal attack against an opposing candidate or
2066:(Television ad). Wisconsin: Paul R. Nelson for Congress Committee.
385:, and in large or well-financed campaigns, may be disseminated via
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2709:
2037:"Justin Trudeau's rise shows the benefits of being underestimated"
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99:
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would use armed Canadian soldiers to police major cities. Though
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2218:
1226:"Presidential Campaign 2004 – Their Message and Their Analysis"
1247:. Chicago: the University of Chicago Press. pp. 127–128.
1245:
In Defense of Negativity: attack ads in presidential campaigns
606:
36:
1512:"TV5: Didn't air 'anti-Duterte' ad due to unmet requirements"
1440:"Cayetano wins TRO vs anti-Duterte ads, but word war goes on"
527:
The "Tank Ride" ad from 1988 was an attack on Dukakis by the
392:
An attack ad will generally unfairly criticize an opponent's
133:
2158:"Ads Are Us: Political Advertising in a Mass Media Culture"
1178:"Analysis of a "Willie Horton" ad from the 1988 campaign".
1002:, was subjected to a sustained negative ad campaign by the
27:
Political ad meant to insult an opposing candidate or party
1419:"Anti-Duterte ad by Trillanes riles up Duterte supporters"
983:, some of whom were fighting in Afghanistan at the time.
52:
deal primarily with North America and do not represent a
563:
stated that it was 3 a.m., the phone was ringing in the
1310:"McCain calls Obama the biggest celebrity in the world"
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answered with attack ads against the current president
61:
1671:
Lipsitz, Keena; Trost, Christine; Grossmann, Matthew;
1288:
Seelye, Katherine Q.; Zeleny, Jeff. (March 1, 2008).
1720:
Gann Hall, Melinda; Bonneau, Chris W. (March 2013).
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3108:
3040:
2982:
2914:
2831:
2748:
2700:
2590:
2501:
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2318:
2252:
2160:. In Thurber, James A.; Nelson, Candice J. (eds.).
1270:
Hillary Clinton Ad – 3 AM White House Ringing Phone
905:Studies suggest that attack ads have no effect on
1823:"Political Attack Ads Can be Effective but Risky"
1533:"GMA Network clarification on ad against Duterte"
969:mocking his Bell's Palsy partial facial paralysis
1924:(1st paperbook ed.). New York: Free Press.
1788:Lau, Richard R.; Rovner, Ivy Brown (June 2009).
1200:"Michael Dukakis, 1988 – Another Landmark Image"
1918:Iyengar, Shanto; Ansolabehere, Stephen (1996).
1617:"T-Mobile fires back at AT&T in attack ads"
1568:Pucko, Timothy; Conti, David (August 5, 2013).
760:a few days before the election on May 9, 2016.
693:, claiming that he was partly culpable for the
1570:"UPMC sues Highmark over advertising campaign"
1333:"Dose of Venom for Candidates Turns Ads Viral"
830:stating that the ad had not met requirements.
508:Attack ads were used again by the campaign of
2230:
1068:, which spent $ 17 million on ads during the
1045:(organizations that appear to be independent
342:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
8:
1400:"Anti Duterte TV Advertisement / Commercial"
897:began airing attack ads against each other.
1467:"Taguig RTC issues TRO vs. anti-Duterte ad"
1290:"Clinton Questions Role of Obama in Crisis"
861:, a healthcare company associated with the
772:
641:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2237:
2223:
2215:
349:
335:
114:
1805:
1688:
826:refused to air the controversial ad, the
724:2006 Liberal Party of Canada election ads
661:Learn how and when to remove this message
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
1807:10.1146/annurev.polisci.10.071905.101448
1555:"UPMC and Highmark Engage in TV Ad Wars"
998:and the son of Canadian Prime Minister,
935:seem more important, and thus increases
551:directed at her main rival at the time,
2087:Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods
1972:from the original on February 25, 2008.
1954:(Interactive graphic). CBC News Online.
1603:"AT&T Made This T-Mobile Attack Ad"
1331:Steinhauer, Jennifer (March 20, 2010).
1114:
867:University of Pittsburgh Medical Center
407:(FCC) regulations require over-the-air
125:
2163:Campaigns and Elections American Style
1983:Campbell, Bradley (October 20, 2015).
1374:"Anti-Duterte ad causes uproar online"
1204:100 Photographs that Changed the World
1023:United States House of Representatives
545:2008 Democratic presidential primaries
500:made a political ad against candidate
2009:Hamilton, Graeme (October 20, 2015).
1842:American Journal of Political Science
1646:American Journal of Political Science
1510:Yuji Vincent Gonzales (May 6, 2016).
1041:Campaigns often establish or support
742:campaign, presidential candidate and
104:An attack ad in an 1848 issue of the
7:
2035:Gagnon, Michelle (October 7, 2015).
639:adding citations to reliable sources
108:attacking US presidential candidate
2166:. Boulder: Westview Press. p.
957:Progressive Conservative (PC) Party
1794:Annual Review of Political Science
1605:. Business Insider. March 4, 2013.
1583:Hamill, Sean D. (March 22, 2013).
1273:. Hillary Clinton campaign. 2008.
1157:Schwartz, Tony (director) (1964).
863:Blue Cross Blue Shield Association
687:Party of the Democratic Revolution
677:were launched by the conservative
25:
2112:American Political Science Review
2041:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1557:. CBS Pittsburgh. August 1, 2013.
1228:. TV Spot History. Archived from
1181:Boogie Man: The Lee Atwater Story
1124:European Political Science Review
871:West Penn Allegheny Health System
833:On February 24, 2020, during the
405:Federal Communications Commission
2205:10.1111/j.1542-734X.2007.00467.x
2070:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1658:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2011.00522.x
1406:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1277:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1188:from the original on 2021-12-21.
1167:from the original on 2021-12-21.
709:Although it has been found that
611:
318:
41:
2881:Party platforms (or manifestos)
2193:The Journal of American Culture
1947:1993: Is this a prime minister?
1013:In 2006, Republican challenger
2085:. In Lavrakas, Paul J. (ed.).
2063:Paul R. Nelsion Sex Studies Ad
1968:. CBC News. January 12, 2008.
1487:Nestor Corrales (2016-05-06).
988:2015 Canadian federal election
728:2006 Canadian federal election
720:1993 Canadian federal election
555:, which aired days before the
1:
3239:Political campaign techniques
1821:McGuffin, Ken (10 May 2004).
1535:. GMA News. February 24, 2020
1184:. InterPositive Media. 2008.
1070:2000 US presidential election
986:In the run up to, and in the
675:2006 Mexican general election
512:against Democratic candidate
2969:Rally 'round the flag effect
1729:Political Research Quarterly
1017:campaigned against Democrat
1004:Conservative Party of Canada
673:The first attack ads of the
2081:Nelson, Shannon C. (2008).
1514:. Philippine Daily Inquirer
1491:. Philippine Daily Inquirer
1465:Trisha Macas (2016-05-06).
1350:Mahone, Jessica A. (2009).
792:temporary restraining order
683:Andrés Manuel López Obrador
64:, discuss the issue on the
3275:
1417:Pia Ranada (May 5, 2016).
1066:United Seniors Association
881:status. At the same year,
518:1988 presidential election
494:1968 presidential election
475:1964 presidential election
29:
2310:Manipulation (psychology)
1699:10.1080/10584600591006609
1633:. TmoNews. July 24, 2013.
1591:. PG Publishing Co., Inc.
1444:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1136:10.1017/s1755773909990269
839:ABS-CBN franchise renewal
2488:Criticism of advertising
1741:10.1177/1065912911433296
3150:Promotional merchandise
2861:Character assassination
2798:Narcotizing dysfunction
2672:Photograph manipulation
2385:Guerrilla communication
1889:10.1111/0022-3816.00143
1877:The Journal of Politics
1677:Political Communication
1589:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
996:Liberal Party of Canada
901:Effect on voter turnout
767:, yelling "Mabuhay ang
716:1993 Chrétien attack ad
32:Comparative advertising
3244:Advertising techniques
3133:Product demonstrations
2562:Historical negationism
1790:"Negative Campaigning"
1619:. CNET. March 6, 2013.
1243:Geer, John G. (2006).
1047:voluntary associations
458:
154:Grassroots fundraising
138:
112:
3249:Propaganda techniques
3065:Reputation management
2984:Psychological warfare
2833:Political campaigning
2642:Firehose of falsehood
2083:"Feeling Thermometer"
1316:. CNN. Archived from
953:1993 federal election
928:University of Toronto
740:2016 general election
679:National Action Party
457:"Daisy" advertisement
456:
137:
127:Political campaigning
103:
3100:Corporate propaganda
1952:Political Attack Ads
1086:Nineteen Eighty-Four
924:social psychologists
806:; two other rivals,
802:, accused President
695:1994 economic crisis
635:improve this section
536:gear sounds from an
379:negative campaigning
252:Negative campaigning
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
3188:Media concentration
3060:Non-apology apology
3050:Cult of personality
2778:Emotive conjugation
2532:Burying of scholars
1057:. Former political
1027:feeling thermometer
1008:majority government
853:Non-political usage
820:ABS-CBN Corporation
800:Alan Peter Cayetano
597:Fiscal conservative
398:opposition research
363:political campaigns
325:Politics portal
234:Post-truth politics
174:Opposition research
3259:Informal fallacies
3171:Influence-for-hire
2964:National mythology
2934:Crowd manipulation
2823:Tabloid journalism
2692:Video manipulation
2637:Fictitious entries
2360:Civil disobedience
2246:Media manipulation
2154:Steinhorn, Leonard
1771:Campaign Elections
1337:The New York Times
1320:on August 5, 2008.
1295:The New York Times
1214:on August 1, 2015.
1021:for a seat in the
804:Benigno Aquino III
782:Long live the NPA!
711:Canadian elections
699:Hildebrando Zavala
547:featured an ad by
485:could result in a
459:
394:political platform
139:
113:
3226:
3225:
2992:Airborne leaflets
2871:Election promises
2725:Product placement
2600:Alternative facts
2340:Alternative media
1572:. TribeLive News.
1163:(Television ad).
1062:Leonard Steinhorn
843:GMA Network, Inc.
747:Antonio Trillanes
671:
670:
663:
533:military spending
510:George H. W. Bush
496:, Vice President
479:nuclear explosion
467:Lyndon B. Johnson
454:
413:public television
359:
358:
279:Voter suppression
106:Jonesborough Whig
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
3266:
3218:Media proprietor
3042:Public relations
3022:Public diplomacy
3007:Information (IT)
2886:Name recognition
2511:Media regulation
2493:Annoyance factor
2350:Call-out culture
2265:Crowd psychology
2239:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2209:
2208:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2058:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1995:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1872:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1829:on 1 March 2011.
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1751:. Archived from
1726:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1692:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1436:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1210:. Archived from
1196:
1190:
1189:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1119:
1083:dystopian novel
994:, Leader of the
875:health insurance
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
751:Davao City Mayor
666:
659:
655:
652:
646:
615:
607:
538:18-wheeler truck
487:nuclear conflict
455:
421:cable television
351:
344:
337:
323:
322:
302:Campaign manager
219:Get out the vote
214:Election promise
115:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
3274:
3273:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3213:Media influence
3208:Media franchise
3193:Media democracy
3159:
3104:
3036:
2978:
2959:Loaded language
2910:
2827:
2744:
2696:
2586:
2515:
2497:
2424:
2365:Culture jamming
2314:
2248:
2243:
2213:
2212:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2124:10.2307/2586118
2109:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2019:
2017:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1854:10.2307/2991771
1839:
1838:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1690:10.1.1.591.2931
1670:
1669:
1665:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1459:
1449:
1447:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1411:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1177:
1176:
1172:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1099:
1081:George Orwell's
1078:
1076:Popular culture
1039:
949:
941:partisan voters
916:
903:
855:
837:hearing on the
784:
781:
778:
775:
754:Rodrigo Duterte
736:
707:
691:Felipe Calderón
667:
656:
650:
647:
632:
616:
605:
599:in name only”.
549:Hillary Clinton
514:Michael Dukakis
498:Hubert Humphrey
471:Barry Goldwater
465:", was used by
436:
434:
429:
383:smear campaigns
375:political party
355:
317:
312:
311:
292:
284:
283:
254:
244:
243:
224:Gevald campaign
209:Retail politics
194:
184:
183:
169:
159:
158:
149:
120:Politics series
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3272:
3270:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3231:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3090:Understatement
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3046:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2954:Indoctrination
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Disinformation
2936:
2931:
2926:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2901:Smear campaign
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2818:Sensationalism
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2758:Agenda-setting
2754:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2632:False document
2629:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2537:Catch and kill
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2514:
2513:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2434:
2432:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Demonstrations
2367:
2362:
2357:
2355:Cancel culture
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2234:
2227:
2219:
2211:
2210:
2183:
2176:
2145:
2118:(4): 877–889.
2102:
2095:
2073:
2053:
2027:
2001:
1975:
1957:
1937:
1930:
1910:
1883:(3): 721–740.
1867:
1832:
1813:
1800:(1): 285–306.
1780:
1761:
1758:on 2020-02-12.
1735:(1): 115–126.
1712:
1683:(3): 337–354.
1663:
1652:(4): 797–813.
1636:
1622:
1608:
1594:
1575:
1560:
1546:
1524:
1502:
1479:
1457:
1431:
1409:
1391:
1365:
1342:
1323:
1301:
1280:
1260:
1253:
1235:
1232:on 2008-02-02.
1217:
1191:
1170:
1149:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1105:
1098:
1095:
1077:
1074:
1038:
1035:
1015:Paul R. Nelson
1000:Pierre Trudeau
992:Justin Trudeau
973:Stephen Harper
967:by implicitly
948:
945:
915:
912:
902:
899:
854:
851:
794:was issued by
735:
732:
706:
703:
669:
668:
619:
617:
610:
604:
601:
574:Britney Spears
433:
430:
428:
425:
357:
356:
354:
353:
346:
339:
331:
328:
327:
314:
313:
310:
309:
307:Campaign staff
304:
299:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
282:
281:
276:
274:Smear campaign
271:
266:
261:
255:
250:
249:
246:
245:
242:
241:
239:Text messaging
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
170:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
156:
150:
145:
144:
141:
140:
130:
129:
123:
122:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3271:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3198:Media ecology
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3181:United States
3179:
3178:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3162:
3156:
3155:Telemarketing
3153:
3151:
3148:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:Fearmongering
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2783:False balance
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2740:Word of mouth
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:Broadcast law
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:Deplatforming
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2280:False balance
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2240:
2235:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2220:
2217:
2206:
2202:
2199:(1): 96–109.
2198:
2194:
2187:
2184:
2179:
2177:9780813341811
2173:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2096:9781412918084
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2054:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2016:
2015:National Post
2012:
2005:
2002:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1931:9780684822846
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1871:
1868:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1784:
1781:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1637:
1632:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1561:
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3203:Media ethics
3123:Door-to-door
3118:Cold calling
3095:Weasel words
3002:Fifth column
2896:Push polling
2850:
2846:Astroturfing
2808:Pseudo-event
2788:Infotainment
2763:Broadcasting
2682:Urban legend
2605:April Fools'
2478:Testimonials
2448:Infomercials
2275:Dumbing down
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1382:. Retrieved
1378:ABS-CBN News
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1318:the original
1314:CNN Politics
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1059:speechwriter
1055:astroturfing
1043:front groups
1040:
1037:Front groups
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832:
816:Sonny Coloma
789:
765:Pope Francis
762:
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651:October 2013
648:
633:Please help
621:
593:Tom Campbell
582:
578:Paris Hilton
553:Barack Obama
542:
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507:
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460:
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366:
360:
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179:Consultation
118:Part of the
105:
84:
78:October 2013
75:
51:
3075:Sound bites
3055:Doublespeak
2906:Wedge issue
2866:Dog whistle
2841:Advertising
2667:Lying press
2652:Gaslighting
2430:Advertising
2405:Occupations
2295:Obfuscation
2285:Half-truths
2046:October 21,
2020:October 21,
1994:October 21,
1673:Sides, John
1402:. YouTube.
1091:Big Brother
1031:mudslinging
847:GMA Network
828:TV5 Network
738:During the
734:Philippines
726:during the
718:during the
569:John McCain
565:White House
502:Spiro Agnew
492:During the
199:Advertising
3233:Categories
3176:Media bias
3032:Subversion
2997:False flag
2974:Techniques
2916:Propaganda
2876:Lawn signs
2856:Canvassing
2750:News media
2506:Censorship
2438:Billboards
2390:Hacktivism
2380:Grassroots
2305:Persuasion
1848:(2): 573.
1518:2020-07-10
1473:2020-03-08
1469:. GMA News
1425:2020-07-10
1354:(Thesis).
1160:Daisy Girl
1130:(1): 137.
1109:References
1103:Ad hominem
865:, and the
722:, and the
561:voice-over
409:commercial
387:mass media
291:Key people
229:Lawn signs
204:Canvassing
167:Management
110:Lewis Cass
18:Attack ads
3138:Promotion
3017:Political
2924:Bandwagon
2851:Attack ad
2730:Publicity
2702:Marketing
2615:Fake news
2577:Religious
2572:Political
2552:Euphemism
2547:Cover-ups
2542:Corporate
2410:Petitions
2300:Orwellian
2270:Deception
2140:146440839
1905:154565485
1685:CiteSeerX
1421:. Rappler
1360:304874542
1144:145008948
959:attacked
947:Backfires
879:nonprofit
812:Grace Poe
808:Mar Roxas
622:does not
367:attack ad
297:Candidate
269:Push poll
259:Attack ad
66:talk page
3254:Rhetoric
3085:Transfer
3027:Sedition
2891:Negative
2803:Newspeak
2793:Managing
2735:Research
2710:Branding
2662:Literary
2627:Fakelore
2620:websites
2610:Deepfake
2567:Internet
2458:Modeling
2415:Protests
2395:Internet
2328:Advocacy
2320:Activism
2156:(2004).
2068:Archived
1970:Archived
1777:: 20–25.
1749:34068375
1707:18475734
1539:July 10,
1495:July 10,
1404:Archived
1356:ProQuest
1275:Archived
1186:Archived
1165:Archived
1097:See also
1019:Ron Kind
990:itself,
981:military
887:AT&T
883:T-Mobile
859:Highmark
681:against
483:Cold War
469:against
427:Examples
60:You may
3164:Related
3143:Spaving
3128:Pricing
3070:Slogans
3012:Lawfare
2949:Framing
2929:Big lie
2720:Product
2715:Loyalty
2647:Forgery
2592:Hoaxing
2473:Slogans
2453:Mobiles
2345:Boycott
2253:Context
2132:2586118
1897:1520110
1862:2991771
1051:charity
977:the ads
963:leader
895:Verizon
776:
758:ABS-CBN
744:Senator
643:removed
628:sources
585:YouTube
516:in the
473:in the
417:pirated
192:Message
147:Finance
2768:Circus
2677:Racial
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1450:May 7,
1384:May 7,
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955:, the
891:Sprint
835:Senate
796:Taguig
705:Canada
603:Mexico
595:as a "
415:or be
369:is an
3110:Sales
2813:Scrum
2773:Cycle
2687:Virus
2557:Films
2522:Books
2463:Radio
2443:False
2420:Youth
2400:Media
2333:group
2290:Media
2136:S2CID
2128:JSTOR
1901:S2CID
1893:JSTOR
1858:JSTOR
1756:(PDF)
1745:S2CID
1725:(PDF)
1703:S2CID
1140:S2CID
463:Daisy
365:, an
68:, or
3080:Spin
2657:List
2582:Self
2260:Bias
2172:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2048:2015
2022:2015
1996:2015
1926:ISBN
1541:2020
1497:2020
1452:2016
1386:2016
1249:ISBN
1208:Life
893:and
810:and
773:lit.
626:any
624:cite
576:and
543:The
2468:Sex
2201:doi
2168:121
2120:doi
1989:PRI
1885:doi
1850:doi
1802:doi
1737:doi
1695:doi
1654:doi
1132:doi
1049:or
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