Atyap - Knowledge (XXG)

1605:"Achievers in every chosen vocation were given titles and walking sticks with bells tied to the sticks. The bells jingled as their owners walked to announce the arrival of an achiever. At death, such achiever was given a befitting burial with prolonged drumming and feasting. Hence, the A̱nak festival (annual mourning for the departed souls of achievers) as a way of recognising the positive contributions of the deceased to the development of society. Because of the belief that too much mourning could make the deceased uncomfortable in his new life, the ceremony took the form of feasting, dancing and recounting the heroic deeds of the deceased. If it was a male achiever that died, the A̱nak festival had to be preceded by a hunting expedition on horses. This was a hunt for a big animal as a symbol of the immerse contributions of the deceased. For the A̱gbaat, 304: 1654:

Even when issues leadinɡ to war were fundamental, these did not destroy the possibility of peaceful inter-ɡroup relations as seen in the alliances of protection between the Atyap and Bajju, Agworok, Asholyio, Akoro, and Ham. Such alliances often resulted to the establishment of jokinɡ relationships as a way of dissipatinɡ hostility between the polities. Beheadinɡ war victims was, therefore, a way of encouraɡinɡ individuals in their chosen vocations. The A̱nak festival indicates the sanctity of life as practised by the Atyap. This respect for Human life was also shown in the type of punishment meted to those who treated human beinɡs with levity. Any act of murder led to

1813:

the final rites, a goat to the girl's mother, three fowls to the father and 100 cowries to her maternal grandfather. However, this study discovers that the number of cowries did not exceed 1000. When these are completed, a date is then set by the girl's father for the wedding, which takes the form of capture. Here, the close associates sets an ambush for the girl, seize and leave her in the hut of one of the man's relatives, where the bride stays for three days and nights. On the fourth day, the marriage is consummated in the hut. Primary marriages always take place during the

273: 1306:. This attack came at the time of the A̱nak Festival when people were less ready for war. Kwassau was said to have destroyed many lives in the Santswan Forest where many Atyap escapees went hiding by clearing the forest and was also said to have vowed not to spare a soul and needed neither slave nor concubine and the Kaduna River was said to flowed with the blood of his victims who were estimated to have numbered about a thousand at that very event. 1764: 265: 4409: 1609:(elephant) was usually the tarɡet. Demonstrations involvinɡ stronɡ youths on horsebacks with weiɡhted pestles, were held before the actual huntinɡ expedition. These moved at top speed and attempted breakinɡ a standinɡ wall with the pestle. For the A̱ku and Ashokwa clans, their A̱nak festival is called Sonɡ Á̱swa (Dance of the achievers) where only married men and women of the clan were involved. 1939:

fellow villager. These regulations applied to all the clans and sub-clans if Atyap within and on diaspora. Any violation attracts severe punishment. Meek (1931) however reported that members of Minyam and Agbaat clans are enjoyed to seek their secondary wives among the wives of fellow clansmen, and take their secondary wives from the men of Minyam and Agbaat.

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convicted of unlawfully assaulting the police and resisting authority and sentenced to two to six months imprisonment with hard labour. The British knew what to do but refused to ensure that justice was done instead continued to promote feudal tyranny against the Atyap. Usman Sakwat and 12 other Bajju were also thrown into prison for an entire year.

1706: 888:), who ensured traders' safety within and outside the perimeters of Atyapland and mobilized armed youths to accompany traders from Magwafan (Hausa: Bakin Kogi) up to the Ham area and then return. He also ensured that sufficient land was allocated for the Zango market and for the residence of the traders, through the clan head (Tyap: 1379:

similarly, not all Hausa people are Muslims. Oftentimes, historians make more emphasis on religious factor other than other basic factors like land for example. The Atyap also resented loss of land, considering that they had originally owned all of the Zangon-Kataf territory and had been illegally dispossessed by Hausa intruders.

1752:(now in their present home and no more in their original home in Mashan, Atyap land) after hunting a big animal, usually sent the head considered the most important part of the meat to the Atyap as a sign of allegiance to their progenitors. There is usually a carry over if this traditional hunting done by the 2328:. This type of vegetation is usually considered suitable for the habitation of less harmful animals while the soil type is suitable for farming. This perhaps also explains why the dominant occupation of the people is farming. As in most parts of central Niɡeria, the fields in the Atyap area during the 1658:

of the murderer to Zali (Malaɡum) where such criminals took refuɡe if the convict was spared from capital punishment. If any member killed another, the offender was handed over to the offended family to deal with accordinɡ to tradition. Here, compensation for an injury was expected to be commensurate

1653:

dried these throuɡh smokinɡ. This does not mean that the Atyap and their neiɡhbours indiscriminately waɡed wars to hunt for human heads as presented by British colonial officers. It is also not a siɡn of permanent hostility between the Atyap and those polities or ɡroups aɡainst whom they went to war.

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but faced discrimination always when it came to employment and reported that in 1953, the Native Authority had 102 staff, 60 being Hausa/Fulani, 42 indigenes from Atyap, Bajju, Bakulu, Anghan, Atsam and Atyecharak—i.e., 25 village scribes, four court scribes, three local police, nine teachers and one

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Achi in Achi et al. (2019) described the fabrication of the claims by Zaria about her sovereignty over the Atyap a deliberate distortion of history, as many of the polities portrayed by her as dependents were in reality independent. Accepting these claims, the British in 1912 appealed to the Atyap to

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was located around Atyekum, and it used to be a meeting place where the Atyap elders gathered to make deliberations concerning their land and people; the Hausa settlement, the Zango, and its population were and are still called "Á̱nietcen" i.e. "visitors" because that is what the Hausas remain to the

571:

In terms of clans, each of the subgroups has its clans and subclans. The Agworog have two main clans: Ankwai and Kpashang. The Asholyio have four: Neabwaat, Nelutswe, Neswe and Nezam. The Atyap proper have four main clans: Agbaat, Aminyam, Aku and Ashokwa. The Fantswam have six: Manyii, Takau, Takum,

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But who are the Atyap and what is their origin? The problem of identifying the original homelands of Nigerian people has been a difficult one to solve. Apart from the existence of a variety of versions of the tradition of origin which contradict one another, there has been the tendency by many groups

2002:

were put at 46,165 (excluding the Hausa population of 2,736 resident in Zango town), out of a total of 125,303 counted for the defunct Zangon Kataf District. Using the 1963 census figures to project the population figures for 1991, an adaptation from the Kaduna State Ministry of Finance and Economic

1628:

It is the practice of displayinɡ some of the achievements of the deceased that encouraɡed the practice of beheadinɡ war victims as a very tanɡible proof of victory in battle. The circumstances in which the head was acquired was also noted. Those who durinɡ a face to face battle were able to kill and

1624:

If the deceased was a hunter and warrior, the skulls of human and animal victims killed by him were placed on the ɡrave. The Atyap could behead a Bajju victim. Hausa and Fulani were also liable to such treatment in battle. The Atyap were not alone it this practice. The Agworok could behead Bajju and

1519:

Tensions steadily increased, flaring up in February 1992 over a proposal to move the market to a new site, away from land that had been transferred to the Hausas. The proposal by the first Atyap head of the Zangon Kataf Local Government Area was favoured by the Atyap who could trade beer and pork on

1378:

Christian missionaries found fertile ground with the Atyap, who had rejected the Moslem religion. This served to increase tensions between the Atyap and the Hausa. However, one has to be very careful when referring to religious conflicts in Nigeria, as it is not all Atyap people that are Christians,

438:

The implication for Tyap is that it has taken thousands of years to separate, in the same general geographical location from its six or so most closely related dialects. As a sub-unit they required probably more thousands of years earlier to separate from other members of the Kataf group like Gyong,

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British administration of Atyap and other non-Muslim, non-Hausa peoples could not help but have an effect on them. Their religion was non-Islamic. Being under the control of the Zaria emirate (beginning from the onset of the British administration in the area in 1903), the Atyap were supposed to be

1938:

Ninyio (2008) reports, "In this type of marriage, husband was not allowed to marry a member of the same clan, a close relation of his mother (that is presumably, a member of his mother's lineage), a member of a primary wife's parental household, the wife of a member of his kindred, it the wife of a

1878:

From an oral account, "At the announcement of the birth of a baby girl within the neighbourhood, parents of a young boy who is yet to be booked down a wife would come and put a necklace or a ring on the infant girl with the consent of her parents, signifying that she has been betrothed (engaged) to

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The itinerant traders of Zangon Kataf in the 1830s began regarding themselves as subjects of the Emir of Zaria, again refusing to pay tribute to the Atyap instead, began showing signs of independence from the Atyap which by the 1840s reached its climax. It was then that the Atyap were conferred the

1964:

Avong (1999:7) researched and discovered that the fertility rate among the non-Protestant church women, such as the Roman Catholics was quite higher on average, than that of the ECWA women, pointing out that it is an indication that doctrines and belief system in religious institutions like play a

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household, the husband spends two nights consecutively with each of his wives in his room. The woman in whom he spends the night with is responsible for cooking the food to be consumed by all family members, from a central cooking pot. After the food is cooked, men were served with theirs in their

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Another benefit of participating in this task was that one could become a member of council both at the village and clan levels. From this point he could then seek to obtain a title in his chosen vocation. Thus, the direct producers (suitors) depended on the elders of society to control labour and

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or heir equivalent to the girl's father, who keeps relatives, that is brothers and paternal cousins. In addition, presumably at the time of the actual wedding, 20,000 cowries was given to the father (who keeps two-thirds for his use and distributes the balance among his relatives). Finally, before

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and "pagan" courts (latter established about 1927) and threatened to attack the about 5,000 Hausa/Fulani inhabitants of Zangon Katab and demanding for the separation of the Atyap area from the Zaria Emirate. The situation became delicate and the British Resident in Zaria, G. D. Pitcairn blamed the

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The British military entered Atyapland 3 April 1903, and took it without a fight from the Atyap, probably due to the fatigue incurred on the Kwassau wars which the people were still recovering from. The British then left Atyapland and moved to the Bajju who, however, put up a fight but fell to the

1464:

The driving force behind the anti-colonial revolts by the Atyap peasants and their Bajju allies had to do with the high taxes, lack of enough schools, non-employment of Atyap indigenes even in the Native Authority and prevalent societal social injustice and domination by Zaria feudal aristocrats,

1925:

Those who did not undertake this compulsory farm labour for their father-in-law were derided and were not allowed to marry among the Atyap . They could however marry a divorcee on whom this compulsory labour was not necessary. Such men were given the same labour in their old age even if they had

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and the colonial authorities, their message was all the more welcome to the Atyap, to whom Christianity was unfettered by association with political structures they considered oppressive. Due to the resentment of Atyap people to the Hausa and their Islamic religion, Christian nissionaries found

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and Sako. Zaria's expectations were to have them as bases for her advancing and retreating forces, and to feed her with vital information. Through them she penetrated Atyapland and enforced the payment of tributes, which she increased in the early 1890s from 15 to 100 slaves annually. The Atyap

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in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862" (1867:96), described the region as "a country devastated by war" and reported the king (of 'Zariya') on 15 June 1862, amidst confusion moving his camp to the Kaduna with about 3000 horses, men, women, and beasts of burden on a wet ground, finally,

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Bride price in this category cost about 15 pounds and a goat. With regards to inheritance of widows, Sanɡa̱niet Kambai (an interviewee of Ninyio's) accounts that he inherited and adopted his junior brother's wife when the latter died. This corroborated colonial report that ' secondary official

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The leaders of both parties thereafter appointed officials to see to the agreement's successful implementation. The Hausa leader of caravans (Hausa: madugu) appointed an itinerant settlement prince (Hausa: magajin zango) who resided in Zangon Katab, to collect duties from the itinerant traders

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One interesting thing among the A̱tyap, though also a common phenomenon among other neighbouring ethnic groups is how marriage was being contracted. The A̱tyap, like other African cultural groups (see Molnos 1973; Bygrunhanga-Akiiki 1977; Robey et al. 1993), strongly believe that marriage was

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The tradition is unknown to most Atyap elders. This is partly why it is not found in most of the writings of colonial ethnographic and anthropological authors who wrote on the Atyap people. Though these colonial officers could not have recorded all existing versions of the people's tradition,

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The Atyap traditional religion is known as the Abwoi . The Abwoi cult includes elaborate initiation ceremonies, and belief in the continued presence of deceased ancestors. It was, and is still, secretive in some places, with incentives for spies who reported saboteurs and death penalties for

1882:

In Ninyio (2008), the account states, "When a new child is born (female) the suitor represented by an elder (either male or female) interestingly admires the new born female child, states intention of marriage to his or her son and subsequently ties a string round the hand of the baby. This

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who was an elder in support of the resistance, who later died of a heart-related complication in detention in Zaria and 25 others convicted of offence against taxation ordinance and sentenced to three months imprisonment with hard labour. Others like Sheyin (AKA Mashayi) and five others were

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Much earlier in 1922 the then emir of Zaria acquired a stretch of land in Zango town, the Atyap capital, with no compensation. In 1966 the emir gave the land, now used as a market, to the Hausa community. The Atyap complained that the Hausa traders treated them as slaves in this market.

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and deaths to force them into submission. Instead, they allied with one another against Zaria in the 19th century. The insecurity and economic turbulence brought by the raids and tributes were meant to create avenues for slavery and its trade in the area and succeeded to a great extent.

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In a situation where a girl is pregnant at her paternal house before marriage an arrangement was made for an emergency marriage. Unwanted pregnancy was rare and unusual. Meek (1931) reported that pre-marital intercourse is said to be unusual because lineages (and clans) are localised."

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cattle were found in abundance. Although, quite disappointed because the compact urban settlement like Kano he hoped to meet was not what he saw, however, he expressed his impression as thus: "all bore an air of peace, loveliness, simplicity and comfort, that delighted and charmed me."

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The reluctance of Hausa traders and their leaders to pay for the tribute meant for their protection to the Atyap became a major cause of breach to the agreement and this led to insecurity in the area. The Hausa of the settlement instead began to support the Hausa kings in

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with the injury. If the offender was however forɡiven, he was not accepted into society until he had performed rituals for cleansinɡ by the spirits of the ancestors. This implies viɡorous diplomatic relationships that were healthy amonɡ the Atyap and their neiɡhbours."

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revelation of secrets. For six months of the year, women were restricted in their dress and travel. After this, there was a celebration and loosening of restrictions. The Abwoi cult was and is still common among other Nenzit (Nerzit) groups but with fewer adherence.

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region, as were the Hausa. Both groups were in the area by at least the 1750s, possibly much longer, and both groups claim to have been the first settlers. However, Achi et al. (2019) asserted that the time of establishment of the aforementioned trading pact (Tyap:

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Ninyio (2008) has it that a girl, in this cateɡory may be betrothed to a male child or adult at birth, through the girl's uncle or a male paternal cousin. The engagement between the girl and her husband-to-be was officially done when the girl is seven years old.

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The next Emir of Zaria Yero (1890–1897) organized a force of royal slaves and equipped them with firearms to instill terror on the local population, seizing people into slavery, food supplies, preventing them from cultivating their crops and causing widespread

1918:

The farm labour and the gifts occasionally sent by the suitor were not all that was required of him. In each dry season, he had to send twelve bundles of grass to the father-in-law. After completing all the necessary requirements, the marriage date was fixed.

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the neutral site and opposed by the Hausa, who feared loss of trading privileges. Over 60 people were killed in the February clashes. Further violence broke out in Zango on 15/16 May, with 400 people killed and most buildings destroyed. When the news reached

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Durinɡ the A̱nak festival, all relatives of the deceased in the whole clan had to be invited. All females of the clan married outside the clan had to come with ɡrains and ɡoats accompanied by horn blowers. This contribution by all female relatives is called

1457:. On the other hand, the Hausa were Muslims and non-indigenous to the area. However, the British selected persons from the Zaria ruling circles to rule over the Atyap who although had chiefs, but were made to bow to the Hausa aristocrats and any among the 1573:

was upgraded to first class in 2007. In 2010 the president of Atyap Community Development Association (ACDA) said that since the chiefdom was established there had been only a few occasions when it was necessary to intervene to resolve misunderstandings.

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A second uprising occurred in 1922, this time around with a combined Atyap-Bajju alliance against the oppressive taxation policies if the British. The British again used force to quell the revolt but failed to arrest the leaders who escaped the area.

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In continuation, Achi et al. (2019) narrates, "When he had attained the age of ten years, he had to start providing the compulsory farm labour to his father-in-law. The compulsory farm labour lasted for at least two months each year for nine years.

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The Bajju in 1847 were affected by this aggression when Mamman attacked Dibyyi (H. Kurmin Bi), one of their villages. They responded by attacking the Hausa and Fulani in their territory holding some captives and compelling the emirs of Zaria and

1950:

The first wife of the family is considered the senior among the wives. The most senior wife in the household depends on who among the male members marry first. A junior son may marry before the senior, in respect accorded to a mother. In a

1433:. The increased diversion of labour from food production to the tin mines, railway and road construction and into the army resulted to increase in use of child labour for agricultural activities. The Atyap were, however, denied jobs in the 1115:) to the Emir of Zaria to avoid jihadist attack, which also included an annual donation of 15 slaves, 20 raffia mats, some kegs of honey and bundles of raffia fronds to be collected from each clan by their princes (or Hausa: magajis). The 1482:, appointed as the first Christian chief in the whole of Zaria province in 1945, a year earlier, for fuelling the crisis because the Zaria feudal ruling circles were uncomfortable with his being chief and wanted him out by all means. 2357:

vegetation is usually considered suitable for the habitation of less harmful animals while the soil type is suitable for farming. This perhaps also explains why the dominant occupation of the people is farming. They mostly practised

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personality long before the time the British took over control of the Atyap early in the 20th century. This personality was bequeathed down from one generation of ancestors to another until it reached the most recent descendants.

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and Yoruba language clusters', noting that this indicates that 'even within dialect clusters, a period of up to 2,000 years was needed to create clearly identifiable dialect separation and that it is thus a slow process of steady

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and Zaria as their paramount chiefs in a bid to impose colonial rule through those newfound allies. Earlier, in 1907, the Atyap were placed under Kauru, renamed Katuka District, and in 1912 the Zangon Katab District was created.

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After some other encounters, Lander left Zangon Katab to proceed in his journey and was intercepted by four horsemen from the Emir of Zaria who took him back to Zaria, forbidding him to travel to Panda which was at war with the

929:

Another agreement was entered into by the Atyap and the Hausa traders in the early 19th century and trading again resumed and Atyapland prospered to the level that every house was said to have had livestock including horses.

915:

Achi et al. (2019) also reported that the Atyap in 1780 withdrew their armed escorts and used them to attack the Hausa settlement of Zangon Katab, leading to the sacking of the settlement which remained empty for many years.

870:(Hausa: fatake) from where their Atyap hosts were paid for peace, security and the provision of land for the itinerant settlement (Hausa: zango) establishment. The Atyap also appointed a prince, heir to the clan head (Tyap: 1465:

their arrogance, contempt for the Atyap culture and above all, the demand for the creation of an Atyap Chiefdom, modelled after those of Moroa, Kagoro and Kwoi which had indigenous chiefs and were not under any emirate.

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appointed by Zaria, then collect these items and transport them to the Emir on Zaria. The Atyap however, did not feel obliged to pay for these tributes because they felt it was only applicable to non-Muslims living in a

1617:. Since the festival involved all females of the clan married outside, it therefore involved all neiɡhbourinɡ states who took Atyap dauɡhters as wives. This is why all neiɡhbourinɡ states and ɡroups includinɡ Hausa and 1391:, causing hardship on the people, the Atyap in 1910 arose against the British in protest, which was crushed by the British but on the long run, led to the people's greater hatred against the Zangon Katab District Head. 3758:

National Population Census, 1963. See also Kaduna State Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Statistics Division. Projections by Local Government, Councils, District and Town 1 Village Units from 1984-1990, p.

3091: 1886:

However, Achi (2019) accounts thus, "A girl at birth was betrothed to a boy of four years old. To ensure that the girl remained his, he had to send a necklace. Later he had to send four chickens, tobacco and a mat."

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earlier, on his return chose to pass through another route which led him to becoming the first European to visit and describe the important town of Zangon Katab (which he spelt "Cuttub") and its people, the Atyap.

1468:

In May 1946, the Atyap revolted by refusing to pay tax to the Hausa, refused forced labour, boycotted the Zangon Kataf market and the refusal of youths to obey orders of the Hausa District Head, disregarded the

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The vegetation type recognizable in the area is the Guinea savanna or savanna woodland type which is dotted or characterized by short and medium size trees, shrubs and perennial mesophytic grasses derived from

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of Nigeria in 1903–4, they followed a system of indirect rule. The British gave the emir of Zaria increased powers over the Atyab through the village heads that he appointed, and causing increasing resentment.

617:

Due to increasing volume of trade between the Atyap and the Hausa traders, the need for security became vital, the development which later led to the establishment of more markets such as the ones in Magwafan

1557:

For some time, the Atyap had been increasingly speaking Hausa, the primary (i.e. major) language of the region. However, after the violent clashes in 1992 there has been a strong trend back to use of Tyap.

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In 1942, Bajju militants led by Usman Sakwat waged intense anti-colonial struggles directly against the Zaria Emirate and this brewed to the post World War II Atyap–Bajju movement against the colonialists.

1879:

their son, and the dowry is paid immediately. At the turn of adolescence, the girl is then taken to her husband's house to complete the marriage process, and this is normally accompanied by a feast".

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Between 2020-2023, Atyap land faced constant Fulani terror attacks, which the Hausa community in the Zangon Urban district had distanced itself from in spite of allegations levelled against it by the

410:

Achi (2005) states that the Atyap speak a language in the Kwa group of the Benue-Congo language family. Furthermore, according to Achi et al. (2019), the Kataf Group (an old classification) to which

526:

It is not denied that some people moved from Hausaland into the area occupied by the Atyap before the Nineteenth century. The consolidation of Zangon Katab by 1750 A.D. essentially inhabited by the

519:

to claim areas outside Africa as their centres of origin. This is true of the Atyap to an extent. Movements were undertaken under clan leaders and in small parties at night to avoid detection.

1717:

ga̱do) then applies poisons to the arrows to be used – which were of differing sizes, and traps were also used. One gets referred to as a "successful hunter" when such a one kills an elephant (

2281:, about 84.00% of the Atyap people practice Christianity (with Independents having 10.00%, Protestants 15.00% and Roman Catholics 75.00%), 10.00% practicing Islam] and 6.00% ethnic religion ( 1505:(1966–1975) introduced reforms, letting the Atyap appoint their own village district heads, but the appointees were subject to approval by the emir, and were therefore often seen as puppets. 1321:

of Magata, was captured by the Hausa forces who executed him by impalling on a stake, while others like Zinyip Katunku and Kuntai Mado of Mashan were said to have been buried alive, in 1902.

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explained that the unmarried are considered to be, "á̱niet ba ba̱ yet á̱kukum a̱ni" (people who are only 50.0 per cent complete), who become 100.0 per cent human beings only after marriage.

1745:), the head being used for societal display. Portions of the meat obtained from the hunt are usually shared to deserving elders, achievers, chief blacksmith and medicine man (a̱la̱n a̱wum). 1076:(Tyap: tuk cyia̱ga̱vang) for at least 50 hungry men. He also was surprised at the "unrestricted liberty" of the wives of the king which he contrasted with what he found in the Hausa states, 523:

nevertheless, most of the versions recorded by then show remarkable similarities with those recounted by the elders today. The authenticity of the northern origin is therefore questionable.

3406: 1903:, though suitors were liable to providing another labour termed Khap A̱kan (Beer farming). This extra farming for grains for the beer that the in-laws needed in a year when festivals like 1294:

The last pre-colonial Emir of Zaria, Kwassau (1898–1903) in 1899, launched a carefully planned attack on the Atyap for disrupting the trade in the area and succeeded in reestablishing the

605:, bangles and necklaces and the Zangon Katab market developed (a few miles from the Atyap traditional ground or capital at A̱tyekum – the area known to the Atyap as Maba̱ta̱do also spelt 550:

and taxation is a folk memory of these late nineteenth-century movements. But migration of individuals and groups of people should not be confused with migration of a whole Atyap people.

2562:† (1952-2014), former Nigerian Minister of State for Works and Housing (1999–2000); Senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial District (2003–2007); also a businessman and founder of 422:

languages and their neighbours, the separation of the Kataf Group into distinguishable dialects and dialect clusters would require thousands of years. Also mentioned was that, 'Between

1788:

There are a number of narratives as to how marriages were conducted in the pre-colonial times in Atyapland. But of note, Meek (1931) accounted that there were basically of two types:

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British. In 1904, the British moved to the Agworok in what was known as the Tilde Expedition, starting from Jema'a Daroro on 7 November 1904. When the British conquered the north and

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from Zaria were usually attacked and killed by the Atyap and the Hausa traders and their cattle sometimes faced similar threats. The captives realised were sold into slavery to the

1033:

in Achi et al. (2019): on his arrival, he met a town with almost 500 "small and nearly contiguous villages" situated in a "vast and beautiful plain," quite far from the south where

2546:† (1956-2005), a Niɡerian historian, educationist and writer and first Head of Station (Chief Research Officer) of the Niɡerian National Commission of Museums and Monuments, Abuja. 610:

Atyap. In otherwords, the Zango was developed in an area known as "Mabatado" to the Atyap, hence, the Hausa word for that area, "Mabaradawa"). Before then, people took iron ore to

1855:

Other valuables items can be added according to the clan or family the lady is coming from but as far as tradition is concerned these are the necessary items required in Atyap.

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are considered as a part of this group due to their cultural and linguistic similarities, although each of these groups consider itself independent of the Atyap ethnic identity.

426:

and Yoruba language, for example, at least 2,000 years were required to develop the distinction, while 6,000 years were needed for the differences observable in a comparison of

3988: 3373: 4019: 3047: 1835:

Sum of N40,000 or more, depending on what the girl's family arranged; this money is given to the father who will share it to every male relative and keep part to himself.

858:

Pact) between the Atyap and the Hausa is unknown, but it is certain that the residents in Zangon Katab entered into an agreement with the Atyap, centred on two issues:

1493:

In January 1954, soldiers were sent to Zangon Katab town by the British to avert an impending attack by Atyap and Bajju extremist groups against the Hausa population.

1274:

In a bid to penetrate the area, Zaria collided one clan against another and was able weaken certain sections of the Atyap polity through trickery, forcing them into

3261:"Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria" 614:

to form them the tools they wanted and paid him in grains or meat. After the coming of the Hausa, local blacksmiths began copying the products brought in by them.

1222:, a task which became difficult to accomplish and his title snatched by the District Head of Zangon Katab. Yawa on the other hand was appointed in the 1880s as 1183:

making camp between 14° and 16° west near the river. He went ahead to describe the town of Zango (to the northeast) through which he passed on 18 June 1862, as

1437:. Most of the employees in the 1950s in the Zaria Native Authority were the emir's relatives. Achi in Achi et al. (2019) noted that the Atyap were always told 564:

The Atyap sub-groups consists of a group of seven or eight ethnic groups namely: Agworog, Asholyio, Atyap proper, Atyecharak, Atyuku, Fantswam and Takad. The

1287:

Kauru who knew the area very well. The Atyap, however, through an ambush completely defeated the combined forces and sold some of the fighters captured into

2197:

gave the population of the Atyap, comprising the seven subgroups including the "Mabatado" (Abyin Atyap) population in 1993 as 130,000 as documented by SIL.

1667:

During the dry season after crop harvest, men go hunting for animals in the wild between December and March annually, embarking on expeditions to Surubu (

3962: 2274:

fertile ground and had opportunity to propagate the gospel. This worsen the relationship between the two. Today very few Atyap people belong to Islam.

2185:

Avong (2000:67) accounted that the population is unknown, however, it was estimated that about a half of the 145,000 people officially registered for

1602:

was part of those practices which was later outlawed by the colonial government. Here is an account by Achi et al. (2019) on one of those ceremonies:

3414: 3125: 1202:

The new Emir of Zaria few decades later, Abdullahi in 1871 appointed Tutamare and Yawa, deploying them across the Zangon Katab area. Tutamare was a

2722: 2691: 2529: 1578: 530:, is a clear case of pre-nineteenth century immigrations and interactions. It was however in the nineteenth century as a result of over-taxation, 3780:"Perception of and Attitudes toward the Nigerian Federal Population Policy, Family Planning Program and Family Planning in Kaduna State, Nigeria" 3316: 3033:

The Handy System in the Economy of Hausaland. Paper presented at the 32nd Annual Congress of the Historical Society of Nigeria, University of Jos

3437: 2450:), etc., with the entire economy heavily dependent on the production of sorghum, used for food and beer, and beniseed, used in several rituals. 1298:

Pact relationship with some Atyap lineages and settlements (Ataghyui, Sako, Mazaki and Kanai), using Mazaki as an attack base and also used the

1283:

however stopped paying these tributes in 1894 and Zaria reacted by sending a large army of fighters to Zangon Kataf from Zaria, assisted by the

4012: 2516:

After the formation of the Atyap Chiefdom in 1995, the A̱tyap people were ruled by a succession of three monarchs who have come to be known as

451:(Koro) who are little intelligible to them. The stability of language and other culture traits in this region of Nigeria has been recognized. 3669: 2951: 912:

to use their forces to subdue the entire states along the trading routes so their traders could be free from tribute payment and highwaymen.

589:

area, whose civilization spanned c. 1500 BC to c. 500 AD, with many archeological discoveries found scattered within and around Atyap land.

2878:

Interim Report on Fieldwork Conducted on the Nerzit Reɡion (Kaduna State) on Traditional Farminɡ in Niɡeria, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

1943:

marriage occur: a man may inherit widows of his grandfather, father and brother, but only when these are young women and do not have adult

303: 3559: 3585: 2727: 2679: 1167:

in the Kauru area who refused allying with the Emir of Zaria through the Sarkin Kauru, viewing the alliance as a loss of independence.

414:

belongs, is a member of the eastern Plateau. He went further to suggest that by using a glotochronological time scales established for

3705: 1987: 1808:

Gunn (1956) reported that payment and or service are as follows: 'Four fowls for the girl's father (or cash in lieu of service), 2000

1010:, he travelled down along with William Pascoe, a Hausa man who served as his interpreter, to Kano but again chose to travel south to 4437: 4005: 3532: 3299: 3243: 3218: 3018:

Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria Compiled from Official Reports by O. Temple

2845: 2810: 1782: 1956:

rooms. Husbands and wives, men and women whether married or not do not eat their food together, because this was separately done."

1175:

to pay tribute to them for some years, after which the latter launched a counter offensive against them to set their people free.

1029:

On his journey, he heard of several tales concerning a great and populous town, known for the importance of its market. As put by

475:

The Atyap call themselves 'Atyap' and are so known and addressed by their immediate neighbouring groups like Asholyio (or Morwa),

3380: 1922:

Age mates of the suitor would waylay the bride either in the marketplace, farm or river and whisk her away to the groom's house.

1531:

military government sentenced 17 people to death for alleged complicity in the killings, including a former military governor of

1226:(chief of the west) by Emir Sambo (1881–1889). His functions include policing the western sections against Ibrahim Nagwamatse of 3055: 1313:

where he resorted to impaling his victims on stakes and burning others alive. In the course of this war, the leading warrior as

454:

It is therefore persuasive to take as granted, long antiquity of cultural interaction and emergence of specific dialects in the

626:

market became the most important of them all and was an important link between the four main trade routes in the area, namely:

954:

in Hausaland who sought to acquire wealth through their new cause, same waged wars of expansion on settlements all over. The

2374:

Culturally, since time immemorial, the Atyap had been farmers, especially during the rainy season producing food crops like

1777:

established by A̱gwaza (God) and the fullness of an Atyap womanhood lies, first, in a woman having a husband of her own. A

1539:, an Atyap. The sentences were eventually reduced to gaol terms. It was said that Lekwot's arrest was due to his feud with 1053:

He also described the ruler of Zangon Katab who he called a "very great man" and to whom he gifted eight yards of blue and

3482: 1947:

with whom they can live. A woman may choose apparently, whether she will be inherited by her husband's son or grandson.'

3505: 2594:(b. 1960), senator representing Kaduna South Senatorial District (2015–); also a businessman in the hospitality industry. 1527:

In the aftermath, many Hausa fled the area, although some returned later, having no other home. A tribunal set up by the

1516:

was made the first indigenous District Head of Zangon Kataf and Kuyambanan Zazzau and remained so for the next 28 years.

1858:

After these are done a wedding date is fixed immediately with a feast. The Primary marriage had two prominent features:

374:

remains were particularly abundant in hiɡh heaps. This cateɡory of information is complemented by shallow caves and the

982:

and those settlements served as attack launching centres for Emirate campaigns against the Atyap and their neighbours.

3914: 3854: 1625:

Atakat (Attakad) victims and not the Atyap. The skulls of such victims were displayed at the death of the achiever.

4268: 3901:

A Reconsideration of the Origin and Migration of Atyap People of Zangon-Kataf Local Government Area of Kaduna State

2353:

Agriculture is the main stay of the economy. Farming, fishing and hunting are the occupations of the Atyap people.

1528: 134: 1637:(War ɡenius). Specialists were appointed from specific families for treatinɡ the heads of victims. These included 4231: 705:

for which the Atyap were known for and their possession of horses leading to the Hausa referring to the area as "

559: 398:(9°58.5'N, 8°17, 85'E). More such pits have been identified in later search, suggesting that iron ore mining was 253: 2863:"Preliminary Survey on Some Sites in Zangon Kataf District of Upper Kaduna River Basin": African Study Monograms 2942:

Achi, B.; Bitiyonɡ, Y. A.; Bunɡwon, A. D.; Baba, M. Y.; Jim, L. K. N.; Kazah-Toure, M.; Philips, J. E. (2019).

2712: 1598:

in the area in 1903, the Atyap cultural practices included various annual and seasonal ceremonies and indeed,

701:, and agricultural tools. The extent of trade and wealth of Atyapland could be seen in the rate of wearing of 3940: 1402:(1929–1933), the British abolished the tax payment when the people could not even afford to feed themselves. 2634: 1144: 955: 511:(or Chawai) and Rukuba, together with the Atyap, form part of the Eastern Plateau group of languages of the 308: 3118: 2771: 458:

language region. It means that Tyap had long become a clearly identifiable language with a distinguishable

841:

has it that there are no written records, but there is evidence that the Atyap were early settlers in the

4432: 2698: 1595: 1461:(Atyap chiefs) who refused to do so was severely dealt with mostly by removal or dismissal from office. 1164: 1156: 1136: 1065: 335: 230: 2550: 1291:

then returned to Zangon Katab and burnt down the Zango settlement, again disrupting trade in the area.

272: 3324: 1317:

in Achi et al. (2019) puts it, "the most gallant military commander of the Atyap anti-slavery forces,

4442: 3210: 2359: 1512:

To reduce the tensions, after the death of the Hausa District Head of Zangon Kataf in 1967, an Atyap

1841:

Bags of salt which is given to the girls mother and is shared to every woman within the family clan.

4263: 1430: 1329: 1278:

relationships with her. Some of the towns they penetrated included: Ataghyui, Magang, Makunfwuong,

1030: 463: 1978:

Skoggard (2014) gave the area of spread of the Atyap (Katab) people in Nigeria to include: Niger,

3799: 3460: 3171: 2575: 1633:(victor). Those who were able to pursue, overtake and destroy the opponent received the title of 1417:. The Atyap also produced food crops for internal needs for the feeding of workers in the mines, 967: 838: 693:) and then to the upper Benue valley. Goods traded here included: horses, beads, brass, bangles, 601:

up until the mid-18th century when the Hausa traders began passing across Atyap land, importing

1324:

The Kwassau wars caused many southwards migrations of Atyap to neighbouring areas of Asholyio,

3982: 3807: 3665: 3295: 3239: 3214: 2947: 2841: 2832: 2806: 2666: 2300: 1944: 1540: 714: 432: 3791: 3693:. London, Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International African Institute (IAI): 21. 3163: 2674: 2532:(ACDA) is a sociocultural organization which looks after the interests of the Atyap people. 2354: 2317: 1434: 1399: 1089: 820: 459: 323: 3636:. Vol. 2. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co., Broadway House. pp. 58–76. 721:. The most important of them being elephant tusks and camwood, well cherished by the Hausa. 4447: 4258: 4149: 2521: 2399: 2336:

sets in from October/November, the veɡetation turns yellow and then brown with increasinɡ

1763: 1730: 1676: 1148: 1054: 995: 543: 539: 496: 415: 395: 264: 234: 1551: 1199:

In his map (1867:unnumbered, diagram 2), he represented the town with the word "Kuttub".

1084:

and other Muslim areas, reporting that the wives were never known to abuse that liberty.

3631: 2362:. Apart from cultivation, the farmers of the different Atyab communities engaged in the 2003:

Planning shows, with a constant rate of 2.5% per annum, an Atyap population of 250,167.

709:" (Land of horses). From the Atyap, the Hausa usually took back in exchange woven mats, 654:. Goods traded included: dogs, beads, slaves and clothes, in exchange for ponies, salt, 4413: 4383: 4358: 4323: 4318: 4308: 4226: 4216: 4199: 4194: 3260: 2650: 2626: 2525: 2511: 2282: 2250: 2235: 2157: 2070: 1999: 1979: 1760:, initially done every second Saturday of April, now every first of January, annually. 1570: 1547: 1513: 1454: 1439:"All of us in Zaria division are brothers, whether we be Muslims, Pagans or Christians" 1410: 1387:

With the introduction of taxation, forced labour and compelling of people to cultivate

1279: 1034: 1019: 1011: 991: 951: 619: 427: 423: 223: 207: 86: 1135:

The emergence of Mamman Sani as Emir of Zaria (1846–1860) came with aggression on the

4426: 4388: 4373: 4328: 4298: 4293: 4278: 4273: 4241: 4184: 4159: 4144: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4064: 4049: 4039: 3347: 2717: 2686: 2598: 2431: 2363: 2294: 2087: 1838:

A total of three fowls to the girl's father and a sum of N10,000 for her grandfather.

1757: 1668: 1618: 1536: 1524:, rampaging Hausa youths killed many Christians of all ethnic groups in retaliation. 1414: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1219: 1203: 1160: 1152: 1140: 1129: 1121: 979: 959: 828: 796: 792: 788: 663: 597:

Long before the introduction of currencies into the area, the Atyap people practiced

455: 448: 444: 440: 411: 249: 245: 154: 122: 110: 70: 1443: 1347:

jihadists tried to extend their control in this and other parts of central Nigeria.

1111:

status as a non-Muslim group in which they were expected to pay the protection fee (

622:

Bakin Kogi), Rahama, Tungan Kan (Kachechere) and Afang Aduma near Gan, although the

4393: 4363: 4343: 4303: 4283: 4253: 4246: 4169: 4164: 4154: 4124: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4069: 4059: 2749: 2603: 2590: 2570: 2558: 2270: 2215: 2186: 1983: 1900: 1714: 1649:

removed the contents from fresh heads of victims, notinɡ each skull and its owner.

1532: 1502: 1406: 1303: 1299: 1243: 975: 842: 816: 800: 760: 725: 682: 655: 647: 643: 623: 598: 565: 527: 508: 492: 488: 484: 419: 375: 290: 237: 219: 199: 138: 130: 126: 114: 102: 82: 1698:(chief hunter) who leads the group which usually included kin Bajju, Asholyio and 3438:"Kaduna: Again, suspected Fulani militias kill 10, injure others in Zangon Kataf" 2606:, Nigeria (1975–1978); Nigerian Ambassador/High Commissioner to the Republics of 2520:, with the palace situated at Atak Njei in Zangon Kataf Local Government Area of 2011:

Adapted from the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning, Statistics Division,

1132:

middlemen in particular and others with political status held ransom from Zaria.

4378: 4353: 4348: 4338: 4333: 4313: 4236: 4221: 4211: 4206: 4179: 4139: 4129: 4119: 4109: 2642: 2582: 2337: 1899:

But for the Agworok, Atakat (or Attakad) and Fantswam, it was not more than one

1825: 1680: 1599: 1479: 1362: 1318: 1077: 1015: 950:, some migrated to Zangon Katab and were accompanied by even those who bore the 943: 832: 804: 776: 670: 635: 586: 531: 512: 294: 286: 166: 162: 150: 142: 2554:, Nigerian politician and PDP running mate in Kaduna 2023 Governorship election 1767:

A cross-section of Agworok hunters at the Afan National Festival, 2020 Edition.

1332:, and many never returned since then. This migration phase is known in Tyap as 1309:

Kwassau, however, met with a strong resistance at Magata, Mayayit, Makarau and

865:

the need for land for a permanent marketplace and for the immigrants to settle.

318:

sites have been located in Atyap area. Most of these were found in the area of

4368: 4134: 4104: 2655: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2266: 2193: 2121: 1952: 1814: 1778: 1655: 1267: 1251: 808: 764: 698: 611: 480: 158: 146: 106: 3685:

Gunn, H. D. (1956). "Pagan Peoples of the Central Area of Northern Nigeria".

2020:

Nigerian Population Census Figures 1963 and 1991 Projections for Abyin Atyap

1187:"a rocky defile with granite blocks of granite placed one on another, like a 3236:

Violence in Nigeria: The Crisis of Religious Politics and Secular Ideologies

3152:"Notes of a Journey from Bida in Nupe, to Kano in Haussa, Performed in 1862" 2542: 2321: 1883:

indicates that she ( baby girl) is engaged. This stands till marriage day."

1749: 1426: 1418: 1388: 1314: 1227: 1188: 1068:, and several smaller items also. In return, the king gave him a sheep, two 1061: 702: 694: 585:

It has already been established earlier that the Atyap occupy a part of the

399: 17: 3997: 3918: 3862: 3811: 3533:"42 killed, 338 houses burnt in latest Zango Kataf attacks – Atyap leaders" 1566:

Continued tension and outbreaks of violence were reported as late as 2006.

1453:

The Atyap were up to the 1950s predominantly animists and adherents of the

1371: 1172: 227: 3832: 1550:

was created in 1995 following the recommendation of a committee headed by

4044: 1845: 1738: 1726: 1192: 1124:

and being that they were in their own state, refused paying. Some of the

1038: 939: 812: 768: 534:

and the imposition of corvee labour on people under the influence of the

500: 315: 297: 3707:

Religion and the fertility behaviour of the Atyap, Kaduna State, Nigeria

4054: 4028: 3903:. Vol. 2. Journal of Tourism and Heritage Studies. pp. 71–75. 3803: 3779: 3175: 3151: 2659: 2607: 2487: 2375: 2104: 1809: 1686: 1409:(1939–1945), a few Atyap were recruited as contribution for the war in 1310: 1288: 1231: 1215: 1093: 1042: 1023: 729: 710: 547: 504: 195: 170: 118: 58: 1721:) and extracts its tusks, or kills and removes the head of a giraffe ( 1705: 1683:

encarpment, east of Atyap land. These hunts can last a month or more.

862:

The need to ensure the safety of traders and their wares in Atyapland;

3536: 3509: 3206: 2495: 2439: 2415: 2391: 2383: 2325: 2138: 2012: 1753: 1521: 1486: 1475: 1422: 1344: 1336:(escape from Kwassau), while those which happened earlier are called 1325: 1239: 1235: 1107: 1069: 1057: 1046: 1007: 999: 971: 947: 824: 780: 772: 748: 744: 733: 690: 659: 651: 639: 631: 542:

as a form of protest. It is most likely that the traditions of Atyap

479:(or Kagoro), Atyecarak (or Kachechere), Atakat (or Attaka, Attakar), 476: 435:

and expansion and cultural differentiation over thousands of years'.

371: 331: 3795: 3167: 2366:

of animals and birds. Those in the riverine side practiced fishing.

2269:

activity. Since missionaries were disapproved of by both the ruling

803:

all took part in this trade. The Atyap trading contacts extended to

4288: 4189: 4174: 3586:"Hausa Community disagrees with Atyap over Southern Kaduna crisis" 3560:"Southern Kaduna Villagers Stand Up to Security Threats, Killings" 2876:

Jemkur, J. F.; Bitiyonɡ, Y. I.; Mahdi, H.; Jada, Y. H. Y. (1989).

2528:, known as Agwatyap III, is a First Class Chief in the state. The 2407: 2225: 1762: 1704: 1699: 1685: 1672: 1302:

against the Atyap by making them block the Atyap escaping via the

1207: 1112: 1081: 963: 909: 905: 784: 752: 740: 718: 686: 678: 674: 602: 302: 271: 263: 241: 90: 938:

Following the attacks of those who varied from the ideals of the

724:

An arm of the trade routes by the mid-18th century branched from

4114: 3506:"Southern Kaduna killings: Govt has failed us – Atyap community" 2971:. Journal of Historic Society of Nigeria, 1:4. pp. 288–293. 2779: 2423: 1998:

By way of the 1963 Nigerian population census, the Atyap within

1179: 367: 343: 327: 183: 4001: 3563: 3290:

Ernest E. Uwazie; Isaac Olawale Albert; G. N. Uzoigwe (1999).

2458:

The Atyap also since long ago reared animals such as the dog (

1629:

remove the heads of their opponents were awarded the title of

3483:"11 killed, houses burnt in fresh attack in Kaduna community" 2320:(Gandu 1985, Jemkur 1991) and the soil type is predominantly 1485:

Many Atyap were arrested en masse, including Ndung Amaman of

2646:(b. 1943), Nigerian educationist, writer, and administrator. 2670:† (1959-2017), Nigerian historian, academic, pan-Africanist 2586:† (18??-1902), a West African precolonial historical figure 1045:

trees grew in abundance and quite far from the north where

681:

through Karko, Garun Kurama, Magang and finally leading to

1891:

Khap ndi (farming dowry) or khap niat (in-lawship farming)

3348:"FIGHTING MUHAMMAD'S WAR: REVISITING SANI YERIMA'S FATWA" 3292:

Inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution in Nigeria

755:; as a result of expanding trade in the area at the time. 1621:

livinɡ in and around Atyap land attended such festival.

394:, respectively. The same study reveals several iron ore 3941:"Atyap: New leadership set to roll out strategic plans" 3156:

The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London

3005:. Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., London: 171–195. 2478:

The Atyap also produced farming tools such as the hoe (

3084:"Peace has returned to Zangon Kataf -Community leader" 3048:"Kafanchan: Rising from rot wrought by Railways' woes" 2997:

Meek, C. K. (1928). "The Northern Tribes of Nigeria".

2638:(b. 1967), Chief of Defence Staff, Nigeria (2023-date) 1965:

major role in the fertility rates of the Atyap woman.

2946:. Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria. pp. 9–245. 732:

via Kakar, Doka, Kateri, Jere, leading to Abuja (now

2630:, Nigerian writer, philosopher and professor of Law. 1824:As it is today, the following items are brought as 1690:

A̱gwak a̱kat, Chief Hunter of a hunting expedition.

1581:of harbouring Fulani terrorists in the settlement. 96: 76: 64: 52: 42: 3020:(2nd ed.). Cape Town: Argus. pp. 31–222. 2702:(b. 1993), A renowned Sociologist and Data analyst 1713:The traditional medicine man (Tyap: a̱la̱n a̱wum; 1429:and export of those crops to the colonial army in 1092:at the moment. He finally returned to England via 717:, elephant tusks, pots, goats, iron ore, rice and 3612:Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap 2986:. Indiana University, Bloomington. pp. 8–46. 2690:(b. 1955), former group managing director of the 994:in his first expedition with his master, Captain 759:With their neighbours, the Atyap traded with the 3987:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 3374:"The Status of the Languages of Central Nigeria" 1848:and crates of wine or other drinks (sometimes). 1185: 3124:. Human Rights Watch. April 2006. p. 51. 2299:The Atyap people speak Tyap, which belongs to 1343:Atyap nationalism grew in the 19th century as 4013: 3687:Ethnographic Survey of Africa, Western Africa 2524:, Nigeria. As of 2020,, the present monarch, 1554:that investigated the cause of the uprising. 1543:, then Head of State. No Hausa were charged. 27:An ethnic group in the Middle Belt of Nigeria 8: 3969:. Archived from the original on 28 July 2020 3213:: Indiana University Press. pp. 75–76. 713:(Tyap: gba̱ndaat; Hausa: katambari), ropes, 650:into Zangon Katab, from whence it passed to 35: 3461:"Terrorists kill 10 in fresh Kaduna attack" 3238:. University Rochester Press. p. 216. 1960:Relationship between fertility and religion 1178:Dr. Baikie in his "Notes of a Journey from 883: 4020: 4006: 3998: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3605: 3603: 2574:† (194?-1986), Nigerian military officer ( 1671:) and Karge hills to the north and to the 895: 889: 877: 871: 34: 3664:. Ya-Byangs Publishers, Jos. p. 93. 3655: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3584:Hassan-Wuyo, Ibrahim (14 February 2022). 3485:. Tribune Online Nigeria. 30 January 2022 268:A young woman in Traditional Atyap attire 3196: 3194: 3192: 2835:Local History in Post-Independent Africa 2744: 2742: 2005: 3740:. New Haven: Human Relations Area Files 3077: 3075: 3073: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2750:"Joshua project entry on Katab (Atyap)" 2738: 2723:Atyap Community Development Association 2692:Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation 2654:(b. 1940), former Military Governor of 2530:Atyap Community Development Association 1709:A̱la̱n a̱wum, Traditional Medicine Man. 1230:'s forces and raid for slaves. He used 276:A young man in Atyap Traditional attire 218:) are an ethnic group found majorly in 3980: 3915:"Ministry of Local Government Affairs" 3784:African Journal of Reproductive Health 3113: 3111: 3109: 3046:Archibong, Maurice (26 October 2006). 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2805:. Boydell & Brewer. p. 15ff. 1781:clergyman of the largest denomination 1214:title and put in-charge of extracting 3662:Pre-colonial History of Atyab (Kataf) 1702:people to the hunting ground chosen. 1694:The hunt is usually initiated by the 538:of Hausaland, which led to increased 7: 1501:After independence in 1960, General 669:The North-South Route: Running from 53:Regions with significant populations 3317:"Zangon-Kataf: For Peace to Endure" 2984:The Languages of Africa 2nd edition 2728:Ayet Atyap annual cultural festival 1874:Nyeang alala (marriage by necklace) 1832:A black goat for the girl's mother. 1756:, which is today celebrated as the 3886:Atyap People, Culture and Language 3633:Tribal Studies in Northern Nigeria 3558:Obiezu, Timothy (25 August 2020). 3315:Agaju Madugba (9 September 2001). 3131:from the original on 16 March 2010 2187:Zangon Kataf Local Government Area 1026:because he had little money left. 25: 3346:Yusuf Yariyok (4 February 2003). 4407: 3294:. Lexington Books. p. 106. 2602:(b. 1944), Military Governor of 2189:in the 1991 census, were Atyap. 1100:Later jihad days and slave trade 3459:Bulus, Israel (15 March 2023). 779:cakes and honey and the Bajju, 593:Barter trade era – 18th century 307:Head, Nok culture, terracotta, 281:Archeoloɡical material evidence 3082:IBRAHEEM MUSA (7 March 2010). 2999:Journal of the African Society 1851:Local beans are also required. 1590:A̱nak festival and headhunting 1552:Air Vice Marshall Usman Mu'azu 491:(or Kadara), Akoro (or Koro), 1: 3504:Ojo, Sola (8 February 2022). 3436:Tauna, Amos (15 March 2023). 3372:Roger Blench (29 July 1997). 3265:African Social Science Review 3259:Yahaya, Aliyu (Spring 2016). 3150:Baikie, W.; Kirk, J. (1867). 2969:The Nok Culture in Prehistory 1383:Atyap anti-colonial movements 1018:instead, so as to get to the 285:The Atyap occupy part of the 3943:. Blueprint. 14 January 2021 3203:Readings in African politics 3119:"They Do Not Own This Place" 2944:A Short History of the Atyap 3768:Achi et al. 2019, pp. 35–6. 3704:Avong, H. N. (March 1999). 3407:"Yakowa at 60: Any legacy?" 1537:Major-General Zamani Lekwot 572:Zakhwo, Zibyin and Zikpak. 4464: 3888:. Unpublished. p. 12. 3855:"The Culture and Religion" 3531:Ojo, Sola (17 July 2021). 2837:in Writing African history 2509: 2292: 2248: 743:descending through Kalla, 630:The East-West Route: From 557: 248:, Nigeria. They speak the 4404: 4035: 2982:Greenberg, J. H. (1966). 2680:Federal Road Safety Corps 2462:), pig (a̱kusuru), goat ( 2332:become ɡreen; but as the 2277:As of 2020, according to 2150: 2019: 1594:Before the coming of the 1398:During the period of the 1370:acknowledge the emirs of 1340:(escape from the Hausa). 1191:wall, surrounded by huge 685:, whence it continues to 560:Atyap subgroups and clans 254:Central Plateau languages 101: 81: 69: 57: 47: 4438:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 4029:Ethnic groups in Nigeria 3963:"PROFILE: Zamani Lekwot" 3731:"Culture Summary: Katab" 3729:Skoggard, I. A. (2014). 2861:Bitiyong, Y. I. (1988). 2713:1992 Zangon Kataf crises 2662:; also a business mogul. 2265:outside of the range of 2042:Atak Njei (Ungwan Gayya) 1930:choose wives for them." 1926:marriageable daughters. 1828:during an introduction: 1817:, mostly after harvest. 1218:from his people and the 974:by 1820 were subdued as 546:from the north to avoid 2803:Writing African history 2801:Philips, J. E. (2005). 2772:"The Atyap Nationality" 2635:Christopher Gwabin Musa 2034:1991 Projected Figures 1641:(killer of people) and 1014:(spelt "Funda") on the 896: 890: 878: 872: 815:to the west and south; 783:, Asholyio, Atyecarak, 309:Honolulu Museum of Arts 293:valley, famous for its 3899:Yakubu, K. Y. (2013). 3859:Atyap Community Online 3660:Ninyio, Y. S. (2008). 3016:Temple, C. L. (1922). 2776:Atyap Community Online 1768: 1710: 1691: 1421:construction sites in 1197: 986:Richard Lander's visit 884: 646:area and crossing the 350:) on the banks of the 338:. In two sites in the 326:. The remains include 311: 277: 269: 231:Local Government Areas 3967:Premium Times Nigeria 3234:Toyin Falola (2001). 2522:southern Kaduna State 1766: 1708: 1689: 1679:) territories on the 1497:Post colonial Nigeria 1242:as bases to raid the 985: 827:to the north; Berom, 503:(or Kafanchan), Afo, 382:(9°55'N, 8°10'E) and 306: 275: 267: 97:Related ethnic groups 3630:Meek, C. K. (1931). 3211:Bloomington, Indiana 3058:on 29 September 2007 2678:, former Secretary, 2360:shifting cultivation 2031:1963 Census Figures 386:(9°51'N, 8°22'E) at 364:A̱ta̱bat A̱ta̱nyeang 354:stream and banks of 287:Nok cultural complex 3327:on 26 November 2005 2782:on 17 November 2012 2694:, NNPC (2012–2014). 2056:Mazaki (Gidan Zaki) 2016: 1431:British West Africa 925:Resumption of trade 873:nggwon a̱tyia̱khwop 739:Another route from 715:mortars and pestles 554:Subgroups and clans 464:social organisation 406:Linguistic evidence 39: 4414:Nigeria portal 3921:on 15 January 2021 3884:Ayuba, K. (2016). 3778:Avong, H. (2000). 3588:. Vanguard Nigeria 3201:Tom Young (2003). 2865:. pp. 97–107. 2699:Audi Obadiah Peter 2687:Andrew Laah Yakubu 2682:, FRSC (2022-2023) 2006: 1934:Secondary marriage 1769: 1711: 1692: 1210:who was given the 962:and others around 879:nggwon a̱tyia̱nwap 839:Human Rights Watch 312: 278: 270: 71:Tyap (A̱lyem Tyap) 4420: 4419: 3671:978-978-54678-5-7 3539:: Sun News Online 3512:: Sun News Online 3031:Achi, B. (1987). 2967:Fagg, B. (1959). 2953:978-978-54678-5-7 2831:Achi, B. (2005). 2667:Toure Kazah-Toure 2551:John Markus Ayuba 2301:Plateau languages 2183: 2182: 2015: 1945:lineal descendant 1915:were celebrated. 1541:Ibrahim Babangida 1072:humps and enough 638:, running across 634:to Rukuba on the 515:language family. 433:population growth 392:Atabad-Atanyieang 360:Atabad Atanyieanɡ 176: 175: 16:(Redirected from 4455: 4412: 4411: 4410: 4022: 4015: 4008: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3986: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3917:. Archived from 3911: 3905: 3904: 3896: 3890: 3889: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3861:. Archived from 3851: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3829: 3823: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3682: 3676: 3675: 3657: 3638: 3637: 3627: 3616: 3615: 3607: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3581: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3528: 3522: 3521: 3519: 3517: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3433: 3427: 3426: 3424: 3422: 3417:on 13 March 2016 3413:. Archived from 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3386:on 26 March 2009 3385: 3379:. Archived from 3378: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323:. Archived from 3312: 3306: 3305: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3198: 3187: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3147: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3094:on 13 March 2010 3090:. Archived from 3079: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3054:. Archived from 3043: 3037: 3036: 3035:. pp. 1–15. 3028: 3022: 3021: 3013: 3007: 3006: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2939: 2882: 2881: 2873: 2867: 2866: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2828: 2817: 2816: 2798: 2792: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2778:. Archived from 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2752:. Joshua Project 2746: 2675:Ayuba Gora Wobin 2564:Gora Oil and Gas 2370:Crop cultivation 2318:deciduous forest 2233: 2223: 2213: 2172:Zangon Kataf LGA 2017: 2007: 1800:Primary marriage 1748:Much later, the 1435:Native Authority 1400:Great Depression 1356:Colonial Nigeria 1090:Sokoto caliphate 934:Early jihad days 899: 893: 887: 881: 875: 829:Ganawuri (Niten) 460:material culture 171:southern Nigeria 43:Total population 40: 21: 4463: 4462: 4458: 4457: 4456: 4454: 4453: 4452: 4423: 4422: 4421: 4416: 4408: 4406: 4400: 4031: 4026: 3996: 3979: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3868: 3866: 3865:on 23 July 2011 3853: 3852: 3848: 3838: 3836: 3831: 3830: 3826: 3816: 3814: 3796:10.2307/3583244 3777: 3776: 3772: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3672: 3659: 3658: 3641: 3629: 3628: 3619: 3609: 3608: 3601: 3591: 3589: 3583: 3582: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3540: 3530: 3529: 3525: 3515: 3513: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3466: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3430: 3420: 3418: 3405:Ephraim Shehu. 3404: 3403: 3399: 3389: 3387: 3383: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3356: 3354: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3302: 3289: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3258: 3257: 3253: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3221: 3200: 3199: 3190: 3180: 3178: 3168:10.2307/1798520 3149: 3148: 3144: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3081: 3080: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3045: 3044: 3040: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3015: 3014: 3010: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2954: 2941: 2940: 2885: 2875: 2874: 2870: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2840:. p. 375. 2830: 2829: 2820: 2813: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2785: 2783: 2770: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2748: 2747: 2740: 2736: 2709: 2538: 2514: 2508: 2476: 2456: 2372: 2351: 2346: 2313: 2308: 2297: 2291: 2262: 2253: 2247: 2242: 2241: 2240: 2239: 2231: 2229: 2221: 2219: 2211: 2208:Atyap religion 2203: 1996: 1986:states and the 1976: 1971: 1962: 1936: 1893: 1876: 1802: 1774: 1665: 1592: 1587: 1564: 1499: 1476:Gworok (Kagoro) 1385: 1358: 1353: 1232:Wogon (Kagarko) 1102: 1062:king of England 996:Hugh Clapperton 988: 936: 927: 922: 747:, Afang Aduma, 730:Wogon (Kagarko) 595: 583: 581:Prehistoric era 578: 562: 556: 499:(or Kamantan), 473: 408: 380:Bakunkunɡ Afanɡ 283: 262: 33: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4461: 4459: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4425: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4405: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4204: 4203: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4025: 4024: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3995: 3994: 3954: 3932: 3906: 3891: 3876: 3846: 3824: 3770: 3761: 3751: 3721: 3696: 3677: 3670: 3639: 3617: 3599: 3576: 3550: 3523: 3496: 3474: 3451: 3428: 3411:People's Daily 3397: 3364: 3338: 3307: 3300: 3282: 3251: 3244: 3226: 3219: 3188: 3142: 3105: 3069: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2989: 2974: 2959: 2952: 2883: 2868: 2853: 2846: 2818: 2811: 2793: 2763: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2703: 2695: 2683: 2671: 2663: 2651:Ishaya Shekari 2647: 2639: 2631: 2627:Kyuka Lilymjok 2623: 2595: 2587: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2547: 2537: 2536:Notable people 2534: 2526:Dominic Yahaya 2512:Atyap Chiefdom 2510:Main article: 2507: 2504: 2475: 2472: 2455: 2454:Animal rearing 2452: 2371: 2368: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2342: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2293:Main article: 2290: 2287: 2279:Joshua Project 2261: 2258: 2251:Abwoi religion 2249:Main article: 2246: 2243: 2230: 2220: 2210: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2164: 2161: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2144: 2141: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2119: 2115: 2114: 2111: 2108: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2068: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021: 1995: 1992: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1935: 1932: 1892: 1889: 1875: 1872: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1801: 1798: 1773: 1770: 1723:a̱lakumi a̱yit 1664: 1661: 1615:"kpa̱t dudunɡ" 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1571:Atyap Chiefdom 1563: 1560: 1548:Atyap Chiefdom 1514:Bala Ade Dauke 1498: 1495: 1455:Abwoi religion 1411:southeast Asia 1384: 1381: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1330:Batinor (Koro) 1236:Ajure (Kajuru) 1101: 1098: 1074:tuwon shinkafa 1060:prints of the 1020:Bight of Benin 998:, who died in 992:Richard Lander 987: 984: 972:Ajure (Kajuru) 952:jihadist flags 935: 932: 926: 923: 921: 918: 867: 866: 863: 837:An account by 833:Rukuba (Bache) 757: 756: 745:Ajure (Kajuru) 737: 722: 667: 594: 591: 582: 579: 577: 574: 558:Main article: 555: 552: 472: 471:Other evidence 469: 407: 404: 282: 279: 261: 258: 174: 173: 99: 98: 94: 93: 79: 78: 74: 73: 67: 66: 62: 61: 55: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 31: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4460: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4415: 4403: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4223: 4220: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4208: 4205: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4018: 4016: 4011: 4009: 4004: 4003: 4000: 3990: 3984: 3968: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3895: 3892: 3887: 3880: 3877: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3834: 3828: 3825: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3755: 3752: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3722: 3710:. Unpublished 3709: 3708: 3700: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3667: 3663: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3634: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3606: 3604: 3600: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3538: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3511: 3507: 3500: 3497: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3462: 3455: 3452: 3439: 3432: 3429: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3401: 3398: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3365: 3353: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3308: 3303: 3301:0-7391-0033-5 3297: 3293: 3286: 3283: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3255: 3252: 3247: 3245:1-58046-052-6 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3220:0-253-21646-X 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3189: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3146: 3143: 3127: 3120: 3114: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3039: 3034: 3027: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2975: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2849: 2847:9781580462563 2843: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812:1-58046-164-6 2808: 2804: 2797: 2794: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2767: 2764: 2751: 2745: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2718:Afan festival 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2706: 2701: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2688: 2684: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2661: 2658:(1978–1979), 2657: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2628: 2624: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2599:Zamani Lekwot 2596: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2545: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2513: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2474:Manufacturing 2473: 2471: 2469: 2466:) and sheep ( 2465: 2461: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2432:finger millet 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2364:domestication 2361: 2356: 2355:Sudan savanna 2348: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2295:Tyap Language 2288: 2286: 2284: 2280: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2244: 2237: 2227: 2217: 2209: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2195: 2190: 2188: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 2116: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2088:Ashong Ashyui 2086: 2083: 2082: 2078: 2075: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2004: 2001: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1973: 1968: 1966: 1959: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1940: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:Nyeang A̱lala 1856: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1831: 1830: 1829: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1816: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1758:Afan Festival 1755: 1751: 1746: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1616: 1610: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1589: 1584: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1561: 1559: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1496: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1466: 1462: 1460: 1459:Á̱gwam A̱tyap 1456: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1442:departmental 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1415:German Africa 1412: 1408: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1373: 1367: 1364: 1355: 1350: 1348: 1346: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1334:Tyong Kwasa̱u 1331: 1327: 1322: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1311:Ashong Ashyui 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1184: 1181: 1176: 1174: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1099: 1097: 1095: 1091: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1064:and the late 1063: 1059: 1056: 1051: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1022:to return to 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1004: 1001: 997: 993: 983: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 933: 931: 924: 919: 917: 913: 911: 907: 901: 898: 892: 886: 880: 874: 864: 861: 860: 859: 857: 853: 849: 844: 840: 835: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 794: 790: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 762: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 735: 731: 727: 723: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 689:, Abuja (now 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 668: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 628: 627: 625: 621: 615: 613: 608: 604: 600: 592: 590: 588: 580: 575: 573: 569: 567: 561: 553: 551: 549: 545: 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Retrieved 2697: 2685: 2673: 2665: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2625: 2604:Rivers State 2597: 2591:Danjuma Laah 2589: 2581: 2571:Musa Bityong 2569: 2563: 2559:Isaiah Balat 2557: 2549: 2541: 2517: 2515: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2477: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2457: 2447: 2443: 2435: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2395: 2387: 2379: 2373: 2352: 2333: 2330:rainy season 2329: 2324:with little 2314: 2298: 2278: 2276: 2271:Hausa-Fulani 2263: 2254: 2216:Christianity 2207: 2192: 2191: 2184: 2171: 2156: 2151: 2124:(Zaman Dabo) 2008: 1997: 1977: 1974:Distribution 1969:Demographics 1963: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1928: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1901:rainy season 1898: 1894: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1823: 1819: 1807: 1803: 1793: 1789: 1787: 1775: 1747: 1742: 1734: 1722: 1718: 1712: 1696:a̱gwak a̱kat 1695: 1693: 1675:and Rukuba ( 1666: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1614: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1593: 1576: 1568: 1565: 1562:21st century 1556: 1545: 1533:Rivers State 1526: 1518: 1511: 1507: 1503:Yakubu Gowon 1500: 1492: 1484: 1470: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1407:World War II 1404: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1351:20th century 1342: 1338:Tyong A̱kpat 1337: 1333: 1328:, Bajju and 1323: 1308: 1304:Kaduna River 1295: 1293: 1284: 1275: 1273: 1264: 1224:Sarkin Yamma 1223: 1211: 1201: 1198: 1186: 1177: 1169: 1134: 1125: 1122:Muslim state 1116: 1106: 1103: 1086: 1073: 1066:Duke of York 1052: 1028: 1005: 989: 946:, Zaria and 937: 928: 920:19th century 914: 902: 891:a̱tyia̱khwop 868: 855: 851: 847: 843:Zangon Katab 836: 758: 751:and then to 726:Zangon Katab 707:Kasar dawaki 706: 683:Zangon Katab 648:Kaduna River 624:Zangon Katab 616: 606: 599:barter trade 596: 584: 570: 563: 535: 525: 521: 517: 474: 453: 437: 409: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376:rock shelter 363: 359: 355: 351: 348:A̱yit Mapama 347: 340:Ayid-ma-pama 339: 319: 313: 291:Kaduna River 284: 238:Kaduna State 220:Zangon-Kataf 215: 211: 203: 191: 190:, singular: 187: 179: 177: 83:Christianity 36: 32:Ethnic group 29: 18:Atyap people 4443:Headhunting 3839:22 December 3817:18 December 3714:17 December 3181:22 December 2643:Andrew Nkom 2583:Marok Gandu 2446:), potato ( 2349:Agriculture 2338:desiccation 2158:Abyin Atyap 2000:Abyin Atyap 1826:bride price 1796:marriages. 1681:Jos Plateau 1600:headhunting 1480:Gwamna Awan 1425:, Kano and 1363:Middle Belt 1319:Marok Gandu 1206:convert to 1016:Benue River 897:a̱tyia̱nwap 854:, English: 777:locust bean 636:Jos Plateau 612:blacksmiths 587:Nok culture 532:slave raids 513:Benue-Congo 495:(or Kaje), 483:(or Jaba), 396:mining pits 384:Tswoɡ Fwuam 324:settlements 322:and nearby 295:terra-cotta 167:Middle Belt 165:peoples of 163:Benue-Congo 4427:Categories 3744:18 January 3162:: 92–108. 2756:19 January 2734:References 2656:Kano State 2620:The Gambia 2616:Cape Verde 2612:Mauritania 2500:a̱la̱ujhyi 2334:dry season 2322:sandstones 2311:Vegetation 2267:missionary 2245:Indigenous 2194:Ethnologue 2122:Atak Nfang 2107:(Magamiya) 1994:Population 1953:polygamous 1913:Song A̱nak 1909:Song A̱swa 1905:Song A̱yet 1815:dry season 1779:Protestant 1656:banishment 1389:cash crops 1268:starvation 942:groups in 809:Yorubaland 540:migrations 356:Chen Fwuam 161:and other 3052:Daily Sun 2543:Bala Achi 2518:A̱gwatyap 2440:groundnut 2306:Geography 2260:Abrahamic 2090:(Jankasa) 1868:Khap Niat 1846:kola nuts 1794:Secondary 1645:(drier). 1529:Babangida 1474:Chief of 1427:Maiduguri 1419:aerodrome 1250:, Atyap, 1228:Kontagora 1212:Kuyambana 1189:Cyclopean 990:In 1827, 960:Arumaruma 882:; Hausa: 856:Integrity 850:; Hausa: 817:Hausaland 544:migration 400:intensive 298:figurines 192:A̱tyotyap 65:Languages 4319:Mambilla 4259:Itsekiri 4227:Kalabari 4045:Anlo Ewe 3983:cite web 3812:11000710 3734:(Online) 3592:26 March 3569:26 March 3543:26 March 3516:26 March 3489:26 March 3467:26 March 3444:26 March 3126:Archived 3062:27 March 2707:See also 2576:Lt. Col. 2506:Politics 2482:), axe ( 2448:a̱ga̱mwi 2416:beniseed 2289:Language 2201:Religion 2179:250,167 1980:Nasarawa 1864:Khap Ndi 1772:Marriage 1750:Fantswam 1739:antelope 1727:reindeer 1651:Lyekhwot 1643:Lyekhwot 1216:tributes 1193:boulders 1165:Kuzamani 1035:plantain 940:jihadist 813:Igboland 805:Nupeland 769:palm oil 703:red caps 695:red caps 607:Mabarado 536:Sarakuna 501:Fantswam 336:furnaces 314:Several 235:southern 182:people ( 77:Religion 4359:Tangale 4324:Mandara 4309:Longuda 4217:Engenni 4200:Ukwuani 4195:Ikwerre 4055:Afusari 3925:10 July 3869:6 March 3804:3583244 3463:. Punch 3421:8 March 3390:6 March 3357:6 March 3331:6 March 3321:ThisDay 3176:1798520 3135:6 March 3098:7 March 2786:6 March 2660:Nigeria 2608:Senegal 2488:cutlass 2484:a̱khwon 2468:zonseap 2396:ji̱njok 2376:sorghum 2344:Economy 2326:gravels 2228:(10.0%) 2218:(84.0%) 2176:125,303 2166:92,695 2146:13,078 2130:14,399 2105:Taligan 2096:11,088 2079:17,290 2048:20,465 2009:Source: 1810:cowries 1790:Primary 1754:Agworok 1743:a̱lywei 1731:buffalo 1663:Hunting 1647:Hyaniet 1639:Hyaniet 1635:Nwalyak 1631:Yakyanɡ 1596:British 1585:Culture 1405:During 1326:Agworok 1289:slavery 1137:Aniragu 1126:jekadas 1094:Badagry 1070:bullock 1055:scarlet 1043:coconut 1031:Philips 1024:England 976:vassals 848:A̱ka̱be 781:Agworok 711:camwood 677:, into 642:to the 576:History 548:slavery 505:Afizere 477:Agworok 372:tuyeres 362:(Tyap: 332:tuyeres 260:Origins 204:Ba̱tyap 196:exonyms 119:Afizere 59:Nigeria 48:281,000 4448:Nenzit 4389:Yoruba 4374:Urhobo 4329:Mumuye 4299:Kotoko 4294:Kofyar 4279:Kanuri 4274:Kamuku 4242:Nkoroo 4185:Ekpeye 4160:Ibibio 4150:Goemai 4145:Gbagyi 4095:Djerma 4085:Defaka 4080:Chamba 4075:Buduma 4065:Bariba 4050:Anaang 4040:Afemai 3973:13 May 3947:5 June 3833:"Tyap" 3810: 3802: 3668: 3537:Kaduna 3510:Kaduna 3298: 3275:5 June 3242: 3217: 3207:London 3174: 2950: 2844: 2809: 2496:sickle 2494:) and 2480:a̱tyem 2384:millet 2238:(6.0%) 2234: 2232: 2224: 2222: 2214: 2212: 2163:46,429 2139:Zonzon 2113:7,302 2073:(Gora) 2062:8,074 2045:10,250 2013:Kaduna 1984:Kaduna 1619:Fulani 1522:Kaduna 1487:Zonzon 1471:alkali 1444:mallam 1423:Kaduna 1372:Jema'a 1345:Fulani 1285:Sarkin 1260:Anghan 1256:Bakulu 1248:Gbagyi 1240:Kachia 1220:Anghan 1204:Bakulu 1173:Jema'a 1157:Agbiri 1130:Irigwe 1117:jekada 1108:dhimmi 1058:damask 1047:Fulani 1008:Sokoto 1000:Sokoto 948:Bauchi 885:magaji 825:Agades 811:, and 793:Bakulu 773:ginger 749:Kachia 736:); and 734:Suleja 691:Suleja 664:grains 660:potash 656:cowrie 652:Lokoja 640:Miango 632:Bukuru 620:Hausa: 603:swords 497:Anghan 416:Yoruba 366:) the 228:Jema'a 188:A̱tyap 155:Yoruba 123:Irigwe 111:Bakulu 87:A̱bwoi 4394:Ijebu 4364:Tarok 4344:Ogoni 4304:Kuteb 4289:Kirdi 4284:Kilba 4269:Jukun 4254:Isoko 4247:Obolo 4237:Nkoro 4222:Ibani 4212:Bille 4190:Etche 4175:Igede 4170:Igala 4165:Idoma 4155:Hausa 4125:Eleme 4100:Ebira 4090:Dendi 4070:Berom 4060:Atyap 3800:JSTOR 3738:eHRAF 3384:(PDF) 3377:(PDF) 3172:JSTOR 3129:(PDF) 3122:(PDF) 2460:a̱bwu 2444:shyui 2436:gbeam 2428:kusat 2408:fonio 2392:beans 2380:swaat 2316:semi- 2283:Abwoi 2236:Abwoi 2226:Islam 2152:Total 2143:7,051 2127:7,212 2110:3,658 2093:5,554 2076:8,660 2071:Kanai 2059:4,044 2028:Ward 1844:Male 1737:) or 1719:zwuom 1700:Atsam 1673:Atsam 1669:Avori 1607:zwuom 1300:Atsam 1296:Amana 1280:Kanai 1276:Amana 1244:Adara 1208:Islam 1161:Avori 1153:Avono 1145:Koono 1141:Atumi 1113:jizya 1082:Borgu 1012:Panda 1006:From 980:Zaria 964:Kauru 956:Amala 910:Zaria 906:Kauru 852:Amana 821:Azbin 801:Berom 797:Avori 789:Niten 785:Atsam 761:Gwong 753:Keffi 741:Zaria 719:honey 687:Keffi 679:Kauru 675:Zaria 644:Atsam 566:Bajju 528:Hausa 509:Atsam 493:Bajju 489:Adara 485:Gwong 456:Kataf 428:Idoma 424:Igala 242:Riyom 224:Kaura 216:Katab 212:Kataf 208:Hausa 180:Atyap 139:Kuteb 135:Jukun 131:Tarok 127:Berom 115:Adara 103:Bajju 91:Islam 37:Atyap 4384:Yakö 4379:Waja 4354:Tera 4349:Saro 4339:Ogba 4334:Nupe 4314:Mafa 4232:Kula 4207:Ijaw 4180:Igbo 4140:Fula 4130:Esan 4120:Ekoi 4115:Eket 4110:Efik 3989:link 3975:2020 3949:2024 3927:2020 3871:2010 3841:2020 3819:2020 3808:PMID 3746:2021 3716:2020 3666:ISBN 3594:2023 3571:2023 3545:2023 3518:2023 3491:2023 3469:2023 3446:2023 3423:2010 3392:2010 3359:2010 3333:2010 3296:ISBN 3277:2024 3240:ISBN 3215:ISBN 3183:2020 3137:2010 3100:2010 3064:2023 2948:ISBN 2842:ISBN 2807:ISBN 2788:2010 2758:2021 2618:and 2492:a̱da 2424:okra 2420:cwan 2412:tson 2400:yams 2025:S/N 1911:and 1862:and 1792:and 1783:ECWA 1715:Jju: 1677:Bace 1579:ACDA 1569:The 1413:and 1315:Achi 1258:and 1252:Koro 1238:and 1180:Bida 1163:and 1078:Nupe 1041:and 1039:palm 970:and 968:Lere 944:Kano 908:and 831:and 823:and 799:and 767:for 763:and 699:gums 671:Kano 662:and 462:and 449:Ashe 447:and 445:Duya 441:Hyam 418:and 390:and 370:and 368:slaɡ 344:Tyap 334:and 328:slag 240:and 226:and 184:Tyap 178:The 169:and 151:Igbo 143:Efik 4369:Tiv 4135:Fon 4105:Edo 3792:doi 3759:15. 3564:VOA 3271:(1) 3164:doi 2502:). 2486:), 2470:). 2464:zon 2438:), 2430:), 2422:), 2414:), 2406:), 2404:cyi 2398:), 2390:), 2388:zuk 2382:), 2285:). 1988:FCT 1866:or 1735:zat 1725:), 1546:An 1149:Anu 978:of 900:). 894:or 876:or 765:Ham 728:to 673:to 481:Ham 420:Edo 388:Gan 378:at 358:at 320:Gan 244:of 233:of 200:Jju 159:Edo 147:Tiv 107:Ham 4429:: 3985:}} 3981:{{ 3965:. 3857:. 3806:. 3798:. 3786:. 3782:. 3736:. 3691:12 3689:. 3642:^ 3620:^ 3602:^ 3562:. 3535:. 3508:. 3409:. 3350:. 3319:. 3267:. 3263:. 3209:, 3205:. 3191:^ 3170:. 3160:37 3158:. 3154:. 3108:^ 3086:. 3072:^ 3050:. 3003:27 3001:. 2886:^ 2821:^ 2774:. 2741:^ 2614:, 2610:, 2340:. 1990:. 1982:, 1907:, 1870:. 1729:, 1535:, 1478:, 1446:. 1262:. 1254:, 1246:, 1234:, 1195:". 1159:, 1155:, 1151:, 1147:, 1143:, 1139:, 1096:. 1080:, 1037:, 966:, 958:, 819:, 807:, 795:, 791:, 787:, 775:, 771:, 697:, 658:, 507:, 443:, 346:: 330:, 300:. 256:. 222:, 214:, 210:: 206:; 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