3106:
717:
829:(IGY) in 1957-1958 and subsequent global scientific cooperation to maintain the data sets. That initial terrestrial data from ground stations and balloons was later combined with spaceborne observatories to form far more complete information than had been previously possible, with this storm being one of the first widely documented of the then young Space Age. It convinced both the military and NASA to take space weather seriously and accordingly devote resources to its monitoring and study.
755:(DSTs) within about 30 seconds in the Hon La area (magnetic latitude ≈9°) was highly likely the result of an intense solar storm. One account claims that 4,000 mines were detonated. It was known that solar storms caused terrestrial geomagnetic disturbances but it was as yet unknown to the military whether these effects could be sufficiently intense. It was confirmed as possible in a meeting of Navy investigators at the NOAA
3118:
454:(IMF) from an initial southward to northward orientation, thus substantially suppressing geomagnetic activity as the solar blast was largely deflected away from rather than toward Earth. An early study found an extraordinary asymmetry range of ≈450 nT. A 2006 study found that if a favorable IMF southward orientation were present that the Dst may have surpassed −1,600 nT, comparable to the 1859 Carrington Event.
199:
40:
3094:
3130:
411:) bringing it near the exceedingly rarely reached NOAA S5 level on the solar radiation scale. Fluxes at other energy levels, from soft to hard, at >1 MeV, >30 MeV, and >60 MeV, also reached extreme levels, as well as inferred for >100 MeV. The particle storm led to northern hemisphere polar stratospheric
327:
The arrival time of the associated coronal mass ejection (CME) and its coronal cloud, 14.6 hours, remains the record shortest duration as of
November 2023, indicating an exceptionally fast and typically an exceptionally geoeffective event (normal transit time is two to three days). A preceding series
817:, with numerous studies published in the next few years and throughout the 1970s and 1980s, as well as leading to several influential internal investigations and to significant policy changes. Almost fifty years after the fact, the storm was reexamined in an October 2018 article published in the
800:
that could cause severe illness, and was potentially the most hazardous. Had the most intense solar activity of early August occurred during a mission, it would have forced the crew to abort the flight and resort to contingency measures, including an emergency return and landing for medical
688:. Magnetic field variations (dB/dt) of ≈800 nT/min were estimated locally at the time and the peak rate of change of magnetic field intensity reached >2,200 nT/min in central and western Canada, although the outage was most likely caused by swift intensification of the eastward
505:
or less. This is a contraction of at least one half and up to two-thirds the size of the magnetosphere under normal conditions, to a distance of less than 20,000 km (12,000 mi). Solar wind dynamic pressure increased to about 100 times normal, based upon data from
832:
The authors of the 2018 paper compared the 1972 storm to the great storm of 1859 in some aspects of intensity. They posit that it was a
Carrington-class storm. Other researchers conclude that the 1972 event could have been comparable to 1859 for geomagnetic storming if
792:
in orbit or on a moonwalk could have experienced severe radiation poisoning, or even absorbed a potentially lethal dose. Regardless of location, an astronaut would have suffered an enhanced risk of contracting cancer after being exposed to that amount of radiation.
783:
scheduled to depart on
December 7 that same year. Had a mission been taking place during August, those inside the Apollo command module would have been shielded from 90% of the incoming radiation. However, this reduced dose could still have caused
254:
cycles, first receiving the designation as Region 11947 as it faced Earth, going unseen as it rotated past the far side of the Sun, then returning
Earthside as Region 11976, before cycling as Regions 12007, 12045, and 12088, respectively.
446:(Dst) was only −125 nT, falling merely within the relatively common "intense" storm category. Initially an exceptional geomagnetic response occurred and some extreme storming occurred locally later (some of these possibly within
582:
46°. Extending to 5 August, intense geomagnetic storming continued with bright red (a relatively rare color associated with extreme events) and fast-moving aurora visible at midday from dark regions of the
Southern Hemisphere.
161:. The storm caused widespread electric- and communication-grid disturbances through large portions of North America as well as satellite disruptions. On 4 August 1972 the storm caused the accidental detonation of numerous U.S.
1693:
Reagan, J. B.; R. E. Meyerott; R. W. Nightingale; R. C. Gunton; R. G. Johnson; J. E. Evans; W. L. Imhof; D. F. Heath; A. J. Krueger (1981). "Effects of the August 1972 solar particle events on stratospheric ozone".
2007:
D'uston, C.; J. M. Bosqued; F. Cambou; V. V. Temny; G. N. Zastenker; O. L. Vaisberg; E. G. Eroshenko (1977). "Energetic properties of interplanetary plasma at the earth's orbit following the August 4, 1972 flare".
250:) during the time it was facing Earth, from 29 July to 11 August. It also produced multiple relatively rare white light flares over multiple days. The same active area was long-lived. It persisted through five
708:. Exceeding the high-current shutdown threshold, an induced electric field was measured at 7.0 V/km. The storm was detected in low-latitude areas such as the Philippines and Brazil, as well as Japan.
275:
sensor at approximately X5.3 but was estimated to be in the vicinity of X20, the threshold of the very rarely reached R5 on the NOAA radio blackout space weather scale. A radio burst of 76,000
2462:
Baker, D. N.; X. Li; A. Pulkkinen; C. M. Ngwira; M. L. Mays; A. B. Galvin; K. D. C. Simunac (2013). "A major solar eruptive event in July 2012: Defining extreme space weather scenarios".
2051:
Dryer, M.; Z. K. Smith; R. S. Steinolfson; J. D. Mihalov; J. H. Wolfe; J. -K. Chao (1976). "Interplanetary disturbances caused by the August 1972 solar flares as observed by
Pioneer 9".
1347:
Chupp, E. L.; Forrest, D. J.; Higbie, P. R.; Suri, A. N.; Tsai, C.; Dunphy, P. P. (1973). "Solar Gamma Ray Lines observed during the Solar
Activity of August 2 to August 11, 1972".
415:
of about 46% at 50 km (31 mi) altitude for several days before the atmosphere recovered and which persisted for 53 days at the lower altitude of 39 km (24 mi).
2497:
Gonzalez, W. D.; E. Echer; A.L. Clúa de
Gonzalez; B.T. Tsurutani; G.S. Lakhina (2011). "Extreme geomagnetic storms, recent Gleissberg cycles and space era-superintense storms".
2249:
Odintsova, I. N.; L. N. Leshchenko; K. N. Valileive; G. V. Givishvili (1973). "On the geo-activity of the solar flares of 2, 4, 7 and 11 August 1972". In Coffey, H. E. (ed.).
309:
1915:
Bhargava, B. N. (1973). "Low latitude observations of the geomagnetic field for the retrospective world interval July 26–August 14, 1972". In Coffey, H. E. (ed.).
246:
pairs). McMath 11976 was extraordinarily magnetically complex. Its size was large although not exceptionally so. McMath 11976 produced 67 solar flares (4 of these
1157:
Dodson, H. W.; E. R. Hedeman (1973). "Evaluation of the August 1972 region as a solar activity center of activity (McMath Plage 11976)". In Coffey, H. E. (ed.).
958:
1729:
Levy, E. H.; S. P. Duggal; M. A. Pomerantz (1976). "Adiabatic Fermi acceleration of energetic particles between converging interplanetary shock waves".
788:
if the astronauts were located outside the protective magnetic field of Earth, which was the case for much of a lunar mission. An astronaut engaged in
442:
The 4 August flare and ejecta caused significant to extreme effects on the Earth's magnetosphere, which responded in an unusually complex manner. The
825:. The initial and early studies as well as the later reanalysis studies were only possible due to initial monitoring facilities installed during the
555:
837:
orientation parameters were favorable, or as a "failed
Carrington-type storm" based on related considerations, which is also the finding of a 2013
547:
1298:
Ohshio, M. (1974). "Solar-terrestrial disturbances of August 1972. Solar x-ray flares and their corresponding sudden ionospheric disturbances".
2630:
3105:
2564:
World Data Center A for Solar-Terrestrial
Physics: Preliminary Compilation of Data for Retrospective of World Interval July 26–August 14, 1972
531:, which was 2.2 AU from the Sun at the time. The greatly constricted magnetosphere caused many satellites to cross outside Earth's protective
2542:
2597:
2753:
1980:
Anderson III, C. W.; L J. Lanzerotti; C. G. MacLennan (1974). "Outage of the L4 System and the Geomagnetic Disturbances of 4 August 1972".
1552:
Cliver, E. W.; J. Faynman; H. B. Garrett (1990). "Flare-associated solar wind disturbances with short (<20 hr) transit times to Earth".
661:
geology a suspected factor, as well as geomagnetic latitude and differences in operational characteristics of respective electrical grids.
527:
detected a shock wave and sudden increase in solar wind speed from approximately 217–363 mi/s (349–584 km/s). A shockwave passed
340:
to account for the varying distance of the Earth from the Sun throughout the year, one study found the ultrafast 4 August flare to be an
344:
to all other events, even compared to the great solar storm of 1859, the overall most extreme known solar storm, which is known as the "
546:
solar panel arrays power generation was degraded by 5%, about 2 years worth of wear. An on-orbit power failure ended the mission of a
238:
The most significant detected solar flare activity occurred from 2 to 11 August. Most of the significant solar activity emanated from
614:
disturbances throughout Canada and across much of eastern and central United States, with strong anomalies reported as far south as
1814:
Kawasaki, K.; Y. Kamide; F. Yasuhara; S.-I Akasofu (1973). "Geomagnetic disturbances of August 4–9, 1972". In Coffey, H. E. (ed.).
3150:
2979:
2795:
756:
607:
430:(SEP) onslaught was so strong that the Forbush decrease in fact partially abated. SEPs reached the Earth's surface, causing a
3000:
2901:
2875:
826:
913:"On the Little-Known Consequences of the 4 August 1972 Ultra-Fast Coronal Mass Ejecta: Facts, Commentary and Call to Action"
468:, and elsewhere went off-scale high. Stations in India recorded geomagnetic sudden impulses (GSIs) of 301-486 nT. Estimated
1940:"Reply to L. J. Lanzerotti: Solar wind RAM pressure corrections and an estimation of the efficiency of viscous interaction"
3005:
2770:
1183:
Bhonsle, R. V.; S. S. Degaonkar; S. K. Alurkar (1976). "Ground-based solar radio observations of the August 1972 events".
451:
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601:
359:
velocity may also be record-breaking and is calculated to have exceeded 2,000 km/s (1,200 mi/s) (about 0.7% of
3010:
2800:
2765:
1114:
Yang, Hai-Shou; H-M Chang; J. W. Harvey (1983). "Theory of quadrupolar sunspots and the active region of August, 1972".
838:
716:
443:
2958:
2953:
2438:
2371:
1764:
Pomerantz, M. A.; S. P. Duggal (1973). "Record-breaking Cosmic Ray Storm stemming from Solar Activity in August 1972".
3165:
3160:
3031:
650:
1652:
Jiggens, Peter; Marc-Andre Chavy-Macdonald; Giovanni Santin; Alessandra Menicucci; Hugh Evans; Alain Hilgers (2014).
2995:
2623:
818:
407:
reached 70,000 particles·s·sr·cm (i.e. 70,000 particles per second, per steradian, per square centimeter; see
49:
2272:
Albertson, V.D.; J.M. Thorson (1974). "Power System Disturbances During A K-8 Geomagnetic Storm: August 4, 1972".
1517:
Cliver, E. W.; J. Faynman; H. B. Garrett (1990). "An Estimate of the Maximum Speed of the Solar Wind, 1938-1989".
1474:
Vaisberg, O. L.; G. N. Zastenker (1976). "Solar wind and magnetosheath observations at Earth during August 1972".
2694:
2161:
1028:
Smith, Edward J. (1976). "The August 1972 solar-terrestrial events: interplanetary magnetic field observations".
908:
751:
concluded, as shown in declassified documents, that the seemingly spontaneous detonation of dozens of Destructor
670:
532:
3155:
3026:
2880:
1837:
Li, Xinlin; M. Temerin; B.T. Tsurutani; S. Alex (2006). "Modeling of 1–2 September 1859 super magnetic storm".
785:
740:
nuclear detonation detection satellites mistook that an explosion occurred, but this was quickly dealt with by
543:
523:
Astronomers first reported unusual flares on 2 August, later corroborated by orbiting spacecraft. On 3 August,
431:
427:
280:
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at 3,080 km/s (1,910 mi/s) and astonishing sudden storm commencement (SSC) time of 62 s. Estimated
2345:"U.S. Navy Report, Mine Warfare Project Office - The Mining of North Vietnam, 8 May 1972 to 14 January 1973"
2305:"August 4, 1972 revisited: A new look at the geomagnetic disturbance that caused the L4 cable system outage"
2111:
Cahill, L. J. Jr.; T. L. Skillman (1977). "The magnetopause at 5.2 RE in August 1972: Magnetopause motion".
789:
733:
311:-ray) spectrum were detected for the first time, on both 4 and 7 August, by the Orbiting Solar Observatory (
2532:
860:
524:
418:
The intense solar wind and particle storm associated with the CMEs led to one of the largest decreases in
450:), but arrival of subsequent CMEs with northward oriented magnetic fields is thought to have shifted the
3063:
3047:
2677:
2616:
333:
329:
174:
1872:
Matsushita, S. (1976). "Ionospheric and thermospheric responses during August 1972 storms — A review".
649:
would have been sufficient to cause a system breakup if occurring during high export conditions on the
1322:
363:). The velocity was not directly measurable as instrumentation was off-scale high. Analysis of a Guam
2935:
2863:
2845:
2733:
2706:
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2506:
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2409:
2394:
2316:
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2017:
1951:
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1446:
1399:
1356:
1264:
1192:
1162:
1123:
1080:
1037:
991:
982:
Hakura, Yukio (1976). "Interdisciplinary summary of solar/interplanetary events during August 1972".
924:
855:
850:
579:
315:). The broad spectrum electromagnetic emissions of the largest flare are estimated to total 1-5 x 10
150:
539:
led to erratic space weather conditions and potentially destructive solar particle bombardment. The
2835:
2344:
865:
507:
2148:
Solar cell array design handbook: The principles and technology of photovoltaic energy conversion
2033:
1897:
1801:
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Cosmic Rays, held in Denver, Colorado, Vol. 2
1781:
1569:"Rise time of geomagnetic sudden commencements —Statistical analysis of ground geomagnetic data—"
1499:
1415:
1372:
1280:
1208:
1139:
1096:
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1007:
748:
741:
551:
959:"Blasts from the Past: How massive solar eruptions 'probably' detonated dozens of US sea mines"
2916:
2790:
2538:
2214:
Akasofu, S. -I. (1974). "The Midday Red Aurora Observed at the South Pole on August 5, 1972".
1226:
461:
337:
154:
558:(DMSP) scanner electronics caused anomalous dots of light in the southern polar cap imagery.
294:
3098:
2974:
2885:
2758:
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2669:
2514:
2479:
2417:
2413:
2324:
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1989:
1959:
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1854:
1773:
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276:
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1955:
1924:
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1450:
1403:
1360:
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1196:
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1127:
1084:
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Tanaka, K.; Y. Nakagawa (1973). "Force-free magnetic fields and flares of August 1972".
1041:
995:
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2203:. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL SEL-22. Boulder, CO: NOAA Space Environment Laboratory.
1993:
834:
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returned to Earth on April 27, 1972, with the subsequent (and ultimately final) Apollo
768:
662:
594:
590:
571:
384:
380:
372:
360:
251:
158:
132:
117:
17:
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657:. Many U.S. utilities in these regions reported no disturbances, with the presence of
3144:
2825:
2782:
2711:
2655:
2650:
2562:
2422:
2037:
1901:
1503:
1419:
1284:
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814:
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368:
239:
170:
113:
109:
45:
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2815:
2723:
2590:
Video of the seahorse flare of 7 August 1972 recorded at Big Bear Solar Observatory
2089:
1938:
Tsurutani, Bruce T.; W. D. Gonzalez; F. Tang; Y. T. Lee; M. Okada; D. Park (1992).
1785:
1376:
810:
780:
658:
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639:
498:
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483:
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reported that power going the other way, from Manitoba to the U.S., plummeted 120
1799:
Kodama, M.; K. Murakami; M. Wada (1973). "Cosmic ray variations in August 1972".
1435:"Travel time classification of extreme solar events: Two families and an outlier"
2911:
2701:
2639:
2518:
1390:
Lin, R. P.; H. S. Hudson (1976). "Non-thermal processes in large solar flares".
494:
396:
247:
146:
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emissions above background level for more than 16 hours. Rare emissions in the
268:
The 4 August flare was among the largest since records began. It saturated the
2746:
2741:
1858:
1252:
752:
721:
693:
689:
528:
419:
356:
336:. Normalizing the transit times of other known extreme events to a standard 1
162:
101:
2289:
2367:
2235:
2132:
2072:
1939:
1750:
1715:
1554:
Solar-Terrestrial Predictions: Proceedings of a Workshop at Leura, Australia
1538:
797:
776:
623:
288:
145:
were a historically powerful series of solar storms with intense to extreme
39:
1678:
1653:
2164:; D. F.Smart (1998). "Space weather: The effects on operations in space".
796:
This was one of only a handful of solar storms which have occurred in the
2810:
2329:
2304:
1637:
1459:
1434:
937:
912:
725:
705:
681:
643:
615:
469:
447:
408:
269:
166:
105:
570:
shone so luminously that shadows were cast on the southern coast of the
479:
reached 9 at several hourly intervals (corresponding to NOAA G5 level).
2805:
2716:
2534:
Extreme space weather: impacts on engineered systems and infrastructure
2029:
1893:
1593:
1568:
1495:
1411:
1276:
1204:
1135:
1092:
1049:
1003:
701:
677:
635:
627:
473:
341:
243:
44:
The "seahorse flare", an intense two-ribbon solar flare, erupting from
2483:
1963:
2853:
1777:
1368:
669:
within a few minutes. Protective relays were repeatedly activated in
575:
567:
349:
332:
of particles, enabling the rapid arrival in a process similar to the
1612:
2253:. Report UAG-28. Vol. 3. Boulder, CO: NOAA. pp. 708–716.
676:
An outage was reported along American Telephone and Telegraph (now
2868:
2368:"The Forgotten History; The Mining Campaigns of Vietnam 1967-1973"
1818:. Report UAG-28. Vol. 3. Boulder CO: NOAA. pp. 702–707.
715:
631:
312:
284:
272:
182:
1611:
Tsurutani, B. T.; W. D. Gonzalez; G. S. Lakhina; S. Alex (2003).
1161:. Report UAG-28. Vol. 1. Boulder, CO: NOAA. pp. 16–22.
2598:"A Solar Storm Detonated U.S. Navy Mines During the Vietnam War"
772:
697:
685:
666:
619:
593:
commenced nearly instantaneously on the sunlit side of Earth on
482:
The magnetosphere compressed rapidly and substantially with the
404:
2933:
2612:
2608:
2575:
Collected Data Reports on August 1972 Solar-Terrestrial Events
2251:
Collected data reports on August 1972 solar-terrestrial events
1917:
Collected Data Reports on August 1972 Solar-Terrestrial Events
1816:
Collected Data Reports on August 1972 Solar-Terrestrial Events
1556:. Boulder, Colorado: NOAA Environ. Res. Lab. pp. 348–358.
1159:
Collected Data Reports on August 1972 Solar-Terrestrial Events
316:
192:
178:
1919:. Report UAG-28. Vol. 3. Boulder CO: NOAA. p. 743.
1654:"The magnitude and effects of extreme solar particle events"
283:. This was an exceptionally long duration flare, generating
2201:
August 1972 Solar Activity and Related Geophysical Effects
2439:"A Blast from the Past (Wartime Space Weather in Vietnam"
2347:. Texas Tech: Vietnam Center and Archive. 20 January 2017
352:
speed of an estimated 2,850 km/s (1,770 mi/s).
242:
McMath 11976 (MR 11976; active regions being clusters of
213:
3082:
297:
422:
radiation from outside the Solar System, known as a
399:) space solar observatory data suggests that >10-
3056:
3040:
3019:
2988:
2967:
2946:
2894:
2844:
2781:
2732:
2668:
96:
81:
66:
61:
1613:"The extreme magnetic storm of 1–2 September 1859"
759:(SEC) as well as by other facilities and experts.
303:
2090:"Major Solar Flare Could Have Been Lethal (1972)"
809:The storm was an important event in the field of
100:Satellite wear and imaging errors; detonation of
48:McMath 11976 on 7 August 1972 as recorded by the
2274:IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems
1233:. National Centers for Environmental Information
2561:Lincoln, J. Virginia; Hope I. Leighton (1972).
610:(GICs) were generated and produced significant
2537:. London: Royal Academy of Engineering. 2013.
1317:
1315:
1313:
952:
950:
948:
2624:
8:
1606:
1604:
771:, the storm has long been chronicled within
32:
2303:Boteler, D. H.; G. Jansen van Beek (1999).
1975:
1973:
2943:
2930:
2665:
2631:
2617:
2609:
2084:
2082:
1300:Journal of the Radio Research Laboratories
728:during U.S. Navy minesweeping (March 1973)
696:. AT&T also experienced a surge of 60
31:
2421:
2328:
1677:
1636:
1592:
1567:Araki, T.; T. Takeuchi; Y. Araki (2004).
1458:
1178:
1176:
936:
805:Implications for heliophysics and society
296:
902:
900:
653:, which would have precipitated a large
597:and other vulnerable bands. A nighttime
556:Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
501:, or lower magnetosphere) reduced to 2 R
157:components in early August 1972, during
3089:
1023:
1021:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
548:Defense Satellite Communications System
2395:"The Rough Guide to the Moon and Mars"
2199:McKinnon, J. A.; et al. (1972).
589:(RF) effects were rapid and intense.
367:indicated a shockwave traversing the
328:of solar flares and CMEs cleared the
7:
2754:Interplanetary coronal mass ejection
2374:from the original on 7 November 2021
1433:Freed, A. J.; C. T. Russell (2014).
2596:Letzter, Rafi (November 14, 2018).
2578:. Report UAG-28. Boulder, CO: NOAA.
2567:. Report UAG 21. Boulder, CO: NOAA.
2437:Phillips, Tony (November 9, 2018).
2393:Lockwood, Mike; M. Hapgood (2007).
2092:. NASA: Goddard Space Flight Center
535:, such boundary crossings into the
1994:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1974.tb02817.x
957:Carter, Brett (November 7, 2018).
744:monitoring the data in real-time.
574:and shortly later as far south as
395:Reanalysis based on IMP-5 (a.k.a.
27:Solar storms during solar cycle 20
25:
2150:. New York: Nostrand Reinhold Co.
1251:Zirin, Harold; K. Tanaka (1973).
907:Knipp, Delores J.; B. J. Fraser;
700:on their telephone cable between
189:Solar-terrestrial characteristics
3128:
3116:
3104:
3092:
2423:10.1111/j.1468-4004.2007.48611.x
608:Geomagnetically induced currents
197:
38:
2980:November 1882 geomagnetic storm
2796:Geomagnetically induced current
1306:(106). Koganei, Tokyo: 311–340.
3001:January 1938 geomagnetic storm
2902:Health threat from cosmic rays
2876:Sudden ionospheric disturbance
2146:Rauschenbach, Hans S. (1980).
827:International Geophysical Year
562:Terrestrial effects and aurora
185:is the fastest ever recorded.
177:(CME)'s transit time from the
1:
3006:August 1972 geomagnetic storm
2771:Interplanetary magnetic field
2186:10.1016/S0273-1177(97)01097-1
1982:Bell System Technical Journal
767:Although it occurred between
680:)'s L4 coaxial cable between
452:interplanetary magnetic field
3011:March 1989 geomagnetic storm
2801:Disturbance storm time index
2766:Interplanetary current sheet
839:Royal Academy of Engineering
753:magnetic-influence sea mines
472:peaked at over 3,000 nT and
444:disturbance storm time index
102:magnetic-influence sea mines
3032:2003 Halloween solar storms
2572:Coffey, H. E., ed. (1973).
2519:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.07.023
2370:. Angelo State University.
1658:J. Space Weather Space Clim
1323:"NOAA Space Weather Scales"
1253:"The flares of August 1972"
208:may have misleading content
143:solar storms of August 1972
33:Solar storms of August 1972
3182:
2996:May 1921 geomagnetic storm
819:American Geophysical Union
348:". This corresponds to an
50:Big Bear Solar Observatory
2942:
2929:
2695:Solar energetic particles
2664:
2646:
2499:J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys
2276:. PAS-93 (4): 1025–1030.
1859:10.1016/j.asr.2005.06.070
128:
124:
57:
37:
3027:Bastille Day solar storm
2881:Ground level enhancement
2290:10.1109/TPAS.1974.294046
786:acute radiation sickness
757:Space Environment Center
626:, and weak anomalies in
622:, moderate anomalies in
544:communications satellite
428:Solar energetic particle
387:was calculated at 1 AU.
355:The near Earth vicinity
85:11 August 1972
2959:993–994 carbon-14 spike
2954:774–775 carbon-14 spike
2414:2007A&G....48f..11L
2236:10.1029/ja079i019p02904
2133:10.1029/JA082i010p01566
2073:10.1029/JA081i025p04651
1751:10.1029/JA081i001p00051
1716:10.1029/JA086iA03p01473
1585:2004EP&S...56..289A
1539:10.1029/JA095iA10p17103
638:collapse of 64% on the
304:{\displaystyle \gamma }
264:Electromagnetic effects
70:2 August 1972
18:August 1972 solar storm
3151:1972 natural disasters
2366:Gonzales, Michael Jr.
911:; D. F. Smart (2018).
861:Operation Pocket Money
729:
305:
3064:May 2024 solar storms
3048:July 2012 solar storm
2678:Coronal mass ejection
1803:. pp. 1680–1684.
1328:. NOAA. April 7, 2011
1231:Solar Sunspot Regions
719:
334:July 2012 solar storm
330:interplanetary medium
306:
240:active sunspot region
175:coronal mass ejection
2936:List of solar storms
2864:Subauroral ion drift
2846:Planetary atmosphere
2734:Interplanetary space
2707:Solar radio emission
2690:Solar particle event
2505:(11–12): 1147–1453.
2330:10.1029/1999GL900035
1679:10.1051/swsc/2014017
1638:10.1029/2002JA009504
1525:(A10): 17103–17112.
1460:10.1002/2014GL061353
938:10.1029/2018SW002024
856:Military meteorology
851:List of solar storms
391:Solar particle event
383:strength of >200
319:in energy released.
295:
151:solar particle event
2836:Magnetic pulsations
2602:Scientific American
2511:2011JASTP..73.1447G
2476:2013SpWea..11..585B
2321:1999GeoRL..26..577B
2282:1974ITPAS..93.1025A
2259:1973cdro.book.....C
2228:1974JGR....79.2904A
2178:1998AdSpR..22...29S
2125:1977JGR....82.1566C
2065:1976JGR....81.4651D
2022:1977SoPh...51..217D
1956:1992GeoRL..19.1993T
1925:1973cdro.book.....C
1886:1976SSRv...19..713M
1851:2006AdSpR..38..273L
1824:1973cdro.book.....C
1743:1976JGR....81...51L
1708:1981JGR....86.1473R
1670:2014JSWSC...4A..20J
1629:2003JGRA..108.1268T
1573:Earth Planets Space
1531:1990JGR....9517103C
1488:1976SSRv...19..687V
1451:2014GeoRL..41.6590F
1404:1976SoPh...50..153L
1361:1973Natur.241..333C
1269:1973SoPh...32..173Z
1197:1976SSRv...19..475B
1167:1973cdro.book.....C
1128:1983SoPh...84..139Y
1085:1973SoPh...33..187T
1042:1976SSRv...19..661S
996:1976SSRv...19..411H
929:2018SpWea..16.1635K
866:Operation End Sweep
724:(left) explodes in
712:Military operations
375:strength of 73-103
214:clarify the content
34:
3166:August 1972 events
3161:Geomagnetic storms
2309:Geophys. Res. Lett
2030:10.1007/BF00240459
1944:Geophys. Res. Lett
1894:10.1007/BF00210648
1594:10.1186/BF03353411
1496:10.1007/BF00210646
1439:Geophys. Res. Lett
1412:10.1007/BF00206199
1277:10.1007/BF00152736
1205:10.1007/BF00210639
1136:10.1007/BF00157453
1093:10.1007/BF00152390
1050:10.1007/BF00210645
1004:10.1007/BF00210637
730:
432:ground level event
301:
279:was measured at 1
67:Initial onset
3080:
3079:
3076:
3075:
3072:
3071:
2925:
2924:
2917:Solar observation
2791:Geomagnetic storm
2544:978-1-903496-95-4
2484:10.1002/swe.20097
2222:(19): 2904–2910.
2119:(10): 1566–1572.
2059:(25): 4651–4663.
1964:10.1029/92GL02239
1950:(19): 1993–1994.
1772:(5388): 331–333.
1702:(A3): 1473–1494.
1445:(19): 6590–6594.
1355:(5388): 333–335.
1227:"SGD Table: 1972"
923:(11): 1635–1643.
763:Human spaceflight
580:magnetic latitude
554:. Disruptions of
497:(boundary of the
462:Boulder, Colorado
438:Geomagnetic storm
426:, ever observed.
259:Flare of 4 August
231:
230:
155:geomagnetic storm
139:
138:
62:Geomagnetic storm
16:(Redirected from
3173:
3133:
3132:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3108:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3088:
2975:Carrington Event
2944:
2931:
2886:Magnetic crochet
2759:Forbush decrease
2683:Solar prominence
2670:Solar atmosphere
2666:
2633:
2626:
2619:
2610:
2605:
2579:
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2443:SpaceWeather.com
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2101:
2099:
2097:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2004:
1998:
1997:
1988:(9): 1817–1837.
1977:
1968:
1967:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1880:(4–5): 713–737.
1869:
1863:
1862:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1811:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1778:10.1038/241331a0
1761:
1755:
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1726:
1720:
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1690:
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1598:
1596:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1482:(4–5): 687–702.
1471:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1430:
1424:
1423:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1369:10.1038/241333a0
1344:
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1295:
1289:
1288:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1238:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1191:(4–5): 475=510.
1180:
1171:
1170:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1122:(1–2): 139–151.
1111:
1105:
1104:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1036:(4–5): 661–686.
1025:
1016:
1015:
990:(4–5): 411–457.
979:
973:
972:
970:
969:
963:The Conversation
954:
943:
942:
940:
904:
566:On 4 August, an
466:Honolulu, Hawaii
424:Forbush decrease
346:Carrington Event
310:
308:
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226:
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201:
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193:
92:
90:
77:
75:
42:
35:
21:
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3156:1972 in science
3141:
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2821:Space hurricane
2777:
2728:
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2557:
2555:Further reading
2552:
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2531:
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2496:
2495:
2491:
2470:(10): 585–691.
2461:
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2431:
2402:Astron. Geophys
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2216:J. Geophys. Res
2213:
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2144:
2140:
2113:J. Geophys. Res
2110:
2109:
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2095:
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2053:J. Geophys. Res
2050:
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2006:
2005:
2001:
1979:
1978:
1971:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1914:
1913:
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1866:
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1731:J. Geophys. Res
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1696:J. Geophys. Res
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1617:J. Geophys. Res
1610:
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1519:J. Geophys. Res
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1302:(in Japanese).
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906:
905:
878:
874:
847:
813:, the study of
807:
769:Apollo missions
765:
714:
647:interconnection
612:electrical grid
591:Radio blackouts
587:Radio frequency
564:
541:Intelsat IV F-2
521:
516:
504:
491:
486:reduced to 4-5
477:
440:
413:ozone depletion
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2859:Auroral chorus
2850:
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2315:(5): 577–580.
2295:
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2166:Adv. Space Res
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2016:(1): 217–229.
1999:
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1874:Space Sci. Rev
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1845:(2): 273–279.
1839:Adv. Space Res
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1579:(2): 289–293.
1559:
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1476:Space Sci. Rev
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1398:(1): 153–178.
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1185:Space Sci. Rev
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1030:Space Sci. Rev
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984:Space Sci. Rev
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835:magnetic field
821:(AGU) journal
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663:Manitoba Hydro
572:United Kingdom
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2816:Dungey Cycle
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2640:Solar storms
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2947:Before 1800
2912:Solar cycle
2702:Solar flare
2378:18 November
2162:Shea, M. A.
801:treatment.
604:developed.
578:, Spain at
495:plasmapause
397:Explorer 41
365:magnetogram
361:light speed
163:naval mines
147:solar flare
3145:Categories
2747:Pickup ion
2742:Solar wind
2448:2018-11-16
1237:2018-11-21
968:2018-11-16
909:M. A. Shea
872:References
722:naval mine
694:ionosphere
690:electrojet
630:and north
550:(DSCS II)
529:Pioneer 10
519:Spacecraft
420:cosmic ray
357:solar wind
89:1972-08-11
82:Dissipated
74:1972-08-02
3099:Astronomy
2038:121371952
2010:Sol. Phys
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1073:Sol. Phys
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720:American
624:Tennessee
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508:Prognoz 1
448:substorms
299:γ
289:gamma ray
2811:Substorm
2372:Archived
845:See also
841:report.
726:Haiphong
706:Nebraska
682:Illinois
678:AT&T
644:Manitoba
616:Maryland
493:and the
470:AE index
409:Radiance
270:Solrad 9
167:Haiphong
130:Part of
106:Haiphong
3123:Science
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2895:Related
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2869:STEVE
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