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620:… the interest which excites is of the sort to make the blood glow and tingle at the possibility of such cruelty of caste as is here described, even if a large margin be allowed for the colouring of a novel with a purpose, and if the picture be no more than half true. … Whether her ideas of reform are practical is another matter; but there is this to be said for them, that they imply no
514:
Fraser does not disparage 'non-Europeans … as inherently barbaric or savage'. Rather, on Bryan's view, Fraser understands different races as distinct cultures that ought to let each other alone. However, in other work Bryan suggests that some of Fraser's short stories evince a 'supercilious confidence in the superiority of
European culture and of "whiteness"'.
2181:
489:
various lines, viewed itself as a 'separate and distinct group' from others on the island and constituted a burgeoning middle class. 'Afro-Jamaicans', who, Buckridge notes, were 'often viewed through the lens of negative racial stereotyping carried over from slavery', typically experienced the most limited social opportunities.
603:
existing between the races at all points where the freed
African has been promoted to the political privileges of the white man. But it is less generally known that emancipation of far older date in the West Indian Islands has scarcely been more successful in bringing about the social amalgamation of the two races.
396:
Improvement
Company. Hopes were high that railway development would kick-start the struggling economy, then reeling from a shock due to a substantial decline in the price of sugar. West India Improvement would construct two new lines over the course of the 1890s. An 1893 court case, which went all the way to the
538:
602:
More than one clever author has written of life in the West Indies, but this is perhaps the first book treating especially of the state of local feeling regarding marriages contracted between persons of
European extraction and those of mixed blood. American novelists tell of the persistent antagonism
513:
Bryan, by contrast, views Fraser as both an advocate of what he calls 'racial separation'—the distinct, largely isolated development of Black and white societies—and of 'racial determinism': the theory that a person's race is a primary factor in explaining their 'behaviour'. He argues, however, that
656:
adopts a pessimistic attitude toward interracial marriage—and, indeed, toward
Jamaican society in general. In Bryan's view, Fraser supports 'separate development of the races' as opposed to intermarriage or other forms of racial integration. He also notes that Fraser's narrator does not regard the
501:
Fraser's corpus has not been the subject of extensive study, and there is limited consensus on its proper interpretation among those who have studied her work. One thing scholars do agree on is that Fraser's authorial voice is satirical, sarcastic, or ironic. There is also a general sense among
529:
has attracted the lion's share of critical attention, both at its publication and in the present day. The two-volume work tells the story of
British-born Lucilla St. John's experiences on the fictional island of San José, transparently modelled on Jamaica, where she has come to teach music and
488:
Buckridge explains that
Jamaica, following emancipation, was divided into three racialised classes: the 'white elite', the 'brown population'; and 'Afro-Jamaicans'. The white elite comprised plantation owners and bourgeois professionals. The 'brown' class, which was internally stratified along
505:
One view unequivocally casts Fraser as a racist mouthpiece for empire. Rosenberg argues that Fraser both 'exploited' her servants for literary material and 'assert her own superiority through imperialist conceptions of race, gender, and class'. Gohrisch concurs, arguing that Fraser's work is
395:
It is not surprising that a rail engineer should have been sought after in
Jamaica in the late 19th century. New railway construction, which had been vetoed by the colonial governor a few years before, began again in 1889 with the sale of the country's railway corporation to the West India
357:, Inverness-shire. As a result of the marriage, Fraser's Scottish estates came under combined control with the Webb family's lands in Nottinghamshire. Augusta's son, Charles Ian Fraser (born 6 April 1903)), would inherit Newstead and Cowton through his mother and Reelig through his father.
633:
459:, but abolition did not result in equality. Rather, on 1 August 1834, slaves became so-called 'apprentices', with full legal emancipation to come six years later, on 1 August 1840 (later amended to 1 August 1838). Traditional practices such as
492:
The
Jamaica Fraser chronicled, then, was suffering economically and riven by racial divides carried over from slavery, which had ended formally just over 50 years before she arrived. Her writing accordingly attends closely to racial dynamics.
484:
Global sugar prices dropped in the 1890s, shocking
Jamaica's export-driven economy. Nonetheless, British promoters were advertising island vacations to Jamaica in the late 19th century. Evidently, the view from the metropolis was not all bad.
657:
white population as homogeneous, but identifies internal divisions between imperial officials and whites who have made Jamaica their permanent home—even as those social strata are unified in their contempt for Black and 'coloured' Jamaicans.
287:, on one of his adventures in the antipodes). William's estate was valued at just over ÂŁ165,538 (equivalent to ÂŁ21,989,000 in 2023). Of that fortune, Fraser received ÂŁ3,000 (equivalent to ÂŁ398,000 in 2023) in her father's will, on
1514:
365:
207:. Augusta spent her childhood there, and she was educated at home. She had five siblings: Geraldine Katherine, Ethel Mary, Mabel Cecilia, Algernon Frederick (born 13 May 1865), and Roderick Beauclerk (born 3 March 1867).
680:, epitomised by the characters Liris Morales and Teresa de Souza, is a woman who is 'light brown, cosmopolitan, cultured, determined, single and yet rich enough to do woman’s work without being remunerated.'
403:
Fraser moved back to the United Kingdom at some point before 1914. As of 1914, she was living at her husband's estate in Kirkhill. As of her death in 1925, she once again resided at Newstead Abbey.
758:
388:, was an engineer who had worked on railways in a number of countries. In 1892, three years after they were married, Augusta left with Philip for Jamaica—then still a colony of the
400:, reveals that among Philip's responsibilities at the railway was to scout land for new construction—presumably, then, he would have travelled widely throughout the island.
506:'ingrained with the views of a British upper-middle-class woman looking down at both racially and socially inferior colonial 'Others'.' Johnson agrees, describing Fraser's
183:
2500:
431:
stay at her family seat while she was young. Most of her corpus concerns life in Jamaica—often lightly fictionalised—and the fraught racial dynamics of the period.
2525:
1305:
530:
French. Lucilla marries Isidore da Costa, a wealthy 'coloured' man, but later regrets her decision, abandons the marriage, and ultimately returns to England.
2520:
2510:
481:. Reforms in the 1870s reintroduced some representative elements, including election of some members of the legislature by a tightly restricted franchise.
331:
315:
2515:
581:, that 'he great experiment of the book is Lucilla's marriage with an unmistakeable half-caste, Isidore Da Costa, which proves disastrous enough'.
2505:
1641:
397:
2386:
2240:
470:, as a result of the labour strife that followed emancipation. A prevailing view in London was that the 'experiment' of abolition had 'failed'.
477:
of 1865 brought an end to representative government on the island and the return of direct rule by colonial governors: Jamaica was once more a
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2410:
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critics that Fraser was racist and viewed white Europeans as superior to Black Jamaicans. Beyond that, critical assessments of Fraser vary.
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arch, satiric assessment of Jamaican society—especially of its Black and 'coloured' members—with one exception. She argues that
2308:
Gohrisch, Jana (2020). "Imagining the British West Indies in Middlebrow Fiction". In Gohrisch, Jana; Ehland, Christoph (eds.).
2271:
569:, 'not in any sense a nice girl'. They also agreed that the work's titular 'experiment' is Lucilla's marriage to da Costa. The
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focussed on what metropolitan readers regarded as the shocking nature of race relations in the West Indies. A reviewer for
314:. The couple were evidently rather well known in the genteel world, as they received presents from aristocrats including
2419:
Morgan, Kenneth (September 2012). "Labour Relations during and after Apprenticeship: Amity Hall, Jamaica, 1834–1840".
2138:
977:
456:
381:
862:
1394:
1041:
844:
734:
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2241:"'Black Skin, White Mask?': Race, Class, and the Politics of Dress in Victorian Jamaican Society, 1837–1901"
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466:'By the 1840s', Hall explains, 'the island was increasingly identified as a problem' by the imperial
350:
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510:(1894) as 'mainly about the admiration which darker-skinned persons have for lighter-skinned ones'.
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The Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage of the British Empire for 1881: The Baronetage and Knightage
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Contemporary critics of the novel agreed that the title character was neither good nor likeable:
392:—where he was to supervise the construction of a rail project as surveyor-general and inspector.
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in the late 19th century. She published two novels, one memoir, and a number of short stories.
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Augusta Zelia Webb was born in 1857 or 1858, the eldest daughter of a wealthy family of minor
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valorises middle-class 'brown' or 'coloured' women. According to Gohrisch, the true hero of
590:
565:
265:
195:. The family's principal seat, which Augusta's father purchased in 1861 from the family of
2192:
Bryan, Patrick (2002). "Augusta Zelia Fraser in Jamaica: The Case for Racial Separation".
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A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Landed Gentry of Great Britain & Ireland
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Jamaica in the 19th century was marked by crisis. The Imperial Parliament had ended
276:(1913), about Livingstone's extended stay at Newstead following his return from the
220:, and the daughter of Emilia Maria Baker and Thomas Mills Goodlake of Wadley House,
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Augusta's wealth increased further upon her father's death on 24 February 1899 (in
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called her 'narrow-brained, shallow-hearted, indolent, and ill-conditioned';
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621:
467:
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249:
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to Fraser, presumably because her husband Philip held lands at Reelig, in
295:
from the revenues of Newstead and William's other lands. Newstead was not
2223:
1900:
2292:
1015:. Vol. 2 (18th ed.). London: Burke's Peerage Ltd. p. 220
575:
said that 'he experiment poor Lucilla makes is marrying a creole'; the
292:
277:
167:
252:(although he was not a lord) was the eldest son of Frederick Webb of
244:, were married on 15 July 1857. William, styled lord of the manor of
2284:
780:
Fraser, Augusta Zelia (29 December 1894). "A Reluctant Evangelist".
2363:, Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, pp. 263–277,
2239:
Buckridge, Steeve O. (2018), Barringer, Tim; Modest, Wayne (eds.),
2357:"Rewriting the Past: Imperial Histories of the Antislavery Nation"
1340:
1332:
632:
537:
460:
438:
364:
284:
182:
2184:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
756:
Fraser, Augusta Zelia (December 1894). "A Reluctant Evangelist".
732:
Fraser, Augusta Zelia (November 1894). "A Reluctant Evangelist".
1865:"Shamans, Shepherds, Scientists, and Others in Jamaican Fiction"
1579:
Robertson, James (2018), Barringer, Tim; Modest, Wayne (eds.),
2355:
Hall, Catherine (2018), Barringer, Tim; Modest, Wayne (eds.),
1012:
Burke's Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Handed Gentry
759:
The Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature, Science, and Art
264:
for a time, but later left to explore South Africa, where he
1617:
1615:
216:
Goodlake), was the granddaughter of Sir Edward Baker Baker,
1788:
1786:
1784:
1694:
Paton, Diana (2018), Barringer, Tim; Modest, Wayne (eds.),
1634:
West India Improvement Company v Attorney General (Jamaica)
2385:
Heuman, Gad (2018), Barringer, Tim; Modest, Wayne (eds.),
1822:
1820:
1818:
306:
Augusta married Philip Affleck Fraser on 7 August 1889 at
897:
Fraser, Augusta Zelia (December 1896). "Pete, the Fool".
2134:
The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824–1900
1453:. Inverness: A. & W. Mackenzie. pp. 594, 715.
973:
The Wellesley Index to Victorian Periodicals, 1824–1900
2387:"Victorian Jamaica: The View from the Colonial Office"
1924:
1922:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1735:
1733:
2459:
Nationalism and the Formation of Caribbean Literature
1541:
Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English
162:, was an English-born writer of fiction and amateur
2269:Coope, Rosalys (2001). "An Intriguing Patronage?".
134:
108:
72:
64:
54:
46:
38:
30:
23:
1243:"History of Wadley House, Berkshire (Oxfordshire)"
1870:New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
353:, was the hereditary owner of Reelig, a tract in
291:; and a ÂŁ600 (equivalent to ÂŁ80,000 in 2023)
150:(1857/8 – 11 December 1925), born
1294:. Vol. 2. Beverley, Yorkshire. p. 486.
908:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1898). "Allie's Pulpit".
660:Gohrisch, another present-day critic, describes
612:expanded on this general theme, suggesting that
1104:"Throwing light on a sundial at Newstead Abbey"
668:fiction'. She largely concurs with Bryan as to
166:who produced much of her work while living in
1419:"The marriage between Mr. Affleck Fraser …".
727:'A Reluctant Evangelist' (short story, 1894)
8:
2167:"FRASER, Mrs. Augusta Zelia (Alice Spinner)"
2247:, Duke University Press, pp. 577–601,
1993:"Lucilla: an Experiment by Alice Spinner".
1702:, Duke University Press, pp. 111–114,
1304:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1291:History and Topography of the City of York
20:
1882:
1838:
1792:
1581:"Opening the Railway Line at Porus, 1885"
1141:The County Families of the United Kingdom
419:(1895); one collection of short stories,
2501:19th-century British short story writers
2115:
2103:
2091:
1850:
1826:
1775:
859:A Reluctant Evangelist and Other Stories
852:(148): 552–563 – via Google Books.
421:A Reluctant Evangelist and Other Stories
2456:Rosenberg, Leah Reade (30 April 2016).
1939:
1937:
1696:"Illustration of an Obeah Figure, 1893"
1515:"Webb Family of Newstead (Finding Aid)"
959:
919:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (February 1907).
692:"Margaret: A Sketch in Black and White"
598:was not a 'book with a purpose', wrote:
349:Philip Affleck Fraser (b. 1845) of the
1763:
1751:
1681:
1644: (on appeal from Jamaica) at p. 3.
1621:
1574:
1572:
1297:
1171:. Vol. 2 (9th ed.). London:
970:Slingerland, Jean Harris, ed. (1989).
369:Preparing bananas for rail transport,
272:. Augusta would later write a memoir,
2526:People from Newstead, Nottinghamshire
2126:
2124:
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2067:
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1913:
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1389:
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1318:
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1155:
1097:
1095:
690:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (August 1894).
7:
1739:
1184:
1182:
1130:
1128:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1034:
1032:
1030:
965:
963:
878:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (April 1896).
616:was indeed a 'novel with a purpose':
210:Augusta's mother, Emilia Jane Webb (
1112:Thoroton Society of Nottinghamshire
838:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (June 1895).
2521:20th-century English women writers
2511:19th-century English women writers
1640:, AC 243 (16 December 1893),
1333:"Livingstone's Zambezi Expedition"
1220:National Heritage List for England
880:"The Principles of Miss Mehitabel"
231:Emilia Jane and Augusta's father,
187:Engraving of Newstead Abbey, 1860.
14:
2131:Houghton, Walter Edwards (1989).
42:Novelist and amateur ethnographer
16:English writer working in Jamaica
2179:
260:. William was an officer in the
2516:20th-century English memoirists
1450:History of the Frasers of Lovat
624:hope of immediate amelioration.
124:
2506:19th-century English novelists
2208:10.1080/00086495.2002.11672157
1945:"The first book by the lady …"
1539:; Conolly, Leonard W. (eds.).
1511:Nottinghamshire County Council
1267:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1913).
1102:Wilson, John (19 March 2016).
938:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1913).
857:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1896).
805:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1895).
713:Fraser, Augusta Zelia (1894).
386:Institution of Civil Engineers
1:
1447:Mackenzie, Alexander (1896).
1288:T. Whellan & Co. (1859).
1045:. 10 August 1889. p. 5.
642:
547:
411:Fraser published two novels,
370:
2433:10.1080/0144039X.2011.606629
463:had long been criminalised.
2139:University of Toronto Press
2049:. 11 May 1895. p. 26.
1425:. 27 June 1889. p. 5.
1108:Thoroton Society Newsletter
978:University of Toronto Press
811:Kegan Paul, Trench, TrĂĽbner
704:(138): 847–860 – via
2547:
2393:, Durham, North Carolina:
1999:. 1 June 1895. p. 5.
1587:, Durham, North Carolina:
1531:Bryan, Patrick E. (2005).
921:"The Man with the Matches"
584:Contemporary criticism of
457:Slavery Abolition Act 1833
382:Royal Geographical Society
2403:10.1215/9780822374626-003
2369:10.1215/9780822374626-009
2322:10.1163/9789004426566_007
2253:10.1215/9780822374626-020
2024:. 3 May 1895. p. 7.
1974:. 4 May 1895. p. 2.
1957:: 584–585. 27 April 1895.
1884:10.1163/13822373-90002666
1708:10.1215/9780822374626-046
1597:10.1215/9780822374626-038
1241:Ford, David Nash (2013).
1039:"Marriage of Miss Webb".
280:expedition in July 1864.
268:and grew acquainted with
2531:British women memoirists
1270:Livingstone and Newstead
1215:"Wadley House (1199959)"
1144:(6th ed.). London:
1042:Nottinghamshire Guardian
976:. Vol. 5. Toronto:
941:Livingstone and Newstead
425:Livingstone and Newstead
423:(1896); and one memoir,
380:Philip, a Fellow of the
274:Livingstone and Newstead
101:Livingstone and Newstead
2421:Slavery & Abolition
2094:, p. 105, 108–109.
1877:(3/4): 221–238 at 226.
1863:Johnson, Joyce (1993).
1853:, p. 104 (note 1).
1247:Royal Berkshire History
1189:Foster, Joseph (1881).
1009:Burke, Bernard (1969).
772:2027/iau.31858055207736
594:, careful to note that
154:, generally publishing
2070:, pp. 17, 19, 21.
1638:[1893] UKPC 59
1547:. pp. 1516–1517.
1395:"Inflation calculator"
1366:"Wills and Bequests".
807:Lucilla: An Experiment
649:
626:
605:
554:
534:Contemporary criticism
527:Lucilla: An Experiment
519:Lucilla: An Experiment
448:
417:Lucilla: An Experiment
377:
233:William Frederick Webb
188:
139:William Frederick Webb
84:Lucilla: An Experiment
2395:Duke University Press
2272:Architectural History
1589:Duke University Press
1553:10.4324/9780203484326
926:The Cornhill Magazine
885:The Cornhill Magazine
636:
629:Present-day criticism
618:
600:
541:
442:
435:Historical background
368:
332:Victor Child Villiers
186:
114:Philip Affleck Fraser
2397:, pp. 139–155,
2316:. pp. 103–123.
2177:. 1914. p. 746.
1663:. 1926. p. 1031
1491:. 1935. p. 1172
840:"Concerning Duppies"
783:Littell's Living Age
525:Fraser's 1895 novel
475:Morant Bay rebellion
384:and a Member of the
351:Clan Fraser of Lovat
148:Augusta Zelia Fraser
25:Augusta Zelia Fraser
2310:Imperial Middlebrow
2195:Caribbean Quarterly
2106:, pp. 108–109.
1968:"Five New Novels".
1080:. 1914. p. 746
730:Original printing:
497:Critical background
429:David Livingstone's
2464:Palgrave Macmillan
1754:, p. 150–151.
1624:, p. 152–153.
1591:, pp. 89–90,
809:. 2 vols. London:
664:as an example of '
652:Bryan argues that
650:
555:
449:
378:
189:
152:Augusta Zelia Webb
34:Augusta Zelia Webb
2473:978-1-137-09922-8
2412:978-0-8223-7462-6
2391:Victorian Jamaica
2378:978-0-8223-7462-6
2361:Victorian Jamaica
2262:978-0-8223-7462-6
2245:Victorian Jamaica
2148:978-0-8020-2688-0
1996:Pall Mall Gazette
1717:978-0-8223-7462-6
1700:Victorian Jamaica
1606:978-0-8223-7462-6
1585:Victorian Jamaica
1173:Harrison and Sons
796:2027/chi.55227124
790:(2634): 776–788.
716:A Study in Colour
572:Pall Mall Gazette
508:A Study in Colour
413:A Study in Colour
361:Jamaica and after
324:Sydney Pierrepont
320:Duke of St Albans
316:William Beauclerk
308:St Peter's Church
270:David Livingstone
145:
144:
97:
78:A Study in Colour
65:Years active
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2021:The Morning Post
2015:
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1533:"Spinner, Alice"
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1422:The Morning Post
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1369:The Morning Post
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1316:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1295:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1211:Historic England
1207:
1201:
1200:
1197:Nichols and Sons
1186:
1177:
1176:
1159:
1150:
1149:
1146:Robert Hardwicke
1132:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1068:
1055:
1054:
1036:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1006:
1000:
999:
967:
949:
934:
915:
904:
893:
874:
853:
822:
799:
775:
751:
742:(141): 415–432.
724:
709:
706:Internet Archive
647:
644:
591:The Morning Post
552:
549:
375:
374: 1890–1920
372:
346:, among others.
243:
128:
126:
87:
21:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2481:
2480:
2474:
2455:
2418:
2413:
2384:
2379:
2354:
2332:
2307:
2285:10.2307/1568764
2268:
2263:
2238:
2191:
2180:
2175:A & C Black
2165:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2141:. p. 278.
2130:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2110:
2102:
2098:
2090:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2017:
2016:
2012:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1943:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1908:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1816:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1661:A & C Black
1653:
1652:
1648:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1613:
1607:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1489:A & C Black
1481:
1480:
1476:
1461:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1401:
1399:Bank of England
1393:
1392:
1385:
1365:
1364:
1355:
1345:
1343:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1317:
1313:
1296:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1195:. Westminster:
1188:
1187:
1180:
1175:. p. 1560.
1161:
1160:
1153:
1148:. p. 1010.
1136:Walford, Edward
1134:
1133:
1126:
1116:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1078:A & C Black
1070:
1069:
1058:
1038:
1037:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1003:
988:
980:. p. 278.
969:
968:
961:
956:
937:
918:
907:
896:
877:
856:
845:National Review
837:
804:
779:
755:
735:National Review
731:
721:T. Fisher Unwin
712:
697:National Review
689:
686:
645:
631:
550:
542:Parade Garden,
536:
523:
499:
437:
409:
373:
363:
328:Viscount Newark
301:Inverness-shire
266:hunted big game
235:
205:Nottinghamshire
181:
176:
130:
127: 1889)
122:
118:
115:
98:
82:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2544:
2542:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2472:
2453:
2427:(3): 457–478.
2416:
2411:
2382:
2377:
2352:
2330:
2305:
2266:
2261:
2236:
2189:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2147:
2120:
2118:, p. 113.
2108:
2096:
2084:
2072:
2060:
2035:
2010:
1985:
1960:
1933:
1918:
1906:
1855:
1843:
1839:Rosenberg 2016
1831:
1829:, p. 109.
1814:
1797:
1795:, p. 583.
1793:Buckridge 2018
1780:
1778:, p. 106.
1768:
1766:, p. 152.
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 266.
1729:
1716:
1686:
1684:, p. 457.
1674:
1646:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1568:
1561:
1537:Benson, Eugene
1520:
1502:
1474:
1459:
1436:
1411:
1383:
1372:. 5 May 1899.
1353:
1323:
1321:, p. 351.
1311:
1280:
1259:
1233:
1202:
1178:
1163:Burke, Bernard
1151:
1124:
1091:
1056:
1026:
1001:
986:
958:
957:
955:
952:
951:
950:
935:
929:. 3rd series.
916:
905:
894:
888:. New series.
875:
854:
835:
834:
833:
828:
802:
801:
800:
786:. 6th series.
776:
766:(6): 826–837.
762:. New series.
752:
725:
710:
685:
682:
637:Street scene,
630:
627:
535:
532:
522:
516:
498:
495:
443:Street scene,
436:
433:
427:(1913), about
408:
405:
390:British Empire
362:
359:
336:Earl of Jersey
201:Newstead Abbey
197:Thomas Wildman
180:
177:
175:
172:
156:pseudonymously
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
120:
116:
113:
112:
110:
106:
105:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
28:
27:
24:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2543:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
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2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2383:
2380:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2331:9789004426559
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2186:public domain
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2116:Gohrisch 2020
2112:
2109:
2105:
2104:Gohrisch 2020
2100:
2097:
2093:
2092:Gohrisch 2020
2088:
2085:
2082:, p. 14.
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2039:
2036:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2014:
2011:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1950:The Spectator
1946:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1931:, p. 24.
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1916:, p. 18.
1915:
1910:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:Gohrisch 2020
1847:
1844:
1841:, p. 41.
1840:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1827:Gohrisch 2020
1823:
1821:
1819:
1815:
1812:, p. 13.
1811:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:Gohrisch 2020
1772:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1662:
1658:
1657:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1564:
1562:9780415278850
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1460:9781548732028
1456:
1452:
1451:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1423:
1415:
1412:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1281:
1277:. p. 46.
1276:
1272:
1271:
1263:
1260:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1234:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:. p. 26.
1198:
1194:
1193:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1158:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1014:
1013:
1005:
1002:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
975:
974:
966:
964:
960:
953:
947:
943:
942:
936:
932:
928:
927:
922:
917:
913:
912:
906:
902:
901:
895:
891:
887:
886:
881:
876:
872:
868:
864:
863:Edward Arnold
860:
855:
851:
847:
846:
841:
836:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
816:
812:
808:
803:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
760:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
736:
729:
728:
726:
722:
718:
717:
711:
707:
703:
699:
698:
693:
688:
687:
683:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
658:
655:
640:
635:
628:
625:
623:
617:
615:
611:
610:
604:
599:
597:
593:
592:
587:
582:
580:
579:
574:
573:
568:
567:
562:
561:
560:The Spectator
545:
540:
533:
531:
528:
520:
517:
515:
511:
509:
503:
496:
494:
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486:
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458:
454:
446:
441:
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426:
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418:
414:
406:
404:
401:
399:
398:Privy Council
393:
391:
387:
383:
367:
360:
358:
356:
352:
347:
345:
344:Earl Cathcart
341:
340:Alan Cathcart
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
258:County Durham
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
214:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
185:
178:
173:
171:
169:
165:
161:
160:Alice Spinner
157:
153:
149:
140:
137:
133:
111:
107:
103:
102:
95:
91:
85:
80:
79:
75:
73:Notable works
71:
67:
63:
60:
59:Victorian era
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
19:
2491:1850s births
2458:
2424:
2420:
2390:
2360:
2309:
2276:
2270:
2244:
2202:(4): 12–26.
2199:
2193:
2170:
2133:
2111:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2063:
2055:BA3201460682
2044:
2038:
2019:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1971:The Standard
1969:
1963:
1954:
1948:
1909:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1846:
1834:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1721:, retrieved
1699:
1689:
1677:
1665:. Retrieved
1655:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1584:
1540:
1505:
1493:. Retrieved
1483:
1477:
1449:
1420:
1414:
1402:. Retrieved
1378:GS3214991339
1367:
1344:. Retrieved
1336:
1326:
1314:
1290:
1283:
1269:
1262:
1250:. Retrieved
1246:
1236:
1224:. Retrieved
1218:
1205:
1191:
1167:
1140:
1115:. Retrieved
1107:
1082:. Retrieved
1072:
1040:
1017:. Retrieved
1011:
1004:
972:
940:
930:
924:
909:
898:
889:
883:
858:
849:
843:
806:
787:
781:
763:
757:
739:
733:
715:
701:
695:
677:
673:
669:
661:
659:
653:
651:
619:
613:
607:
606:
601:
595:
589:
585:
583:
576:
570:
566:The Standard
564:
558:
556:
526:
524:
518:
512:
507:
504:
500:
491:
487:
483:
479:Crown colony
472:
465:
450:
445:Port Antonio
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
402:
394:
379:
348:
312:Eaton Square
305:
282:
273:
262:17th Lancers
246:South Cowton
230:
212:
209:
190:
159:
151:
147:
146:
99:
83:
76:
18:
2496:1925 deaths
2279:: 351–357.
2137:. Toronto:
2046:The Graphic
2043:"Lucilla".
2030:R3210640293
2018:"Lucilla".
2005:Y3200460513
1980:R3214676879
1764:Heuman 2018
1752:Heuman 2018
1682:Morgan 2012
1622:Heuman 2018
1431:R3214381303
1275:John Murray
1051:R3213380844
946:John Murray
646: 1900
609:The Graphic
551: 1890
415:(1894) and
226:Oxfordshire
222:Littleworth
218:1st Baronet
164:ethnography
68:1890s–1910s
47:Nationality
2485:Categories
2462:. London:
2340:1139887336
2312:. Leiden:
2173:. London:
2080:Bryan 2002
2068:Bryan 2002
1929:Bryan 2002
1914:Bryan 2002
1810:Bryan 2002
1659:. London:
1543:. London:
1487:. London:
1469:1046587820
1337:JSTOR Labs
1319:Coope 2001
1273:. London:
1076:. London:
987:0802027199
944:. London:
892:: 379–404.
861:. London:
719:. London:
666:middlebrow
179:Early life
39:Occupation
2449:144937768
2441:0144-039X
2348:225915177
2301:195001378
2232:161414023
2216:0008-6495
2171:Who's Who
1893:1382-2373
1740:Hall 2018
1656:Who's Who
1545:Routledge
1484:Who's Who
1300:cite book
1073:Who's Who
996:742323738
871:267024325
778:Reprint:
754:Reprint:
670:Lucilla's
578:Spectator
468:metropole
250:Yorkshire
135:Relatives
2224:40654293
1901:41849537
1165:(1898).
1138:(1871).
831:Volume 2
826:Volume 1
819:35923457
744:ProQuest
639:Kingston
622:Quixotic
544:Kingston
355:Kirkhill
254:Westwick
141:(father)
2293:1568764
2160:Sources
1723:15 July
1667:13 July
1495:13 July
1404:14 July
1346:15 July
1252:14 July
1226:14 July
1117:15 July
1084:13 July
1019:13 July
911:Chapman
748:6850563
678:Lucilla
674:Lucilla
662:Lucilla
654:Lucilla
614:Lucilla
596:Lucilla
586:Lucilla
455:by the
453:slavery
447:, 1899.
407:Writing
297:devised
293:annuity
278:Zambezi
168:Jamaica
129:
121:
117:
86:(1895)
50:English
2470:
2447:
2439:
2409:
2375:
2346:
2338:
2328:
2299:
2291:
2259:
2230:
2222:
2214:
2145:
2053:
2028:
2003:
1978:
1899:
1891:
1714:
1603:
1559:
1467:
1457:
1429:
1376:
1049:
994:
984:
869:
817:
746:
521:(1895)
338:; and
199:, was
193:gentry
109:Spouse
104:(1913)
94:vol. 2
90:vol. 1
81:(1894)
55:Period
2445:S2CID
2344:S2CID
2314:Brill
2297:S2CID
2289:JSTOR
2228:S2CID
2220:JSTOR
1897:JSTOR
1636:
1535:. In
1341:JSTOR
954:Notes
900:Queen
684:Works
461:obeah
289:trust
285:Luxor
239:
123:(
119:
2468:ISBN
2437:ISSN
2407:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2336:OCLC
2326:ISBN
2257:ISBN
2212:ISSN
2143:ISBN
2051:Gale
2026:Gale
2001:Gale
1976:Gale
1889:ISSN
1725:2020
1712:ISBN
1669:2020
1601:ISBN
1557:ISBN
1497:2020
1465:OCLC
1455:ISBN
1427:Gale
1406:2020
1374:Gale
1348:2020
1330:See
1306:link
1254:2020
1228:2020
1119:2020
1086:2020
1047:Gale
1021:2020
992:OCLC
982:ISBN
867:OCLC
815:OCLC
473:The
174:Life
31:Born
2429:doi
2399:doi
2365:doi
2318:doi
2281:doi
2249:doi
2204:doi
1879:doi
1704:doi
1593:doi
1549:doi
792:hdl
768:hdl
213:née
203:in
158:as
2487::
2466:.
2443:.
2435:.
2425:33
2423:.
2405:,
2389:,
2371:,
2359:,
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