664:(1820–1883), the exiled Crown Prince and grandson of Charles X. As a professor of the École Polytechnique, Cauchy had been a notoriously bad lecturer, assuming levels of understanding that only a few of his best students could reach, and cramming his allotted time with too much material. Henri d'Artois had neither taste nor talent for either mathematics or science. Although Cauchy took his mission very seriously, he did this with great clumsiness, and with surprising lack of authority over Henri d'Artois. During his civil engineering days, Cauchy once had been briefly in charge of repairing a few of the Parisian sewers, and he made the mistake of mentioning this to his pupil; with great malice, Henri d'Artois went about saying Cauchy started his career in the sewers of Paris. Cauchy's role as tutor lasted until Henri d'Artois became eighteen years old, in September 1838. Cauchy did hardly any research during those five years, while Henri d'Artois acquired a lifelong dislike of mathematics. Cauchy was named a
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better chance to find a mathematics related position. When his health improved in 1813, Cauchy chose not to return to
Cherbourg. Although he formally kept his engineering position, he was transferred from the payroll of the Ministry of the Marine to the Ministry of the Interior. The next three years Cauchy was mainly on unpaid sick leave; he spent his time fruitfully, working on mathematics (on the related topics of
694:. This Bureau bore some resemblance to the academy; for instance, it had the right to co-opt its members. Further, it was believed that members of the Bureau could "forget about" the oath of allegiance, although formally, unlike the Academicians, they were obliged to take it. The Bureau des Longitudes was an organization founded in 1795 to solve the problem of determining position at sea — mainly the
447:(1760–1848) and Marie-Madeleine Desestre. Cauchy had two brothers: Alexandre Laurent Cauchy (1792–1857), who became a president of a division of the court of appeal in 1847 and a judge of the court of cassation in 1849, and Eugene François Cauchy (1802–1877), a publicist who also wrote several mathematical works. From his childhood he was good at math.
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492:, the best secondary school of Paris at that time, in the fall of 1802. Most of the curriculum consisted of classical languages; the ambitious Cauchy, being a brilliant student, won many prizes in Latin and the humanities. In spite of these successes, Cauchy chose an engineering career, and prepared himself for the entrance examination to the
636:
in
Switzerland, where he had to decide whether he would swear a required oath of allegiance to the new regime. He refused to do this, and consequently lost all his positions in Paris, except his membership of the academy, for which an oath was not required. In 1831 Cauchy went to the Italian city of
499:
In 1805, he placed second of 293 applicants on this exam and was admitted. One of the main purposes of this school was to give future civil and military engineers a high-level scientific and mathematical education. The school functioned under military discipline, which caused Cauchy some problems in
738:
In 1848 King Louis-Philippe fled to
England. The oath of allegiance was abolished, and the road to an academic appointment was clear for Cauchy. On March 1, 1849, he was reinstated at the Faculté de Sciences, as a professor of mathematical astronomy. After political turmoil all through 1848, France
722:
Throughout the nineteenth century the French educational system struggled over the separation of church and state. After losing control of the public education system, the
Catholic Church sought to establish its own branch of education and found in Cauchy a staunch and illustrious ally. He lent his
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The idea came up in bureaucratic circles that it would be useful to again require a loyalty oath from all state functionaries, including university professors. This time a cabinet minister was able to convince the
Emperor to exempt Cauchy from the oath. In 1853, Cauchy was elected an International
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We never had more than a one-half pound (230 g) of bread — and sometimes not even that. This we supplement with little supply of hard crackers and rice that we are allotted. Otherwise, we are getting along quite well, which is the important thing and goes to show that human beings can get by
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was reduced in 1825, Cauchy insisted on placing the topic of continuous functions (and therefore also infinitesimals) at the beginning of the
Differential Calculus. Laugwitz (1989) and Benis-Sinaceur (1973) point out that Cauchy continued to use infinitesimals in his own research as late as 1853.
1671:. These results of Cauchy's still form the core of complex function theory as it is taught today to physicists and electrical engineers. For quite some time, contemporaries of Cauchy ignored his theory, believing it to be too complicated. Only in the 1840s the theory started to get response, with
706:
In
November 1839 Cauchy was elected to the Bureau, and discovered that the matter of the oath was not so easily dispensed with. Without his oath, the king refused to approve his election. For four years Cauchy was in the position of being elected but not approved; accordingly, he was not a formal
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When Cauchy was 28 years old, he was still living with his parents. His father found it time for his son to marry; he found him a suitable bride, Aloïse de Bure, five years his junior. The de Bure family were printers and booksellers, and published most of Cauchy's works. Aloïse and
Augustin were
539:
In
September 1812, at 23 years old, Cauchy returned to Paris after becoming ill from overwork. Another reason for his return to the capital was that he was losing interest in his engineering job, being more and more attracted to the abstract beauty of mathematics; in Paris, he would have a much
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Cauchy gave an explicit definition of an infinitesimal in terms of a sequence tending to zero. There has been a vast body of literature written about Cauchy's notion of "infinitesimally small quantities", arguing that they lead from everything from the usual "epsilontic" definitions or to the
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His royalism and religious zeal made him contentious, which caused difficulties with his colleagues. He felt that he was mistreated for his beliefs, but his opponents felt he intentionally provoked people by berating them over religious matters or by defending the
Jesuits after they had been
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rigorously, establishing his well-known form of the remainder. He wrote a textbook (see the illustration) for his students at the École Polytechnique in which he developed the basic theorems of mathematical analysis as rigorously as possible. In this book he gave the necessary and sufficient
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were removed from this academy for political reasons, and the king appointed Cauchy to take the place of one of them. The reaction of Cauchy's peers was harsh; they considered the acceptance of his membership in the academy an outrage, and Cauchy created many enemies in scientific circles.
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These events marked a turning point in Cauchy's life, and a break in his mathematical productivity. Shaken by the fall of the government and moved by a deep hatred of the liberals who were taking power, Cauchy left France to go abroad, leaving his family behind. He spent a short time at
586:. He quit his engineering job, and received a one-year contract for teaching mathematics to second-year students of the École Polytechnique. In 1816, this Bonapartist, non-religious school was reorganized, and several liberal professors were fired; Cauchy was promoted to full professor.
38:
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2743:(Memorandum on the connections that exist between the residue calculus and the limit calculus, and on the advantages that these two calculi offer in solving algebraic and transcendental equations], presented to the Academy of Sciences of Turin, November 27, 1831.
1790:. In 1829 he defined for the first time a complex function of a complex variable in another textbook. In spite of these, Cauchy's own research papers often used intuitive, not rigorous, methods; thus one of his theorems was exposed to a "counter-example" by
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and the theory of higher-order algebraic equations). He attempted admission to the First Class of the Institut de France but failed on three different occasions between 1813 and 1815. In 1815 Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo, and the newly installed king
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973:. The rudiments of this theorem can already be found in a paper that the 24-year-old Cauchy presented to the Académie des Sciences (then still called "First Class of the Institute") on August 11, 1814. In full form the theorem was given in 1825.
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835:, substituting the notion of the continuity of geometrical displacements for the principle of the continuity of matter. He wrote on the equilibrium of rods and elastic membranes and on waves in elastic media. He introduced a 3 × 3 symmetric
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is easily determined from the position of the sun. Since it was thought that position at sea was best determined by astronomical observations, the Bureau had developed into an organization resembling an academy of astronomical sciences.
2113:. Their life there during that time was apparently hard; Augustin-Louis's father, Louis François, spoke of living on rice, bread, and crackers during the period. A paragraph from an undated letter from Louis François to his mother in
578:, who was an associate professor at the École Polytechnique, asked to be exempted from his teaching duties for health reasons. Cauchy was by then a rising mathematical star. One of his great successes at that time was the proof of
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called him a "bigoted Catholic" and added he was "mad and there is nothing that can be done about him", but at the same time praised him as a mathematician. Cauchy's views were widely unpopular among mathematicians and when
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married on April 4, 1818, with great Roman Catholic ceremony, in the Church of Saint-Sulpice. In 1819 the couple's first daughter, Marie Françoise Alicia, was born, and in 1823 the second and last daughter, Marie Mathilde.
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731:. The purpose of this institute was to counter the effects of the absence of Catholic university education in France. These activities did not make Cauchy popular with his colleagues, who, on the whole, supported
645:(who ruled Turin and the surrounding Piedmont region) for a chair of theoretical physics, which was created especially for him. He taught in Turin during 1832–1833. In 1831, he was elected a foreign member of the
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member of the Bureau, did not receive payment, could not participate in meetings, and could not submit papers. Still Cauchy refused to take any oaths; however, he did feel loyal enough to direct his research to
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The function f(x) is continuous with respect to x between the given limits if, between these limits, an infinitely small increment in the variable always produces an infinitely small increment in the function
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Mémoire sur les rapports qui existent entre le calcul des Résidus et le calcul des Limites, et sur les avantages qu'offrent ces deux calculs dans la résolution des équations algébriques ou transcendantes
450:
Cauchy married Aloise de Bure in 1818. She was a close relative of the publisher who published most of Cauchy's works. They had two daughters, Marie Françoise Alicia (1819) and Marie Mathilde (1823).
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After finishing school in 1810, Cauchy accepted a job as a junior engineer in Cherbourg, where Napoleon intended to build a naval base. Here Cauchy stayed for three years, and was assigned the
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with little. I should tell you that for my children's pap I still have a bit of fine flour, made from wheat that I grew on my own land. I had three bushels, and I also have a few pounds of
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project, and worked at the Harbor of Cherbourg. Although he had an extremely busy managerial job, he still found time to prepare three mathematical manuscripts, which he submitted to the
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Cauchy returned to Paris and his position at the Academy of Sciences late in 1838. He could not regain his teaching positions, because he still refused to swear an oath of allegiance.
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1854:
Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy publiées sous la direction scientifique de l'Académie des sciences et sous les auspices de M. le ministre de l'Instruction publique (27 volumes)
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M. Barany claims that the École mandated the inclusion of infinitesimal methods against Cauchy's better judgement. Gilain notes that when the portion of the curriculum devoted to
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propagation, which obtained the Grand Prix of the French Academy of Sciences in 1816. Cauchy's writings covered notable topics. In the theory of series he developed the notion of
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1719:. Judith Grabiner wrote Cauchy was "the man who taught rigorous analysis to all of Europe". The book is frequently noted as being the first place that inequalities, and
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ideals of the French Revolution. When a chair of mathematics became vacant at the Collège de France in 1843, Cauchy applied for it, but received just three of 45 votes.
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Cauchy was a prolific worker; he wrote approximately eight hundred research articles and five complete textbooks on a variety of topics in the fields of mathematics and
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His greatest contributions to mathematical science are enveloped in the rigorous methods which he introduced; these are mainly embodied in his three great treatises:
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The conservative political climate that lasted until 1830 suited Cauchy perfectly. In 1824 Louis XVIII died, and was succeeded by his even more conservative brother
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in 1794, it was safe for the family to return to Paris. There, Louis-François Cauchy found a bureaucratic job in 1800, and quickly advanced his career. When
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1765:. The consensus is that Cauchy omitted or left implicit the important ideas to make clear the precise meaning of the infinitely small quantities he used.
597:. During these years Cauchy was highly productive, and published one important mathematical treatise after another. He received cross-appointments at the
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was made chair in mathematics before him he, and many others, felt his views were the cause. When Libri was accused of stealing books he was replaced by
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as pairs of real numbers. He also wrote on the theory of groups and substitutions, the theory of functions, differential equations and determinants.
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1193:{\displaystyle f(z)=\varphi (z)+{\frac {B_{1}}{z-a}}+{\frac {B_{2}}{(z-a)^{2}}}+\cdots +{\frac {B_{n}}{(z-a)^{n}}},\quad B_{i},z,a\in \mathbb {C} ,}
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In any event, he inherited his father's staunch royalism and hence refused to take oaths to any government after the overthrow of Charles X.
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In 1831, while in Turin, Cauchy submitted two papers to the Academy of Sciences of Turin. In the first he proposed the formula now known as
461:(14 July 1789), which broke out one month before Augustin-Louis was born. The Cauchy family survived the revolution and the following
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during his illness and leading Hermite to become a faithful Catholic. It also inspired Cauchy to plead on behalf of the Irish during the
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His father's dismissal is sometimes seen as the cause of the deep hatred of the French Revolution that Cauchy felt all through his life.
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came to power in 1799, Louis-François Cauchy was further promoted, and became Secretary-General of the Senate, working directly under
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and defended them at the academy when it was politically unwise to do so. His zeal for his faith may have led to his caring for
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2999:. Sources and Studies in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences. Cauchy, Augustin-Louis. Springer. pp. 10, 285.
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984:—isolated singularities, i.e., points where a function goes to positive or negative infinity. If the complex-valued function
752:
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628:. Riots, in which uniformed students of the École Polytechnique took an active part, raged close to Cauchy's home in Paris.
1806:
In a paper published in 1855, two years before Cauchy's death, he discussed some theorems, one of which is similar to the "
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is somewhere in this region. The contour integral is taken counter-clockwise. Clearly, the integrand has a simple pole at
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rather than Cauchy, which caused a rift between Liouville and Cauchy. Another dispute with political overtones concerned
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In 1834, his wife and two daughters moved to Prague, and Cauchy was reunited with his family after four years in exile.
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Barany, Michael (2013), "Stuck in the Middle: Cauchy's Intermediate Value Theorem and the History of Analytic Rigor",
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242:
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In the revolutionary years the French Académie des Sciences was known as the "First Class" of the Institut de France.
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2126:. It is as white as snow and very good, too, especially for very young children. It, too, was grown on my own land.
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Mémoire sur l'emploi des equations symboliques dans le calcul infinitésimal et dans le calcul aux différences finis
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being the first mathematician besides Cauchy to make a substantial contribution (his work on what are now known as
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134:
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727:, a school in Paris run by Jesuits, for training teachers for their colleges. He took part in the founding of the
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Augustin-Louis Cauchy grew up in the house of a staunch royalist. This made his father flee with the family to
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3278:(1989), "Definite values of infinite sums: aspects of the foundations of infinitesimal analysis around 1820",
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554:
444:
1645:{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}f(z)dz=\sum _{k=1}^{n}{\underset {z=a_{k}}{\mathrm {Res} }}f(z),}
719:. The confounded membership of the Bureau lasted until the end of 1843, when Cauchy was replaced by Poinsot.
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1988:
Sur la mecanique celeste et sur un nouveau calcul qui s'applique a un grand nombre de questions diverses etc
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control systems. Thus Cauchy's work has a strong impact on both pure mathematics and practical engineering.
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20:
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1993:
On Celestial Mechanics and on a new calculation which is applicable to a large number of diverse questions
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1937:] (in French). submitted to the Académie des Sciences on February 28: Paris, De Bure frères. 1825.
711:. In 1840, he presented a dozen papers on this topic to the academy. He described and illustrated the
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755:. Cauchy remained a professor at the university until his death at the age of 67. He received the
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1976:
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A profound mathematician, Cauchy had a great influence over his contemporaries and successors;
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2952:(2012). "Who gave you the Cauchy--Weierstrass tale? The dual history of rigorous calculus".
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1986:
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579:
504:(School for Bridges and Roads). He graduated in civil engineering, with the highest honors.
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adapting. Nevertheless, he completed the course in 1807, at age 18, and went on to the
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418:"More concepts and theorems have been named for Cauchy than for any other mathematician (in
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1928:
1869:. Académie des sciences (France). 1882–1938 – via Ministère de l'éducation nationale.
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Barany, Michael (2011), "God, king, and geometry: revisiting the introduction to Cauchy's
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1966:
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1810:" in many modern textbooks on complex analysis. In modern control theory textbooks, the
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2014:
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1354:{\displaystyle {\underset {z=a}{\mathrm {Res} }}f(z)=\lim _{z\rightarrow a}(z-a)f(z),}
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arguments were introduced into calculus. Here Cauchy defined continuity as follows:
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469:, where Cauchy received his first education, from his father. After the execution of
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Cauchy around 1840. Lithography by Zéphirin Belliard after a painting by Jean Roller.
1715:(of earlier authors such as Euler and Lagrange) and its replacement by geometry and
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1995:] (in French). presented to the Academy of Sciences of Turin, October 11. 1831.
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481:(who is now better known for his work on mathematical physics). The mathematician
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Topics in Mathematical Analysis, A Volume Dedicated to the Memory of A. L. Cauchy
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403:. Cauchy also contributed to a number of topics in mathematical physics, notably
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in 1811, and in several other elegant problems. More important is his memoir on
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touching three given circles—which he discovered in 1805, his generalization of
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Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world
1860: (archived July 24, 2007)(Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1882–1974)
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1849:. It took almost a century to collect all his writings into 27 large volumes:
807:. In the theory of numbers and complex quantities, he was the first to define
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Gilain, C. (1989), "Cauchy et le Course d'Analyse de l'École Polytechnique",
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743:. Early 1852 the President made himself Emperor of France, and took the name
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3093:. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555–556.
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Bradley, Robert E.; Sandifer, Charles Edward (2010). Buchwald, J. Z. (ed.).
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Cauchy's father was a highly ranked official in the Parisian police of the
383:. He was one of the first to rigorously state and prove the key theorems of
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Bulletin de la Société des amis de la Bibliothèque de l'École polytechnique
2906:. Translated by Frank Ragland. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Springer. p. 134.
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CR Ac ad. Sci. Paris, t. XVII, 449–458 (1843) credited as originating the
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Boyer, C.: The concepts of the calculus. Hafner Publishing Company, 1949.
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Mémoire sur les intégrales définies, prises entre des limites imaginaires
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La vie et les travaux du baron Cauchy: membre de l'académie des sciences
1472:{\displaystyle f(a)={\frac {1}{2\pi i}}\oint _{C}{\frac {f(z)}{z-a}}dz,}
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1888:. Paris: L'Imprimerie Royale, Debure frères, Libraires du Roi et de la
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to become the science tutor of the thirteen-year-old Duke of Bordeaux,
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Other significant contributions include being the first to prove the
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occurred in France. Charles X fled the country, and was succeeded by
98:
3352:. Singapore, New Jersey, London: World Scientific Co. Archived from
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The Life and Works of Baron Cauchy: Member of the Academy of Scinces
1782:
in the form that is still taught. Also Cauchy's well-known test for
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The genius of Cauchy was illustrated in his simple solution of the
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The History of the Theory of Structures. Searching for Equilibrium
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235:
61:
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1935:
A Memorandum on definite integrals taken between imaginary limits
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and died of a bronchial condition at 4 a.m. on 23 May 1857.
422:
alone there are sixteen concepts and theorems named for Cauchy)."
1254:. Clearly, the residue is in the case of a simple pole equal to
796:
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2716:
Sur un nouveau genre de calcul analogue au calcul infinitésimal
1845:
Cauchy was very productive, in number of papers second only to
1207:) is analytic (i.e., well-behaved without singularities), then
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Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2170:
and a claim on inelastic shocks. Cauchy was later shown, by
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879:. The first pivotal theorem proved by Cauchy, now known as
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Cauchy is most famous for his single-handed development of
641:, and after some time there, he accepted an offer from the
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268:
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Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 4)
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Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 3)
2022:
Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 2)
2015:
Exercices d'analyse et de physique mathematique (Volume 1)
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of numbers, an innovation presented in England in 1727 by
649:, and the following year a Foreign Honorary Member of the
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305:
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2396:(16th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
1818:, which can be used to predict the stability of negative
980:
of a function. This concept concerns functions that have
488:
On Lagrange's advice, Augustin-Louis was enrolled in the
2133:
He was an equally staunch Catholic and a member of the
375:; 21 August 1789 – 23 May 1857) was a French
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in this case meant the rejection of the principle of
1705:
Cauchy stressed the importance of rigor in analysis.
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on and within the non-self-intersecting closed curve
894:
851:, and his results are nearly as valuable as those of
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337:
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265:
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Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
739:
chose to become a Republic, under the Presidency of
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1913:
Leçons sur les applications de calcul infinitésimal
1794:, later fixed by the introduction of the notion of
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183:
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72:
47:
28:
3321:
3118:– via American Council of Learned Societies.
3048:
2996:Cauchy's Cours d'analyse: An Annotated Translation
1737:
1644:
1471:
1353:
1192:
934:
532:) were accepted; the third one (on directrices of
3042:. Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
3883:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2185:List of topics named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
1306:
1223:= 1, the pole is called simple. The coefficient
3047:Bruno, Leonard C.; Baker, Lawrence W. (2003) .
2540:
2119:
1885:Cours d'analyse de l'École royale polytechnique
3888:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
2688:De la pression ou tension dans un corps solide
803:and discovered many of the basic formulas for
3903:Members of the American Philosophical Society
3504:
1494:and within the region bounded by the contour
976:In 1826 Cauchy gave a formal definition of a
172:Grand Prize of L'Académie Royale des Sciences
19:"Cauchy" redirects here. For other uses, see
8:
3191:Notices of the American Mathematical Society
3159:This article incorporates material from the
2457:Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary
1230:is called by Cauchy the residue of function
3370:"Cauchy's Conception of Rigour in Analysis"
2752:
2493:
831:of light. He also contributed research in
668:, a title by which Cauchy set great store.
3511:
3497:
3489:
2615:
2571:
2528:
2516:
36:
25:
3898:Academic staff of the University of Turin
3878:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
3324:The Origins of Cauchy's Rigorous Calculus
3228:
3202:
2967:
2590:. American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
2415:
2413:
1724:
1618:
1596:
1594:
1588:
1577:
1546:
1524:
1522:
1431:
1425:
1403:
1386:
1309:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1183:
1182:
1161:
1144:
1121:
1115:
1097:
1074:
1068:
1046:
1040:
1008:
899:
893:
690:In August 1839 a vacancy appeared in the
3465:Augustin-Louis Cauchy – Œuvres complètes
2860:
2764:
2552:
2481:
2393:Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary
485:was also a friend of the Cauchy family.
3444:MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive
2585:"Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter C"
2371:
2342:
2240:Cauchy formula for repeated integration
1971:. Vol. Seconde Année. Paris. 1827.
1814:is quite frequently used to derive the
1697:The title page of a textbook by Cauchy.
1510:. In the second paper he presented the
1371:by the modern notation of the residue.
2848:
2824:
2812:
2800:
2788:
2776:
2727:
2711:
2699:
2683:
1998:
1940:
764:72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower
206:École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
164:Marie Françoise Alicia, Marie Mathilde
109:École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées
3623:Infinitesimal strain theory (physics)
3480:Augustin-Louis Cauchy – Cauchy's Life
3374:Archive for History of Exact Sciences
2872:
2836:
2160:Guglielmo Libri Carucci dalla Sommaja
2055:(Paris : Gauthier-Villars, 1895)
656:In August 1833 Cauchy left Turin for
651:American Academy of Arts and Sciences
528:. Cauchy's first two manuscripts (on
370:
7:
3848:Foreign members of the Royal Society
3154:] (in French). Gauthier-Villars.
2884:
1738:{\displaystyle \delta -\varepsilon }
839:of numbers that is now known as the
819:In the theory of light he worked on
457:, but lost this position due to the
2052:Nouveaux exercices de mathématiques
935:{\displaystyle \oint _{C}f(z)dz=0,}
3823:19th-century French mathematicians
3126:Mathematics: The Loss of Certainty
3105:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
2904:Augustin-Louis Cauchy: A Biography
1866:Œuvres complètes d'Augustin Cauchy
1603:
1600:
1597:
1273:
1270:
1267:
815:Wave theory, mechanics, elasticity
557:was re-established in March 1816;
553:took the restoration in hand. The
14:
3725:Transcendental law of homogeneity
3618:Constructive nonstandard analysis
3562:The Method of Mechanical Theorems
3549:Criticism of nonstandard analysis
1978:Leçons sur le calcul différentiel
1839:Leçons sur le calcul différentiel
1778:condition for the existence of a
647:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
3833:École des Ponts ParisTech alumni
3576:
3455:Cauchy criterion for convergence
3270:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3144:Valson, Claude-Alphonse (1868).
3036:. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.).
2135:Society of Saint Vincent de Paul
1211:is said to have a pole of order
570:Professor at École Polytechnique
333:
292:
258:
16:French mathematician (1789–1857)
3608:Synthetic differential geometry
3240:Benis-Sinaceur, Hourya (1973).
3167:", which is licensed under the
3102:. In Gillispie, Charles (ed.).
2597:from the original on 2022-10-09
2320:Cauchy's theorem (group theory)
1156:
953:) is a complex-valued function
865:Fermat polygonal number theorem
3417:New International Encyclopedia
3411:"Cauchy, Augustin Louis"
3084:"Cauchy, Augustin Louis"
3030:Brock, Henry Matthias (1908).
2101:Politics and religious beliefs
1981:. Paris: De Bure frères. 1829.
1655:where the sum is over all the
1636:
1630:
1561:
1555:
1443:
1437:
1397:
1391:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1321:
1313:
1299:
1293:
1141:
1128:
1094:
1081:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1013:
914:
908:
847:, he originated the theory of
753:American Philosophical Society
723:prestige and knowledge to the
465:during 1793–94 by escaping to
1:
3777:Analyse des Infiniment Petits
3613:Smooth infinitesimal analysis
3475:Mathematics Genealogy Project
3461: (archived June 17, 2005)
3249:Revue d'Histoire des Sciences
3033:"Augustin-Louis Cauchy"
2069:Faculté des sciences de Paris
2061:(for the École Polytechnique)
2039:(Paris: Bachelier, 1840–1847)
1802:Argument principle, stability
603:Faculté des sciences de Paris
3868:French mathematical analysts
3320:Grabiner, Judith V. (1981).
2230:Cauchy's functional equation
2084:(for the Collège de France).
1667:) on and within the contour
725:École Normale Écclésiastique
502:École des Ponts et Chaussées
3129:. Oxford University Press.
2541:Bradley & Sandifer 2010
2460:– via dictionary.com.
2315:Cauchy's theorem (geometry)
2255:Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem
2168:Jean-Marie Constant Duhamel
2137:. He also had links to the
1816:Nyquist stability criterion
969:is taken along the contour
713:signed-digit representation
3919:
3838:École Polytechnique alumni
3467:(in 2 series) Gallica-Math
3098:Freudenthal, Hans (2008).
2426:Collins English Dictionary
1968:Exercices de mathematiques
1958:Exercices de mathematiques
1773:He was the first to prove
1686:
490:École Centrale du Panthéon
202:École Centrale du Panthéon
135:Intermediate value theorem
18:
3741:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
3574:
3055:. Detroit, Mich.: U X L.
3005:10.1007/978-1-4419-0549-9
2978:10.1007/s10699-011-9235-x
2300:Cauchy–Schwarz inequality
2200:Cauchy's convergence test
2195:Cauchy boundary condition
2047:(Imprimerie Royale, 1821)
1923:His other works include:
1812:Cauchy argument principle
1808:Principle of the argument
1376:Cauchy's integral formula
992:) can be expanded in the
882:Cauchy's integral theorem
229:
176:
131:Implicit function theorem
35:
3449:University of St Andrews
3328:. Cambridge: MIT Press.
3230:10.1016/j.hm.2010.12.001
3100:"Cauchy, Augustin-Louis"
2902:Belhoste, Bruno (1991).
2295:Cauchy–Riemann equations
2290:Cauchy–Rassias stability
2260:Cauchy momentum equation
2005:: CS1 maint: location (
1947:: CS1 maint: location (
1788:Cauchy condensation test
584:polygonal number theorem
372:[oɡystɛ̃lwikoʃi]
3893:French textbook writers
3439:"Augustin-Louis Cauchy"
3090:Encyclopædia Britannica
2753:Borovik & Katz 2012
2250:Cauchy–Hadamard theorem
2147:Great Famine of Ireland
1906:Le Calcul infinitésimal
1768:
1673:Pierre Alphonse Laurent
1498:and the complex number
961:(contour) lying in the
877:complex function theory
823:wave theory and on the
762:His name is one of the
391:), pioneered the field
21:Cauchy (disambiguation)
3853:French Roman Catholics
3670:Standard part function
3280:Arch. Hist. Exact Sci.
3123:Kline, Morris (1982).
3108:. New York: Scribner.
2955:Foundations of Science
2930:. Simon and Schuster.
2616:Bruno & Baker 2003
2572:Bruno & Baker 2003
2529:Bruno & Baker 2003
2517:Bruno & Baker 2003
2270:Cauchy principal value
2245:Cauchy–Frobenius lemma
2128:
1842:
1786:stems from this book:
1739:
1698:
1679:, published in 1843).
1646:
1593:
1473:
1355:
1194:
936:
741:Napoleon III of France
687:
443:Cauchy was the son of
220:Francesco Faà di Bruno
3808:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3756:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3568:Cavalieri's principle
3471:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3368:Smithies, F. (1986).
3261:10.3406/rhs.1973.3315
3165:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3039:Catholic Encyclopedia
2851:, p. 13, Vol. 1.
2325:Maclaurin–Cauchy test
2285:Cauchy's radical test
2225:Cauchy–Euler equation
1837:
1763:non-standard analysis
1740:
1712:Generality of algebra
1696:
1682:
1647:
1573:
1474:
1356:
1195:
937:
885:, was the following:
781:problem of Apollonius
692:Bureau des Longitudes
685:
555:Académie des Sciences
524:(First Class) of the
445:Louis François Cauchy
239:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
123:Mathematical analysis
30:Augustin-Louis Cauchy
3598:Nonstandard calculus
3593:Nonstandard analysis
3435:Robertson, Edmund F.
3217:Historia Mathematica
2663:. pp. 978–979.
2633:search.amphilsoc.org
2629:"APS Member History"
2265:Cauchy–Peano theorem
2190:Cauchy–Binet formula
2172:Jean-Victor Poncelet
2094:operational calculus
2082:Mathematical physics
2059:Courses of mechanics
1880:"Analyse Algébrique"
1784:absolute convergence
1723:
1521:
1385:
1261:
1246:then the residue of
1007:
892:
841:Cauchy stress tensor
686:Cauchy in later life
428:mathematical physics
3863:History of calculus
3782:Elementary Calculus
3663:Individual concepts
3603:Internal set theory
3433:O'Connor, John J.;
3242:"Cauchy et Bolzano"
2755:, pp. 245–276.
2215:Cauchy distribution
1890:Bibliothèque du Roi
1242:is non-singular at
729:Institut Catholique
709:celestial mechanics
542:symmetric functions
494:École Polytechnique
439:Youth and education
405:continuum mechanics
395:, and the study of
210:École Polytechnique
143:Limit (mathematics)
3873:Linear algebraists
3675:Transfer principle
3539:Leibniz's notation
3386:10.1007/BF00357440
3292:10.1007/BF00329867
3171:but not under the
2946:Borovik, Alexandre
2927:Men of Mathematics
2390:(eds.). "Cauchy".
2386:; Hartman, James;
2210:Cauchy determinant
2044:Analyse algèbrique
1843:
1820:feedback amplifier
1796:uniform continuity
1754:Analyse Algébrique
1735:
1699:
1642:
1625:
1469:
1364:where we replaced
1351:
1320:
1288:
1190:
932:
698:coordinate, since
688:
620:In July 1830, the
574:In November 1815,
526:Institut de France
518:Saint-Cloud Bridge
397:permutation groups
387:(thereby creating
224:Viktor Bunyakovsky
3795:
3794:
3710:Law of continuity
3700:Levi-Civita field
3685:Increment theorem
3644:Hyperreal numbers
3197:(10): 1334–1338,
3136:978-0-19-503085-3
3115:978-0-684-10114-9
3014:978-1-4419-0548-2
2670:978-3-433-03229-9
2531:, pp. 65–66.
2220:Cauchy's equation
2155:Niels Henrik Abel
2111:French Revolution
1595:
1540:
1490:) is analytic on
1458:
1419:
1305:
1265:
1151:
1104:
1063:
996:of a singularity
871:Complex functions
733:the Enlightenment
599:Collège de France
459:French Revolution
233:
232:
216:Doctoral students
178:Scientific career
119:Civil engineering
3910:
3858:French geometers
3751:Pierre de Fermat
3746:Abraham Robinson
3586:Related branches
3580:
3513:
3506:
3499:
3490:
3484:Robin Hartshorne
3451:
3421:
3413:
3405:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3339:
3327:
3316:
3302:
3271:
3269:
3246:
3233:
3232:
3207:
3206:
3204:10.1090/noti1049
3155:
3140:
3119:
3094:
3086:
3074:
3054:
3043:
3035:
3026:
2989:
2971:
2950:Katz, Mikhail G.
2941:
2917:
2888:
2882:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2858:
2852:
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2834:
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2575:
2569:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2497:
2494:Freudenthal 2008
2491:
2485:
2479:
2462:
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2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2376:
2359:
2356:
2350:
2347:
2164:Joseph Liouville
2139:Society of Jesus
2077:
2010:
2004:
1996:
1982:
1972:
1962:
1952:
1946:
1938:
1901:
1898:Internet Archive
1870:
1775:Taylor's theorem
1769:Taylor's theorem
1744:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1651:
1649:
1648:
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1626:
1624:
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1103:
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1101:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1064:
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1051:
1050:
1041:
967:contour integral
941:
939:
938:
933:
904:
903:
643:King of Sardinia
611:
536:) was rejected.
516:project and the
508:Engineering days
412:Hans Freudenthal
401:abstract algebra
393:complex analysis
379:, engineer, and
374:
369:
363:
357:
356:
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139:Spectral theorem
127:Gradient descent
79:
57:
55:
40:
26:
3918:
3917:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3908:
3907:
3828:Corps des ponts
3798:
3797:
3796:
3791:
3787:Cours d'Analyse
3765:
3729:
3720:Microcontinuity
3705:Hyperfinite set
3658:
3654:Surreal numbers
3627:
3581:
3572:
3544:Integral symbol
3522:
3517:
3459:Wayback Machine
3432:
3429:
3424:
3408:
3367:
3359:
3357:
3344:Rassias, Th. M.
3342:
3336:
3319:
3306:
3274:
3267:
3244:
3239:
3213:Cours d'analyse
3210:
3188:
3184:
3182:Further reading
3179:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3097:
3077:
3063:
3046:
3029:
3015:
2992:
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2738:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2714:, p. 11, "
2710:
2706:
2698:
2694:
2686:, p. 42, "
2682:
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2377:
2373:
2368:
2363:
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2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2305:Cauchy sequence
2205:Cauchy (crater)
2180:
2174:, to be wrong.
2143:Charles Hermite
2103:
2071:
1997:
1985:
1975:
1965:
1955:
1939:
1927:
1878:
1863:
1858:Wayback Machine
1832:
1830:Published works
1804:
1771:
1721:
1720:
1703:Cours d'Analyse
1691:
1689:Cours d'Analyse
1685:
1683:Cours d'Analyse
1614:
1607:
1542:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1512:residue theorem
1447:
1433:
1421:
1408:
1383:
1382:
1370:
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1259:
1258:
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1140:
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1080:
1070:
1052:
1042:
1005:
1004:
895:
890:
889:
873:
861:
817:
809:complex numbers
789:Euler's formula
777:
772:
677:
622:July Revolution
618:
605:
572:
546:symmetric group
522:Première Classe
510:
463:Reign of Terror
441:
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105:Alma mater
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3789:
3784:
3779:
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3771:
3767:
3766:
3764:
3763:
3761:Leonhard Euler
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3737:
3735:
3734:Mathematicians
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
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3697:
3692:
3687:
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3666:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3633:
3632:Formalizations
3629:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3589:
3587:
3583:
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3570:
3565:
3558:
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3541:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3520:Infinitesimals
3518:
3516:
3515:
3508:
3501:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3477:
3468:
3462:
3452:
3428:
3427:External links
3425:
3423:
3422:
3406:
3365:
3340:
3334:
3317:
3304:
3286:(3): 195–245,
3272:
3237:
3234:
3223:(3): 368–388,
3208:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3156:
3141:
3135:
3120:
3114:
3095:
3081:, ed. (1911).
3079:Chisholm, Hugh
3075:
3061:
3044:
3027:
3013:
2990:
2962:(3): 245–276.
2942:
2936:
2918:
2912:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:, p. 273.
2877:
2865:
2853:
2841:
2839:, p. 176.
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2620:
2608:
2576:
2557:
2555:, p. 134.
2545:
2533:
2521:
2498:
2486:
2463:
2443:
2409:
2402:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2310:Cauchy surface
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Cauchy product
2277:
2275:Cauchy problem
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2235:Cauchy horizon
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2085:
2079:
2065:Higher algebra
2062:
2056:
2048:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2018:
2011:
1983:
1973:
1963:
1961:. Paris. 1826.
1953:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1902:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1847:Leonhard Euler
1831:
1828:
1803:
1800:
1770:
1767:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1717:infinitesimals
1687:Main article:
1684:
1681:
1677:Laurent series
1653:
1652:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1480:
1479:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1399:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1350:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1227:
1201:
1200:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1077:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
943:
942:
931:
928:
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
902:
898:
872:
869:
860:
857:
853:Siméon Poisson
816:
813:
783:—describing a
776:
773:
771:
768:
751:Member of the
676:
673:
662:Henri d'Artois
626:Louis-Philippe
617:
614:
571:
568:
534:conic sections
509:
506:
440:
437:
435:
432:
424:
423:
231:
230:
227:
226:
217:
213:
212:
199:
195:
194:
185:
181:
180:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
158:
157:
156:Aloise de Bure
154:
150:
149:
116:
115:Known for
112:
111:
106:
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
82:
80:(aged 67)
74:
70:
69:
60:
58:21 August 1789
49:
45:
44:
41:
33:
32:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3915:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3639:Differentials
3637:
3636:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3557:
3556:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3502:
3500:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3485:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3469:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3356:on 2012-03-25
3355:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3335:0-387-90527-8
3331:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3255:(2): 97–112.
3254:
3250:
3243:
3238:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3052:
3045:
3041:
3040:
3034:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:9780671628185
2933:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2913:3-540-97220-X
2909:
2905:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2886:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2866:
2862:
2861:Belhoste 1991
2857:
2854:
2850:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2765:Grabiner 1981
2761:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2696:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2653:Kurrer, K.-E.
2648:
2645:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2618:, p. 68.
2617:
2612:
2609:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2574:, p. 67.
2573:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:Belhoste 1991
2549:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2522:
2519:, p. 66.
2518:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2482:Chisholm 1911
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2459:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2432:
2431:HarperCollins
2428:
2427:
2422:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2405:
2403:0-521-81693-9
2399:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2380:Jones, Daniel
2375:
2372:
2365:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2125:
2124:potato starch
2118:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2033:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1896: at the
1895:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1868:
1867:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1822:and negative
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1776:
1766:
1764:
1758:
1755:
1750:
1749:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1690:
1680:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1589:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1215:in the point
1214:
1210:
1206:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1075:
1071:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
972:
968:
964:
963:complex plane
960:
956:
952:
948:
929:
926:
923:
920:
917:
911:
905:
900:
896:
888:
887:
886:
884:
883:
878:
870:
868:
866:
859:Number theory
858:
856:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
774:
769:
767:
765:
760:
758:
754:
748:
746:
742:
736:
734:
730:
726:
720:
718:
714:
710:
704:
701:
697:
693:
684:
680:
674:
672:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
629:
627:
623:
615:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
591:
587:
585:
581:
577:
576:Louis Poinsot
569:
567:
564:
563:Gaspard Monge
560:
559:Lazare Carnot
556:
552:
547:
543:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
507:
505:
503:
497:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
455:Ancien Régime
451:
448:
446:
438:
433:
431:
429:
421:
417:
416:
415:
413:
408:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:real analysis
386:
382:
378:
377:mathematician
373:
365:
364:
354:
330:
323:
322:
313:
289:
288:
279:
255:
248:
244:
240:
237:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
147:See full list
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
63:
50:
46:
39:
34:
27:
22:
3755:
3695:Internal set
3680:Hyperinteger
3649:Dual numbers
3560:
3553:
3442:
3415:
3380:(1): 41–61.
3377:
3373:
3358:. Retrieved
3354:the original
3348:
3323:
3312:
3308:
3283:
3279:
3276:Laugwitz, D.
3252:
3248:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3194:
3190:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3125:
3103:
3088:
3050:
3037:
2995:
2959:
2953:
2926:
2903:
2880:
2868:
2863:, p. 3.
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2808:
2796:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2748:
2740:
2735:
2723:
2715:
2707:
2695:
2687:
2679:
2656:
2647:
2636:. Retrieved
2632:
2623:
2611:
2601:13 September
2599:. Retrieved
2579:
2548:
2543:, p. 9.
2536:
2524:
2489:
2455:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2424:
2391:
2388:Setter, Jane
2384:Roach, Peter
2374:
2354:
2345:
2153:suppressed.
2151:
2132:
2129:
2120:
2104:
2087:
2081:
2064:
2058:
2050:
2042:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1992:
1987:
1977:
1967:
1957:
1934:
1929:
1922:
1917:La géométrie
1916:
1912:
1905:
1884:
1873:
1865:
1844:
1838:
1805:
1772:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1746:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1701:In his book
1700:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1654:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1373:
1365:
1363:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1202:
997:
994:neighborhood
989:
985:
975:
970:
966:
958:
950:
946:
944:
880:
874:
862:
829:polarization
818:
778:
761:
749:
745:Napoleon III
737:
721:
705:
696:longitudinal
689:
678:
670:
655:
630:
619:
592:
588:
573:
538:
521:
511:
498:
487:
452:
449:
442:
425:
409:
238:
234:
198:Institutions
177:
78:(1857-05-23)
3818:1857 deaths
3813:1789 births
3555:The Analyst
3161:Citizendium
2922:Bell, E. T.
2849:Valson 1868
2825:Cauchy 1829
2813:Cauchy 1821
2801:Barany 2013
2789:Gilain 1989
2777:Barany 2011
2728:Cauchy 1831
2712:Cauchy 1826
2700:Cauchy 1825
2684:Cauchy 1827
2109:during the
2072: [
1919:(1826–1828)
1761:notions of
1250:is zero at
955:holomorphic
801:convergence
717:John Colson
606: [
551:Louis XVIII
514:Ourcq Canal
471:Robespierre
188:Mathematics
95:Nationality
76:23 May 1857
3802:Categories
3534:Adequality
3360:2011-01-27
3062:0787638137
3023:2009932254
2873:Brock 1908
2837:Kline 1982
2659:. Berlin:
2638:2024-04-24
2332:References
845:elasticity
825:dispersion
775:Early work
757:Last Rites
675:Last years
601:, and the
420:elasticity
54:1789-08-21
3770:Textbooks
3715:Overspill
3402:120781880
3300:120890300
3163:article "
2986:119320059
2969:1108.2885
2885:Bell 1986
2366:Citations
2067:(for the
2001:cite book
1943:cite book
1733:ε
1730:−
1727:δ
1659:poles of
1575:∑
1544:∮
1534:π
1452:−
1423:∮
1413:π
1328:−
1314:→
1180:∈
1135:−
1110:⋯
1088:−
1057:−
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793:polyhedra
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530:polyhedra
434:Biography
381:physicist
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3346:(1989).
3265:Archived
3071:41497065
2924:(1986).
2739:Cauchy,
2655:(2018).
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2382:(2003).
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