837:, who translated the letter in 1886, the identification of Romulus in the letter as Romulus Augustus is strengthened by the name "Romulus" by this point not being very common and by the letter not giving the Romulus in question any titles or honorifics. The absence of titles differentiates the letter from the vast majority of other letters preserved from Theodoric, as if neither the king nor his scribe were quite sure how to address a former emperor. If the Romulus in the letter is the same person as Romulus Augustulus, it is possible that the letter indicates that Romulus and his family had to renegotiate their financial arrangements and pension with the king because they had been drawn up under the reign of a different king. Given that Romulus is not mentioned in accounts of the later
402:
42:
675:
754:
1299:
1297:
618:
686:
military official and a Roman by birth, did not take the imperial title for himself is not known. It is possible that
Orestes was waiting for some form of formal recognition or response from emperor Zeno in the east, which never came. Romulus would throughout his brief ten-month reign be little more than a figurehead, with his father, who retained the position of
2183:
1049:
noblewoman named
Barbaria who is mentioned as founding a monastery at the location he was exiled to is his mother. The identification is not without merit: Barbaria was a wealthy noblewoman, who lived in the building Romulus had been exiled to and was knowledgeable about affairs in Noricum (having venerated
951:
as the actual last
Western Roman emperor. Though he never regained Italy, Nepos continued to rule in Dalmatia, with support from Zeno and with nominal recognition by Odoacer, until he was murdered in 480. Throughout the duration of his brief reign, Romulus was never recognised in Constantinople, with
993:
The western Empire of the Roman people, which first began in the seven hundred and ninth year after the founding of the City with
Octavian Augustus, the first of the emperors, perished with this Augustulus, in the five-hundred and twenty-second year of the reign of Augustus' successor emperors. From
897:
Romulus
Augustus is typically regarded as the last Western Roman emperor, or even the last Roman emperor overall, with his deposition seen as marking the end of the Western Roman Empire as a political entity. The deposition of Romulus is also one of the most commonly used dates by historians to mark
732:
On 4 September, Odoacer captured
Ravenna, killing Orestes' deputy and brother Paulus during the fighting. Romulus was captured and deposed, whereafter Odoacer assumed control of Italy as its first king. Odoacer sent Romulus' western imperial regalia to emperor Zeno in the east, and swore allegiance
685:
After an interregnum in the west lasting two months, Romulus, perhaps as young as ten years old, was proclaimed emperor in Nepos' stead by
Orestes on 31 October 475. He was the last emperor to be proclaimed in the west. Why the interregnum since Nepos lasted so long and why Orestes, a high-ranking
659:
It is possible that
Romulus Augustus had older siblings, especially given that Romulus was born several years after the marriage of his parents. In ancient Rome, it was customary for the eldest son to be named after his father. That Romulus was not named Orestes thus indicates that he was not the
883:
Very few records survive of
Romulus' reign. Any policies that he might have pursued are not known. The scant narrative record and few known coins, in addition to there not being any known inscriptions of significance or laws issued by the emperor, make him a shadowy and relatively inconsequential
428:
had grown so large that it would be better managed by two co-ruling emperors, rather than one, had become established. After various divisions were made throughout the 4th century, the empire was firmly and permanently divided into a western and eastern sphere of imperial administration from the
1048:
Romulus' mother's name being
Barbaria derives from two speculative assumptions concerning his life in exile after 476: that a "Romulus" with his mother mentioned in a 507/511 letter is the same person as Romulus Augustulus (indicating he lived alongside his mother in exile) and that a Roman
448:
to describe the new political situation, the Romans themselves never considered the empire to have been formally divided, still viewing it as a single unit, although most often having two rulers rather than one. Over the course of the 5th century, the western empire experienced a period of
449:
catastrophic decline. Not only were many of the rulers in the west generally lacking in competence, but they also faced enormous problems. In comparison with the eastern provinces, much of the west was more rural, with fewer people and a less stable economy. An increasing number of
884:
figure. Ralph W. Mathisen considered him in 1997 to have been "perhaps even the least significant" of the short-lived emperors near the end of the Western Roman Empire. When not seen as only inconsequential, opinions by historians on Romulus Augustus have been negative. In
922:
244:
Very few records survive of Romulus's reign. There are no known policies, laws or inscriptions of significance of the emperor, which leaves the impression that he was a shadowy and relatively inconsequential figure. The nickname "Augustulus" means "little
370:. Romulus Augustus was often colloquially referred to as "Augustulus" (meaning "little Augustus") even in his own time, in reference to his youth. "Augustulus" was a derisive nickname and was never in official use; all of Romulus' coins use the names
502:. In the twenty years between the death of Valentinian and the accession of Romulus Augustus, eight different emperors ruled in the west. By 475, the western empire was in critical condition. Outside of Italy, authority was only exercised in
737:, Odoacer may have forced Romulus himself, as his last official act as emperor, to send the imperial regalia and a "letter of resignation" to Zeno, writing that the Roman Empire from this point only required a single emperor, ruling from
980:
Romulus Augustus being identified as the last emperor of the western empire is a tradition that began already among eastern Roman historians and writers in the early 6th century. The earliest known writer to consider him as such was
690:, actually running much of the imperial administration. Zeno never recognised the rule of Romulus as emperor in the west, given that Nepos, invested as emperor by Zeno's predecessor Leo I, still ruled in exile in Dalmatia.
906:. Romulus being seen as the last emperor over other contenders derives not only from Romulus having been the last emperor proclaimed in the west, but also from the poetic nature of being named after both
817:
must have been fortified, and it likely functioned as a small administrative and military centre in Campania. Romulus was accompanied to Campania by a large retinue and some of his surviving relatives.
350:. Upon his accession to the imperial throne, he also took Augustus as a proper name, not just a title. Many historians have noted the coincidence that the last western emperor bore the names of both
249:" and was a derisive reference to his young age. Romulus's immediate family, including his father and possibly his mother, and maybe both his paternal and maternal grandparents, were from the
656:. Orestes and Romulus Augustus' mother married at some point before 449. It is believed that Romulus' mother, and thus perhaps her immediate family, were, like Orestes, from Roman Pannonia.
229:
defeated and killed Orestes and deposed Romulus. As Odoacer did not proclaim any successor, Romulus is typically regarded as the last Western Roman emperor, his deposition marking the
886:
1753:
632:
and sparse information on his immediate family. Orestes' father was a Pannonian Roman officer by the name of Tatulus, and Tatulus had at least one other son, Paulus, who served as a
593:
soldiers. Obeying to the grievances of his troops, among other things learning that Nepos had refused requests for land grants, Orestes betrayed the emperor's orders and marched on
852:
in the 480s or early 490s. A Roman noblewoman by the name of Barbaria, possibly Romulus' mother, also aided in founding the monastery. This monastery became prominent under
1533:
Gli imperatori romani: storia e segreti : grandezza militare e debolezze umane, "vizi privati e pubbliche virtù" degli uomini che ressero le sorti della Roma imperiale
1318:
as a familiar surname; and the appellations of the two great founders, of the city and of the monarchy, were thus strangely united in the last of their successors.".
914:, the first Roman emperor. Many historians have noted the coincidence that the last emperor combined the names of both the city's founder and the first emperor. In
1053:), the province bordering Pannonia. In the past almost accepted as fact, recent research has emphasized that Barbaria being Romulus' mother is only a hypothesis.
697:, had escalated throughout the 470s. The issues the army had with the central government had been what allowed Orestes to depose Nepos. In 476, the barbarian
648:, attested from a few Roman individuals in southern Gaul. Another hypothesis identifies Romulus' mother as Flavia Serena. Romulus' maternal grandfather was a
918:, Gibbon wrote that "the appellations of the two great founders of the city and of the monarchy were thus strangely united in the last of their successors".
943:
Some modern scholars consider Romulus' distinction as the last western emperor to be dubious. In particular, some historians, such as Ralph W. Mathisen and
3719:
3699:
872:
745:
back as emperor in Italy. Though Odoacer nominally accepted Nepos as his sovereign, minting coins in his name, Nepos was never able to reoccupy Italy.
638:. The name of Romulus' mother is not known, but it might have been Barbaria. The name Barbaria, otherwise rarely attested, may derive either from the
768:
in southern Italy, where Romulus Augustus lived following his deposition in 476. This is a more recent structure than the one to which he was exiled.
2310:
490:. The Roman army became increasingly reliant on barbarian mercenaries and after Valentinian's murder, the most powerful barbarian generals, such as
2835:
540:
214:
165:
955:
Though none would be widely recognised thereafter, Nepos also was not the last person to claim the western empire. From about 477 to 516, the
3724:
3629:
3497:
1922:
1890:
1807:
1541:
2842:
330:, Odoacer's successor, wrote a letter to a "Romulus" concerning a pension. Romulus was likely dead before the mid-540s, as accounts of the
628:
There is little surviving concrete evidence in regards to Romulus' ancestry beyond Orestes being known to have been a Roman citizen from
3704:
3465:
275:
and continued to claim the imperial title in exile, which hampered Romulus's legitimacy and ensured that he was never recognised by the
2109:
2032:
1972:
1869:
1836:
1765:
1723:
589:(barbarian allies of the empire) who were rebelling in southern Gaul. The army given to Orestes by Nepos was multi-ethnic, with many
2166:
2145:
1742:
1787:
772:
Odoacer spared the life of the young Romulus on account of his "youth and beauty". Romulus was granted an annual pension of 6,000
396:
316:. Little certain information is known concerning Romulus's life in exile. He might have played a role in founding a monastery at
230:
733:
to him, ruling without further imperial successors in the west. According to the 5th-century Eastern Roman writer and historian
3709:
3694:
3431:
3414:
3241:
3229:
1092:
dates are usually considered the most reliable, hence why they are the ones often used in modern scholarship. Furthermore, the
3402:
3194:
3156:
3116:
3083:
1130:. In the east, the Roman Empire survived for another millennium, with the populace and the emperors regarding themselves as "
669:
3662:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
3734:
3617:
3443:
3270:
3236:
3200:
3089:
2052:
1039:
Sources do not mention Romulus's age of accession, only that he was considered "young"; his exact birth date is not known.
826:
597:, the capital of the western empire. On 28 August 475, Orestes entered Ravenna with his army and Nepos escaped across the
3258:
2303:
2075:
1993:
1077:
213:
from 31 October 475 until 4 September 476. Romulus was placed on the imperial throne while still a minor by his father
3714:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3339:
3018:
2484:
2158:
Les Maures and l'Afrique romaine. 4e.–7e. siècle (= Bibliothèque des écoles françaises d'Athènes et de Rome, vol. 314)
1064:
830:
517:, who had been in power for less than a year. Nepos had been appointed western emperor in 474 by the eastern emperors
2046:
3649:
3605:
3583:
3534:
3421:
3212:
2981:
2323:
1938:
Antike Lebenswelten : Konstanz, Wandel, Wirkungsmacht : Festschrift für Ingomar Weiler zum 70. Geburtstag
834:
401:
3556:
3524:
3349:
2529:
2278:
2225:
2056:
1027:
652:, also by the name of Romulus, attested as alive in 449, when he was sent on an embassy to Attila by the general
272:
183:
331:
3566:
3519:
3066:
2713:
2070:
1988:
544:
825:, Odoacer's successor as king of Italy, wrote to a "Romulus" to confirm a grant made to him and his mother by
674:
342:
Romulus Augustus' birth name was simply Romulus; he was named after his maternal grandfather, a nobleman from
721:, a barbarian officer of undetermined tribal affiliation. Orestes had once worked alongside Odoacer's father
3374:
3354:
3128:
3008:
2296:
1908:
944:
363:
2002:
3644:
3623:
3529:
2319:
1904:
1713:
1135:
225:, for whom he served as little more than a figurehead. After a rule of ten months, the barbarian general
3578:
3573:
3549:
3544:
3460:
3297:
3285:
3056:
2681:
233:. The deposition of Romulus Augustulus is also sometimes used by historians to mark the transition from
1912:
41:
2005:. In Bagnall, Roger S; Brodersen, Kai; Champion, Craige B; Erskine, Andrew; Huebner, Sabine R (eds.).
871:
553:('master of soldiers'; effectively commander-in-chief), replacing the previous holder of that office,
3561:
3509:
3369:
3344:
3309:
3224:
3138:
2988:
2819:
2288:
1050:
845:
445:
441:
323:
307:
210:
83:
78:
1818:
3729:
3492:
3477:
3455:
3390:
3379:
3334:
3280:
2770:
2708:
2671:
2187:
2121:"The So-Called Division of the Roman Empire. Notes On A Persistent Theme in Western Historiography"
965:
in North Africa claimed to be an emperor. In Visigothic Hispania, two Roman usurpers rose from the
899:
822:
734:
327:
234:
644:(family) Barbii, attested in Roman Pannonia, or it may simply be the feminine version of the name
3539:
3482:
3426:
3408:
3397:
3359:
3329:
3207:
2829:
2579:
2548:
2541:
2091:
1842:
483:
468:
791:
757:
998:
Later Eastern Roman authors continued to regard him as the last emperor of the western empire.
291:
in Italy demanded Italian lands to settle on, which was refused by Orestes. Under Odoacer, the
3504:
3450:
3291:
3189:
3164:
3013:
2875:
2611:
2596:
2474:
2442:
2162:
2141:
2105:
2028:
1968:
1941:
1918:
1886:
1865:
1832:
1803:
1799:
1761:
1738:
1719:
1537:
982:
1880:
1006:
500–after 565) considered Romulus to have been the last legitimate ruler in the west, as did
741:. Though Zeno granted Odoacer the distinction of patrician, he also urged the king to accept
3634:
3611:
3514:
3487:
3472:
3438:
3364:
3324:
3314:
3039:
2966:
2936:
2799:
2754:
2749:
2621:
2097:
2018:
2010:
1960:
1824:
1795:
1123:
549:
450:
406:
246:
220:
1954:
952:
the eastern court instead continuing to recognise Nepos as the legitimate western emperor.
753:
3275:
3265:
3174:
2961:
2869:
2857:
2851:
2703:
2524:
2494:
2437:
2417:
2042:
974:
903:
518:
472:
238:
3169:
3133:
3078:
2971:
2894:
2792:
2786:
2718:
2698:
2452:
2412:
1900:
1119:
1083:
1070:
921:
876:
853:
774:
738:
653:
529:
499:
375:
280:
250:
46:
3673:
3639:
3599:
3143:
2951:
2759:
2258:
2212:
1846:
891:
298:
297:
defeated and killed Orestes and deposed Romulus, whereafter Odoacer became the first
276:
206:
73:
1096:
date "is to be preferred due to the time needed to march across the north of Italy".
3384:
3179:
3111:
3106:
3096:
2919:
2781:
2422:
2270:
2221:
2204:
1131:
1127:
948:
929:
844:
Romulus may have played a role in founding a monastery around the remains of Saint
742:
598:
514:
430:
425:
261:
106:
2156:
1855:
1776:
1715:
A History of the Later Roman Empire from Arcadius to Irene (395 A.D. to 800 A.D.)
1531:
678:
19th-century illustration of Romulus Augustus surrendering his crown in front of
3248:
3123:
3073:
2998:
2572:
2519:
2462:
970:
838:
725:
at the court of Attila. On 28 August 476, Odoacer defeated Orestes in battle at
580:
146:
2120:
2084:
3304:
3219:
3184:
3149:
3061:
2976:
2736:
2729:
2676:
2656:
2601:
2566:
2559:
2504:
2469:
2332:
1964:
710:
414:
2065:
1983:
1945:
3051:
3003:
2913:
2900:
2687:
2616:
2589:
2584:
2553:
2499:
2447:
2382:
2377:
1306:, pp. 99–100, "The patrician Orestes had married the daughter of Count
999:
925:
585:
576:
460:
453:
286:
617:
2182:
2101:
2014:
1828:
713:, demanded land in Italy to settle on. Orestes refused. The leader of the
456:
invasions and settlements throughout the west only added to these issues.
440:
379–395) in 395 onwards. Though modern historians typically use the terms
304:
Romulus's life was spared by Odoacer, and he was allowed to retire to the
17:
3319:
3101:
2993:
2946:
2906:
2888:
2808:
2743:
2723:
2693:
2666:
2661:
2646:
2636:
2606:
2514:
2509:
2457:
2432:
2427:
2392:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
1315:
1007:
911:
803:
795:
779:
629:
622:
606:
559:
554:
464:
359:
343:
313:
254:
127:
778:(the normal income of a wealthy Roman senator) and granted an estate in
3253:
2956:
2863:
2776:
2631:
2407:
2250:
962:
907:
726:
718:
679:
594:
557:. Orestes was a distinguished late Roman figure, once having served as
539:
474–491), but had little real support in the west. In 475, Nepos named
491:
487:
378:, his first name Romulus was also changed derisively into the nickname
351:
347:
226:
2023:
894:
wrote that he "assumed and disgraced the names of Romulus Augustus".
3025:
2882:
2764:
2536:
2402:
2233:
783:
765:
702:
602:
568:
503:
1882:
Patricians and Emperors: The Last Rulers of the Western Roman Empire
1933:
841:
in the mid-530s, he had likely died some time before the conflict.
693:
Problems with the Western Roman army, mainly composed of barbarian
2626:
2397:
2387:
2367:
1148:
956:
920:
870:
752:
722:
706:
673:
634:
498:
418–472), became politically dominant, ruling through proclaiming
471:
Rome and in 455, the last western emperor of Theodosius' dynasty,
400:
1914:
The Prospography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II: AD 395–527
1857:
The Letters of Cassiodorus: Being a Condensed Translation of the
2372:
2362:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1122:
separation of the later eastern Roman Empire, often termed the "
966:
640:
564:
507:
355:
260:
Romulus came to power through the usurpation of his predecessor
2292:
486:
for the second time in less than fifty years, this time by the
2161:(in French), Rome: Publications de l'École française de Rome,
1621:
1619:
482:
425–455), was deposed and murdered. That same year, Rome was
1352:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
326:. Romulus could have been alive as late as 507 or 511 when
257:, and many of his family members had military backgrounds.
989:
534), who wrote the following passage concerning Romulus:
1591:
1589:
1026:
Julius Nepos continued to claim the position in exile in
2138:
Romans and Barbarians: The Decline of the Western Empire
1386:
1384:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1365:
821:
Romulus may have been alive as late as 507 or 511, when
1778:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
916:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
887:
The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
1606:
1604:
1314:, notwithstanding the jealousy of power, was known at
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
575:, Orestes was tasked by Nepos to lead an army against
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
231:
end of the Western Roman Empire as a political entity
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
3592:
3038:
2935:
2818:
2645:
2483:
2331:
368:
Dominus Noster Romulus Augustus Pius Felix Augustus
301:and accepted Emperor Zeno as his nominal superior.
179:
171:
161:
153:
Dominus Noster Romulus Augustus Pius Felix Augustus
145:
133:
116:
112:
102:
91:
72:
34:
1088:), one of which is a corruption of the other. The
813:14–37), Rome's second emperor. By late antiquity,
409:(orange) and Western (green) Roman Empires in 476
969:valley, attempting to claim imperial authority:
863:590–604) and was active until the 10th century.
2066:"Romulus Augustulus (475–476 A.D.) – Two Views"
1984:"Romulus Augustulus (475–476 A.D.) – Two Views"
1788:"Romulus Augustulus, Roman emperor, 475–476 CE"
991:
1820:Ravenna: Capital of Empire, Crucible of Europe
994:this point on Gothic kings held power in Rome.
794:), originally built by the consul and general
2304:
1151:(although 43 BC would be more accurate).
8:
1673:
1758:World History, A Short, Visual Introduction
1625:
1536:(in Italian). Newton Compton. p. 421.
1356:
1214:
939:474–475/480), Romulus Augustus' predecessor
802:had once served as the retirement villa of
317:
305:
292:
284:
218:
2815:
2311:
2297:
2289:
2193:
2140:. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
354:, the legendary founder and first king of
40:
31:
27:Last Western Roman emperor from 475 to 476
2022:
1823:. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
1781:. Vol. IV. London: Bell & Daldy.
1718:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1696:
1661:
1649:
1197:
616:
322:in the 480s or 490s, dedicated to Saint
201: – after 511), nicknamed
1800:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.5611
1684:
1637:
1610:
1595:
1568:
1390:
1163:
1019:
621:Romulus Augustus' family originated in
1861:of Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator
1580:
1445:
1426:
1414:
1375:
1327:
1303:
1267:
142:
53:
1310:, of Petovio in Noricum; the name of
729:, captured him and had him executed.
7:
1402:
2007:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
1556:
1517:
1505:
1482:
1470:
1288:
3720:Ancient Romans from unknown gentes
3700:5th-century Western Roman emperors
1940:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
1934:"The family of Romulus Augustulus"
25:
2078:from the original on 7 July 2019.
1996:from the original on 7 July 2019.
1794:. Oxford Research Encyclopedias.
1147:That is, reckoning from the year
1118:This assessment derives from the
827:Petrus Marcellinus Felix Liberius
701:in Italy, composed mainly of the
334:at that time do not mention him.
2181:
2136:Thompson, Edward Arthur (1982).
2096:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
1737:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
833:, on Theoderic's authority. Per
397:Fall of the Western Roman Empire
271:in Italy) in 475. Nepos fled to
63:
2085:"Late Antiquity in Modern Eyes"
1760:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
1105:The letter is simply addressed
934:
858:
839:eastern Roman invasion of Italy
808:
534:
523:
477:
435:
419:
332:eastern Roman invasion of Italy
283:. In 476, the allied barbarian
266:
1917:. Cambridge University Press.
1109:, "King Theodoric to Romulus".
670:Deposition of Romulus Augustus
513:The ruling emperor in 475 was
362:, the first emperor. The full
1:
2093:A Companion to Late Antiquity
2090:. In Rousseau, Philip (ed.).
2053:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
1864:. Frankfurt: Outlook Verlag.
1126:" by modern historians, from
1003:
986:
495:
195:
120:
60:
3725:Monarchs deposed as children
2240:as Roman emperor in the east
2064:Nathan, Geoffrey S. (1997).
1712:Bury, John Bagnell (2015) .
1078:Auctarium Prosperi Havniense
1030:until being murdered in 480.
424:284–305), the idea that the
57:
49:of Romulus Augustus, marked:
1982:Mathisen, Ralph W. (1997).
1932:Kos, Marjeta Šašel (2008).
1792:Oxford Classical Dictionary
1065:Fasti vindobonenses priores
910:, the founder of Rome, and
831:praetorian prefect of Italy
3751:
3705:5th-century Roman usurpers
3584:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3535:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3422:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1953:Loewenstein, Karl (1973).
667:
394:
3660:
3557:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3525:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3350:Constantine IX Monomachos
2267:
2247:
2230:
2209:
2201:
2196:
2083:Rebenich, Stefan (2009).
2057:Weidmannsche Buchhandlung
2009:. John Wiley & Sons.
1965:10.1007/978-94-010-2400-6
1901:Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin
1854:Hodgkin, Thomas (2018) .
1752:Corning, Caitlin (2015).
1735:Visigothic Spain, 409–711
184:Chalcedonian Christianity
175:Barbaria or Flavia Serena
152:
141:
39:
3520:Michael VIII Palaiologos
2071:De Imperatoribus Romanis
2001:McEvoy, Meaghan (2012).
1989:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1775:Gibbon, Edward (1872) .
1068:gives 4 September (
796:Lucius Licinius Lucullus
366:used on his coinage was
3375:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
3009:Tiberius II Constantine
2277:as emperor-claimant in
2055:. Vol. 9. Berlin:
1959:. Dordrecht: Springer.
1885:. Casemate Publishers.
1817:Herrin, Judith (2019).
1786:Heather, Peter (2015).
1733:Collins, Roger (2004).
1530:Grant, Michael (2000).
413:By the time of emperor
391:Geopolitical background
3710:Ancient child monarchs
3695:5th-century Christians
3530:Michael IX Palaiologos
2119:Sandberg, Kaj (2008).
1956:The Governance of Rome
1754:"Early Medieval World"
1107:Romulo Theodoricus rex
1081:gives 31 August (
996:
940:
880:
769:
682:
625:
410:
318:
312:, a great fortress in
306:
293:
285:
219:
3624:Thessalonian emperors
3618:Trapezuntine emperors
3579:John VIII Palaiologos
3574:Manuel II Palaiologos
3545:John VI Kantakouzenos
3461:Andronikos I Komnenos
3298:Constantine Lekapenos
2326:and empresses regnant
2155:Yves Modéran (2003),
2102:10.1002/9781444306101
2015:10.1002/9781444338386
1829:10.1515/9780691201979
924:
874:
756:
677:
620:
404:
382:("little disgrace").
82:(unrecognized in the
3735:Romans from Pannonia
3562:John VII Palaiologos
3510:Theodore II Laskaris
3370:Constantine X Doukas
3310:Nikephoros II Phokas
2190:at Wikimedia Commons
2003:"Romulus Augustulus"
1879:Hughes, Ian (2015).
1084:pridie kalendas
1051:Severinus of Noricum
1010:(also 6th century).
898:the transition from
850:castellum Lucullanum
846:Severinus of Noricum
815:castellum Lucullanum
800:Castellum Lucullanum
788:castellum Lucullanum
762:castellum Lucullanum
506:and some regions of
446:Eastern Roman Empire
442:Western Roman Empire
324:Severinus of Noricum
319:castellum Lucullanum
308:castellum Lucullanum
3493:Theodore I Laskaris
3478:Alexios III Angelos
3456:Alexios II Komnenos
3380:Romanos IV Diogenes
3335:Romanos III Argyros
3281:Romanos I Lekapenos
1571:, pp. 310–311.
1520:, pp. 446–447.
1217:, pp. 949–950.
879:of Romulus Augustus
823:Theodoric the Great
613:Ancestry and family
563:(secretary) to the
328:Theodoric the Great
3715:Dethroned monarchs
3690:6th-century deaths
3685:5th-century births
3680:Romulus Augustulus
3612:Britannic emperors
3606:Palmyrene emperors
3540:John V Palaiologos
3483:Alexios IV Angelos
3432:Constantine Doukas
3427:Alexios I Komnenos
3415:Constantine Doukas
3398:Michael VII Doukas
3360:Michael VI Bringas
2926:Romulus Augustulus
2549:Trebonianus Gallus
2542:Herennius Etruscus
2324:Byzantine emperors
947:, have pointed to
941:
881:
770:
683:
626:
411:
3667:
3666:
3505:John III Vatatzes
3451:Manuel I Komnenos
3190:Michael I Rangabe
3034:
3033:
2876:Petronius Maximus
2475:Severus Alexander
2443:Septimius Severus
2287:
2286:
2283:
2268:Succeeded by
2263:
2248:Succeeded by
2243:
2231:Succeeded by
2186:Media related to
1924:978-0-521-20159-9
1905:Martindale, J. R.
1892:978-1-4738-6644-7
1809:978-0-19-938113-5
1674:Yves Modéran 2003
1640:, pp. 32–33.
1543:978-88-8289-400-9
1120:historiographical
983:Marcellinus Comes
945:Marjeta Šašel Kos
429:death of emperor
189:
188:
157:
156:
95:31 October 475 –
56:ROMVLVS AVGVSTVS
16:(Redirected from
3742:
3515:John IV Laskaris
3488:Alexios V Doukas
3473:Isaac II Angelos
3439:John II Komnenos
3365:Isaac I Komnenos
3325:Constantine VIII
3315:John I Tzimiskes
3042:Byzantine Empire
2816:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2274:
2254:
2237:
2202:Preceded by
2194:
2188:Romulus Augustus
2185:
2171:
2151:
2132:
2115:
2089:
2079:
2060:
2043:Mommsen, Theodor
2038:
2026:
1997:
1978:
1949:
1928:
1896:
1875:
1859:Variae Epistolae
1850:
1813:
1782:
1771:
1748:
1729:
1700:
1694:
1688:
1682:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:Loewenstein 1973
1623:
1614:
1608:
1599:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1379:
1373:
1360:
1357:Jones et al 1980
1354:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1301:
1292:
1286:
1271:
1265:
1218:
1215:Jones et al 1980
1212:
1201:
1195:
1152:
1145:
1139:
1124:Byzantine Empire
1116:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1024:
1005:
988:
938:
936:
862:
860:
812:
810:
688:magister militum
573:magister militum
550:magister militum
538:
536:
527:
525:
497:
481:
479:
439:
437:
423:
421:
372:Romulus Augustus
321:
311:
296:
290:
270:
268:
224:
221:magister militum
200:
197:
192:Romulus Augustus
143:
125:
122:
98:
67:
66:
65:
62:
59:
55:
44:
35:Romulus Augustus
32:
21:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3740:
3739:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3663:
3656:
3600:Gallic emperors
3588:
3276:Constantine VII
3057:Constantine III
3044:
3041:
3030:
2939:
2931:
2870:Valentinian III
2858:Constantius III
2852:Priscus Attalus
2836:Constantine III
2822:
2814:
2704:Valerius Valens
2649:
2641:
2487:
2479:
2438:Didius Julianus
2418:Marcus Aurelius
2335:
2327:
2317:
2273:
2253:
2236:
2218:
2216:
2207:
2178:
2169:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2118:
2112:
2087:
2082:
2063:
2048:Chronica minora
2041:
2035:
2000:
1981:
1975:
1952:
1931:
1925:
1911:, eds. (1980).
1899:
1893:
1878:
1872:
1853:
1839:
1816:
1810:
1785:
1774:
1768:
1751:
1745:
1732:
1726:
1711:
1708:
1703:
1695:
1691:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1469:
1452:
1444:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1374:
1363:
1355:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1302:
1295:
1287:
1274:
1266:
1221:
1213:
1204:
1196:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1155:
1146:
1142:
1117:
1113:
1104:
1100:
1061:
1057:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1025:
1021:
1016:
933:
904:medieval period
869:
857:
807:
798:in the 60s BC.
792:Castel dell'Ovo
758:Castel dell'Ovo
751:
672:
666:
660:firstborn boy.
615:
533:
522:
500:puppet emperors
476:
473:Valentinian III
434:
418:
399:
393:
388:
340:
265:
239:medieval period
198:
126:
123:
97:4 September 476
96:
87:
81:
68:
52:
51:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3748:
3746:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3559:
3554:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3436:
3424:
3419:
3395:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3355:Theodora (III)
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3251:
3246:
3234:
3222:
3217:
3205:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3170:Constantine VI
3167:
3162:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3134:Theodosius III
3131:
3126:
3121:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3079:Constantine IV
3076:
3071:
3059:
3054:
3048:
3046:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3031:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:Eastern Empire
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2886:
2879:
2872:
2867:
2860:
2855:
2848:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2820:Western Empire
2813:
2812:
2805:
2793:Magnus Maximus
2789:
2787:Valentinian II
2784:
2779:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2726:
2721:
2719:Constantius II
2716:
2714:Constantine II
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2582:
2577:
2569:
2564:
2546:
2534:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2491:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2413:Antoninus Pius
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2339:
2337:
2336:27 BC – AD 235
2329:
2328:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2285:
2284:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2249:
2245:
2244:
2232:
2229:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2197:Regnal titles
2192:
2191:
2177:
2176:External links
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2152:
2146:
2133:
2116:
2111:978-1405119801
2110:
2080:
2061:
2039:
2034:978-1444338386
2033:
1998:
1979:
1974:978-9024714582
1973:
1950:
1929:
1923:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1871:978-3734024597
1870:
1851:
1838:978-0691201979
1837:
1814:
1808:
1783:
1772:
1767:978-1506402871
1766:
1749:
1743:
1730:
1725:978-1316219133
1724:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1701:
1699:, p. 193.
1689:
1677:
1666:
1664:, p. 209.
1654:
1642:
1630:
1628:, p. 238.
1615:
1600:
1598:, p. 175.
1585:
1573:
1561:
1559:, p. 441.
1549:
1542:
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 442.
1487:
1485:, p. 445.
1475:
1473:, p. 439.
1450:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1405:, p. 278.
1395:
1380:
1378:, p. 100.
1361:
1359:, p. 950.
1332:
1320:
1293:
1291:, p. 446.
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1111:
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1055:
1041:
1032:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1012:
868:
865:
854:Pope Gregory I
835:Thomas Hodgkin
790:(today called
750:
747:
739:Constantinople
665:
662:
614:
611:
392:
389:
387:
384:
339:
336:
269: 474–475
251:Roman province
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3423:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
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3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
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3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
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3308:
3306:
3303:
3300:
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3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3282:
3279:
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3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3238:
3237:Theodora (II)
3235:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3206:
3203:
3202:
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3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3145:
3144:Constantine V
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3129:Anastasius II
3127:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2952:Theodosius II
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
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2890:
2887:
2885:
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2877:
2873:
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2865:
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2856:
2854:
2853:
2849:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2760:Valentinian I
2758:
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2697:
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2689:
2685:
2683:
2682:Constantine I
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2672:Constantius I
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
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2259:king of Italy
2252:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2215:
2214:
2213:Roman emperor
2206:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2175:
2170:
2168:2-7283-0640-0
2164:
2160:
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2149:
2147:0-299-08700-X
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2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2103:
2099:
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2067:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
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1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1867:
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1822:
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1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1797:
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1789:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1773:
1769:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1744:0-631-18185-7
1740:
1736:
1731:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1697:Thompson 1982
1693:
1690:
1687:, p. 35.
1686:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1662:Sandberg 2008
1658:
1655:
1652:, p. 78.
1651:
1650:Rebenich 2009
1646:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1583:, p. 86.
1582:
1577:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1535:
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1514:
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1461:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1429:, p. 99.
1428:
1423:
1420:
1417:, p. 77.
1416:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1396:
1393:, p. 32.
1392:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
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1224:
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1198:Mathisen 1997
1194:
1192:
1190:
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1182:
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1178:
1176:
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1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
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1137:
1134:", until its
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
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1102:
1099:
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1087:
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1080:
1079:
1075:), while the
1074:
1072:
1067:
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1059:
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1042:
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1013:
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950:
946:
931:
927:
923:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
893:
892:Edward Gibbon
890:(1776–1788),
889:
888:
878:
873:
866:
864:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
816:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
776:
767:
763:
759:
755:
748:
746:
744:
740:
736:
730:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
711:Turcilingians
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
681:
676:
671:
663:
661:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
642:
637:
636:
631:
624:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
587:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
561:
556:
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551:
546:
542:
531:
528:457–474) and
520:
516:
511:
509:
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
455:
452:
447:
443:
432:
427:
416:
408:
403:
398:
390:
385:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
337:
335:
333:
329:
325:
320:
315:
310:
309:
302:
300:
299:King of Italy
295:
289:
288:
282:
278:
277:Eastern Roman
274:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
242:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
222:
216:
212:
208:
207:Roman emperor
204:
193:
185:
182:
178:
174:
170:
167:
164:
160:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
94:
90:
85:
80:
75:
74:Roman emperor
71:
48:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3567:Andronikos V
3565:
3548:
3496:
3464:
3442:
3430:
3413:
3407:
3401:
3389:
3383:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3257:
3240:
3228:
3211:
3199:
3193:
3180:Nikephoros I
3155:
3154:
3148:
3115:
3112:Justinian II
3107:Tiberius III
3097:Justinian II
3088:
3082:
3065:
3017:
2989:Anastasius I
2980:
2925:
2924:
2920:Julius Nepos
2912:
2905:
2893:
2881:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2834:
2807:
2798:
2797:
2791:
2782:Theodosius I
2769:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2699:Maximinus II
2686:
2588:
2571:
2558:
2552:
2540:
2528:
2461:
2423:Lucius Verus
2276:
2275:
2271:Julius Nepos
2256:
2255:
2239:
2238:
2222:Julius Nepos
2219:
2210:
2205:Julius Nepos
2157:
2137:
2128:
2124:
2092:
2069:
2047:
2006:
1987:
1955:
1937:
1913:
1909:Morris, John
1881:
1860:
1856:
1819:
1791:
1777:
1757:
1734:
1714:
1692:
1685:Collins 2004
1680:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1638:Corning 2015
1633:
1611:Heather 2015
1596:Hodgkin 1886
1576:
1569:Mommsen 1892
1564:
1552:
1532:
1525:
1513:
1478:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1391:Corning 2015
1323:
1311:
1307:
1143:
1128:ancient Rome
1114:
1106:
1101:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1076:
1071:pridie nonas
1069:
1063:
1058:
1044:
1035:
1022:
997:
992:
979:
959:
954:
949:Julius Nepos
942:
930:Julius Nepos
915:
896:
885:
882:
849:
843:
820:
814:
799:
787:
773:
771:
761:
743:Julius Nepos
731:
714:
698:
694:
692:
687:
684:
658:
649:
645:
639:
633:
627:
599:Adriatic Sea
590:
584:
572:
558:
548:
515:Julius Nepos
512:
484:sacked again
459:In 410, the
458:
431:Theodosius I
426:Roman Empire
412:
379:
371:
367:
341:
303:
262:Julius Nepos
259:
243:
202:
191:
190:
107:Julius Nepos
29:
3626:(1224–1242)
3620:(1204–1461)
3409:Konstantios
3286:Christopher
3259:Constantine
3249:Michael III
3230:Constantine
3213:Constantine
3195:Theophylact
3124:Philippicus
3074:Constans II
2999:Justinian I
2895:Severus III
2843:Constans II
2597:Claudius II
2573:Silbannacus
2520:Gordian III
2495:Maximinus I
2463:Diadumenian
1581:Hughes 2015
1446:McEvoy 2012
1427:Gibbon 1872
1415:Herrin 2019
1376:Gibbon 1872
1328:Herrin 2019
1304:Gibbon 1872
1268:Nathan 1997
971:Burdunellus
786:called the
581:Burgundians
147:Regnal name
103:Predecessor
3730:465 births
3674:Categories
3403:Andronikos
3391:Nikephoros
3340:Michael IV
3305:Romanos II
3225:Theophilos
3220:Michael II
3201:Staurakios
3185:Staurakios
3157:Nikephoros
3150:Artabasdos
3062:Heraclonas
3019:Theodosius
2977:Basiliscus
2737:Nepotianus
2730:Magnentius
2724:Constans I
2677:Severus II
2657:Diocletian
2602:Quintillus
2567:Aemilianus
2560:Volusianus
2505:Gordian II
2470:Elagabalus
2333:Principate
2131:: 199–213.
2024:1808/11108
1159:References
1149:44 BC
1086:Septembris
1073:Septembris
973:(496) and
749:Later life
668:See also:
415:Diocletian
395:See also:
386:Background
203:Augustulus
199: 465
124: 465
18:Augustulus
3645:Classical
3630:Empresses
3614:(286–296)
3608:(267–273)
3602:(260–274)
3345:Michael V
3271:Alexander
3084:Heraclius
3052:Heraclius
3004:Justin II
2914:Glycerius
2901:Anthemius
2771:Procopius
2709:Martinian
2688:Maxentius
2617:Florianus
2590:Saloninus
2585:Gallienus
2554:Hostilian
2530:Philip II
2500:Gordian I
2448:Caracalla
2383:Vespasian
2378:Vitellius
1946:496844565
1847:239300289
1403:Bury 2015
1000:Procopius
926:Tremissis
900:antiquity
715:foederati
699:foederati
695:foederati
646:Barbarius
591:foederati
586:foederati
577:Visigoths
545:patrician
461:Visigoths
454:barbarian
294:foederati
287:foederati
235:antiquity
137:after 511
3640:Usurpers
3635:Augustae
3593:See also
3498:Nicholas
3320:Basil II
3117:Tiberius
3102:Leontius
3090:Tiberius
3067:Tiberius
3045:610–1453
3040:Eastern/
2994:Justin I
2947:Arcadius
2907:Olybrius
2889:Majorian
2830:Honorius
2809:Eugenius
2744:Vetranio
2694:Licinius
2667:Galerius
2662:Maximian
2647:Dominate
2637:Numerian
2607:Aurelian
2580:Valerian
2525:Philip I
2515:Balbinus
2510:Pupienus
2458:Macrinus
2433:Pertinax
2428:Commodus
2393:Domitian
2358:Claudius
2353:Caligula
2348:Tiberius
2343:Augustus
2279:Dalmatia
2226:Dalmatia
2211:Western
2076:Archived
2045:(1892).
1994:Archived
1557:Kos 2008
1518:Kos 2008
1506:Kos 2008
1483:Kos 2008
1471:Kos 2008
1316:Aquileia
1312:Augustus
1289:Kos 2008
1138:in 1453.
1028:Dalmatia
1008:Jordanes
912:Augustus
875:Another
804:Tiberius
780:Campania
707:Scirians
630:Pannonia
623:Pannonia
607:Dalmatia
560:notarius
555:Ecdicius
465:Alaric I
451:Germanic
360:Augustus
344:Poetovio
314:Campania
279:emperor
273:Dalmatia
255:Pannonia
247:Augustus
180:Religion
128:Pannonia
3650:Eastern
3550:Matthew
3444:Alexios
3292:Stephen
3254:Basil I
3139:Leo III
3014:Maurice
2957:Marcian
2940:395–610
2864:Joannes
2823:395–480
2777:Gratian
2650:284–610
2632:Carinus
2612:Tacitus
2488:235–285
2408:Hadrian
2251:Odoacer
2217:475–476
1706:Sources
1308:Romulus
977:(506).
963:Masties
957:Moorish
937:
908:Romulus
902:to the
877:solidus
861:
811:
735:Malchus
727:Ticinum
719:Odoacer
703:Herules
680:Odoacer
595:Ravenna
541:Orestes
537:
526:
492:Ricimer
488:Vandals
480:
438:
422:
407:Eastern
380:Momylus
352:Romulus
348:Noricum
237:to the
227:Odoacer
215:Orestes
209:of the
166:Orestes
77:in the
47:Solidus
3412:&
3388:&
3295:&
3266:Leo VI
3242:Thekla
3198:&
3165:Leo IV
3087:&
3026:Phocas
2982:Marcus
2967:Leo II
2883:Avitus
2800:Victor
2765:Valens
2755:Jovian
2750:Julian
2622:Probus
2557:&
2537:Decius
2485:Crisis
2403:Trajan
2234:Zeno I
2165:
2144:
2125:Arctos
2108:
2031:
1971:
1944:
1921:
1889:
1868:
1845:
1835:
1806:
1764:
1741:
1722:
1540:
985:(died
975:Petrus
867:Legacy
829:, the
784:Naples
775:solidi
766:Naples
654:Aetius
603:Salona
569:Attila
565:Hunnic
504:Raetia
469:sacked
463:under
358:, and
217:, the
205:, was
172:Mother
162:Father
3208:Leo V
3175:Irene
2962:Leo I
2627:Carus
2398:Nerva
2388:Titus
2368:Galba
2320:Roman
2220:with
2088:(PDF)
1843:S2CID
1132:Roman
1094:Fasti
1090:Fasti
1014:Notes
782:near
723:Edeko
664:Reign
650:comes
635:comes
571:. As
567:king
543:as a
519:Leo I
376:Greek
374:. In
364:style
92:Reign
3564:(w.
3547:(w.
3495:(w.
3466:John
3463:(w.
3441:(w.
3429:(w.
3400:(w.
3382:(w.
3283:(w.
3256:(w.
3239:(w.
3227:(w.
3210:(w.
3192:(w.
3153:(w.
3114:(w.
3081:(w.
3064:(w.
3016:(w.
2979:(w.
2972:Zeno
2839:(w.
2796:(w.
2587:(w.
2551:(w.
2539:(w.
2527:(w.
2460:(w.
2453:Geta
2373:Otho
2363:Nero
2322:and
2163:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2106:ISBN
2029:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1942:OCLC
1919:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1866:ISBN
1833:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1762:ISBN
1739:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1136:fall
1062:The
967:Ebro
717:was
709:and
641:gens
579:and
547:and
530:Zeno
508:Gaul
467:had
444:and
405:The
356:Rome
338:Name
281:Zeno
211:West
134:Died
117:Born
84:East
79:West
3385:Leo
3330:Zoe
2576:(?)
2257:as
2224:in
2098:doi
2019:hdl
2011:doi
1961:doi
1825:doi
1796:doi
960:dux
928:of
848:at
764:in
760:or
605:in
601:to
346:in
253:of
64:AVG
3676::
3406:,
3289:,
2129:42
2127:.
2123:.
2104:.
2074:.
2068:.
2051:.
2027:.
2017:.
1992:.
1986:.
1967:.
1936:.
1907:;
1903:;
1841:.
1831:.
1802:.
1790:.
1756:.
1618:^
1603:^
1588:^
1490:^
1453:^
1434:^
1383:^
1364:^
1335:^
1296:^
1275:^
1222:^
1205:^
1166:^
1004:c.
987:c.
935:r.
859:r.
809:r.
705:,
609:.
583:,
535:r.
524:r.
510:.
496:c.
478:r.
436:r.
420:r.
267:r.
241:.
196:c.
121:c.
86:)
54:DN
3570:)
3553:)
3501:)
3469:)
3447:)
3435:)
3418:)
3394:)
3301:)
3262:)
3245:)
3233:)
3216:)
3204:)
3161:)
3120:)
3093:)
3070:)
3022:)
2985:)
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