1141:. Local Low German dialects spoken in the Netherlands have come under the roof of Dutch. This happened despite the effect of notable migration streams in both directions between the Western (Dutch) and Eastern (Prussian, now mainly Polish and Russian) areas of the region of the Low German languages, motivated by both religious intolerance and labour need. In several spots along the Dutch–German border, identical dialects are spoken on both sides, but are deemed to belong to different roofing according to which side of the border they are on.
459:
1504:
Obwohl das
Kroatische sich in den letzten Jahren in einigen Gebieten, vor allem jedoch auf lexikalischer Ebene, verändert hat, sind diese Änderungen noch nicht bedeutend genug, dass der Terminus Ausbausprache gerechtfertigt wäre. Ausserdem können sich Serben, Kroaten, Bosnier und Montenegriner immer
798:
languages from the same continuum. This typically means that it has its own standardized form independent of neighbouring standard languages, it is typically taught in schools, and it is used as a written language in a wide variety of social and political functions, possibly including that of an
1104:
in that language is a case in point that illustrates the contested nature of the first two types of ausbau languages, occasionally also the third, varying with the degree with which sociolinguistic processes are assigned relevance in a particular approach.
739:, followed by lyrics and then narrative prose. The next phase, which he considered crucial, was use of the variety for serious non-fiction. From this point, the variety could be further developed for use in technical, scientific or government domains.
669:
language does not need to have a standard form. This is often the case with minority languages used within a larger state, where the minority language is used only in private, and all official functions are performed in the majority language.
999:
is particularly important in cases where the local spoken varieties across a larger region form a dialect continuum. In such cases, the question of where the one language ends and the other starts is often a question more of
793:
language corresponding to the statement that it is used "autonomously" with respect to other related languages. Such a language has an independent cultural status, even though it may be mutually intelligible with other
829:
without a reference standard were "roofless dialects". He used the term "near-dialectized sister languages" for varieties roofed by a standard variety with which they are related but not mutually intelligible, such as
1467:
The debate about the status of the Serbo-Croatian language and its varieties has recently shifted (again) towards a position which looks at the internal variation within Serbo-Croatian through the prism of linguistic
1129:, Low German lost its status as an official language to a large degree. Approximately at the same time, Dutch started to replace Low German as a roof of the Low German dialects in the Netherlands that form today's
1505:
noch auf ihren jeweiligen
Nationalsprachen unterhalten und problemlos verständigen. Nur schon diese Tatsache zeigt, dass es sich immer noch um eine polyzentrische Sprache mit verschiedenen Varietäten handelt.
873:, but may be so different that mutual intelligibility is not possible between all dialects, particularly those separated by significant geographical distance. In 1982, "Rumantsch Grischun" was developed by
730:
Languages belonging in this category are recognized as such because of having been shaped or reshaped, molded or remolded—as the case may be—in order to become a standardized tool of literary expression.
807:
n Ausbau language is an autonomous standardized variety together with all the nonstandard dialects from that part of the dialect continuum which are heteronomous with respect to it i.e. dependent on it.
654:
between pairs of varieties. He did not specify how the differences between two varieties would be measured, assuming that linguists would apply objective criteria. A standard linguistic criterion is
694:
1100:
In the former two cases, scholars do not always agree on the best classification, as they always partake, inadvertently, in the "language making" and "language unmaking" process. The concept of a
555:
587:
627:
means "language by virtue of linguistic distance". Kloss suggested the
English translation "language by distance", referring to linguistic differences rather than geographical separation.
2295:
897:
literary standard were both developed as standard languages for dialect continua that had historically been thought of as discrete languages with many dialects and no "official" dialect.
1610:
Bunčić, Daniel (2008). "Die (Re-)Nationalisierung der serbokroatischen
Standards" [The (Re-)Nationalisation of the Serbo-Croatian Standards]. In Kempgen, Sebastian (ed.).
2112:—— (1976), "Abstandsprachen und Ausbausprachen" [Abstand languages and ausbau languages], in Göschel, Joachim; Nail, Norbert; van der Elst, Gaston (eds.),
699:, literally "to build out") expresses core meanings of "expanding" something or "developing something to completion", e.g. adding to an existing structure. (Croatian linguist
608:
offer a commonly cited example of this situation. One of the applications of this theoretical framework is language standardization (examples since the 1960s including
1874:
1878:
1380:
1150:
928:
When two standards are based on identical or near-identical dialects, he considered them as splits of the same standard into two or more, constituting a
524:
2052:—— (1968), "The Scandinavian languages as cultural artifacts", in Fishman, Joshua A.; Ferguson, Charles A; Dasgupta, Jyotirindra (eds.),
1137:. Low German ceased to be spoken on the eastern rim of the Baltic Sea. Today, its dialects surviving in northern Germany have come under the roof of
2179:
1735:
2310:
1494:(Dissertation). UZH Dissertations (in German). Zurich: University of Zurich, Faculty of Arts, Institute of Slavonic Studies. pp. 196–197.
803:
languages are typically only spoken and typically only used in private contexts. Trudgill expands the definition to include related varieties:
1437:"Pluricentricity in the classroom: the Serbo-Croatian language issue for foreign language teaching at higher education institutions worldwide"
2275:
2256:
2211:
2121:
2061:
2008:
1989:
1962:
1943:
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1650:
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486:
742:
A standard variety developed in this way can be mutually intelligible with other standard varieties. A commonly cited example occurs in the
376:
1826:
1575:
Sprache und
Politik : Sprachpolitik und Sprachnationalismus in der Republik Indien und dem sozialistischen Jugoslawien (1945–1991)
2230:
2151:
1586:
1411:
1579:
Language and Policy: Language Policy and
Linguistic Nationalism in the Republic of India and the Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
336:
114:
531:
introduced these terms in 1952 to denote two separate and largely independent sets of criteria for recognizing a "language":
396:
341:
1395:
2144:
Slavistische
Linguistik 2002: Referate des XXVIII. Konstanzer Slavistischen Arbeitstreffens, Bochum 10.-12. September 2002
371:
62:
1170:
316:
182:
635:
indicates the discontinuity of two dialects; in the words of Kloss, there is a "definite break" between the varieties.
1182:
436:
142:
631:
means a distance of ongoing separation, e.g. a clearance by mechanical design. In the context of language varieties,
983:, would not be considered separate abstand languages, but constitute distinct ausbau languages, as noted above for
2116:, Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, Beihefte, n.F., Heft 16, Wiesbaden: F. Steiner, pp. 301–322,
1522:
Das
Serbokroatische zwischen Linguistik und Politik: mit einer Bibliographie zum postjugoslavischen Sprachenstreit
642:
language is a cluster of varieties that is distinctly separate from any other language. European examples include
2315:
1685:
1101:
964:). The same is the case with Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, which also have the same dialect basis (
479:
426:
326:
152:
941:
937:
933:
777:
This classification invokes the criterion of social and political functions of language use. The sociolinguist
743:
687:
580:
548:
331:
274:
89:
1852:
1406:. Contributions to the sociology of language 62. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 381–400.
786:
431:
269:
246:
1526:
Serbo-Croatian
Between Linguistics and Politics: With a Bibliography of the Post-Yugoslav Language Dispute
1017:
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910:
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605:
381:
348:
301:
217:
197:
177:
79:
57:
52:
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1160:
1155:
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There are several instances of languages and language pairs that have undergone role changes over time.
973:
969:
929:
718:.) Kloss suggested the English translation "language by development", referring to the development of a
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have been standardized, so that they are commonly considered distinct languages even though they may be
508:
157:
2131:
1760:
1681:
1669:
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Kloss identified several stages of this development, beginning with use of the variety for humour or
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34:
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949:
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242:
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119:
1688:[Pluricentric languages, Ausbau languages, Abstand languages and Serbo-Croatian studies].
458:
2320:
2202:
Muljačić, Žarko (1993), "Standardization in
Romance", in Posner, Rebecca; Green, John N. (eds.),
2100:
2040:
1581:]. Beiträge zur Südasienforschung ; vol. 192 (in German). Würzburg: Ergon. p. 200.
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851:
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747:
462:
441:
411:
366:
321:
289:
279:
167:
162:
1665:
1528:]. Lincom Studies in Slavic Linguistics 34 (in German). Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 451.
1999:
Goltz, Reinhard H.; Walker, Alastair G.H. (2013) , "North Saxon", in Russ, Charles V.J. (ed.),
1635:
Eine Analyse der Metaphern in der kroatischen Linguistikfachzeitschrift Jezik von 1991 bis 1997
774:
languages, even though speakers of the different standards can readily understand one another.
2271:
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2226:
2207:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2147:
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2004:
1985:
1958:
1939:
1804:
1796:
1786:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1656:
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1615:
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1547:
1539:
1529:
1458:
1417:
1407:
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866:
723:
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520:
306:
284:
227:
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882:
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500:
406:
237:
232:
207:
202:
187:
2146:, Slavistishe Beiträge ; vol. 434 (in German), Munich: Otto Sagner, pp. 97–148,
1936:
Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society, vol. 1
1812:
1555:
1138:
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1125:
and in parts of the Baltic states and their formerly German vicinity. With the end of the
1094:
1086:
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1013:
984:
961:
898:
890:
874:
847:
835:
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658:, though this does not always produce consistent results, for example when applied to a
2240:
1175:
1090:
1074:
843:
778:
251:
2304:
1399:
913:, which links together the speakers of many different, often mutually unintelligible
1645:]. Studien zur Slavistik ; 41 (in German). Hamburg: Dr. Kovač. p. 21.
2018:
1686:"Plurizentrische Sprachen, Ausbausprachen, Abstandsprachen und die Serbokroatistik"
782:
294:
84:
2035:
1117:, for instance, was both an Abstand language and a roof of local dialects in the
2071:
1134:
1118:
886:
528:
446:
421:
42:
1731:
1660:
1133:
group, and most Central German dialects went under the "roof" of the evolving
1114:
953:
416:
99:
2206:, Trends in Romance Linguistics and Philology, vol. 5, pp. 77–116,
1808:
1777:. Rotulus Universitas (in Serbo-Croatian). Zagreb: Durieux. pp. 69–168.
1709:
1701:
1619:
1551:
1462:
2161:
1816:
1596:
1559:
1481:
1421:
391:
386:
222:
212:
104:
94:
2083:
1934:
Ammon, Ulrich (2004), "Standard Variety", in Wiegand, Herbert Ernst (ed.),
1453:
1436:
760:
1782:
905:, to some extent, function in the same way. Perhaps the most widely used
736:
2104:
1612:
Deutsche Beiträge zum 14. Internationalen Slavistenkongress, Ohrid, 2008
2195:
1499:
1122:
1028:
925:
Kloss recognized three degrees of separation between ausbau languages.
766:
596:
This framework addresses situations in which multiple varieties from a
2225:, Germanistische Linguistik, vol. 31, Tübingen: Niemeyer Verlag,
2044:
746:
spanning Norway, Sweden and Denmark. The three standardized languages
17:
2091:—— (1967), "'Abstand languages' and 'ausbau languages'",
109:
2249:
Speaking from the margin: Global English from a European perspective
2244:
2076:
Die Entwicklung neuer germanischer Kultursprachen von 1800 bis 1950
1800:
1543:
535:
one based on linguistic properties compared to related varieties (
1480:
Mader Skender, Mia (2022). "Schlussbemerkung" [Summary].
2245:"Glocalisation and the Ausbau sociolinguistics of modern Europe"
1890:
1888:
1851:
Krämer1, Vogl2, Kohlemainen3, Philipp1, Ulrike2, Leena3 (2022).
1614:. Welt der Slaven (in German). Munich: Otto Sagner. p. 93.
957:
799:
official national language. In contrast, varieties that are not
1972:
Goebl, Hans (1989), "Quelques remarques relatives aux concepts
1488:
The Croatian standard language on the way to ausbau language
1483:
Die kroatische Standardsprache auf dem Weg zur Ausbausprache
1404:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
1012:
languages have been created out of dialects for purposes of
2114:
Zur Theorie des Dialekts: Aufsätze aus 100 Jahren Forschung
979:
Standards created from different dialects, but with little
869:
for other dialects. These dialects would usually be in a
1069:
languages may be so different that they also constitute
865:, or "roofing language", for a dialect that serves as a
1982:
Status and function of languages and language varieties
1293:
1291:
1023:
German (the vernaculars in Luxembourg are varieties of
1441:
Sociolinguistica: European Journal of Sociolinguistics
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1938:(2nd ed.), Berlin: deGruyter, pp. 273–283,
1639:
Analysis of Metaphors in Croatian Linguistic Journal
1218:
1216:
1214:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1027:, which is also spoken in the German sections of the
1031:
River valley and neighbouring French département of
2290:The following article contains useful definitions:
1035:). Other examples of groups of vernaculars lacking
2001:The dialects of modern German: a linguistic survey
1857:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
2138:[Pro and contra: 'Serbo-Croatian' today]
1246:
1039:internally but that have given rise to multiple
27:Relationships among standard and other languages
2204:Bilingualism and Linguistic conflict in Romance
2142:, in Krause Marion; Sappok, Christian (eds.),
781:has linked Kloss's theoretical framework with
1365:De Cillia1 Ransmayr2, Rudolf1 Jutta2 (2019).
1151:A language is a dialect with an army and navy
1062:, because they have different dialect bases.
480:
8:
1957:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
1873:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1369:(in German). Vienna: Böhlau. pp. 40–48.
1918:
1894:
1379:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1877:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
789:, with the statement that a variety is an
487:
473:
29:
2251:, Frankfurt: Peter Lang, pp. 35–49,
2034:
1980:de Heinz Kloss", in Ammon, Ulrich (ed.),
1452:
770:are distinguished) are mutually distinct
511:or cluster of varieties with significant
2136:"Pro und kontra: 'Serbokroatisch' heute"
1953:Chambers, J.K.; Trudgill, Peter (1998),
1333:
1297:
1282:
948:, or European and Brazilian variants of
821:language as providing a "roof" (German:
2054:Language problems of developing nations
1396:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
1193:
41:
2270:(12th ed.), Köln: Greven Verlag,
1866:
1372:
1270:
2247:, in Duszak, A.; Okulska, U. (eds.),
2223:Niederdeutsch: Formen und Forschungen
2021:(1966), "Dialect, Language, Nation",
2003:, London: Routledge, pp. 31–58,
1906:
1367:Österreichisches Deutsch macht Schule
1352:
1321:
1309:
1258:
1234:
1222:
1205:
686:
579:
547:
7:
974:pluricentric Serbo-Croatian language
825:) over dependent varieties, whereas
377:Conservative and innovative language
960:also have a common dialect basis (
25:
1016:. This applies, for instance, to
921:Distance between ausbau languages
650:. Kloss also spoke of degrees of
2296:"Norwegian as a Normal Language"
2185:from the original on 1 June 2012
1984:, de Gruyter, pp. 278–290,
1832:from the original on 1 June 2012
1741:from the original on 29 May 2012
881:for a number of quite different
457:
523:variety, possibly with related
972:four standard variants of the
744:Scandinavian dialect continuum
1:
2311:Language varieties and styles
2268:Neuer Kölnischer Sprachschatz
2036:10.1525/aa.1966.68.4.02a00040
861:Muljačić introduced the term
2221:Stellmacher, Dieter (1981),
1853:"What is "language making"?"
1690:Zeitschrift für Balkanologie
1247:Chambers & Trudgill 1998
1171:Post-creole speech continuum
1073:languages. Examples include
317:Functional discourse grammar
183:Ethnography of communication
2093:Anthropological Linguistics
1183:Register (sociolinguistics)
437:Second-language acquisition
2337:
1447:(1). De Gruyter: 113–140.
515:from all others, while an
115:Syntax–semantics interface
1109:Change of roles over time
1102:One Standard German Axiom
1047:of Iran and Afghanistan (
938:American Standard English
885:forms spoken in parts of
427:Philosophy of linguistics
327:Interactional linguistics
1771:Language and Nationalism
942:Standard Austrian German
2294:Peter Trudgill (2002),
2023:American Anthropologist
1919:Goltz & Walker 2013
970:consequently constitute
787:autonomy and heteronomy
1633:Zanelli, Aldo (2018).
1454:10.1515/soci-2021-0007
1435:Ćalić, Jelena (2021).
1394:Dua, Hans Raj (1992).
946:German Standard German
911:Modern Standard Arabic
827:non-standard varieties
810:
758:(or four if Norwegian
733:
716:langue par élaboration
688:[ˈaʊ̯sˌbaʊ̯ən]
656:mutual intelligibility
606:Scandinavian languages
572:
540:
264:Theoretical frameworks
218:Philosophy of language
198:History of linguistics
1573:Blum, Daniel (2002).
1161:Linguistic demography
1156:Language secessionism
930:pluricentric language
805:
728:
602:mutually intelligible
158:Conversation analysis
2266:Wrede, Adam (1999),
2056:, pp. 267–284,
1783:10.2139/ssrn.3467646
1766:Jezik i nacionalizam
549:[ˈʔapˌʃtant]
402:Internet linguistics
312:Construction grammar
1166:Linguistic distance
1008:In some instances,
932:. Examples include
915:varieties of Arabic
817:Kloss described an
581:[ˈʔaʊsˌbaʊ]
563:the other based on
525:dependent varieties
513:linguistic distance
337:Systemic functional
132:Applied linguistics
74:General linguistics
1518:Gröschel, Bernhard
1500:10.5167/uzh-215815
1025:Moselle Franconian
604:. The continental
442:Theory of language
412:Origin of language
367:Autonomy of syntax
322:Grammaticalization
168:Discourse analysis
163:Corpus linguistics
2277:978-3-7743-0243-3
2258:978-0-8204-7328-4
2213:978-3-11-011724-0
2123:978-3-515-02305-4
2063:978-0-471-26160-5
2010:978-1-136-08676-2
1991:978-0-89925-356-5
1964:978-0-521-59646-6
1945:978-3-11-014189-4
1921:, pp. 31–32.
1792:978-953-188-311-5
1652:978-3-8300-9773-0
1643:from 1991 to 1997
1535:978-3-929075-79-3
1324:, pp. 34–35.
995:. The concept of
871:dialect continuum
867:standard language
724:dialect continuum
660:dialect continuum
620:Abstand languages
598:dialect continuum
497:
496:
285:Distributionalism
228:Psycholinguistics
16:(Redirected from
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2316:Sociolinguistics
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2132:Kordić, Snježana
2127:
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2087:
2078:, Munich: Pohl,
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2014:
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1895:Stellmacher 1981
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1127:Hanseatic League
895:Southern Quechua
883:Romansh language
785:'s framework of
720:standard variety
709:
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678:The German verb
674:Ausbau languages
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509:language variety
505:abstand language
501:sociolinguistics
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407:LGBT linguistics
397:Internationalism
372:Compositionality
233:Sociolinguistics
208:Neurolinguistics
203:Interlinguistics
188:Ethnomethodology
30:
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1253:
1249:, pp. 3–4.
1245:
1241:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1212:
1204:
1195:
1191:
1147:
1139:Standard German
1131:Dutch Low Saxon
1111:
1043:languages are:
1014:nation-building
923:
899:Standard German
891:Standard Basque
875:Heinrich Schmid
836:Standard German
815:
722:from part of a
714:into French as
703:
693:
692:
691:
683:
676:
622:
586:
585:
584:
576:
554:
553:
552:
544:
517:ausbau language
493:
452:
451:
362:
354:
353:
265:
257:
256:
252:Writing systems
143:Anthropological
133:
125:
124:
75:
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2334:
2332:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2287:
2286:External links
2284:
2283:
2282:
2276:
2263:
2257:
2237:
2231:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2152:
2128:
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2049:
2029:(4): 922–935,
2015:
2009:
1996:
1990:
1969:
1963:
1950:
1944:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1884:
1843:
1791:
1752:
1696:(2): 210–215.
1673:
1651:
1625:
1602:
1587:
1565:
1534:
1509:
1472:
1427:
1412:
1386:
1357:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1312:, p. 280.
1302:
1287:
1275:
1273:, p. 930.
1263:
1261:, p. 278.
1251:
1239:
1227:
1210:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1176:Decreolization
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1110:
1107:
922:
919:
844:Haitian Creole
814:
811:
779:Peter Trudgill
701:Žarko Muljačić
675:
672:
625:Abstandsprache
621:
618:
594:
593:
592:, "expansion")
565:sociopolitical
561:
495:
494:
492:
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484:
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432:Prescriptivism
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2153:3-87690-885-X
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2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2019:Haugen, Einar
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1909:, p. 36.
1908:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1828:
1823:
1822:CROSBI 475567
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
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1733:
1729:
1724:
1723:CROSBI 436361
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
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1699:
1695:
1692:(in German).
1691:
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1658:
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1419:
1415:
1413:3-11-012855-1
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1376:
1368:
1361:
1358:
1355:, p. 31.
1354:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1336:, p. 95.
1335:
1334:Muljačić 1993
1330:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1298:Trudgill 2004
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1283:Trudgill 2004
1279:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1240:
1237:, p. 33.
1236:
1231:
1228:
1225:, p. 30.
1224:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1208:, p. 29.
1207:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1194:
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1177:
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1120:
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1108:
1106:
1103:
1098:
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1088:
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1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1065:Finally, the
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1050:
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1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:Luxembourgish
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892:
889:. Similarly,
888:
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833:
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721:
717:
713:
712:Ausbausprache
707:
702:
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671:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
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611:
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560:, "distance")
556:
550:
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382:Descriptivism
380:
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370:
368:
365:
364:
358:
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350:
349:Structuralism
347:
343:
340:
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335:
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332:Prague circle
330:
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181:
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178:Documentation
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153:Computational
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2187:, retrieved
2143:
2113:
2099:(7): 29–41,
2096:
2092:
2075:
2072:Kloss, Heinz
2053:
2026:
2022:
2000:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1955:Dialectology
1954:
1935:
1928:Bibliography
1914:
1902:
1869:cite journal
1860:
1856:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1770:
1765:
1755:
1743:. Retrieved
1693:
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1466:
1444:
1440:
1430:
1403:
1389:
1366:
1360:
1329:
1317:
1305:
1300:, p. 3.
1278:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1112:
1099:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1020:
1009:
1005:
1001:
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980:
978:
927:
924:
906:
878:
862:
860:
822:
818:
816:
806:
800:
795:
790:
783:Einar Haugen
776:
771:
765:
759:
741:
734:
729:
715:
711:
679:
677:
666:
664:
651:
639:
637:
632:
628:
624:
623:
595:
516:
504:
498:
295:Glossematics
275:Constituency
247:interpreting
85:Lexicography
1271:Haugen 1966
1135:High German
1119:Netherlands
907:Dachsprache
887:Switzerland
879:Dachsprache
863:Dachsprache
854:(roofed by
846:(roofed by
834:(roofed by
710:translated
704: [
567:functions (
529:Heinz Kloss
447:Terminology
422:Orthography
342:Usage-based
243:Translating
138:Acquisition
43:Linguistics
2305:Categories
1907:Kloss 1967
1801:2011520778
1661:1023608613
1544:2009473660
1353:Kloss 1967
1322:Kloss 1967
1310:Ammon 2004
1259:Goebl 1989
1235:Kloss 1967
1223:Kloss 1967
1206:Kloss 1967
1189:References
1115:Low German
1060:Macedonian
966:Shtokavian
954:High Hindi
950:Portuguese
877:as such a
684:pronounced
417:Orismology
302:Functional
290:Generative
280:Dependency
100:Pragmatics
90:Morphology
80:Diachronic
2321:Diglossia
1897:, part 1.
1817:15270636W
1809:729837512
1710:680567046
1702:0044-2356
1620:238795822
1560:15295665W
1552:428012015
1463:0933-1883
1375:cite book
1056:Bulgarian
1021:vis-a-vis
993:Norwegian
852:Sardinian
832:Low Saxon
748:Norwegian
392:Iconicity
387:Etymology
307:Cognitive
270:Formalist
223:Phonetics
213:Philology
105:Semantics
95:Phonology
2243:(2004),
2189:17 March
2180:archived
2162:56198470
2134:(2004),
2105:30029461
2074:(1952),
1836:15 April
1827:Archived
1763:(2010).
1736:Archived
1732:201058-6
1684:(2009).
1641:Language
1597:51961066
1520:(2009).
1422:24668375
1145:See also
1006:abstand.
1004:than of
893:and the
737:folklore
680:ausbauen
521:standard
193:Forensic
173:Distance
120:Typology
35:a series
33:Part of
2170:3434516
2084:3549152
1974:Abstand
1863:: 1–27.
1718:3439240
1402:(ed.).
1123:Germany
1093:versus
1085:versus
1083:Persian
1077:versus
1071:abstand
1045:Persian
1037:abstand
1033:Moselle
1029:Moselle
989:Swedish
981:abstand
968:), and
962:Dehlavi
934:British
903:Italian
856:Italian
850:), and
840:Occitan
813:Roofing
767:Nynorsk
752:Swedish
667:abstand
652:abstand
640:abstand
633:abstand
629:Abstand
614:Romansh
541:Abstand
148:Applied
58:History
53:Outline
2274:
2255:
2229:
2210:
2168:
2160:
2150:
2120:
2103:
2082:
2060:
2045:670407
2043:
2007:
1988:
1978:Ausbau
1961:
1942:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1789:
1773:]
1730:
1728:ZDB-ID
1716:
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1670:(FFZG)
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1649:
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1490:]
1461:
1420:
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1095:Telugu
1089:, and
1087:Pashto
1079:German
1067:ausbau
1041:ausbau
1010:ausbau
1002:ausbau
997:ausbau
985:Danish
848:French
819:ausbau
801:ausbau
796:ausbau
791:ausbau
772:ausbau
761:Bokmål
756:Danish
648:Breton
644:Basque
610:Basque
573:Ausbau
569:German
537:German
463:Portal
361:Topics
110:Syntax
18:Ausbau
2196:(ÖNB)
2183:(PDF)
2140:(PDF)
2101:JSTOR
2041:JSTOR
1830:(PDF)
1775:(PDF)
1769:[
1745:9 May
1739:(PDF)
1666:(NSK)
1637:[
1577:[
1524:[
1492:(PDF)
1486:[
1398:. In
1091:Tamil
1075:Dutch
708:]
519:is a
507:is a
503:, an
63:Index
2272:ISBN
2253:ISBN
2227:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2191:2016
2166:SSRN
2158:OCLC
2148:ISBN
2118:ISBN
2080:OCLC
2058:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1986:ISBN
1959:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1879:link
1875:link
1838:2019
1805:OCLC
1797:LCCN
1787:ISBN
1747:2013
1714:SSRN
1706:OCLC
1698:ISSN
1657:OCLC
1647:ISBN
1616:OCLC
1593:OCLC
1583:ISBN
1548:OCLC
1540:LCCN
1530:ISBN
1459:ISSN
1418:OCLC
1408:ISBN
1381:link
1121:and
1058:and
1052:Dari
991:and
958:Urdu
956:and
944:and
936:and
901:and
842:and
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764:and
754:and
646:and
612:and
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545:IPA:
245:and
238:Text
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