70:
628:
292:
567:
vedo ed ho la gioia di ripetere a Voi il giuramento di fedelta mio della gente della mia razza. Ripotero al mio Paese la Vostra immagine e la Vostra parola. Dio benedica la Vostra opera e ci mantenga sulla giusta via della Vostra VolontĂ . Io Vi offro questo tappeto che fu gia del Negus Micael e che poi, Ligg Jasu dono mio padre: sono lieto che questo tappeto, fatto per i sovrani abissini, sia oggi proprieta del
Fondatore dell'Impero
523:
472:
56:
536:
649:
turn, while he did not achieve the autonomous sultanate he desired, he enjoyed an appreciable level of autonomy in the areas of the
Sultanate, almost unique amongst the many petty kingdoms incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the late 19th century. For example, while the government appointed a governor to the
468:
throats of "all save one". The Debne-Wemas, according to this account were not intimidated by this reverse returned with fresh allies from the coast that they rallied and had achieved a murderous defeat of the
Mudaitos. Yusuf was slain after which the town was sacked and the garrison was put to the sword.
557:
By 1 April 1936, Italian troops completed the occupation of the rich
Sultanate of Aussa, bordering on French Somaliland. As a result, in 1943 the reinstalled Ethiopian government sent a military expedition that captured Sultan Muhammad Yayyo and made one of his relatives Sultan. Upon a visit to Rome,
518:
Count
Tornielli declared to the Marquis of Salisbury that Article 5 of the treaty concluded between the Italians and the Sultan Mahammad Hanfare. That in a case of any other power trying to occupy Aussa or any parts of his territory, the Sultan must oppose it and declare that his nation is an Italian
648:
in 1963 and supported the creation of an autonomous region. In 1964, Afar leaders went to Addis Ababa to present Haile
Selassie with their proposal, but the effort came up empty-handed. Despite these encroachments and conflicts, the Sultan remained fundamentally loyal to the Emperor and Ethiopia; in
467:
William
Cornwallis Harris had stated that the town's defence was organised by the ruler Yusuf ibn Idjahis, a brave and martial sultan, whose armoury boasted several cannons and matchlocks. He claimed that the defenders caught the would-be attackers off guard, while they were sleeping and cut all the
574:
Duce, from the earliest times, my family has been an enemy of the
Abyssinians, enemies of mighty Italy. My grandfather and my father have always been friends of Italy, and I with heart and sword, am a soldier of the Italian Empire. For my fidelity I have asked for the reward of seeing you Today I
566:
Duce, dal tempo piĂą lontano, la mia famiglia e state nemica degli abissini, nemici della potenti Italia. Mio nonno e mio padre sono sempre stati amici dell'Italia ed io, con il cuore e con la spada, sono un soldato dell'Impero italiano. Per la mia fedelta ho chiesto il premio di vedervi Oggi Vi
463:
Aussa's prosperity was coveted by Afars from neighbouring lands and in particular the Debne-Wemas, the strongest of the southern
Adoimara. In the last decade of the 18th century they wished to capture the capital therefore they enlisted in the support of a number of Yemen matchlockmen from Aden.
603:
Sultan
Alimirah often came into conflict with the central government over its encroachment on the authority of the Sultanate. Aussa, which had been more-or-less self-governing until the Sultan's ascension in 1944, had been greatly weakened in power by the centralising forces of Haile Selassie's
479:
The instability from this invasion had caused the Aussa state to suffer greatly. Aussa, once an important place had lost much of its political significance but had remained an extensive encampment frequented by innumerable Afars and Somalis as a place for perpetual fairs.
643:
was headed towards its demise, 55 Afar chieftains in Eritrea met and endorsed the idea of an Ethiopian Afar autonomy. Following the dissolution of Eritrea's federal government and its transformation into a centrally-administered province, Afar leaders met again in
519:
protectorate and must raise the Italian flag. According to Article 3, the Sultan had recognised the whole Danakil coast from Amphila Bay to Ras Doumeira as an Italian possession and had conceded the territories of Gambo Kona and Ablis as a part of Italian Eritrea.
575:
see you and I have the joy of repeating the oath to you of my allegiance of the people of my race. I will repeat your image and your word to my country. God bless your work and keep us on track way of your will. I offer you this carpet which was already by the
541:
540:
537:
542:
539:
416:
in 1672. Following the Awsa Imamate's demise, the Mudaito Afars founded their own kingdom, the Sultanate of Aussa. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne.
455:
After 15 years of rule, Kadafo's son, Muhammäd Kadafo, succeeded him as Sultan. Muhammäd Kadafo three decades later bequeathed the throne to his own son, Aydahis, who in turn would reign for another twenty-two years. According to
443:
led Adal Sultanate which had occupied the region since the thirteenth century. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period. The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver
907:
778:"ITALIANS CONQUER AUSSA SULTANATE; Occupy Sardo, in Center of Rich Area, and Dominate Red Sea Caravan Trails. LINE BISECTS ETHIOPIA Rome Sees Early Submission of Haile Selassie -- Britain's Attitude Chief Worry"
341:
nominally laid claim to the region but were met with harsh resistance. Due to their skills in desert warfare, the Afars managed to remain independent, unlike other similar groups in the region.
1236:
2060:
538:
1402:
1968:
1963:
608:
Yayyo. The Sultan sought to unite the Afar people under an autonomous Sultanate, while remaining part of Ethiopia; they had been divided amongst the provinces of
69:
999:
Later in their history, the Denkel lowlands of Eritrea were part of the Sultanate of Aussa which came into being towards the end of the sixteenth century.
2065:
2055:
1240:
1339:
Deux vies dans l'histoire de la Corne de l'Afrique : Les sultans 'afar Maḥammad Ḥanfaré (r. 1861-1902) & 'Ali-Miraḥ Ḥanfaré (r. 1944-2011)
777:
2050:
2070:
1395:
1347:
1054:
1027:
917:
1320:
1266:
2030:
348:. This marked the end of the region's independence and it was disestablished and incorporated into Italian East Africa as a part of the
583:
gifted to my father: I am delighted that this rug, made for the Abyssinian sovereigns, is today property of the Founder of the Empire.
640:
511:
stationed an army near Aussa to "make sure the Sultan of Awsa would not honor his promise of full cooperation with Italy" during the
1133:
1112:
448:, which was considered to have magical properties. The influence of the sultanate extended into the Danakil lowlands of what is now
1388:
460:, these relatively long periods of rule by modern standards pointed to a certain degree of political stability within the state.
2040:
558:
Sultan Mohamed Yayyo met Benito Mussolini and declared a speech of his loyalty towards the Italian Empire in Palazzo Venezia.
267:
253:
958:
749:
512:
604:
government. In 1950 he withdrew from Asaita for two years in opposition, returning only two after following mediation by
457:
2035:
551:
464:
According to Krapf and Isenberg, were no less than a few hundred strong and enjoyed a complete monopoly of firepower.
344:
The Sultan Yayyo visited Rome along with countless other nobility from across East Africa to support the creation of
678:
regime in 1991. Upon Alimirah Hanfere's death in 2011, his son Hanfere Alimirah was named his successor as sultan.
2045:
507:
in 1890), and led Sultan Mahammad to sign several treaties with that country. As a result, the Ethiopian Emperor
1953:
1046:
Ethiopia: the Era of the Princes: The Challenge of Islam and Re-unification of the Christian Empire, 1769-1855
627:
635:
of Afar with Emperor Haile Selassie on the right and the Emperor's son Crown Prince Asfaw Wossen on the left
1948:
1458:
526:
The Italian possessions of the Danakil Coast according to the treaty between Italy and the Sultan of Aussa
508:
1473:
1380:
1368:
The era of the princes: the challenge of Islam and the re-unification of the Christian empire, 1769-1855
1836:
1573:
1478:
1019:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
950:
The Ethiopian Borderlands: Essays in Regional History from Ancient Times to the End of the 18th Century
1999:
1704:
1851:
1738:
1583:
1493:
808:
1748:
1742:
719:
1533:
1528:
1498:
349:
345:
285:
177:
2009:
1918:
1841:
1598:
1593:
1558:
1448:
1336:
Houmed Soulé, Aramis (12 January 2018). "II. La légende d'Awdaḥis et la dynastie des Aydâḥisso".
863:
824:
1317:
1872:
1699:
1984:
1792:
1787:
1679:
1674:
1578:
1523:
1518:
1508:
1488:
1453:
1343:
1129:
1108:
1050:
1023:
954:
948:
913:
353:
272:
1689:
1989:
1958:
1923:
1902:
1892:
1877:
1846:
1823:
1724:
1719:
1669:
1563:
1553:
1513:
1443:
855:
816:
725:
667:
655:(district) of Aussa proper, the governor, rather than taking up residence in the capital of
632:
496:
484:
406:
383:
370:
338:
258:
1887:
1882:
1709:
1634:
1568:
1463:
1324:
617:
576:
504:
436:
426:
410:
409:
broke away to form their own polity. The Imamate of Awsa was later destroyed by the local
181:
106:
55:
812:
330:
from the 18th to the 20th century. It was considered to be the leading monarchy of the
1994:
1928:
1856:
1802:
1753:
1433:
1412:
660:
621:
445:
399:
387:
375:
Afar society has traditionally been divided into petty kingdoms, each ruled by its own
2024:
2004:
1897:
1538:
1438:
96:
1831:
1629:
1603:
671:
522:
440:
1337:
1220:
1181:
1164:
1147:
1088:
1071:
1044:
1017:
984:
1764:
1644:
754:
744:
432:
413:
331:
323:
119:
1183:
The Map of Africa by Treaty: Nos. 95-259: Abyssinia to Great Britain and France
1166:
The Map of Africa by Treaty: Nos. 95-259: Abyssinia to Great Britain and France
1149:
The Map of Africa by Treaty: Nos. 95-259: Abyssinia to Great Britain and France
435:
leader Data Kadafo, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the
17:
580:
471:
1503:
554:, the Sultan Mahammad Yayyo agreed to cooperate with the Italian invaders.
986:
In defence of the Eritrean revolution against Ethiopian social chauvinists
686:
The religious elites of Aussa commonly carried the honorific title Kabir.
1684:
1649:
1619:
1483:
609:
327:
310:
129:
1299:
Zewde, Bahru (March 2012). "Ethiopia: The Last Two Frontiers (Review)".
1812:
1807:
1772:
1714:
1664:
1659:
1588:
828:
796:
651:
449:
1342:(in French). Centre français des études éthiopiennes. pp. 11–18.
867:
843:
1797:
1782:
1548:
1543:
656:
395:
376:
136:
101:
83:
31:
820:
859:
1777:
1734:
1729:
1694:
1654:
1639:
1624:
645:
626:
613:
521:
500:
470:
391:
1107:, second edition (London: Oxford University Press, 1965), p. 90.
844:"Italy and the Treatment of the Ethiopian Aristocracy, 1937-1940"
675:
334:, to whom the other Afar rulers nominally acknowledged primacy.
1384:
560:
1377:(Oxford: Geoffrey Cumberlege for the University Press, 1952).
475:
MudaĂŻto warrior illustrated by Sir William Cornwallis Harris
27:
1734–1937 kingdom existed in Ethiopia, Eritrea and Djibouti
487:
in 1875, who was leading an Egyptian army into Ethiopia.
1267:"Political history of the Afar in Ethiopia and Eritrea1"
1076:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. pp. 179–180.
848:
The International Journal of African Historical Studies
1105:
The Ethiopians: An Introduction to Country and People
546:
The meeting between Mussolini and the Sultan of Aussa
1011:
1009:
1007:
1977:
1941:
1911:
1865:
1821:
1762:
1612:
1426:
1419:
1093:. Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. p. 180.
390:in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from
306:
220:
215:
201:
191:
173:
159:
149:
135:
125:
115:
89:
79:
39:
892:
890:
483:Sultan Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe defeated and killed
1222:Scritti E Discorsi Di Benito Mussolini Volume 12
503:from a local Sultan (which became the colony of
1186:(3 ed.). Great Britain: Cass. p. 448.
1169:(3 ed.). Great Britain: Cass. p. 458.
1152:(3 ed.). Great Britain: Cass. p. 453.
912:. Michigan State University Press. p. 83.
30:For the city in Ethiopia of the same name, see
942:
940:
938:
2061:States and territories disestablished in 1936
1396:
1200:(Brooklyn: Olive Branch Press, 2003), p. 111.
772:
770:
8:
1128:(Trenton: The Red Sea Press, 1986), p. 143.
713:Mahammad ibn Aydahis ibn Hanfadhe 1902–1910
663:, which was outside the district entirely.
590:—Sultan Yayyo's speech to Benito Mussolini
1423:
1403:
1389:
1381:
704:Aydahis ibn Mahammad ibn Aydahis 1801–1832
68:
36:
797:"The Awash River and the Aussa Sultanate"
716:Yayyo ibn Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe 1902–1927
710:Mahammad "Illalta“ ibn Hanfadhe 1862–1902
1260:
1258:
909:Ethiopia History, Culture and Challenges
534:
1411:Kingdoms and dynasties of the medieval
1087:Harris, Sir William Cornwallis (1844).
1070:Harris, Sir William Cornwallis (1844).
766:
226:76,868 km (29,679 sq mi)
219:
214:
1237:"Sultan Ali Mirah Hanfare Passed Away"
880:Matt Phillips, Jean-Bernard Carillet,
701:Aydahis ibn Kadhafo Mahammad 1779–1801
698:Kadhafo Mahammad ibn Kadhafo 1749–1779
674:, but returned after the fall of the
200:
190:
186:
158:
148:
144:
134:
7:
1318:AFAR News Toronto v.01 (July 2011)
1022:. The Red Sea Press. p. 394.
882:Lonely Planet Ethiopia and Eritrea
322:was a kingdom that existed in the
25:
1274:GIGA Institute of African Affairs
2066:Historical geography of Ethiopia
2056:1936 disestablishments in Africa
1427:Islamic sultanates & Empires
290:
265:
251:
54:
884:, (Lonely Planet: 2006), p.301.
639:In 1961, when it was clear the
398:(Asaita) with the split of the
1613:Christian kingdoms and Empires
1265:Yasin, Yasin Mohammed (2008).
750:List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
707:Hanfadhe ibn Aydahis 1832–1862
599:Revival within modern Ethiopia
1:
2051:1734 establishments in Africa
1180:Hertslet, Sir Edward (1967).
1163:Hertslet, Sir Edward (1967).
1146:Hertslet, Sir Edward (1967).
74:Aussa on modern map of Africa
2071:History of Islam in Ethiopia
1969:Second Ajuran-Portuguese war
1126:Empress Taytu and Menilek II
641:Eritrean federal arrangement
552:Second Italian-Ethiopian War
1964:First Ajuran-Portuguese war
1016:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
947:Pankhurst, Richard (1997).
734:Ahmed Alimirah 2020–present
531:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
495:In 1869, the newly unified
405:In 1647, the rulers of the
2087:
2031:History of the Afar Region
1219:Mussolini, Benito (1939).
906:Bausi, Alessandro (2017).
795:Thesiger, Wilfred (1935).
731:Hanfare Alimirah 2011–2020
424:
368:
29:
1954:Adal conquest of Ethiopia
1370:(London: Longmans, 1968).
1090:The Highlands of Æthiopia
1073:The Highlands of Æthiopia
842:Sbacchi, Alberto (1977).
513:First Italo–Ethiopian War
230:
211:
187:
169:
145:
67:
51:
46:
1043:Abir, Mordechai (1968).
801:The Geographical Journal
564:
1373:J. Spencer Trimingham,
1049:. Praeger. p. 24.
439:after overthrowing the
2041:Monarchies of Ethiopia
1301:Africa Review of Books
636:
572:
547:
527:
476:
386:was carved out of the
203:• Disestablished
630:
545:
525:
474:
425:Further information:
90:Common languages
1198:Haile Selassie's War
728:1944–1975, 1991–2011
350:Eritrean Governorate
1225:. pp. 214–215.
1209:Trimingham, p. 172.
1103:Edward Ullendorff,
989:. AESNA. p. 38
973:Trimingham, p. 262.
813:1935GeogJ..85....1T
346:Italian East Africa
286:Italian East Africa
193:• Established
178:Early modern period
2036:History of Eritrea
1949:Ethiopian–Adal war
1919:Kingdom of Wolaita
1594:Sultanate of Showa
1449:Sultanate of Harar
1323:2016-04-14 at the
1243:on 3 December 2013
782:The New York Times
695:Kandhafo 1734–1749
637:
548:
528:
477:
320:Sultanate of Aussa
41:Sultanate of Aussa
2046:Former sultanates
2018:
2017:
1985:Solomonic dynasty
1937:
1936:
1375:Islam in Ethiopia
1349:978-2-8218-7233-2
1196:Anthony Mockler,
1056:978-0-582-64517-2
1029:978-0-932415-19-6
953:. Red Sea Press.
919:978-3-643-90892-6
659:, instead sat in
596:
595:
579:and which later,
543:
458:Richard Pankhurst
354:Harar Governorate
316:
315:
302:
301:
298:
297:
278:
277:
273:Dankali Sultanate
161:• 1927-1936
151:• 1734–1749
16:(Redirected from
2078:
2010:Makhzumi dynasty
2000:Goobroon dynasty
1990:Walashma dynasty
1959:Oromo migrations
1924:Kingdom of Damot
1912:Wolaita kingdoms
1893:Kingdom of Damot
1424:
1405:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1366:Mordechai Abir,
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1296:
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1239:. Archived from
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932:Abir, pp. 23-26.
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896:Abir, p. 23 n.1.
894:
885:
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871:
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833:
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726:Alimirah Hanfare
668:Alimirah Hanfare
666:In 1975, Sultan
633:Alimirah Hanfare
561:
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485:Werner Munzinger
407:Emirate of Harar
384:Imamate of Aussa
371:Imamate of Aussa
365:Imamate of Aussa
339:Ethiopian Empire
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1866:Sidama kingdoms
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1758:
1608:
1469:Aussa Sultanate
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1325:Wayback Machine
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690:List of Sultans
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491:Colonial period
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1417:
1416:
1413:Horn of Africa
1410:
1408:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1328:
1310:
1291:
1254:
1228:
1211:
1202:
1189:
1172:
1155:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1079:
1062:
1055:
1035:
1028:
1003:
983:AESNA (1978).
975:
966:
959:
934:
925:
918:
898:
886:
873:
860:10.2307/217347
854:(2): 209–241.
834:
787:
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764:
762:
759:
758:
757:
752:
747:
740:
737:
736:
735:
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723:
720:Mahammad Yayyo
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
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699:
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670:was exiled to
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400:Adal Sultanate
388:Adal Sultanate
369:Main article:
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175:
174:Historical era
171:
170:
167:
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165:Mohammed Yayyo
163:
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2034:
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2029:
2028:
2026:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Zagwe dynasty
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
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1927:
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1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
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1447:
1445:
1444:Aussa Imamate
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1406:
1401:
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1351:
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1279:
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1242:
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1224:
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1215:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1184:
1176:
1173:
1168:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1151:
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1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:0-932415-11-3
1131:
1127:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1113:0-19-285061-X
1110:
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838:
835:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
791:
788:
784:. April 1936.
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
760:
756:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
742:
738:
733:
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724:
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629:
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584:
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516:
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510:
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498:
490:
488:
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481:
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459:
453:
451:
447:
442:
438:
434:
431:In 1734, the
428:
420:
418:
415:
412:
408:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
372:
364:
359:
357:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
312:
309:
307:Today part of
305:
289:
287:
284:
283:
280:
274:
271:
264:
263:
260:
257:
250:
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246:
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210:
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196:
183:
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168:
164:
154:
140:
138:
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128:
124:
121:
118:
114:
108:
105:
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92:
88:
85:
82:
78:
71:
66:
57:
50:
45:
38:
33:
19:
1630:Akkele Guzay
1468:
1374:
1367:
1338:
1331:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1294:
1282:. Retrieved
1277:
1273:
1245:. Retrieved
1241:the original
1231:
1221:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1165:
1158:
1148:
1141:
1125:
1120:
1104:
1099:
1089:
1082:
1072:
1065:
1045:
1038:
1018:
998:
991:. Retrieved
985:
978:
969:
949:
928:
908:
901:
881:
876:
851:
847:
837:
804:
800:
790:
781:
685:
672:Saudi Arabia
665:
650:
638:
605:
602:
577:Negus Mikael
573:
565:
556:
549:
517:
494:
482:
478:
466:
462:
454:
430:
404:
402:into Aussa.
381:
374:
343:
336:
319:
317:
241:Succeeded by
240:
235:
222:• Total
1822:Kingdom of
1765:Beta Israel
1763:Kingdom of
1284:25 November
1247:25 November
993:23 December
807:(1): 1–19.
755:Afar people
745:Afar Region
550:During the
332:Afar people
326:in eastern
324:Afar Region
236:Preceded by
120:Sunni Islam
2025:Categories
1361:References
1280:(1): 39–65
960:0932415199
509:Menelik II
126:Government
1978:Dynasties
1873:Bahargamo
1700:Mai-Tsade
1459:Mogadishu
1307:(1): 7–9.
722:1927–1944
606:Fitawrari
581:Lij Iyasu
421:Sultanate
116:Religion
47:1734–1936
1888:Kambaata
1788:Waldebba
1685:Hamasien
1680:Gheralta
1675:Entitcho
1650:Begemder
1620:Ambassel
1484:Aymallal
1474:Arababni
1321:Archived
739:See also
682:Religion
610:Hararghe
352:and the
328:Ethiopia
311:Ethiopia
130:Monarchy
1929:Welayta
1857:Wolayta
1842:Janjero
1813:Wolqayt
1808:Tsegede
1773:Dembiya
1715:Tselemt
1705:Tembien
1690:Haramat
1670:Enderta
1665:Dembela
1660:Delanta
1599:Tankish
1589:Sharkha
1509:Dankali
1494:Baqulin
1479:Argobba
829:1787031
809:Bibcode
652:awrajja
631:Sultan
505:Eritrea
499:bought
450:Eritrea
411:Mudaito
360:History
80:Capital
1942:Events
1903:Sigamo
1898:Sidamo
1878:Buzamo
1837:Enarya
1798:Wegera
1793:Semien
1783:Gojjam
1739:Efrata
1725:Semada
1720:Salowa
1710:Tigray
1635:Amhara
1604:Werjih
1584:Qita'a
1579:Nagash
1554:Hadiya
1549:Gurage
1544:Gidaya
1534:Gabaal
1529:Dawaro
1519:Belgin
1504:Dobe'a
1499:Dahlak
1439:Ajuran
1420:States
1346:
1132:
1111:
1053:
1026:
957:
916:
868:217347
866:
827:
657:Asaita
620:, and
618:Tigray
377:Sultan
155:Kedafu
141:
137:Sultan
107:Somali
102:Arabic
32:Asaita
1852:Sheka
1847:Kaffa
1832:Dawro
1824:Damot
1803:Qwara
1778:Gafat
1749:Shire
1743:Geshe
1735:Shewa
1730:Serae
1695:Lasta
1655:Bugna
1640:Angot
1625:Agame
1564:Jarin
1559:Harar
1514:Bazin
1464:Tunni
1270:(PDF)
864:JSTOR
825:JSTOR
761:Notes
646:Assab
622:Wollo
614:Shewa
501:Assab
497:Italy
446:baton
441:Harla
396:Aussa
392:Harar
84:Aussa
1883:Garo
1645:Bahr
1574:Mora
1569:Maya
1539:Ganz
1524:Dara
1489:Bale
1454:Ifat
1434:Adal
1344:ISBN
1286:2013
1249:2013
1130:ISBN
1109:ISBN
1051:ISBN
1024:ISBN
995:2014
955:ISBN
914:ISBN
676:Derg
661:Bati
433:Afar
414:Afar
382:The
337:The
318:The
216:Area
207:1936
197:1734
97:Afar
62:Flag
1754:Wag
856:doi
817:doi
394:to
180:to
2027::
1741:,
1303:.
1278:42
1276:.
1272:.
1257:^
1006:^
997:.
937:^
889:^
862:.
852:10
850:.
846:.
823:.
815:.
805:85
803:.
799:.
780:.
769:^
624:.
616:,
612:,
515:.
452:.
379:.
356:.
1745:)
1737:(
1404:e
1397:t
1390:v
1352:.
1305:8
1288:.
1251:.
1136:.
1115:.
1059:.
1032:.
963:.
922:.
870:.
858::
831:.
819::
811::
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
