1981:
2804:
179:
2826:
1492:
129:
3582:
1123:– attempting to develop theoretical justifications for the political authority of the Seljuk sultans within the framework of the formal supreme authority of the recognized caliphs. In general, the theories maintained that all legitimate authority derived from the caliph, but that it was delegated to sovereign rulers whom the caliph recognized. Al-Ghazali, for example, argued that while the caliph was the guarantor of Islamic law (
3558:
3541:
3489:
2815:
1793:
3506:
3413:
1627:
32:
3523:
3472:
3454:
2793:
3430:
1350:
1547:, as the position of main consort eroded over the course of the 17th century, with the main consort losing the title of "sultan", which was replaced by "kadin", a title related to the earlier "khatun". Henceforth, the mother of the reigning sultan was the only person of non imperial blood to carry the title "sultan".
1200:
at the time) as the caliph and universal leader of all
Muslims. This conflation of sultan and caliph became more clearly emphasized in the 19th century during the Ottoman Empire's territorial decline, when Ottoman authorities sought to cast the sultan as the leader of the entire Muslim community in
1518:
Western tradition knows the
Ottoman ruler as "sultan", but Ottomans themselves used "padişah" (emperor) or "hünkar" to refer to their ruler. The emperor's formal title consisted of "sultan" together with "khan" (for example, Sultan Suleiman Khan). In formal address, the sultan's children were also
1048:, ultimate power and authority was theoretically held by the caliph, who was considered the leader of the caliphate. The increasing political fragmentation of the Muslim world after the 8th century, however, challenged this consensus. Local governors with administrative authority held the title of
1168:
and were still nominally recognized by the latter. However, from this time on they effectively had no authority and were not universally recognized across the Sunni Muslim world. As protectors of the line of the
Abbasid caliphs, the Mamluks recognized themselves as sultans and the Muslim scholar
849:
1010:
are the only independent countries which retain the title "sultan" for their monarchs. In recent years, the title has been gradually replaced by "king" by contemporary hereditary rulers who wish to emphasize their secular authority under the rule of law. A notable example is
1169:
Khalil al-Zahiri argued that only they could hold that title. Nonetheless, in practice, many Muslim rulers of this period were now using the title as well. Mongol rulers (who had since converted to Islam) and other
Turkish rulers were among those who did so.
842:
1213:
captured Cairo in 1517, the last descendant of the
Abbasids in Cairo formally passed on the position of caliph to him. This combination thus elevated the sultan's religious or spiritual authority, in addition to his formal political authority.
835:
2303:
2326:: two incumbents (from the Omani dynasty) since the de facto separation from Oman in 1806, the last assumed the title Sultan in 1861 at the formal separation under British auspices; since 1964 union with Tanganyika (part of
1076:. Towards the late 10th century, the term "sultan" begins to be used to denote an individual ruler with practically sovereign authority, although the early evolution of the term is complicated and difficult to establish.
4079:
1506:
By the beginning of the 16th century, the title sultan was carried by both men and women of the
Ottoman dynasty and was replacing other titles by which prominent members of the imperial family had been known (notably
942:, meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who claimed almost full sovereignty (i.e., not having dependence on any higher ruler) without claiming the overall
4117:
1527:, son and daughter of Suleiman the Magnificent. Like imperial princesses, the living mother and main consort of the reigning sultan also carried the title after their given names, for example:
4072:
4041:
1980:
4065:
4350:
2803:
992:), though both refer to a sovereign ruler. The use of "sultan" is restricted to Muslim countries, where the title carries religious significance, contrasting the more secular
4237:
4272:
4267:
4795:
4134:
4129:
3913:
Kramers, J.H.; Bosworth, C.E.; Schumann, O.; Kane, Ousmane (2012). "Sulṭān". In
Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
3875:
3836:
1444:
1443:, after 11 October 1917. They enjoyed these titles for life, even after the Royal Rescript regulating the styles and titles of the Royal House following Egypt's
4190:
1519:
entitled "sultan", with imperial princes (Şehzade) carrying the title before their given name, and imperial princesses carrying it after. For example:
4343:
4232:
4185:
4110:
1037:
initially designated a kind of moral authority or spiritual power (as opposed to political power), and it is used in this sense several times in the
2073:
1524:
4310:
4260:
4212:
2095:
1024:
4225:
4205:
4220:
4172:
4162:
3830:
1193:
2422:(Bamun, 17th century, founded uniting 17 chieftaincies) 1918 becomes a sultanate, but in 1923 re-divided into the 17 original chieftaincies.
4336:
4302:
4277:
3422:
3337:("Pacified South State", a major Islamic rebellious polity in western Yunnan province) is usually referred to in foreign sources as Sultan.
2091:
1218:
1938:), on the southern coast of the Arabian peninsula, still an independent sultanate, since 1744 (assumed the formal title of Sultan in 1861)
1586:
type of military hierarchy. These administrations were often decimal (mainly in larger empires), using originally princely titles such as
2505:
established; December 11, 1894, under Congo Free State protectorate, April 12, 1909, under French protectorate; 1923 Sultanate suppressed
1160:
in 1258, which eliminated the remnants of
Abbasid political power. Henceforth, the surviving descendants of the Abbasid caliphs lived in
4825:
3999:
2829:
1412:
4024:
3869:
3563:
1674:
115:
2493:
Sultanate, April 8, 1892, under Congo Free State protectorate, March 31, 1909, under French protectorate; 1939 Sultanate suppressed
3769:
4122:
2587:
most monarchies previously had native titles, but when most in the north converted to Islam, Muslim titles were adopted, such as
1946:
4780:
4435:
4200:
4088:
3591:
1129:), coercive power was required to enforce the law in practice and the leader who exercised that power directly was the sultan.
154:
4800:
4105:
3798:
1652:
1217:
During this later period, the title of sultan was still used outside the
Ottoman Empire as well, as with the examples of the
53:
4805:
4295:
4714:
3595:
3581:
136:
2825:
4810:
4760:
4729:
4709:
4418:
4139:
3740:
2323:
2307:
1407:– a rare, hybrid western-Islamic honorific style exclusively used by the son, daughter-in-law and daughters of Sultan
1095:
adopted this title after defeating the
Ghaznavid Empire and taking control of an even larger territory which included
823:
222:
2642:: Sultan had a different meaning. It was a high title of honour, superior to Amir and Sardar, but ranking below Shah.
1637:
96:
4704:
4539:
2521:
1846:
68:
3928:
Duri, A.A. (2012). "Amīr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.).
1656:
1641:
1491:
42:
4830:
4673:
4403:
4317:
2315:
1226:
178:
4699:
4571:
3368:
3196:
2455:
1967:
1306:
1290:
1197:
1165:
132:
3040:
75:
3053:
4820:
4815:
4790:
4765:
4755:
4583:
4516:
4440:
4413:
4157:
3546:
3459:
2991:
2980:
2168:
1985:
1648:
1222:
1153:
49:
20:
3347:
1115:, their own political power clearly overshadowed the latter. This led to various Muslim scholars – notably
4622:
4457:
3027:
2886:
2709:
2639:
2571:
2382:
2240:
2201:
1892:
1408:
1372:(meaning the "Pearl of Rulers" or "Honoured Monarch") – a subsidiary title, part of the full style of the
1206:
481:
3086:
1767:, members of the Ekhtiyar al-Din family governed Baneh as Sultans defending against the Ottoman frontier)
4775:
4770:
4447:
4430:
4046:
3393:
3191:
3120:
2862:
2781:
2734:
2663:
2346:
title of various native Muslim rulers, generally rendered in Arabic and in western languages as Sultan:
2311:
1997:
1479:
919:
778:
639:
600:
82:
4588:
1543:. The evolving usage of this title reflected power shifts among imperial women, especially between the
1176:
conquered the Mamluk Empire and became the indisputable leading Sunni Muslim power across most of the
1062:", later also "prince") and were appointed by the caliph, but in the 9th century some of these became
4328:
4290:
4167:
3528:
3477:
3291:
3286:
3264:
3201:
3166:
3081:
3066:
2985:
2948:
2693:
2374:
2162:
2156:
2146:
2084:
4724:
4634:
4452:
4367:
3363:
3229:
3223:
3172:
3146:
3071:
2943:
2894:
2854:
2819:
2655:
2616:
2018:
2005:
1707:
1394:
64:
128:
4149:
3511:
3259:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3181:
3152:
3076:
2996:
2970:
2907:
2768:
2698:
2678:
2207:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2077:
1972:
1868:
1544:
1515:
for men). This usage underlines the Ottoman conception of sovereign power as family prerogative.
4057:
3822:ʻAbbasid Studies: Occasional Papers of the School of ʻAbbasid Studies, Cambridge, 6–10 July 2002
1111:. While the Seljuks acknowledged the caliphs in Baghdad formally as the universal leader of the
3058:
4689:
4391:
4381:
4020:
3995:
3865:
3826:
3493:
3435:
3373:
3324:
3206:
3158:
2917:
2841:
2757:
2739:
2730:
2672:
2645:
2620:
2291:
2229:
2195:
2072:
2053:
1842:
1764:
1520:
1383:
1314:
1100:
217:
146:
3859:
3820:
1152:. Views about the office of the sultan further developed during the crisis that followed the
4750:
4469:
4359:
4255:
4180:
3587:
3418:
3305:
3249:
3116:
2960:
2878:
2796:
2772:
2745:
2651:
2517:
2472:
2419:
2365:
2341:
2101:
1950:
1856:
1825:
1770:
1712:
1697:
1693:
1536:
1430:
1286:
1246:
1230:
1084:
1045:
868:
471:
386:
950:
of a province within the caliphate. The adjectival form of the word is "sultanic", and the
4785:
4494:
4479:
4398:
4363:
3388:
3276:
3254:
2763:
2751:
2717:
2705:
2688:
2683:
2667:
2659:
2601:
2527:
2436:
2287:
2136:
1962:
1880:
1820:
1784:
1739:
1298:
1273:
1238:
1189:
1145:
1141:
984:
965:
936:
914:
903:
895:
466:
267:
232:
3032:
3376:(Sulu, Basilan, Palawan and Tawi-Tawi islands and part of eastern Sabah on North Borneo)
4627:
4282:
4245:
3761:
3136:
3107:
3091:
3018:
3013:
2964:
2807:
2721:
2713:
2357:
2107:
2059:
2029:
1931:
1830:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1606:
1602:
1579:
1551:
1500:
1465:
1310:
1185:
1173:
1172:
The position of sultan and caliph began to blend together in the 16th century when the
951:
1792:
4744:
4612:
4504:
3652:
3613:
3342:
3102:
2565:
2150:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2081:
1540:
1532:
1496:
1388:
1361:
These are generally secondary titles, either lofty 'poetry' or with a message, e.g.:
1326:
1325:
are known as "permaisuri", "Tunku Ampuan", "Raja Perempuan", or "Tengku Ampuan". The
1302:
1157:
1092:
923:
813:
691:
525:
491:
391:
317:
307:
202:
89:
4521:
4489:
4408:
3618:
3320:
2988:(was divided into two kingdoms: the Sultanate of Yogyakarta and Sunanan Surakarta)
2967:
and Kraton Kacirebonan (only in Kraton Kaprabonan was the ruler's title Panembahan)
2814:
2776:
2725:
2475:
2260:
1909:
1872:
1796:
1587:
1559:
1555:
1528:
1282:
1202:
1181:
763:
751:
721:
716:
634:
545:
431:
396:
376:
356:
287:
170:
162:
3790:
4656:
4649:
4576:
4464:
4424:
3677:
3356:
3334:
3272:
2361:
2127:
1626:
1317:
is styled as the "panguian" while the sultan's chief wife in many sultanates of
1233:
founded in the 17th century). It was, however, not used as a sovereign title by
1177:
1132:
The position of sultan continued to grow in importance during the period of the
1088:
927:
659:
540:
535:
486:
406:
282:
31:
3045:
2792:
954:
and territories ruled by a sultan, as well as his office, are referred to as a
4694:
4666:
4644:
4554:
3701:
3567:
3557:
2912:
2849:
2233:
2111:
1896:
1884:
1876:
1558:) elected by clans, i.e. a kind of prince. The best of sultans was elected as
1377:
1234:
1120:
1116:
1080:
590:
530:
426:
322:
166:
1245:, who controlled the largest Shi'a Muslim state of this era, mainly used the
4617:
4593:
4549:
4544:
4499:
4484:
4386:
3667:
3608:
3186:
3176:
3001:
2837:
2461:
2446:
1583:
1354:
1318:
1259:, by contrast, was mainly given to provincial governors within their realm.
1069:
943:
818:
803:
793:
644:
416:
401:
366:
158:
3732:
3711:
619:
2478:, 1894 under French protectorate; 1917 Sultanate suppressed by the French.
1313:
are correctly known as "sultanas". However, the wife of the sultan in the
4559:
4474:
4097:
3682:
3550:
3540:
3497:
3488:
3381:
3215:
3127:(on Malaya) Sultan Abdul Rahman Muadzam Syah ibni al-Marhum Sultan Mahmud
2902:
2557:
2537:
2413:
2386:
2370:
2327:
2131:
2115:
2039:
1860:
1806:
1563:
1440:
1373:
1322:
1133:
1073:
1064:
1003:
947:
788:
746:
702:
669:
664:
654:
585:
581:
565:
501:
476:
421:
277:
252:
212:
207:
2302:
4719:
4639:
3626:
3279:
confederation, had the style Sultan in addition to his principal title
3131:
2956:
2584:
2440:
2266:
2244:
1993:
1942:
1888:
1864:
1852:
1610:
1210:
1137:
1104:
1096:
1012:
798:
741:
711:
614:
560:
520:
451:
361:
227:
188:
4661:
4598:
4564:
4511:
3706:
3657:
3637:
3622:
3515:
3505:
3412:
3298:
3155:, in 1816 extinguished by Netherlands East Indies colonial government
3124:
2975:
2612:
2575:
2550:
2430:
2425:
2338:
2248:
2247:, the normally used styles were alternative native titles, including
2213:
2033:
1900:
1814:
1701:
1575:
1554:
a Sultan was a lord from the ruling dynasty (a direct descendants of
1416:
1330:
1149:
1125:
999:
808:
783:
768:
674:
550:
496:
461:
441:
381:
346:
333:
292:
237:
192:
2561:
1605:, the rank of sultan was roughly equivalent to that of a modern-day
1349:
3226:, where all seven of the country's present sultanates are located:
2403:
This was the native ruler's title in the Tanzanian state of Uhehe.
1255:, a tradition which continued under subsequent dynasties. The term
1079:
The first major figure to clearly grant himself this title was the
4604:
3687:
3672:
3532:
3522:
3481:
3471:
3463:
3453:
3313:
2930:
2873:
2824:
2813:
2802:
2791:
2624:
2546:
2531:
2496:
2484:
2351:
2301:
2282:
2252:
2217:
2012:
2001:
1979:
1956:
1920:
1838:
1791:
1778:
1760:
1591:
1490:
1451:
1435:
1398:
1393:
Certain secondary titles have a devout Islamic connotation; e.g.,
1348:
1161:
1112:
1038:
986:
773:
726:
706:
686:
630:
609:
555:
516:
456:
446:
436:
411:
371:
312:
297:
257:
3697:
3692:
3662:
3647:
3631:
3439:
3429:
2938:
2922:
2589:
2511:
2047:
1927:
1915:
1753:
1595:
1475:
1423:
1251:
1242:
1108:
1068:
independent rulers who founded their own dynasties, such as the
1059:
1007:
736:
649:
605:
570:
512:
351:
341:
337:
272:
248:
197:
4332:
4061:
4017:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1015:, whose monarch changed his title from sultan to king in 1957.
926:
meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", derived from the
922:
with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic
3642:
3151:
Awak Sungai, established 17th century at the split in four of
2286:, this was the alternative native style of the sultans of the
1620:
886:
731:
595:
302:
25:
1341:
suffixed, should the queen consort also be a royal princess.
1209:. As part of this narrative, it was claimed that when Sultan
2004:(king) on August 14, 1957, maintaining the subsidiary style
1474:– a title meaning King of the Nation, given to 18th-century
1285:
monarchs and sultan's mothers and chief consorts. However,
1087:(r. 998–1030 CE) who controlled an empire over present-day
3970:
Turan, Ebru (2009). "Sultan". In Esposito, John L. (ed.).
1107:
was the first leader to adopt the epithet "sultan" on his
2553:
alternative title of the following autochthonous rulers:
2481:
Dar al-Kuti – French protectorate since December 12, 1897
996:, which is used in both Muslim and non-Muslim countries.
877:
3992:
Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire 1300–1923
1447:, when the sons and daughters of the newly styled king (
1281:
and this title has been used legally for some (not all)
1609:
in the West; socially in the fifth-rank class, styled '
1136:, when leaders who held the title of "sultan" (such as
2389:): of Hadimu, on the island of that name; also styled
1415:
since 1914), who bore it with their primary titles of
874:
2570:
the Sarkin Damagaram since the 1731 founding of the
1688:
Sultanates in the Balkans, Anatolia and Central Asia
1459:
1449:
1421:
1301:
uses the same words for both women and men (such as
883:
880:
4682:
4532:
4374:
4148:
4096:
3551:
Malaysian State of Selangor, the Abode of Sincerity
3516:
Malaysian State of Pahang, the Abode of Tranquility
871:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3123:by secession in 1818 under the expelled sultan of
1029:The word derives from the Arabic and Semitic root
155:Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks
3568:Malaysian State of Terengganu, the Abode of Faith
1458:, considered a promotion) were granted the title
1401:(to strive and to struggle in the name of Allah).
3861:The Book of Proverbs and Arabic Proverbial Works
3498:Malaysian State of Kelantan, the Abode of Bliss
3175:(Darussalam), also holding the higher title of
3005:, a high-ranked monarch, equivalent to emperor)
1742:and a few others. A sultan ranked below a khan.
1188:. The 16th-century Ottoman scholar and jurist,
3464:Malaysian State of Johor, The Abode of Dignity
2294:(presently the continental part of Tanzania).
2198:, in Somaliland, Djibouti and eastern Ethiopia
4344:
4073:
3482:Malaysian State of Kedah, the Abode of Safety
2623:and premier traditional Muslim leader in the
843:
8:
3972:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World
3533:Malaysian State of Perak, the Abode of Grace
1091:and the surrounding region. Soon after, the
1053:
978:
959:
930:
16:Noble title with several historical meanings
3531:, Sultan, Yang di-Pertuan and the Ruler of
2951:– the rulers in three of the four palaces (
2236:coast (also several neighbouring sheikdoms)
1655:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
4351:
4337:
4329:
4080:
4066:
4058:
2104:, in southern Somalia and eastern Ethiopia
1841:, various small sultanates of the defunct
1574:In a number of post-caliphal states under
850:
836:
141:
3948:Esposito, John L., ed. (2003). "Sultan".
3024:Sultanate of Honimoa/ Siri Sori (Saparua)
1675:Learn how and when to remove this message
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3333:(Leader of the Community of Muslims) of
3275:, one of the constitutive states of the
2810:, last undisputed Susuhunan of Surakarta
2318:. Photograph taken between 1902 and 1911
2071:
127:
4796:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
3724:
3596:Indonesian Special Region of Yogyakarta
3421:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan Negara of
2096:Ethiopian aristocratic and court titles
1387:– the sultanic equivalent of the style
1025:Timeline of 11th-century Muslim history
153:
3930:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3915:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
3908:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3892:
2762:Sultanate of Laccadive and Cannanore:
2540:(actually a wandering group of tribes)
2216:, in south eastern Somalia centred in
4019:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3985:
3983:
3981:
2428:, founded in 1770 – initially styled
1539:, Suleiman's chief consort and first
913:
7:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3959:
3943:
3941:
3939:
3839:from the original on 27 January 2024
3423:Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace
2799:, the incumbent Sultan of Yogyakarta
2092:Somali aristocratic and court titles
1653:adding citations to reliable sources
1144:) led the confrontation against the
54:adding citations to reliable sources
3950:The Islamic World: Past and Present
3496:, Al-Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3141:Sultan Berdaulat Zillullah fil-Alam
2280:Apparently derived from the Arabic
2265:the Maore (or Mawuti) sultanate on
1973:Sultans of the Muhammad Ali dynasty
1054:
979:
960:
931:
899:
4089:Royal and noble titles and honours
3825:. Peeters Publishers. p. 83.
3574:Sultan with power within republics
2830:Mohammed Mahakuttah Abdullah Kiram
2364:(capital also named Pate), in the
2159:(Migiurtinia), in northern Somalia
1357:attended by a eunuch and two pages
14:
4040:Mardūḵ, 'A. (December 15, 1988).
3819:Montgomery, James Edward (2004).
2627:(according to some once a caliph)
2439:Sultanate, since 1715 (replacing
2224:Southeast Africa and Indian Ocean
3580:
3566:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3556:
3549:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3539:
3521:
3504:
3487:
3480:, Sultan and Yang-di Pertuan of
3470:
3462:, Sultan and Yang di-Pertuan of
3452:
3428:
3411:
2832:, last recognised Sultan of Sulu
1704:sovereign to be known as sultan.
1625:
1487:Princely and aristocratic titles
1058:, traditionally "commander" or "
977:The term is distinct from king (
867:
177:
30:
3878:from the original on 2024-01-27
3801:from the original on 2022-06-22
3772:from the original on 2022-06-22
3743:from the original on 2023-02-08
2443:kingdom); 1902 part of Cameroon
1033:"to be hard, strong". The noun
41:needs additional citations for
3766:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
2339:
1934:(authentically referred to as
1531:, Suleiman's mother and first
1:
3446:Sultans in federal monarchies
3323:, capital of the short-lived
2499:
2487:
2465:
1617:Former sultans and sultanates
915:[sʊlˈtˤɑːn,solˈtˤɑːn]
4715:Social dominance orientation
3466:and its occupied territories
2615:, the suzerain (also styled
2604:(alongside the native title
2269:(separated from the Comoros)
1799:, last of the Mamluk Sultans
1598:as mere rank denominations.
1461:Sahib(at) us-Sumuw al-Malaki
1164:under the protection of the
946:, or to refer to a powerful
137:sultan of the Ottoman Empire
4730:List of totalitarian states
4710:Right-wing authoritarianism
3405:Sultans of sovereign states
3308:, Brunei (on Borneo island)
2874:Kutai Kartanegara Sultanate
2619:and Sarkin Musulmi) of all
2534:), successor state to Birgu
2008:(Commander of the Faithful)
1460:
1450:
1422:
985:
966:
937:
904:
4847:
4705:Left-wing authoritarianism
4540:Authoritarian conservatism
4015:Peirce, Leslie P. (1993).
3974:. Oxford University Press.
3952:. Oxford University Press.
3271:Furthermore, the ruler of
2259:and the 'hegemonic' title
2204:, in south-central Somalia
2177:, in northeastern Ethiopia
2089:
1747:West Asia and North Africa
1309:)). The female leaders in
1103:. The early Seljuk leader
1022:
18:
4826:Filipino paramount rulers
4404:Counterintelligence state
3990:Finkel, Caroline (2012).
3858:Riad Aziz Kassis (1999).
2981:Sumedang Larang Sultanate
2867:Sultanate of Gunung Tabur
2694:Nizam Shahi of Ahmednagar
2373:, became a German, then
2080:, the 20th Sultan of the
1305:and Sultan Suleiman Han (
1271:, used by Westerners, is
4700:Inverted totalitarianism
4572:Authoritarian capitalism
3369:Sultanate of Maguindanao
3197:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
3121:Sultanate of Riau-Lingga
3041:Sultanate of Negeri Soya
2673:Sultanates of the Deccan
2456:Central African Republic
2139:, in Somaliland and the
1499:(sultana mother) of the
1307:Suleiman the Magnificent
1198:Suleiman the Magnificent
133:Suleiman the Magnificent
4584:Authoritarian socialism
3265:Sultanate of Terengganu
3182:Sultanate of Pagaruyung
3054:Sultanate of Tanah Hitu
2992:Sultanate of Yogyakarta
2891:Sultanate of Sambaliung
2788:Southeast and East Asia
2407:West and Central Africa
2169:Sultanate of the Geledi
2085:Sultanate of Warsangali
1986:Abd al-Hafid of Morocco
1333:especially is known as
135:, the longest-reigning
21:Sultan (disambiguation)
4781:Positions of authority
3547:Sharafuddin Idris Shah
3514:, Sultan and Ruler of
3331:Qa´id Jami al-Muslimin
3163:Sultanate of Indragiri
2955:), from which divided
2887:Sultanate of Pontianak
2833:
2822:
2811:
2800:
2699:Qutb Shahi of Golconda
2572:Sultanate of Damagaram
2449:Sultanate founded 1804
2319:
2241:sultans on the Comoros
2202:Sultanate of Mogadishu
2087:
2056:(autonomous provinces)
1988:
1800:
1503:
1434:
1409:Hussein Kamel of Egypt
1358:
1297:for imperial lady, as
1201:the face of European (
1190:Ebüssuûd Mehmet Efendi
1154:destruction of Baghdad
139:
4801:Titles in Afghanistan
4448:Dominant-party system
4047:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3994:. John Murray Press.
3864:. Brill. p. 65.
3795:Britannica Dictionary
3512:Abdullah Ri'ayatuddin
3394:Sultanate of Singgora
3260:Sultanate of Selangor
3245:Sultanate of Kelantan
3192:Riau-Lingga Sultanate
3187:Sultanate of Perleuak
3169:(previous style Raja)
2997:Sunanate of Surakarta
2879:Sultanate of Mempawah
2863:Sultanate of Bulungan
2828:
2817:
2806:
2795:
2782:Sultanate of Maldives
2679:Adil Shahi of Bijapur
2471:; 14 June 1890 under
2324:Sultanate of Zanzibar
2305:
2210:, in central Ethiopia
2183:, in eastern Ethiopia
2171:, in southern Somalia
2165:, in northern Somalia
2075:
2000:changed the style to
1983:
1795:
1521:Şehzade Sultan Mehmed
1494:
1480:Jassa Singh Ahluwalia
1352:
1345:Compound ruler titles
1099:, the capital of the
131:
4806:Titles in Bangladesh
4268:Poland and Lithuania
3535:and its dependencies
3500:and its dependencies
3292:Sultanate of Sarawak
3287:Sultanate of Malacca
3202:Sultanate of Serdang
3167:Sultanate of Langkat
3082:Sultanate of Jailolo
3067:Sultanate of Ternate
3028:Sultanate of Huamual
2986:Sultanate of Mataram
2949:Sultanate of Cirebon
2927:Sultanate of Soppeng
2818:Sultan Saifuddin of
2769:Sultanate of Kashmir
2758:Sultanate of Madurai
2746:Sultanate of Kandesh
2740:Sultanate of Jaunpur
2731:Sultanate of Gujarat
2684:Barid Shahi of Bidar
2666:, Muhammad Shah and
2530:(main native title:
2520:(main native title:
2375:British protectorate
2192:, in central Somalia
2163:Warsangali Sultanate
2157:Majeerteen Sultanate
2149:, in Somaliland and
2147:Habr Yunis Sultanate
1947:Sultanate of Tuggurt
1921:Sultans of the Hejaz
1649:improve this section
1445:independence in 1922
1413:British protectorate
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
4635:Ecoauthoritarianism
4453:Illiberal democracy
4106:Commonwealth realms
3564:Mizan Zainal Abidin
3389:Sultanate of Patani
3364:Sultanate of Buayan
3250:Sultanate of Pahang
3230:Sultanate of Perlis
3224:Peninsular Malaysia
3173:Palembang Sultanate
3147:Sultanate of Asahan
3087:Sultanate of Loloda
3072:Sultanate of Tidore
2976:Sultanate of Pajang
2944:Sultanate of Banten
2895:Sultanate of Sambas
2855:Sultanate of Banjar
2689:Imad Shahi of Berar
2652:Sultanate of Bengal
2385:(presently part of
1708:Great Seljuk Empire
1395:Sultan ul-Mujahidin
1267:A feminine form of
1237:Muslim rulers. The
1019:History of the term
824:Mostowfi ol-Mamalek
482:Prince of the Sa'id
4811:Titles in Pakistan
4761:Islamic honorifics
3281:Undang Luak Jelebu
3255:Sultanate of Perak
3240:Sultanate of Kedah
3235:Sultanate of Johor
3077:Sultanate of Bacan
2971:Sultanate of Demak
2931:Sultanate of Wajoq
2908:Sultanate of Buton
2883:Sultanate of Paser
2859:Sultanate of Berau
2834:
2823:
2812:
2801:
2752:Sultanate of Malwa
2706:Sultanate of Delhi
2621:Fulbe jihad states
2320:
2208:Sultanate of Showa
2190:Sultanate of Hobyo
2181:Sultanate of Harar
2175:Sultanate of Aussa
2088:
2078:Mohamoud Ali Shire
1989:
1951:Sultans of Tlemcen
1801:
1582:rule, there was a
1545:Sultanate of Women
1504:
1359:
1337:with the title of
1227:sultans of Morocco
1219:Somali aristocrats
1207:colonial expansion
1046:early Muslim world
140:
4738:
4737:
4690:Democracy indices
4382:Absolute monarchy
4326:
4325:
4150:Former monarchies
3832:978-90-429-1433-9
3494:Sultan Muhammad V
3440:Sultanate of Oman
3436:Haitham bin Tariq
3374:Sultanate of Sulu
3329:Furthermore, the
3325:Panthay Rebellion
3207:Sultanate of Siak
3159:Sultanate of Deli
3110:on Sumbawa island
3096:(North Halmahera)
2923:Sultanate of Luwu
2918:Sultanate of Gowa
2913:Sultanate of Bone
2870:Sultanate of Kubu
2842:Dutch East Indies
2840:(formerly in the
2754:: three dynasties
2646:Bahmani Sultanate
2564:confederation of
2243:; however on the
2230:Angoche Sultanate
2196:Sultanate of Ifat
2054:Abbasid Caliphate
1843:Aden Protectorate
1685:
1684:
1677:
1482:by his supporters
1405:Sultanic Highness
1384:Sultan of Sultans
1315:Sultanate of Sulu
1192:, recognized the
860:
859:
218:Sultan of Sultans
126:
125:
118:
100:
4838:
4831:Filipino royalty
4589:Marxism–Leninism
4470:Managerial state
4353:
4346:
4339:
4330:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4059:
4052:
4051:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4012:
4006:
4005:
3987:
3976:
3975:
3967:
3954:
3953:
3945:
3934:
3933:
3925:
3919:
3918:
3910:
3887:
3886:
3884:
3883:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3844:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3787:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3729:
3588:Hamengkubuwono X
3585:
3584:
3561:
3560:
3544:
3543:
3526:
3525:
3509:
3508:
3492:
3491:
3475:
3474:
3457:
3456:
3438:, Sultan of the
3433:
3432:
3419:Hassanal Bolkiah
3416:
3415:
3351:
3306:Sultan of Brunei
3117:Riau Archipelago
3095:
3062:
3049:
3036:
3019:Sultanate of Iha
2961:Kraton Kasepuhan
2797:Hamengkubuwono X
2748:: Faruqi dynasty
2742:: Sharqi dynasty
2617:Amir al-Mu´minin
2504:
2501:
2492:
2489:
2473:Congo Free State
2470:
2467:
2366:Lamu Archipelago
2345:
2344:
2214:Bimaal Sultanate
2102:Ajuran Sultanate
2006:Amir al-Mu'minin
1826:Mamluk Sultanate
1771:Ghaznavid Empire
1713:Sultanate of Rum
1700:, was the first
1698:Mahmud of Ghazni
1694:Ghaznavid Empire
1680:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1660:
1629:
1621:
1463:
1456:
1427:
1231:Alaouite dynasty
1113:Muslim community
1057:
1056:
990:
982:
981:
973:
969:
963:
962:
940:
934:
933:
917:
912:
907:
901:
893:
892:
889:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
852:
845:
838:
181:
142:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4678:
4528:
4495:Socialist state
4480:One-party state
4399:Communist state
4370:
4357:
4327:
4322:
4163:Austria-Hungary
4144:
4092:
4086:
4056:
4055:
4039:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4014:
4013:
4009:
4002:
3989:
3988:
3979:
3969:
3968:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3937:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3911:
3890:
3881:
3879:
3872:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3842:
3840:
3833:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3760:
3759:
3755:
3746:
3744:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3604:
3579:
3555:
3538:
3520:
3503:
3486:
3469:
3451:
3427:
3410:
3402:
3400:Current sultans
3345:
3277:Negeri Sembilan
3089:
3056:
3043:
3030:
2790:
2764:Arakkal Kingdom
2648:: Bahmani Shahs
2636:
2502:
2490:
2468:
2409:
2401:
2300:
2288:Kilwa Sultanate
2278:
2226:
2186:Jarso Sultanate
2137:Isaaq Sultanate
2098:
2090:Main articles:
2070:
1963:Ayyubid Sultans
1916:Sultans of Nejd
1908:in present-day
1837:in present-day
1821:Ayyubid dynasty
1785:Ayyubid Sultans
1749:
1740:Elisu Sultanate
1736:
1690:
1681:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1646:
1630:
1619:
1572:
1525:Mihrimah Sultan
1489:
1397:as champion of
1353:Ottoman Sultan
1347:
1299:Turkish grammar
1291:Ottoman Turkish
1265:
1239:Safavid dynasty
1146:Crusader states
1142:Ayyubid dynasty
1101:Abbasid caliphs
1027:
1021:
971:
910:
870:
866:
856:
233:Maharajadhiraja
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4844:
4842:
4834:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4821:Titles in Oman
4818:
4816:Titles in Iran
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4791:Ottoman titles
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4766:Military ranks
4763:
4758:
4756:Heads of state
4753:
4743:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4653:
4652:
4647:
4637:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4625:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4519:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4461:
4460:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4421:
4419:Constitutional
4416:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4384:
4378:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4333:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4320:
4315:
4314:
4313:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4263:
4258:
4250:
4249:
4248:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4215:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4115:
4114:
4113:
4102:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4062:
4054:
4053:
4032:
4025:
4007:
4001:978-1848547858
4000:
3977:
3955:
3935:
3920:
3888:
3870:
3850:
3831:
3811:
3782:
3753:
3737:Dictionary.com
3723:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3629:
3616:
3611:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3571:
3570:
3553:
3536:
3518:
3501:
3484:
3467:
3460:Ibrahim Ismail
3443:
3442:
3425:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3396:
3391:
3378:
3377:
3371:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3310:
3309:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3149:
3144:
3137:Aceh Sultanate
3128:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3108:Bima Sultanate
3099:
3098:
3097:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3051:
3038:
3025:
3022:
3014:Maluku Islands
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3006:
2994:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2965:Kraton Kanoman
2946:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2860:
2857:
2808:Pakubuwono XII
2789:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2728:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2670:
2649:
2643:
2640:Afghan Kingdom
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2611:since 1817 in
2609:
2593:and sometimes
2581:
2580:
2579:
2568:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2535:
2525:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2479:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2434:
2423:
2408:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2368:
2332:
2331:
2299:
2296:
2277:
2272:
2271:
2270:
2263:
2237:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2211:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2160:
2154:
2144:
2134:
2108:Adal Sultanate
2105:
2069:
2068:Horn of Africa
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2060:Ottoman Empire
2057:
2044:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2030:Funj Sultanate
2027:
2024:
2023:Dar al-Masalit
2021:
2009:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1968:Mamluk Sultans
1965:
1953:
1939:
1932:Sultan of Oman
1925:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1835:
1834:
1833:
1831:Ottoman Empire
1828:
1823:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1807:Mamluk Sultans
1790:
1789:
1788:
1787:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1728:Kazakh Khanate
1725:
1723:Timurid Empire
1720:
1718:Ottoman Empire
1715:
1710:
1705:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1682:
1633:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1615:
1603:Persian empire
1571:
1568:
1552:Kazakh Khanate
1511:for women and
1501:Ottoman Empire
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1472:Sultan-ul-Qaum
1469:
1466:Royal Highness
1402:
1391:
1380:
1346:
1343:
1311:Muslim history
1264:
1263:Feminine forms
1261:
1194:Ottoman sultan
1186:Eastern Europe
1174:Ottoman Empire
1020:
1017:
858:
857:
855:
854:
847:
840:
832:
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
762:Governmental:
757:
756:
755:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
697:
696:
695:
694:
689:
680:
679:
678:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
625:
624:
623:
622:
617:
612:
603:
598:
593:
588:
576:
575:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
328:
327:
326:
325:
320:
315:
310:
305:
300:
295:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
243:
242:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
183:
182:
174:
173:
151:
150:
124:
123:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4843:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4674:Shōwa Statism
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4613:Caesaropapism
4611:
4607:
4606:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4542:
4541:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4505:Islamic state
4503:
4502:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4426:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4379:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4360:Authoritarian
4354:
4349:
4347:
4342:
4340:
4335:
4334:
4331:
4319:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4064:
4063:
4060:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4036:
4033:
4028:
4026:0-19-507673-7
4022:
4018:
4011:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3924:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3877:
3873:
3871:90-04-11305-3
3867:
3863:
3862:
3854:
3851:
3838:
3834:
3828:
3824:
3823:
3815:
3812:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3757:
3754:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3728:
3725:
3718:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3590:, Sultan and
3589:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3565:
3559:
3554:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3537:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3519:
3517:
3513:
3507:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3473:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3448:
3447:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3399:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3349:
3344:
3343:Ili Sultanate
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3104:
3103:Nusa Tenggara
3100:
3093:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3026:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3004:
3003:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2816:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2664:Hussain Shahi
2661:
2657:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2406:
2404:
2399:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2317:
2316:Ali bin Hamud
2313:
2309:
2304:
2298:Swahili Coast
2297:
2295:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:
2276:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2151:Somali region
2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:Somali region
2138:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2110:, in western
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2014:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:; its ruler,
1695:
1692:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1668:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1634:This section
1632:
1628:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:Military rank
1569:
1567:
1565:
1562:by people at
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1541:haseki sultan
1538:
1537:Hürrem Sultan
1534:
1533:valide sultan
1530:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1497:valide sultan
1493:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1389:King of Kings
1386:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1370:Manney Sultan
1367:
1364:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1339:Pengiran Anak
1336:
1332:
1328:
1327:queen consort
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1303:Hurrem Sultan
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1229:(such as the
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1093:Great Seljuks
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
991:
989:
988:
975:
970:
968:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
939:
929:
925:
924:abstract noun
921:
916:
908:
906:
897:
891:
864:
853:
848:
846:
841:
839:
834:
833:
831:
830:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
761:
760:
759:
758:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
704:
701:
700:
699:
698:
693:
690:
688:
685:Royal house:
684:
683:
682:
681:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
632:
629:
628:
627:
626:
621:
618:
616:
613:
611:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Dewan Bahadur
524:
522:
518:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
339:
335:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
321:
319:
318:Amir al-umara
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
203:King of Kings
201:
199:
196:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
180:
176:
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
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120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
4776:Noble titles
4771:Royal titles
4603:
4517:Majoritarian
4490:Police state
4458:Totalitarian
4423:
4409:Dictatorship
4364:totalitarian
4045:
4035:
4016:
4010:
3991:
3971:
3949:
3929:
3923:
3914:
3880:. Retrieved
3860:
3853:
3841:. Retrieved
3821:
3814:
3803:. Retrieved
3794:
3785:
3774:. Retrieved
3765:
3756:
3745:. Retrieved
3736:
3727:
3619:Khan (title)
3573:
3572:
3445:
3444:
3404:
3403:
3379:
3354:
3330:
3321:Dali, Yunnan
3311:
3296:
3280:
3213:
3140:
3139:(full style
3037:(West Seram)
3000:
2952:
2835:
2605:
2594:
2588:
2476:protectorate
2429:
2402:
2397:
2390:
2334:
2333:
2281:
2279:
2274:
2261:Sultani tibe
2256:
2076:Portrait of
1935:
1910:Saudi Arabia
1893:Upper Aulaqi
1873:Lower Aulaqi
1847:South Arabia
1797:Tuman Bay II
1671:
1662:
1647:Please help
1635:
1600:
1573:
1556:Genghis Khan
1549:
1529:Hafsa Sultan
1517:
1512:
1508:
1505:
1471:
1448:
1420:
1404:
1382:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1338:
1334:
1294:
1283:Muslim women
1278:
1272:
1268:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1223:Malay nobles
1216:
1182:North Africa
1171:
1138:Salah ad-Din
1131:
1124:
1078:
1063:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1030:
1028:
998:
993:
983:
976:
964:
955:
935:
902:
862:
861:
546:Khan Bahadur
262:
171:North Africa
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
4657:Imperialism
4623:Enlightened
4577:Pinochetism
4465:Mafia state
4436:Proletarian
4425:Dictablanda
3791:"Sultanate"
3762:"Sultanate"
3678:Mir (title)
3586:Sri Sultan
3529:Nazrin Shah
3478:Sallehuddin
3357:Philippines
3346: [
3335:Pingnan Guo
3273:Luak Jelebu
3153:Minangkabau
3090: [
3057: [
3044: [
3031: [
2959:was ruled:
2735:Muzaffarids
2656:Ilyas Shahi
2503: 1872
2491: 1875
2469: 1878
2362:Pate island
2360:on part of
2306:The eighth
2234:Mozambiquan
2153:of Ethiopia
2143:of Ethiopia
2130:regions of
2114:, southern
1759:Sultans of
1665:August 2023
1366:Mani Sultan
1335:Raja Isteri
1178:Middle East
1105:Tughril Bey
1089:Afghanistan
928:verbal noun
660:Saranjamdar
541:Rai Bahadur
536:Rao Bahadur
407:Chhatrapati
283:Shirvanshah
223:Chakravarti
4745:Categories
4695:Deep state
4555:Khomeinism
4533:Ideologies
4475:Ochlocracy
4441:Right-wing
4414:Benevolent
4368:government
4098:Monarchies
4091:by country
3882:2018-01-16
3843:16 January
3805:2022-06-22
3776:2022-06-22
3747:2023-02-08
3719:References
3702:Shahanshah
3510:Al-Sultan
2850:Kalimantan
2773:Shahmirids
2662:, Habshi,
2634:South Asia
2383:Tanganyika
2292:Tanganyika
2118:, and the
2112:Somaliland
1998:Mohammed V
1903:sultanates
1897:Upper Yafa
1877:Lower Yafa
1378:Travancore
1293:also uses
1121:Al-Ghazali
1117:Al-Juwayni
1023:See also:
911:pronounced
591:Khan Sahib
531:Sancak bey
323:Khagan Bek
198:Shahanshah
167:South Asia
76:newspapers
4725:Strongman
4618:Despotism
4594:Stalinism
4550:Francoism
4545:Chiangism
4500:Theocracy
4485:Oligarchy
4387:Autocracy
4366:forms of
4173:Byzantium
3668:Maharajah
3609:Suratrana
3177:Susuhunan
3021:(Saparua)
3002:susuhunan
2838:Indonesia
2462:Bangassou
2447:Rey Bouba
2232:, on the
1765:Kurdistan
1636:does not
1355:Mehmed IV
1319:Indonesia
1203:Christian
1081:Ghaznavid
1070:Aghlabids
956:sultanate
944:caliphate
819:Chowdhury
804:Lambardar
794:Hazinedar
645:Hazinedar
417:Nawabzada
402:Sahibzada
367:Beylerbey
106:June 2021
4683:See also
4560:Putinism
4431:Military
4273:Portugal
4213:Ethiopia
4140:Thailand
3932:. Brill.
3917:. Brill.
3876:Archived
3837:Archived
3799:Archived
3770:Archived
3741:Archived
3733:"sultan"
3683:Padishah
3602:See also
3592:Governor
3382:Thailand
3216:Malaysia
2903:Sulawesi
2718:Tughlaqs
2668:Karranis
2558:Amenokal
2538:Dar Sila
2518:Baguirmi
2464:created
2414:Cameroon
2387:Tanzania
2371:Wituland
2328:Tanzania
2312:Zanzibar
2239:various
2132:Ethiopia
2116:Djibouti
2040:Kordofan
2036:(Sennar)
2026:Dar Qimr
1996:, until
1899:and the
1861:Haushabi
1734:Caucasus
1564:Kurultai
1441:Princess
1374:Maharaja
1323:Malaysia
1279:sultanah
1225:and the
1140:and the
1134:Crusades
1074:Tulunids
1065:de facto
1004:Malaysia
967:salṭanah
948:governor
920:position
789:Hawladar
747:al-Dawla
703:Nobleman
670:Tarafdar
665:Taluqdar
655:Jagirdar
586:Zamindar
582:Viscount
566:Sparapet
502:Baghatur
477:Vali Ahd
472:Shahzada
397:Rajkumar
278:Shahbanu
253:Maharaja
213:Banbishn
208:Padishah
147:a series
145:Part of
65:"Sultan"
4751:Sultans
4720:Statism
4640:Fascism
4512:Tyranny
4392:Tsarist
4311:Ottoman
4307:Turkey
4303:Somalia
4287:Serbia
4278:Romania
4246:Maratha
4238:Germany
4233:Georgia
4221:Kingdom
4217:France
4201:Ancient
4191:Taiping
4123:Ancient
3627:Khakhan
3562:Sultan
3545:Sultan
3527:Sultan
3476:Sultan
3458:Sultan
3434:Sultan
3417:Sultan
3355:In the
3132:Sumatra
3115:In the
3101:In the
3063:(Ambon)
3050:(Ambon)
3012:In the
2957:Cirebon
2722:Sayyids
2714:Khiljis
2710:Mamluks
2660:Ganesha
2585:Nigeria
2560:of the
2454:in the
2441:Wandala
2437:Mandara
2398:Sultani
2342:Swahili
2337:is the
2335:Mfalume
2267:Mayotte
2245:Comoros
1994:Morocco
1984:Sultan
1943:Algeria
1889:Subeihi
1885:Qu'aiti
1865:Kathiri
1853:Audhali
1657:removed
1642:sources
1611:Ali Jah
1607:captain
1601:In the
1478:leader
1431:Turkish
1287:Turkish
1274:sultana
1247:Persian
1211:Selim I
1166:Mamluks
1158:Mongols
1156:by the
1148:in the
1126:shari'a
1109:coinage
1097:Baghdad
1044:In the
1013:Morocco
918:) is a
799:Faujdar
742:Begzada
712:Mankari
692:Gurkani
615:Begzada
521:Mankari
467:Ishkhan
452:Khedive
427:Şehzade
362:Ikhshid
268:Sultana
189:Emperor
163:Central
90:scholar
4786:Titles
4662:Nazism
4599:Maoism
4565:Ziaism
4283:Russia
4261:Joseon
4252:Korea
4242:India
4226:Empire
4206:Mamluk
4197:Egypt
4177:China
4135:Sweden
4042:"Bāna"
4023:
3998:
3868:
3829:
3712:Zoltán
3707:Vizier
3658:Caliph
3638:Atabeg
3634:(Amir)
3623:Ilkhan
3299:Brunei
3125:Johore
2953:kraton
2820:Tidore
2613:Sokoto
2595:sultan
2576:Zinder
2566:Tuareg
2551:Arabic
2528:Wada'i
2431:lamido
2426:Bibemi
2420:Bamoun
2308:Sultan
2275:Maliki
2249:Mfalme
2124:Harari
2120:Somali
2082:Somali
2034:Sinnar
2019:Darfur
1901:Wahidi
1857:Fadhli
1815:Jordan
1702:Muslim
1584:feudal
1580:Turkic
1576:Mongol
1535:, and
1509:khatun
1417:Prince
1331:Brunei
1295:sultan
1269:sultan
1257:sultan
1249:title
1184:, and
1150:Levant
1085:Mahmud
1083:ruler
1039:Qur'an
1035:sulṭān
1031:salaṭa
1000:Brunei
938:sulṭah
905:sulṭān
896:Arabic
863:Sultan
809:Mridha
784:Haldar
769:Vizier
675:Sikdar
620:Uç bey
551:Atabeg
497:Khanum
462:Yabghu
442:Murzin
422:Yuvraj
387:Mandal
382:Sardar
347:Sheikh
334:Prince
293:Khatun
263:Sultan
238:Khagan
228:Samrat
193:Caliph
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
4605:Juche
4375:Forms
4318:Wales
4296:noble
4291:royal
4256:Silla
4168:Burma
4158:Akkad
4130:Spain
4118:Japan
3688:Pasha
3673:Malik
3653:Mirza
3614:Mansa
3350:]
3314:China
3094:]
3061:]
3048:]
3035:]
2777:Chaks
2726:Lodis
2625:Sahel
2602:Borno
2547:Niger
2532:Kolak
2522:Mbang
2497:Zemio
2485:Rafai
2391:Jembe
2352:Kenya
2283:malik
2257:Jambé
2253:Phany
2218:Merka
2013:Sudan
2002:Malik
1957:Egypt
1881:Mahra
1869:Lahej
1839:Yemen
1779:Syria
1761:Baneh
1592:malik
1464:, or
1452:malik
1439:) or
1436:Prens
1399:jihad
1235:Shi'a
1162:Cairo
987:malik
961:سلطنة
952:state
900:سلطان
814:Nayak
774:Dewan
727:Pasha
722:Mirza
707:Jenmi
687:Damat
631:Baron
610:Begum
556:Boila
517:Count
457:Nizam
447:Tegin
437:Morza
432:Mirza
412:Nawab
392:Patil
372:Pasha
313:Nawab
308:Nizam
298:Hatun
258:Malik
97:JSTOR
83:books
4628:Soft
4522:Soft
4362:and
4186:Qing
4021:ISBN
3996:ISBN
3866:ISBN
3845:2018
3827:ISBN
3700:and
3698:Shah
3693:Raja
3663:Datu
3648:Baig
3632:Emir
3625:and
2939:Java
2775:and
2724:and
2590:emir
2556:the
2512:Chad
2358:Pate
2340:(Ki)
2128:Afar
2126:and
2094:and
2048:Iraq
1936:Hami
1928:Oman
1845:and
1763:(In
1754:Iran
1640:any
1638:cite
1596:amir
1588:khan
1560:khan
1523:and
1495:The
1476:Sikh
1454:Misr
1424:Amir
1321:and
1289:and
1252:Shah
1243:Iran
1119:and
1072:and
1060:emir
1055:أمير
1050:amīr
1008:Oman
1006:and
994:king
932:سلطة
779:Agha
764:Lala
752:Bibi
737:Baig
717:Mian
650:Rais
640:Agha
635:Lala
606:Baig
601:Kadi
571:Azat
561:Wāli
513:Earl
492:Shad
377:Babu
357:Rana
352:Raja
342:Emir
338:Duke
288:Khan
273:Shah
249:King
169:and
159:West
69:news
4667:Neo
4650:Neo
4645:Eco
4181:Jin
4111:Man
3643:Bey
3594:of
3380:In
3312:In
3297:In
3222:In
3214:In
3130:In
2937:On
2901:On
2848:On
2844:):
2836:In
2606:Mai
2600:in
2583:in
2562:Aïr
2545:in
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2412:In
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2255:or
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2032:of
2011:in
1992:in
1955:in
1941:in
1813:in
1777:in
1752:in
1651:by
1578:or
1550:In
1513:bey
1411:(a
1376:of
1329:in
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1241:of
980:ملك
732:Bey
608:or
596:Bey
515:or
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336:or
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