774:): professor without chair, often in a side-area, or being associated with a professor with a chair. In many states of Germany this is a special title, which gives full rights as for a full professor (such as supervision of PhD and habilitation, participation in all professorial meetings, right for a special opinion for a dissertation in its field of specialization etc. etc.). These positions are tenured and typically paid according to the W2 salary scale. In Prussia before the First World War, the average salary of full professors ("Ordinarius") was double that of associate professors and up to nine times that of professors at the beginning of their careers.
830:(Hon.-Prof.): equivalent to the Dutch Extraordinary Professor, non-salaried. An honorary title (not related to any sort of honorarium) conferred upon the person by a university for particular merits, often earned outside university or through long-term commitments (e.g., continued teaching) at the institution that confers the title. A Hon.-Prof. is obligated to lecture on a small scale. However, this is sometimes circumvented by title holders, especially since the title became popular among executives.
948:: In Germany, some civil servants like directors of certain public museums or research-oriented public institutions bear an employment title which contains the word 'Professor'. Examples: "Präsident und Professor des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung" ("President and Professor of the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment"), "Präsident und Professor der Stiftung Deutsches Historisches Museum" ("President and Professor of the Foundation German Historic Museum").
855:(supernumerary) literally means "outside of the plan" and denotes that no pay is associated with the position (apl. Prof. might be employed as researchers with the university, however, but they might also be employed outside of the university system). As a member of the faculty they are obligated to lecture and conduct examinations and have the right to supervise doctoral theses.
928:(distinguished senior professorship): A special arrangement where a professor close to retirement is freed from the requirement to lecture and does only research. Their salary is already paid from the pension fund, as if they retired early, and part of their previous regular salary is often used to hire a young successor to gradually take over the Seniorprofessor's work.
696:("Universities of Applied Sciences") do not have the same legal status, there are no formal differences in academic ranks except a higher teaching load in the Fachhochschulen as they have no research mandate. Since a new salary scheme was introduced in 2005, both types of universities can appoint W2 as well as W3 professors. In general, a professor at a
786:): just like in North America (see above); used both for the ordinarius and for the extraordinarius, although strictly speaking only the former is entitled to be addressed in this way. Although retired and being paid a pension instead of a salary, a Prof. em. may still teach, give exams and often still have an office.
760:(civil servant). (Following recent reforms of the salary system at universities, you might now find the denomination "W3 professor.") Today in most German federal states this title is obsolete for restaffing. Since 2002 all full professors at universities and applied universities are called "professor".
814:
schemes used, e.g., in the USA). The number of academics appointed as 'junior professors' in
Germany has risen from ca. 900 in 2008 to ca. 1600 in 2014. Increasingly, the junior professorship is replaced by the tenure track model similar to that in the US, where a scholar without habilitation is
687:
Since 2002 alternative paths can also lead to a full professorship. One can reach a professorship at a university by habilitation, a successful evaluation as a junior professorship (after 5 years), a tenure track period (6 years) or equivalent performance. In engineering this is often attained
715:
is a title that one may retain for life once it has been conferred (similar to the doctorate), or whether it is linked to an office and ceases to belong to the holder once the professor quits or retires (except in the usual case of becoming
Professor emeritus). The latter view has won the
754:): professor with chair, representing the branch of science in question. In Germany, it was common to call these positions in colloquial use "C4" professorships, due to the name of the respective entry in the official salary table for
802:. It is supposed to rejuvenate those who are eventually supposed to become professors ordinarius in other institutions. The concept is intensely debated due to a lack of experience with this new approach. The main criticism is that
597:– either a senior adviser for a special strategic field or head of a strategically important administrative unit above director level, serves as an interface between the senior leadership of the university and other university units
393:) – although paid like a professor appointed at level W2, lecturers in this position do not have a professor title; the term was formerly used in all states for senior lecturer positions with research and teaching responsibilities (
911:
is required. It is comparable with visiting associate professor (US). Some academics use this job as a changeover position before getting this particular job in a tenured way or before getting a tenured professorship at another
1043:), Professor is also an honorific title that can be bestowed upon an artist, scholar, etc., by the President or by the government, completely independent of any actual academic post or assignment.
706:
outside academia are required. Usually, a professor at a university of applied science is more focused on teaching while a professor at a traditional university is more focused on research.
702:
has not gone through the process of habilitation or junior professorship; they also cannot supervise dissertations. Instead, a doctorate and at least three years of work experience in
167:
72:
224:
1318:
905:: is an interim professor who officially represents a vacant chair or professorship for a limited amount of time, mostly 1 or 2 semesters. Very often a completed
1301:
895:
a paid part-time (for example 2 hrs per week in a semester) teaching position for scientists in general with non university position who often hold a doctorate;
1381:
Alawi, Seyed Arash; Luketina, Rosalia; Krezdorn, Nicco; Busch, Lukas Fabian; Limbourg, Anne; Branski, Ludwik; Vogt, Peter M.; Jokuszies, Andreas (2019-09-01).
294:) (tenured), (Ober-)Studienrat i.H. (im Hochschuldienst: School teacher in academic teaching function, for example for courses in Latin or Ancient Greek)
899:
is sometimes comparable with an adjunct assistant professor or an adjunct associate professor (US). It is not considered a professor position in
Germany.
142:
47:
1028:
required to obtain the position of full (ordinary) professor. An extraordinary professorship is lower ranked, and does not require the professor title.
720:, there is a minimum requirement of five years of service before "Professor" may be kept as a title—and is by now both the law and majority opinion.
1474:
217:
1154:
1125:
889:
is obligated to lecture and conduct examinations (often without pay) in order to keep the title and is allowed to supervise doctoral theses.
881:
and - in terms of academic achievement - is comparable to that of
Associate Professor (North America), Senior Lecturer (United Kingdom), or
1791:
192:
152:
52:
1184:
918:: A visiting scholar. If they lecture they are sometimes also called a visiting professor. Further, a visiting scholar can also work as a
688:
through expert knowledge in the industry, and in natural science often by the number and quality of publications. While universities and
1567:
1562:
197:
1440:
1109:
810:
universities during the latter part of the six-year period, as their universities should not offer tenure themselves (unlike in the
210:
137:
796:): this position started in 2002 in Germany, this is a 6-year time-limited professorship for inexperienced young scholars without
1548:
172:
240:
in
Germany are the titles, relative importance and power of professors, researchers, and administrative personnel held in
1796:
1467:
997:(however in Switzerland the term is used as a more general honorary title in the Universities of Applied Sciences, the
1383:"How to become a medical professor – a comparative analysis of academic requirements in Germany and the United States"
42:
638:
In the 20th century, after their doctorate, German scholars who wished to go into academia usually worked towards a
187:
132:
67:
102:
87:
77:
1209:
287:
Professor (W1), Akademischer
Oberrat, Akademischer Rat, Wissenschaftlicher / Akademischer Mitarbeiter (tenured)
1495:
1057:
703:
182:
162:
157:
147:
122:
112:
92:
57:
672:("assistant professor/lecturer", both 3+3 years teaching and research positions). Once the scholar pass their
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177:
127:
117:
107:
82:
62:
1699:
1643:
1610:
1500:
32:
1738:
851:
to whom the title is awarded after a time during which she or he has done excellent research. The word
402:
389:
968:
in the late 19th and early 20th century. In
Austria, tenured teachers at Gymnasium are still called
1614:
1538:
1533:
957:
1760:
1673:
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1652:
1633:
1595:
778:
1420:
1402:
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1217:
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1099:
717:
558:
who has been in scientific service for several years, without formally being employed or paid.
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1052:
1025:
1300:
French
Ministry of Higher Education and Research (10 February 2011) (10 February 2011).
1753:
1415:
1382:
1357:
1277:
1242:
691:
573:– rector or president, highest representative of the university or Polytechnic, elected
237:
736:): Since about 2002 the standard title for full professors at universities in Germany.
1780:
1710:
1332:
1748:
1743:
1732:
1721:
907:
873:
859:
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811:
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542:
994:
589:– chancellor, administrative head, elected, longterm or even permanent position
432:
1406:
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1221:
1648:
1619:
1505:
1358:"dict.cc dictionary :: Privatdozent :: German-English translation"
1424:
1286:
1452:
1398:
1600:
1572:
1014:
1006:
241:
1302:"Comparaison des carrières des enseignants-chercheurs de pays étrangers"
306:), Juniorprofessor (W1 non-tenured), Professor auf Zeit (W2 non-tenured)
1259:
1036:
1032:
1010:
990:
982:
756:
621:– senior administrative officer carrying out tasks of an assistant dean
581:– prorector or vice president, responsible for a certain field, elected
1716:
1040:
1021:
1002:
476:
Wissenschaftlicher
Mitarbeiter auf Zeit, Akademischer Rat auf Zeit
815:
hired and will get tenure (W2 or W3) after successful evaluation.
1456:
1031:
In some countries using the German-style academic system (e.g.
1155:"Fachserie 11 Reihe 4.4 : Personal an Hochschulen (2014)"
1077:
964:, which is a type of secondary school, were also designated
271:
Universitätsprofessor (Pay grade: W3 or W2), Professor (W3)
302:
Akademischer Rat auf Zeit, Akademischer
Oberrat auf Zeit (
1243:"Dental Academic Degrees in Germany Compared to the USA"
1126:"Fachserie 11 Reihe 4.4: Personal an Hochschulen (2008)"
1241:
Vargas, Nikoletta; Romanos, Georgios E. (June 2022).
326:
Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft (undergraduate student)
1210:"Promotion: Was müssen Doktorväter wirklich können?"
847:): either a tenured university lecturer or a former
1692:
1661:
1581:
1519:
1488:
407:(not tenured, but increasingly with tenure track) (
1185:"Universitäre Hackordnung: Wer ist hier der Prof?"
650:. This was often accomplished while employed as a
321:Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter (graduate student)
440:Akademischer Rat/Oberrat/Direktor auf Lebenszeit
1468:
960:): In some German states, senior teachers at
877:; this title may also be awarded to a former
218:
8:
806:are expected to apply for professorships at
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1317:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1104:. Vol. 4. Cambridge U.P. p. 185.
871:):a member of a faculty who has passed the
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662:("scientific assistant", E13) or in a non-
225:
211:
28:
1414:
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1258:
946:Employment title outside the universities
644:by writing a second thesis, known as the
554:– conferred, in some German states, to a
684:and are eligible for a call to a chair.
251:
1069:
709:In Germany it has been debated whether
31:
1310:
1101:A History of the University in Europe
315:
7:
989:is required) are in place, e.g., in
981:Similar or identical systems as in
578:Prorektor, Konrektor, Vizepräsident
1208:Horstkotte, Hermann (2013-03-20).
1183:Horstkotte, Hermann (2008-02-25).
605:– dean, head of a faculty, elected
309:Lehrkraft fĂĽr besondere Aufgaben (
290:Lehrkraft fĂĽr besondere Aufgaben (
25:
495:Akademischer Mitarbeiter auf Zeit
1053:Academic degree § Germany
993:, the German-speaking part of
653:Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter
460:Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter
397:, being phased out since 2002)
1:
937:Some other uses of the title
629:– head of department, elected
1387:Innovative Surgical Sciences
766:("extraordinary professor",
716:day—although in many German
659:Wissenschaftlicher Assistent
511:Wissenschaftliche Hilfskraft
18:Ausserordentlicher Professor
1792:Higher education in Germany
1588:Research and teaching track
768:auĂźerordentlicher Professor
1813:
1333:"Professorship in Austria"
1078:"Was ist die W-Besoldung?"
551:Außerplanmäßiger Professor
1443:January 16, 2014, at the
1438:Bundesbesoldungsordnung B
1164:. Statistisches Bundesamt
1135:. Statistisches Bundesamt
764:Professor extraordinarius
308:
298:
276:
273:
267:
1058:Civil service in Germany
704:research and development
33:Academic ranks worldwide
1705:Distinguished professor
1684:Postdoctoral researcher
1483:Academic ranks overview
523:Studentische Hilfskraft
1644:Senior research fellow
744:ordentlicher Professor
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1739:Professor of practice
1520:North American system
1399:10.1515/iss-2019-0011
1098:Walter RĂĽegg (2011).
1080:. www.w-besoldung.net
883:maître de conférences
676:, they could work as
340:Universitätsprofessor
920:Vertretungsprofessor
903:Vertretungsprofessor
740:Professor ordinarius
647:Habilitationsschrift
563:Administrative ranks
299:Temporary positions
268:Permanent positions
1797:Academia in Germany
1615:associate professor
1582:Commonwealth system
1539:Associate professor
1534:Assistant professor
1761:Teaching assistant
1674:Research associate
1669:Research assistant
1653:research professor
1634:Research assistant
1596:Associate lecturer
1260:10.3390/dj10060098
1024:, professor is an
977:In other countries
953:Gymnasialprofessor
779:Professor emeritus
333:Appointment grades
1774:
1773:
1563:Adjunct professor
1337:www.academics.com
1247:Dentistry Journal
1001:), as well as in
626:Institutsdirektor
570:Rektor, Präsident
504:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
425:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
390:Baden-WĂĽrttemberg
330:
329:
316:Lehrbeauftragter
312:
305:
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277:Honorarprofessor
235:
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16:(Redirected from
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1662:Junior positions
1555:Non-tenure track
1544:Professor (full)
1501:Ranks and titles
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893:Lehrbeauftragter
835:außerplanmäßiger
828:Honorarprofessor
804:Juniorprofessors
790:Junior Professor
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1727:Head of college
1693:Other positions
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1679:Research fellow
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1639:Research fellow
1606:Senior lecturer
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999:Fachhochschulen
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879:Juniorprofessor
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820:Other positions
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692:Fachhochschulen
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419:(not tenured) (
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313:) (non-tenured)
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1526:Tenure track
1511:Tenure track
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1365:. Retrieved
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1339:. 2023-08-08
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173:South Africa
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1362:www.dict.cc
995:Switzerland
752:Univ. Prof.
618:Dekanatsrat
304:AR/AOR a.Z.
143:New Zealand
138:Netherlands
1781:Categories
1711:Agrégation
1700:Chancellor
1568:Instructor
1367:2023-08-21
1343:2023-08-21
1227:2019-05-09
1194:2019-05-09
1084:2013-08-16
1064:References
865:Priv.-Doz.
841:apl. Prof.
794:Jun.-Prof.
502:, only in
433:Studienrat
423:, only in
387:, only in
263:Part-time
1649:Professor
1620:Professor
1407:2364-7485
1269:2304-6767
1253:(6): 98.
1222:0044-2070
985:(where a
970:Professor
966:Professor
962:Gymnasium
958:Gymnasium
939:professor
837:Professor
784:Prof. em.
772:ao. Prof.
730:Professor
712:Professor
488:A13 a. Z.
368:Professor
356:Professor
48:Australia
43:Argentina
1601:Lecturer
1573:Lecturer
1489:Overview
1441:Archived
1425:31709302
1313:cite web
1287:35735640
1214:Die Zeit
1047:See also
1015:Slovenia
1007:Slovakia
748:o. Prof.
610:Prodekan
594:Referent
248:Overview
242:academia
188:Thailand
168:Slovakia
153:Portugal
133:Malaysia
68:Colombia
1496:Faculty
1416:6817728
1278:9221956
1037:Finland
1033:Austria
1011:Hungary
991:Austria
983:Germany
634:Faculty
586:Kanzler
257:Faculty
103:Hungary
98:Germany
88:Finland
78:Denmark
1717:Docent
1611:Reader
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1168:24 May
1139:24 May
1108:
1041:Sweden
1022:Poland
1003:Poland
757:Beamte
718:states
183:Sweden
163:Serbia
158:Russia
148:Norway
123:Jordan
113:Israel
93:France
58:Canada
53:Brazil
1305:(PDF)
1158:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
845:Prof.
808:other
734:Prof.
602:Dekan
178:Spain
128:Kenya
118:Italy
108:India
83:Egypt
63:China
1421:PMID
1403:ISSN
1319:link
1283:PMID
1265:ISSN
1218:ISSN
1170:2016
1141:2016
1106:ISBN
1013:and
500:TVöD
481:TVöD
311:LfbA
292:LfbA
1651:or
1613:or
1411:PMC
1395:doi
1273:PMC
1255:doi
1020:In
867:or
843:or
770:,
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666:as
656:or
528:TdL
516:TdL
485:TvL
453:A15
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