569:, but ARPANSA permitted full production on 13 June. Two weeks later, on 21 June, two workers were creating a Molybdenum-99 isotope when radioactive contamination was detected outside their working space. One of the workers touched the substance with their hand as they were removing their gloves, and the other worker made contact with their fingertips. At the time, it was unclear how much radiation the workers were exposed to, but was estimated by ANSTO to be equivalent to a single medical radiation treatment. Both ARPANSA and COMCARE were required to investigate the incident, and the final report released by ARPANSA stated that the radiation exposure received by the workers was two to three times above the statutory annual limit for hands.
29:
282:
354:
561:, was in charge of the departmental investigation into the relationship between ARPANSA and ANSTO. Later in July 2011, ARPANSA and ANSTO were investigated by the fraud control and audit branch of the department of health, who questioned their impartiality. Whistle-blowers gave reports to the Department of Health that alleged that the relationship between the companies was causing safety reports to be compromised. The Health Department questioned the impartiality of ARPANSA, which then led to a review of ARPANSA's regulatory powers by the federal government.
1801:
605:(EME) from devices like mobile phones do not pose a health risk to citizens. ARPANSA had set the standards for EME levels, and from the initial testing in 2016–2017, the EME levels for 5G were 1,000 times lower than the set standard. ARPANSA then advised the Australian government that 5G was safe, stating that the levels of 5G signals were less than 1% of the maximum radiation level considered safe for citizens in Australia. In response to this public turmoil questioning the safety of 5G, the
338:(UVR) levels for many locations in Australia. This UV radiation index is based on data received by ARPANSA's UV detectors from cities through Australia which continuously collect data and update the site each minute. This information also provides data for the Cancer Council’s SunSmart App. ARPANSA also works with the Cancer Council by providing testing of clothing, sunglasses and shade cloths, and provides labels to indicate when a product fits Australian sun-protective standards.
534:
350:, and each term as CEO cannot exceed five years. The CEO is currently Dr Gillian Hirth, who was appointed in March 2022. The majority of activities are regulated by the individual state and territory departments, with ARPANSA only regulating six different commonwealth entities. ARPANSA then assists the state/territory regulatory bodies to assure that radiation protection requirements are uniform nation-wide within Australia.
2089:
2119:
2109:
2099:
573:
621:
1704:
278:
is not harmful, but radiation can also be used for a variety of health-related purposes. Unlike natural background radiation, there are several risks involved with radiation and nuclear services when used for medical purposes, including increased cancer prevalence. Because of these risks, an agency is required to manage and regulate their use to ensure the safety of all
Australians.
545:
in Sydney. Claims in 2010 arose alleging that safety operational breaches were occurring at the nuclear reactor in Sydney. ARPANSA then released conflicting reports regarding the safety and operational breach claims, denying their existence. Late in 2010, these breaches were confirmed by
Australia’s
326:
ARPANSA monitors compliance with their regulations and standards through regular inspections of radiological businesses. ARPANSA also holds the ability to make actions if non-compliance is recognised. Of the radiological licenses monitored by ARPANSA, there are over 65,000 individual sources and 36
294:
From 1935–1972, the authorising body governing radiation in
Australia was the Commonwealth X-Ray and Radium Laboratory. This was replaced by the Commonwealth Radiation Laboratory (1972–1973), and then the Australian Radiation Laboratory (1973–1999). In 1999, the Australian Radiation Laboratory then
277:
The average
Australian is exposed annually to radiation at a level of 1,500-2,000 μSv, which is low in comparison to other countries, such as the 7,8000 μSv annual level reported in Cornwall, United Kingdom. These amounts are considered to be natural background radiation levels and exposure to this
482:
in
Finland, Petteri Tiipana, stated that "Australia has demonstrated a strong commitment to continuous improvement in nuclear and radiation safety and in regulatory oversight of such facilities and activities". Following this in 2019, the deputy CEO and head of radiation health services at ARPANSA
311:
ARPANSA sets national radiation standards that must be abided by all
Australian businesses. ARPANSA consults other health agencies globally, as well as research from relevant disciplines, and forms the standards based on this evidence. The standards are then founded on the recommendations from the
212:
The
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety (ARPANS) Bill 1998 was passed by the Australian House of Representatives in May 1998, however Parliament was prorogued for the Federal Election (held 3 October 1998) before the Bill could be considered by the Senate. The Bill was reintroduced
524:
From the ANAO audit in 2005, ARPANSA was found to lack a systematic approach to planning, as well as performing monitoring radiological activities. From this audit, ANAO made 19 recommendations, but limited work was made by ARPANSA to enact these, with only 11 being adequately implemented by the
597:
Citizens criticised ARPANSA for their alliance with the telecommunications companies, and alleged that they were acting in their interests rather than the health of citizens. In response, ARPANSA stated in June that they worked "independently from other parts of government and are not funded by
593:
and other telecommunications companies had declared that the use of 5G was safe for citizens, but ARPANSA had yet to comment on these claims. At that point in time, ARPANSA had only acknowledged the existence of concerns surrounding 5G technology, and were in regular discussions with multiple
511:. Prior to this recognition, CCV had only recognised schools and childhood centres in their commitment to protect staff from UV radiation. CCV’s Prevention Director Craig Sinclair commented that the recognition came at a good time due to it occurring during National Skin Cancer Action Week.
1415:
Nuclear Safety: The nuclear industry regulator of
Australia, ARPANSA has been found to have an improper relationship with the main agency it oversees and regulates . Lateline (ABC1 Melbourne); Time: 22:42; Broadcast Date: Thursday, 7 July 2011; Duration: 55
598:
industry", and are defined within the umbrella of a health agency, not a communications agency like
Telstra. However, ARPANSA's official website declares they are not a health body and take no responsibility for the advice they have provided.
266:. Ionising radiation is radiation that does not exceed wavelengths over 100 nanometres, whereas non-ionising radiation exceeds wavelengths of 100 nanometres. Some of the common man-made sources of ionising radiation in Australia include
564:
Criticisms of ARPANSA halted from 2011–2019, until workers at the nuclear reactor were exposed to unsafe doses of radiation in 2019. In April 2019, the nuclear facility was only granted permission to produce limited amounts of
2048:
491:
and will be chaired by Dr
Gillian Hirth of ARPANSA for sessions 66 and 67 in 2019 and 2020. The appointment of Dr Hirth to UNSCEAR was considered to be a recognition of her expertise and leadership in radiation health.
484:
1730:
312:
ICNIRP based on their years of research. The IAEA’s standards are also considered when setting ARPANSA’s standards, and are established to assign responsibility of safe methods with use of ionising radiation.
499:(CCV). This collaboration has included collaborating on research to increase understanding on protective sun behaviours and raise awareness about exposure to radiation. In 2016, ARPANSA and CCV signed a
2043:
1560:
251:
654:
1262:
2143:
2033:
634:
328:
475:(NATA) to ISO/IEC 17025 in 2007. After the new accreditation, ARPANSA calibration reports then became recognised internationally under the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA).
2148:
295:
merged with the Nuclear Safety Bureau to create one agency that governed radiation and nuclear safety, ARPANSA. Since its establishment, ARPANSA has erected offices both in
375:
323:- 300 GHz. This rigorous process has not been utilised for standards surrounding ionising radiation, as it does not currently have an identified threshold for harm.
1528:
2163:
365:
281:
1789:
554:
452:
reviews and assesses the effectiveness of the current standards and codes, and to advise the CEO of any issues relating to nuclear safety. The members include:
1497:
953:"Radio Hazard Safety Assessment for Marine Ship Transmitters: Measurements Using a New Data Collection Method and Comparison with ICNIRP and ARPANSA Limits"
2168:
1646:
472:
416:
include identifying emerging issues relating to radiation protection and nuclear safety and examine concerning matters, among others. The members include:
1620:
1587:
2158:
658:
319:(RF EMR) that was set by ARPANSA in 2002. This standard specified that adverse health effects can be avoided with RF EMR levels within the range of 3
1845:
1830:
1464:
1189:
508:
409:. All of these groups consist of the CEO and an individual to represent the interests of the general public, as well as other specialty members.
1239:
479:
755:
525:
following audit in 2014. One of the ANAO comments from the audit stated that ARPANSA's operational objectives are too vague to be assessable.
2074:
1941:
589:
in Australia, ARPANSA faced criticisms from the media and general public, amid fears that the technology was not safe. As of September 2019,
824:
28:
2064:
1916:
2018:
2013:
1982:
274:
and naturally-found radioactive materials. The common sources of non-ionising radiation include mobile phones, power lines and the sun.
781:
353:
204:
in Australia, with independent departments within each state and territory that regulate radiation within each of their jurisdictions.
1972:
2023:
1946:
1888:
1782:
434:
include developing national standards for radiation protection and create policies to adhere by, among others. The members include:
124:
1437:
1096:
Oliver, Chris; Butler, Duncan; Webb, David; Wright, Tracy; Lye, Jessica; Ramanathan, Ganesan; Harty, Peter; Takau, Viliami (2015).
262:
Both ionising and non-ionising radiation is present in Australia, and can be found from man-made sources, or in natural sources as
154:
1161:
2153:
1840:
503:
to improve health in regards to radiation exposure and solar ultraviolet radiation. In 2017, ARPANSA were then recognised as a
385:
1977:
1931:
1868:
1767:
2069:
1873:
553:
In March 2011, ARPANSA went under review again due to safety breaches and bullying occurring at the nuclear reactor. Then
380:
2092:
1936:
1878:
1775:
542:
1675:
2028:
1997:
1926:
1921:
500:
609:
then announced additional funding to ARPANSA to allow for continuing research on 5G and other emerging technologies.
1987:
1814:
1951:
1263:"IAEA Mission Says Australia Committed to Strengthening Nuclear and Radiation Safety Sees Areas for Enhancement"
1883:
1331:
2122:
1898:
1893:
496:
566:
315:
All standards set by ARPANSA must also be assessed by the Australian government, such as the standard for
193:
1098:"Maintaining the accuracy of the 60Co calibration service at the ARPANSA post source replacement in 2010"
1956:
185:
213:
into Parliament in November 1998 and passed by both Houses of Parliament on Thursday 10 December 1998.
1863:
1015:
263:
1291:
Butler, D; Oliver, C; Webb, D (2008). "Quality Assurance for Radiotherapy Calibrations at ARPANSA".
533:
1805:
694:
606:
86:
2118:
2108:
2098:
2112:
1300:
1133:
887:
732:
232:
189:
471:
After a new quality testing system was implemented at ARPANSA, the agency was accredited by the
1835:
1308:
1125:
1117:
992:
974:
922:
879:
871:
724:
716:
370:
246:
Providing advice to the Australian government and community about radiation or nuclear issues
1109:
982:
964:
863:
706:
626:
397:
Under the ARPANS Act of 1998, the founding of ARPANSA also established the formation of the
347:
238:
1465:"Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in another contamination scare amid calls for safety review"
1992:
1705:"People often don't trust us on 5G: Telstra asks government to help combat health fears"
1390:
541:
In 2010–2011, ARPANSA was publicly criticised in regards to allegations surrounding the
987:
952:
602:
2137:
2102:
1097:
851:
736:
891:
1529:"Two workers exposed to unsafe dose of radiation at Lucas Heights nuclear facility"
1137:
1070:
601:
ARPANSA then made a statement declaring that the evidence shows that the levels of
346:
The most senior staff member of ARPANSA is the CEO, who is always appointed by the
572:
488:
711:
335:
120:
115:
254:(ICNIRP) and other foundations to set standards founded on extensive research.
1240:"ARPANSA farewells CEO Carl-Magnus Larsson and welcomes new CEO Gillian Hirth"
1113:
867:
616:
316:
1312:
1304:
1121:
978:
875:
720:
969:
300:
201:
1129:
1041:
996:
883:
728:
96:
Protecting people and the environment from the harmful effects of radiation
1647:"Australian public's confidence in 5G 'shaken' by misinformation campaign"
657:(Report). Australian Public Service Commission. March 2018. Archived from
2049:
National Offshore Petroleum Safety and Environmental Management Authority
558:
504:
487:(UNSCEAR). The position was previously held by Dr Hans Vanmarcke of the
590:
547:
271:
485:
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation
1042:"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (1999 – )"
782:"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)"
296:
1588:"ANSTO workers at Lucas Heights exposed to unsafe dose of radiation"
1391:"ARPANSA- Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency"
1224:"Minister announces ARPANSA leads the way as a sunsmart workplace".
182:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA)
1561:"Health fears as two workers exposed to radiation at Sydney plant"
1498:"Two workers exposed to unsafe dose of radiation at Lucas Heights"
571:
532:
320:
267:
957:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
2044:
Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water
1771:
495:
Since the 1980s, ARPANSA has had an ongoing collaboration with
198:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act of 1998
141:
1760:
1362:"Australia: ARPANSA and Cancer Council Victoria sign a MOU".
923:"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Act 1998"
825:"Regulation of Commonwealth Radiation and Nuclear Activities"
576:
Citizens protesting against the use of 5G via public graffiti
334:
The agency also aids Australian citizens by publishing daily
252:
International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection
165:
1293:
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
1102:
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
856:
Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine
27:
1071:"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency"
756:"Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency"
586:
2039:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
1621:"Government promises Telstra public support on 5G safety"
1244:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
1194:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
22:
Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency
852:"Background ionising radiation: a pictorial perspective"
1020:
Australia's Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
507:
workplace by the then Assistant Minister for Health Dr
423:
An individual nominated by the chief minister of the NT
2034:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
1676:"5G protests in Byron, while councillors sit on fence"
635:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
329:
Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
438:
A radiation control officer from each state/territory
2057:
2006:
1965:
1907:
1854:
1821:
1438:"Nuclear regulator investigated over safety review"
188:that aims to protect Australian citizens from both
160:
150:
133:
108:
100:
92:
82:
74:
57:
42:
37:
357:Map of regulatory bodies of radiation in Australia
361:The individual regulatory bodies are as follows:
285:Formation of ARPANSA from its preceding agencies
1162:"Australians can trust in safety of 5G network"
594:stakeholders to increase public understanding.
327:facilities, with many of these operated by the
2144:Commonwealth Government agencies of Australia
1783:
8:
693:Martin, Lindsay J.; Melbourne, Alan (2011).
414:Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council
399:Radiation Health and Safety Advisory Council
250:ARPANSA evaluates research conducted by the
228:Setting national standards for radiation use
21:
2149:Scientific organisations based in Australia
473:National Association of Testing Authorities
456:A radiation health committee representative
376:VIC Department of Health and Human Services
1790:
1776:
1768:
1463:Stewart, J; Trigger, R (24 October 2018).
786:Australian Government Department of Health
760:Australian Government Department of Health
196:. ARPANSA works under the guidance of the
986:
968:
710:
441:A nuclear safety committee representative
352:
317:radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation
280:
225:Regulating the use of ionising radiation
2164:Government agencies established in 1999
1846:Petroleum industry in Western Australia
1831:Carbon capture and storage in Australia
1332:"International role for ARPANSA deputy"
646:
1698:
1696:
1669:
1667:
1614:
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1610:
1608:
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1353:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1286:
1284:
1257:
1255:
1253:
850:Bibbo, Giovanni; Piotto, Lino (2014).
480:Radiation and Nuclear Safety Authority
243:Enforcing national radiation standards
20:
2075:Photovoltaic engineering in Australia
1942:Greenhouse gas emissions by Australia
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1184:
1182:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1065:
1063:
699:International Journal of Hyperthermia
478:In 2018, the director general of the
7:
2065:Energy Policy Institute of Australia
1917:Asia-Pacific Emissions Trading Forum
1010:
1008:
1006:
946:
944:
917:
915:
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911:
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805:
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750:
748:
746:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
221:ARPANSA's responsibilities include:
2019:Australian Energy Market Commission
2014:Australian Atomic Energy Commission
1983:Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission
1731:"A new wave of 5G to hit Australia"
1046:Encyclopaedia of Australian Science
585:From 2019 with the introduction of
200:as the national regulatory body of
2169:Radiation protection organizations
1973:Anti-nuclear movement in Australia
1947:Mandatory renewable energy targets
1267:International Atomic Energy Agency
489:Nuclear Research Centre in Belgium
14:
2024:Australian Energy Market Operator
1889:Solar thermal energy in Australia
459:A local government representative
184:is a regulatory agency under the
125:Minister for Health and Aged Care
2159:1999 establishments in Australia
2117:
2107:
2097:
2088:
2087:
1799:
951:Halgamuge, Malka (19 May 2015).
829:Australian National Audit Office
619:
543:nuclear reactor at Lucas Heights
537:Nuclear Reactor at Lucas Heights
1841:Electricity sector in Australia
927:Federal Register of Legislation
67:Australian Radiation Laboratory
1978:Australian Uranium Association
1932:Energy Efficient Homes Package
1869:Green electricity in Australia
1703:Taylor, J (19 November 2019).
1395:Friends of the Earth Australia
420:Two radiation control officers
16:Government agency of Australia
1:
2070:Garnaut Climate Change Review
1874:Renewable energy in Australia
1190:"Ultraviolet Radiation Index"
1075:National Library of Australia
655:APS Statistical Bulletin 2017
529:Lucas Heights nuclear reactor
1937:Feed-in tariffs in Australia
1879:Solar hot water in Australia
1674:Bibby, P (21 October 2020).
1619:Duke, J (6 September 2019).
1586:Trembath, M (25 June 2019).
712:10.3109/02656736.2010.527316
515:Criticisms and controversies
2029:Australian Energy Regulator
1998:Uranium mining in Australia
1927:Climate change in Australia
1922:Carbon pricing in Australia
1527:McGowan, M (24 June 2019).
1496:Bonhady, N (24 June 2019).
501:Memorandum of Understanding
336:solar ultraviolet radiation
2185:
1988:Nuclear power in Australia
1815:Energy policy of Australia
1729:Turner, A (9 March 2020).
432:Radiation Health Committee
403:Radiation Health Committee
237:Promoting the safe use of
2083:
1952:Solar Cities in Australia
1812:
1645:Taylor, J (13 May 2020).
1114:10.1007/s13246-015-0338-5
868:10.1007/s13246-014-0286-5
231:Protecting citizens from
186:Commonwealth of Australia
78:Commonwealth of Australia
46:5 February 1999
26:
1884:Solar power in Australia
483:was appointed chair the
450:Nuclear Safety Committee
407:Nuclear Safety Committee
386:TAS Department of Health
1899:Wind power in Australia
1894:Wave power in Australia
970:10.3390/ijerph120505338
497:Cancer Council Victoria
393:NT Department of Health
390:WA Radiological Council
2154:Standards of Australia
695:"Letter to the Editor"
603:electromagnetic energy
577:
538:
358:
286:
258:Radiation in Australia
194:non-ionising radiation
32:
1957:The Transition Decade
1735:Sydney Morning Herald
1625:Sydney Morning Herald
1502:Sydney Morning Herald
575:
546:workplace regulator,
536:
430:The functions of the
412:The functions of the
356:
284:
239:radiation in medicine
109:Ministers responsible
64:Nuclear Safety Bureau
31:
1864:Biofuel in Australia
1160:Fletcher, P (2019).
1016:"What is Radiation?"
264:background radiation
155:Department of Health
1806:Energy in Australia
1228:. 23 November 2017.
607:Morrison government
462:Eight other members
426:Eight other members
301:Melbourne, Victoria
87:Yallambie, Victoria
23:
1366:. 18 October 2016.
1226:State News Service
1166:The Canberra Times
578:
539:
359:
287:
233:radiation exposure
140:Dr Gillian Hirth,
58:Preceding agencies
33:
2131:
2130:
1836:Coal in Australia
1592:Illawarra Mercury
444:Two other members
178:
177:
151:Parent department
2176:
2123:Renewable energy
2121:
2111:
2101:
2091:
2090:
1855:Renewable energy
1804:
1803:
1802:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1763:
1761:Official website
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1247:
1246:. 18 March 2022.
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990:
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963:(5): 5338–5354.
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661:on 24 April 2018
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627:Australia portal
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555:Science Minister
348:Governor-General
217:Responsibilities
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134:Agency executive
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24:
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2002:
1993:Uranium Council
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1444:. 30 March 2011
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297:Sydney, NSW
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290:History
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