52:
1280:. The result was a disruption to the inter-generational transmission of these languages that severely impacted their future use. Today, that same transmission of language between parents and grandparents to their children is a key mechanism for reversing language shift. For children, proficiency in the language of their cultural heritage has a positive influence on their ethnic identity formation, and it is thought to be of particular benefit to the emotional well-being of Indigenous children. There is some evidence to suggest that the reversal of the Indigenous language shift may lead to decreased self-harm and suicide rates among Indigenous youth.
2783:
1321:. The commemoration was used to raise awareness of and support for the preservation of Aboriginal languages within Australia, including spreading knowledge about the importance of each language to the identity and knowledge of Indigenous groups. Warrgamay/Girramay man Troy Wyles-Whelan joined the North Queensland Regional Aboriginal Corporation Language Centre (NQRACLC) in 2008, and has been contributing oral histories and the results of his own research to their database. As part of the efforts to raise awareness of
1418:
2762:
2657:
40:
2678:
571:
2741:
2720:
2699:
2804:
2016:
those sounds and distinctions which are difficult for people with early childhood hearing loss to perceive. At the same time, Australian languages make full use of those distinctions, namely place of articulation distinctions, which people with otitis media-caused hearing loss can perceive more easily. This hypothesis has been challenged on historical, comparative, statistical, and medical grounds.
2905:
128:. The status and knowledge of Aboriginal languages today varies greatly. Many languages became extinct with settlement as the encroachment of colonial society broke up Indigenous cultures. For some of these languages, few records exist for vocabulary and grammar. At the start of the 21st century, fewer than 150 Aboriginal languages remained in daily use, with the majority being highly
1261:
grounds it is anticipated that despite efforts at linguistic preservation, many of the remaining languages will disappear within the next generation. The overall trend suggests that in the not too distant future all of the
Indigenous languages will be lost, perhaps by 2050, and with them the cultural knowledge they convey.
1404:. The language had rapidly disappeared after the settlement of South Australia and the breaking up of local indigenous people. Ivaritji, the last known speaker of the language, died in 1931. However, a substantial number of primary source records existed for the language, from which the language was reconstructed.
132:. In 2020, 90 per cent of the barely more than 100 languages still spoken are considered endangered. Thirteen languages are still being transmitted to children. The surviving languages are located in the most isolated areas. Of the five least endangered Western Australian Aboriginal languages, four belong to the
166:, retain between 1,000 and 3,000 speakers. Some Indigenous communities and linguists show support for learning programmes either for language revival proper or for only "post-vernacular maintenance" (Indigenous communities having the opportunity to learn some words and concepts related to the lost language).
2015:
ear infections and resulting hearing loss in their populations. People with hearing loss often have trouble distinguishing different vowels and hearing fricatives and voicing contrasts. Australian
Aboriginal languages thus seem to show similarities to the speech of people with hearing loss, and avoid
750:
describes Dixon's scepticism as an erroneous phylogenetic assessment which is "such an insult to the eminently successful practitioners of
Comparative Method Linguistics in Australia, that it positively demands a decisive riposte". Hale provides pronominal and grammatical evidence (with suppletion)
76:
and a few nearby islands. The relationships between the language families are not clear at present although there are proposals to link some into larger groupings. Despite this uncertainty, the
Indigenous Australian languages are collectively covered by the technical term "Australian languages", or
1240:
It has been inferred from the probable number of languages and the estimate of pre-contact population levels that there may have been from 3,000 to 4,000 speakers on average for each of the 250 languages. A number of these languages were almost immediately wiped out within decades of colonisation,
2477:
nasals and laterals, contrasting with plain nasals and laterals, has been documented in some
Australian languages, nasals and laterals are pre-stopped on a phonetic level in most languages of the continent. These phenomena are the result of a general resistance to the anticipatory assimilation of
63:
number in the hundreds, the precise number being quite uncertain, although there is a range of estimates from a minimum of around 250 (using the technical definition of 'language' as non-mutually intelligible varieties) up to possibly 363. The
Indigenous languages of Australia comprise numerous
1260:
In 1990 it was estimated that 90 languages still survived of the approximately 250 once spoken, but with a high rate of attrition as elders died out. Of the 90, 70% by 2001 were judged as 'severely endangered' with only 17 spoken by all age groups, a definition of a 'strong' language. On these
795:
paradigms across both Pama-Nyungan and the minority non-Pama-Nyungan languages, that a Proto-Australian could be reconstructed from which all known
Australian languages descend. This Proto-Australian language, they concluded, would have been spoken about 12,000 years ago in northern Australia.
2204:. It has been suggested that subapical pronunciation is characteristic of more careful speech, while these sounds tend to be apical in rapid speech. Kalaw Lagaw Ya and many other languages in North Queensland differ from most other Australian languages in not having a retroflexive series.
2442:
of place of articulation, which is common around the world. In
Australia, this type of assimilation seems only to have affected consonants within the apical and laminal categories. There's little evidence of assimilation between the labial, apical, laminal, and dorsal categories. Many
1963:
places of articulation, 40-50% have five places, and 40-45% have six places of articulation, including four coronals. The four-way distinction in the coronal region is commonly accomplished through two variables: the position of the tongue (front, alveolar or dental, or
1349:
issued a 50-cent coin to celebrate the
International Year of Indigenous Languages which features 14 different words for "money" from Australian Indigenous languages. The coin was designed by Aleksandra Stokic in consultation with Indigenous language custodian groups.
3997:
2987:"Dixon (1980) claimed that all but two or three of the 200 languages of Australia can be shown to belong to one language family – the 'Australian family'. In the same way that most of the languages of Europe and Western Asia belong to the Indo-European family."
2098:, as well as only one rhotic, one lateral and three nasals (labial, dental and velar) in contrast to the 5 places of articulation of stops/sibilants. Where vowels are concerned, it has 8 vowels with some morpho-syntactic as well as phonemic length contrasts (
1631:
The following represents a canonical 6-place
Australian Aboriginal consonant system. It does not represent any single language, but is instead a simplified form of the consonant inventory of what would be found in many Australian languages, including most
2254:.) Here the contact is also laminal, but further back, spanning the alveolar to postalveolar, or the postalveolar to prepalatal regions. The tip of the tongue is typically down behind the lower teeth. This is similar to the "closed" articulation of
51:
116:
Austronesian languages. Most Australian languages belong to the widespread Pama–Nyungan family, while the remainder are classified as "non-Pama–Nyungan", which is a term of convenience that does not imply a genealogical relationship.
743:. Dixon argues that after perhaps 40,000 years of mutual influence, it is no longer possible to distinguish deep genealogical relationships from areal features in Australia, and that not even Pama–Nyungan is a valid language family.
1268:, Aboriginal children were removed from their families and placed in institutions where they were punished for speaking their Indigenous language. Different, mutually unintelligible language groups were often mixed together, with
2314:
These descriptions do not apply exactly to all Australian languages, as the notes regarding Kalaw Lagaw Ya demonstrate. However, they do describe most of them, and are the expected norm against which languages are compared.
1924:; that is, a consonant may sound like a at the beginning of a word, but like a between vowels, and either letter could be (and often is) chosen to represent it. Australia also stands out as being almost entirely free of
738:
as a notable exception. For convenience, the rest of the languages, all spoken in the far north, are commonly lumped together as "Non-Pama–Nyungan", although this does not necessarily imply that they constitute a valid
5267:
5258:
1377:"to have all the microfilmed images from Section XII of the Bates papers digitised". The project is succeeded by the Nyingarn Project , which digitises manuscripts and crowdsources transcriptions through DigiVol.
2623:
In the Northern Territory, 62.5% of Aboriginal Australians spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016. In Queensland, almost 95% of Torres Strait Islanders spoke an indigenous language at home in 2016.
4183:
3256:
3196:
2383:
are historically common here. While in most languages the word-initial position is prominent, maintaining all a language's contrasts, that is not the case in Australia. Here the prominent position is C
2473:
was a nasal. Also, many languages have morphophonemic alterations whereby initial nasals in suffixes are denasalized if the preceding stem contains a nasal consonant. While the existence of phonemic
1385:
In recent decades, there have been attempts to revive indigenous languages. Significant challenges exist, however, for the revival of languages in the dominant English language culture of Australia.
755:
on the Australian northeast coast and proto-Ngayarta of the Australian west coast, some 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) apart, to support the Pama–Nyungan grouping, whose age he compares to that of
4873:
3482:
3741:
3711:
5418:
5103:
1257:
has concluded in a recent study that there were twelve Tasmanian languages, and that those languages are unrelated (that is, not demonstrably related) to those on the Australian mainland.
3916:
3364:
3130:
4843:
804:
For a long time unsuccessful attempts were made to detect a link between Australian and Papuan languages, the latter being represented by those spoken on the coastal areas of
5295:
2943:
2219:
of the tongue), but may be formed in one of three different ways, depending on the language, on the speaker, and on how carefully the speaker pronounces the sound. These are
4318:
5328:
Bowern, Claire. 2016. "Chirila: Contemporary and Historical Resources for the Indigenous Languages of Australia". Language Documentation and Conservation 10 (2016): 1–44.
3226:
2363:
is cross-linguistically normal, since coda consonants are weak or nonexistent in many languages, as well as in the early stages of language acquisition. The weakening of C
3775:
4704:
1447:
7656:
4336:
3625:
2502:
3543:
2323:
Some have suggested that the most appropriate unit to describe the phonotactics of Australian languages is the phonological word. The most common word length is two
1573:
and inanimate are also found. In some languages the persons in between the accusative and ergative inflections (such as second person, or third-person human) may be
828:
only 8000 years ago, and that a deep reconstruction would likely include languages from both. Dixon, in the meantime, later abandoned his proto-Australian proposal.
820:. He believed that it was naïve to expect to find a single Papuan or Australian language family when New Guinea and Australia had been a single landmass (called the
4661:
Forrest, Walter (June 2017). "The intergenerational transmission of Australian Indigenous languages: why language maintenance programmes should be family-focused".
3629:
2938:
2461:
before a following nasal consonant. However, this process is resisted in Australian languages. There was a historical process in many languages where nasal + stop C
55:
People who speak Australian Aboriginal languages as a percentage of the population in Australia, divided geographically by statistical local area at the 2011 census
5243:
4795:
4446:. 176th Meeting of Acoustical Society of America. 177th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. Vol. 35. Acoustical Society of America. p. 060004.
5281:
2270:. Because the tongue is "peeled" from the roof of the mouth from back to front during the release of these stops, there is a fair amount of frication, giving the
4154:
8314:
5411:
2948:
1034:
3248:
4932:
McConvell, Patrick & Claire Bowern. 2011. The prehistory and internal relationships of Australian languages. Language and Linguistics Compass 5(1). 19–32.
3188:
751:
as well as more than fifty basic-vocabulary cognates (showing regular sound correspondences) between the proto-Northern-and-Middle Pamic (pNMP) family of the
3970:
3512:
4860:
2953:
2454:
clusters have been preserved across Australia. Heterorganic nasal + stop sequences remain stable even in modern connected speech, which is highly unusual.
773:. That could explain the typological difference between Pama–Nyungan and non-Pama–Nyungan languages, but not how a single family came to be so widespread.
4869:
3474:
1843:
1314:
5154:"Stop, Revive, Survive: Lessons from the Hebrew Revival Applicable to the Reclamation, Maintenance and Empowerment of Aboriginal Languages and Cultures"
5123:
4442:
Butcher, Andrew R. (2018). "The special nature of Australian phonologies: Why auditory constraints on human language sound systems are not universal".
3733:
3651:
2928:
121:
8367:
5404:
3703:
1493:
Whether it is due to genetic unity or some other factor such as occasional contact, typologically the Australian languages form a language area or
2933:
5095:
4774:
2958:
2493:. This pressed quality could therefore serve to enhance the clarity of speech and ensure the perception of place of articulation distinctions.
7326:
5070:
5031:
4991:
4911:
4639:
4599:
4559:
4519:
4479:
3950:
3610:
3586:
2828:
A number of linguists and ethnographers have contributed greatly to the sum of knowledge about Australian languages. Of particular note are:
8307:
7649:
5212:
2923:
2375:
distinctions do not make such distinctions in this position. Place of articulation distinctions are also less common in this position, and
2235:. The first tends to be used in careful enunciation, and the last in more rapid speech, while the tongue-down articulation is less common.
1829:
1523:
1298:
1886:
1305:
gave an acknowledgment of country in Wiradjuri in her first speech and was sung in by Lynette Riley in Wiradjuri from the public gallery.
5037:
4605:
5076:
4997:
4839:
4720:
Hallett, Darcy; Chandler, Michael J.; Lalonde, Christopher E. (July–September 2007). "Aboriginal language knowledge and youth suicide".
4565:
4485:
1822:
1291:
when he said "On this special occasion, I make my presence known as an Aborigine and to this chamber I say, perhaps for the first time:
817:
4525:
4179:
3912:
3122:
2395:
is typically the only position allowing all of a language's place of articulation contrasts. Fortis/lenis contrasts can only occur at C
1586:
7438:
2430:
Australian languages typically resist certain connected speech processes which might blur the place of articulation of consonants at C
178:
is a regular Australia-wide survey of the status of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages conducted in 2005, 2014 and 2019.
89:
5567:
5305:
194:
5525:
5161:
4835:
4017:
4006:
1836:
1750:
1469:
989:
983:
5186:
2968:
1566:
5345:
Data relating to the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Languages spoken in Australia and its States and Territories.
7306:
4315:
2011:
Andrew Butcher speculates that the unusual segmental inventories of Australian languages may be due to the very high presence of
1220:
849:
4.1 (2019) recognises 23 independent families and 9 isolates in Australia, comprising a total of 32 independent language groups.
6346:
6302:
3218:
2457:
The anticipatory assimilation of nasality is quite common in various languages around the world. Typically, a vowel will become
2444:
8083:
7642:
7522:
7366:
5628:
4627:
The Non-Pama-Nyungan Languages of Northern Australia: Comparative Studies of the Continent's Most Linguistically Complex Region
4299:
3767:
3681:
2609:
2520:
2227:
in English; dental with the tip of the tongue down behind the lower teeth, so that the blade is visible between the teeth; and
1623:
1605:
1318:
4234:
8323:
7478:
7431:
7393:
5601:
4694:
4264:
1342:
became law on 24 October 2017. It was the first legislation in Australia to acknowledge the significance of first languages.
4917:
4645:
4332:
2231:, that is, with both the tip and the blade making contact with the back of the upper teeth and alveolar ridge, as in French
5254:
5231:
8233:
8115:
8027:
7704:
7517:
7504:
7384:
4817:
3535:
2863:
1374:
1338:
1269:
778:
7924:
6754:
5277:
1510:, special speech registers used only in the presence of certain close relatives. These registers share the phonology and
7282:
6107:
5685:
2788:
2507:
Probably every Australian language with speakers remaining has had an orthography developed for it, in each case in the
1868:
1804:
1214:
756:
1430:
8069:
7916:
7512:
7418:
7341:
7257:
6431:
5384:
4146:
3734:"International Year of Indigenous Languages commemorated with new coins launched by Royal Australian Mint and AIATSIS"
2963:
1736:
1226:
1210:
1178:
995:
691:
101:
7946:
6976:
6309:
6253:
5440:
5390:
5380:
1440:
1434:
1426:
1202:
1184:
731:
717:
93:
44:
5342:
3368:
1490:. There are even those who claim that they own a language although they only know one single word of it: its name."
1396:
people of the Adelaide plains, has been the subject of a concerted revival movement since the 1980s, coordinated by
7690:
7483:
7320:
5062:
5023:
4591:
4551:
4511:
1895:
1729:
1715:
905:
546:
Total 46 languages, 42,300 speakers, with 11 having only approximately 100. 11 languages have over 1,000 speakers.
3966:
8076:
7331:
4983:
3504:
2884:
2288:
2275:
2130:), and glides that distinguish between those that are in origin vowels, and those that in origin are consonants.
1697:
1530:
1273:
971:
899:
774:
556:
5987:
5577:
5502:
1451:
8268:
8254:
8152:
8138:
7697:
7355:
7170:
5887:
5867:
5827:
5714:
5699:
4972:"The Coherence and Distinctiveness of the Pama–Nyungan Language Family within the Australian Linguistic Phylum"
2439:
2228:
1743:
1297:" (Translation: My father is Dhunghutti. My mother is Gumbayynggir. And, therefore, I am Gumbayynggir.) In the
977:
284:
777:
suggests that the Pama–Nyungan family spread along with the now-dominant Aboriginal culture that includes the
154:
is being used successfully in some communities. Seven of the most widely spoken Australian languages, such as
2478:
nasality and laterality. The lack of assimilation makes coda nasals and laterals more acoustically distinct.
1955:
Besides the lack of fricatives, the most striking feature of Australian speech sounds is the large number of
8041:
7880:
7801:
7603:
6963:
6778:
6553:
6166:
5572:
5133:
4903:
3643:
1722:
1397:
1172:
959:
953:
766:
664:
439:
384:
290:
278:
253:
133:
3865:
8345:
8338:
7822:
7766:
7665:
6971:
6940:
6907:
6874:
6602:
6138:
6007:
5691:
5464:
4729:
4412:
2918:
2543:
2451:
2447:
2308:
2304:
2259:
2185:
2161:(that is, pronounced by touching the tongue to the ridge just behind the gum line of the upper teeth) and
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2056:
1910:
1790:
1619:
1615:
1601:
1578:
1401:
947:
875:
863:
770:
487:
469:
378:
259:
247:
159:
73:
31:
7738:
7711:
7615:
6082:
6075:
6063:
5918:
5894:
5263:
4471:
2878:
2873:
2641:
2512:
2474:
2220:
2071:
1956:
1949:
1861:
1783:
1769:
1346:
1250:
1242:
869:
821:
816:
noted lexical similarities between Robert M. W. Dixon's 1980 reconstruction of proto-Australian and the
695:
535:
327:
241:
137:
125:
109:
6459:
5149:
5119:
4102:
3992:
3835:
5357:
5226:
4401:; Atkinson, Quentin (2012). "Computational Phylogenetics and the Internal Structure of Pama-Nyungan".
39:
8090:
8020:
7939:
7597:
7472:
7349:
7296:
7140:
7076:
6930:
6925:
6897:
6892:
6884:
6651:
6441:
6032:
5536:
5530:
5318:
5309:
4752:
3913:"'Language is connected to all things': Why reviving Indigenous languages is so important – ABC Life"
1648:
1354:
1283:
The first Aboriginal people to use Australian Aboriginal languages in the Australian parliament were
1149:
1016:
911:
881:
580:
354:
348:
336:
296:
4734:
4417:
4180:
https://guest.censusdata.abs.gov.au/webapi/downloadTable?fileTemplate=templates%2FXLSX_Template.xlsx
8261:
8208:
7975:
7960:
7780:
7314:
7290:
7246:
7175:
7109:
7099:
6915:
6861:
6838:
6724:
6596:
6581:
6559:
6502:
6485:
6196:
6173:
5924:
5838:
5664:
5562:
5485:
5474:
5469:
5431:
5096:"Preserving Indigenous languages in IYIL2019 helps custodians heal, taps into knowledge of country"
4963:
4631:
2278:
2255:
2201:
2193:
2135:
2048:
2020:
1965:
1925:
1880:
1797:
1687:
1574:
1370:
1288:
1155:
935:
887:
752:
589:
529:
390:
222:
151:
129:
81:
5244:"The state of Australia's Indigenous languages – and how we can help people speak them more often"
3805:
7909:
7902:
7794:
7683:
7265:
7123:
7071:
7058:
7021:
6869:
6828:
6807:
6671:
6586:
6454:
6420:
6389:
6378:
6315:
6297:
6269:
6145:
5931:
5854:
5810:
5670:
5657:
5508:
5178:
4936:
4678:
4581:
4541:
4501:
4430:
4403:
2853:
2662:
2158:
1977:
1776:
1682:
1672:
1562:
1550:
1362:
1357:
in the 1900s at Daisy Bates Online provides a valuable resource for those researching especially
1322:
1265:
1143:
1137:
1051:
1045:
929:
923:
735:
673:
607:
505:
457:
424:
414:
396:
216:
7831:
6129:
5396:
2586:
1637:
143:
3249:"Community, identity, wellbeing: The report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey"
2215:(that is, pronounced by touching with the surface of the tongue just above the tip, called the
570:
8275:
7982:
7953:
7895:
7888:
7865:
7787:
7745:
7527:
7447:
7360:
7231:
7211:
7155:
7129:
7117:
7086:
7031:
6948:
6833:
6791:
6657:
6630:
6617:
6537:
6400:
6360:
6329:
6324:
6258:
6248:
5979:
5972:
5966:
5939:
5861:
5803:
5737:
5705:
5677:
5543:
5066:
5027:
5017:
4987:
4952:
4907:
4635:
4595:
4585:
4555:
4515:
4475:
4386:
4199:
4013:
4002:
3946:
3619:
3606:
3582:
2889:
2683:
2368:
2296:
2212:
2189:
2005:
1985:
1973:
1960:
1921:
1812:
1709:
1665:
1653:
1633:
1582:
1358:
1253:, and Indigenous Tasmanians remained isolated from the outside world for around 12,000 years.
1196:
1190:
1125:
1115:
1097:
1010:
965:
941:
917:
708:
704:
682:
645:
598:
463:
451:
445:
342:
306:
208:
202:
155:
5054:
4971:
4695:"In Port Augusta, an Israeli linguist is helping the Barngarla people reclaim their language"
4545:
4465:
1085:(2011), Australian languages divide into approximately 30 primary sub-groups and 5 isolates.
8282:
8194:
8187:
8180:
8129:
8048:
7986:
7932:
7752:
7673:
7425:
7402:
7206:
7044:
7039:
7016:
7008:
6998:
6990:
6920:
6763:
6740:
6686:
6635:
6621:
6564:
6464:
6449:
6383:
6224:
6218:
6209:
6182:
6044:
6020:
5993:
5847:
5768:
5761:
5170:
5013:
4807:
4764:
4739:
4690:
4670:
4505:
4447:
4422:
4376:
4368:
2910:
2767:
2563:
2372:
2300:
2162:
2075:
2052:
1989:
1969:
1937:
1928:, even of . In the few cases where fricatives do occur, they developed recently through the
1851:
1692:
1660:
1542:
1507:
1166:
1109:
1057:
1022:
893:
813:
636:
523:
511:
493:
366:
315:
97:
69:
2165:(that is, touching that ridge with the tip of the tongue). This is very similar to English
8247:
8240:
8226:
8173:
8159:
8062:
8006:
7845:
7838:
7815:
7808:
7537:
7271:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7094:
6768:
6591:
6532:
6526:
6414:
6408:
6368:
6189:
6159:
6152:
6056:
6000:
5901:
5818:
5777:
5725:
5652:
5647:
5634:
5620:
5516:
5479:
5361:
5322:
4967:
4943:
Goemulgaw Lagal: Cultural and Natural Histories of the Island of Mabuyag, Torres Strait",
4322:
4212:
3998:
Revivalistics: From the Genesis of Israeli to Language Reclamation in Australia and Beyond
2858:
2746:
2725:
2285:
2131:
2078:
neighbours than the languages of the Australian mainland, including full voice contrasts:
2001:
1981:
1945:
1677:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1389:
1366:
1103:
1028:
762:
747:
616:
550:
517:
481:
433:
372:
232:
185:
105:
65:
2423:
sequences. In languages with pre-stopped nasals or laterals, those sounds only occur at C
1952:(that is, like the combined rhotics of English and Spanish) and many have four laterals.
5153:
3673:
2485:, with the glottal opening narrower than in modal voice, a relatively high frequency of
8055:
8011:
7872:
7759:
7550:
7545:
7160:
6852:
6812:
6719:
6691:
6496:
6490:
6480:
6278:
6263:
6100:
5795:
5607:
5128:
4893:
4621:
4381:
4356:
2303:. In Kalaw Lagaw Ya, the palatal consonants are sub-phonemes of the alveolar sibilants
2067:
1997:
1941:
1131:
974:(2) (extinct; would be moribund if Laragiya were included as it is in other breakdowns)
626:
499:
402:
360:
85:
5312:
for more information about Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages and policy.
3704:"Protecting NSW Aboriginal languages | Languages Legislation | Aboriginal Affairs NSW"
8361:
8201:
7968:
7773:
7592:
7564:
7555:
7236:
7066:
6953:
6701:
6696:
5788:
5749:
5640:
5364:(Contemporary and Historical Reconstruction in the Indigenous Languages of Australia)
5286:
5182:
4975:
4791:
4682:
4398:
4352:
4328:
2848:
2838:
2490:
2482:
1534:
1284:
1277:
1254:
1092:
1078:
1040:
825:
654:
475:
408:
163:
4289:
17:
7165:
4461:
4434:
4226:
2868:
2603:
2508:
2486:
2458:
2173:
is not aspirated, even in Kalaw Lagaw Ya, despite its other stops being aspirated.
2012:
1993:
1302:
92:
to the mainland Australian languages of the former is unknown, while the latter is
4674:
1294:
Nyandi baaliga Jaingatti. Nyandi mimiga Gumbayynggir. Nya jawgar yaam Gumbyynggir.
5174:
4897:
4743:
4625:
1959:. Some 10-15% of Australian languages have four places of articulation, with two
8034:
7587:
4699:
4634:, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
2843:
2833:
1914:
1913:, which may occur in both long and short variants. In a few cases the has been
1909:
A typical Australian phonological inventory includes just three vowels, usually
1353:
The work of digitising and transcribing many word lists created by ethnographer
809:
147:
5300:
3123:"The next generation is bringing Australia's ancient languages into the future"
30:"Australian languages" redirects here. For all the languages of Australia, see
8166:
7609:
5290:
4753:"Reconstructing remote relationships: Proto-Australian noun class prefixation"
2900:
2704:
1763:
1495:
805:
789:
269:
113:
4956:
4812:
4769:
2299:
in the IPA sense of the term, and indeed they contrast with true palatals in
1936:
like that are common elsewhere in the world. Some languages also have three
1506:
A common feature of many Australian languages is that they display so-called
8122:
7560:
7453:
4467:
Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages
2516:
2420:
2055:
has even more contrasts, with an additional true dorso-palatal series, plus
1932:(weakening) of stops, and are therefore non-sibilants like rather than the
1704:
1522:
during extended periods of mourning or initiation that have led to numerous
1500:
1246:
845:
321:
60:
4390:
4372:
765:
suggests that the northern families may be relatively recent arrivals from
4836:"Indigenous languages come from just one common ancestor, researchers say"
4426:
2019:
A language which displays the full range of stops, nasals and laterals is
7634:
7570:
7489:
5272:
4294:
3360:
2809:
2416:
2376:
2324:
1933:
1929:
1758:
1611:
1518:
is different and usually very restricted. There are also commonly speech
5266:, a guide to Aboriginal language, tribal and nation groups published by
7411:
5377:, an interactive map of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander languages
5367:
4899:
Archaeology and linguistics: aboriginal Australia in global perspective
2380:
1570:
1546:
1515:
1511:
5329:
4452:
4256:
3359:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2019).
8300:
8108:
8002:
4939:(April 2015), "Ngalmun Lagaw Yangukudu: The Language of our Homeland
3540:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
3253:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
3223:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
3193:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2263:
1393:
792:
784:
In late 2017, Mark Harvey and Robert Mailhammer published a study in
2519:, such as underlines, or extra symbols, sometimes borrowed from the
2094:(which have allophonic variation with and respectively) and velar
4796:"Reappraising the Effects of Language Contact in the Torres Strait"
4104:
Lend Me Your Ears: Otitis Media and Aboriginal Australian languages
3887:
8145:
6372:
1519:
1249:. Tasmania had been separated from the mainland at the end of the
740:
50:
38:
5351:(audio recordings of 50 words in Australian Indigenous languages)
5306:
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner
2367:, on the other hand, is very unusual. No Australian language has
2134:
and other neighbouring languages have also developed contrasting
746:
However, few other linguists accept Dixon's thesis. For example,
3857:
3475:"Senate Official Hansard No. 198, 1999 Wednesday 25 August 1999"
2266:. This is similar to the "domed" English postalveolar fricative
824:) for most of their human history, having been separated by the
7638:
5400:
4980:
Australian Languages: Classification and the comparative method
2407:
is a sonorant. Consonant clusters are often restricted to the C
2146:
Descriptions of the coronal articulations can be inconsistent.
262:(~ 3,100; shared with Northern Territory and Western Australia)
5296:
Report of the Second National Indigenous Languages Survey 2014
4290:"Australia's indigenous languages have one source, study says"
1577:: that is, marked overtly as either ergative or accusative in
1411:
4587:
Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker
2481:
Most speakers of Australian languages speak with a 'pressed'
2157:) is straightforward: across the continent, these sounds are
730:
Most Australian languages are commonly held to belong to the
5343:
Cultures and languages are strong, supported and flourishing
3827:
2359:
with the first syllable being stressed. The optionality of C
2223:
with the tip of the tongue visible between the teeth, as in
1292:
852:
381:(~3,100; shared with Northern Territory and South Australia)
5354:
3768:"The 14 Indigenous words for money on our new 50-cent coin"
490:(~3,100; shared with Western Australia and South Australia)
120:
In the late 18th century there were more than 250 distinct
5348:
5315:
2063:
places of articulation, in addition to all four laterals.
1585:
clauses. There are also a few languages which employ only
43:
The primary typological division in Australian languages:
5374:
3915:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 20 February 2019.
2511:. Sounds not found in English are usually represented by
5391:
Spoken: celebrating Queensland languages digital stories
1499:, sharing much of their vocabulary and many distinctive
4048:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4029:
4027:
4025:
3969:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 7 October 2014.
3797:
2327:, and a typical phonological word would have the form:
2184:). Here the place is further back in the mouth, in the
47:(tan) and non-Pama–Nyungan languages (mustard and grey)
3601:
Grant, Stan; Grant, Stan, 1940-; Rudder, John (2010),
3461:
2489:, and low airflow. This may be due to an avoidance of
1245:
being one notorious example of precipitous linguistic
4859:
McConvell, P.; Thieberger, Nicholas (November 2001).
3365:
Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History
3068:
3066:
4174:
4172:
3943:
Warraparna Kuarna: Reclaiming an Australian Language
3017:
3015:
2066:
A notable exception to the above generalisations is
1610:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8292:
8218:
8100:
8001:
7857:
7721:
7672:
7580:
7536:
7503:
7463:
7401:
7392:
7379:
7340:
7305:
7281:
7256:
7245:
7224:
7184:
7148:
7139:
7108:
7085:
7057:
7030:
7007:
6989:
6962:
6939:
6906:
6883:
6860:
6851:
6821:
6800:
6777:
6753:
6733:
6712:
6679:
6670:
6644:
6616:
6574:
6546:
6519:
6512:
6473:
6440:
6430:
6399:
6359:
6287:
6241:
6208:
6128:
6121:
6019:
5959:
5952:
5911:
5879:
5837:
5724:
5619:
5590:
5555:
5495:
5457:
5450:
5439:
3437:
3413:
3389:
2944:
List of Australian place names of Aboriginal origin
2192:region. The articulation is actually most commonly
4547:Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development
4316:Oxford Bibliographies Online: Australian Languages
3766:Meakins, Felicity; Walsh, Michael (8 April 2019).
3219:"National Indigenous Languages Survey Report 2005"
2523:. Some examples are shown in the following table.
96:, though it shares features with the neighbouring
5355:CHIRILA: A database of the languages of Australia
5255:AUSTLANG Australian Indigenous Languages Database
2200:of the tip makes contact. That is, they are true
574:Australian language families. From west to east:
5381:Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander word lists
3536:"Indigenous Languages in Australian Parliaments"
3322:
2581:digraph indicating 'n' with dental articulation
2503:Transcription of Australian Aboriginal languages
2262:). The body of the tongue is raised towards the
1624:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
1439:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
769:, perhaps later replaced there by the spread of
5055:"Overview of indigenous languages of Australia"
4862:State of Indigenous languages in Australia 2001
3286:
2939:List of Aboriginal languages of New South Wales
2004:occur at all six places, and in many languages
4333:"How many languages were spoken in Australia?"
2636:Percentage that speaks an Indigenous language
2633:Population that speaks an Indigenous language
2558:diacritic (underline) indicates retroflex 'n'
7650:
5412:
3967:"Project brings Kaurna language back to life"
3936:
3934:
3189:"National Indigenous Languages Report (NILR)"
2949:List of endangered languages with mobile apps
2196:; that is, the tongue curls back so that the
1134:(four to five families, with 11–19 languages)
8:
3648:Australian Aboriginal Languages Student Blog
3624:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1482:"Some Aboriginal people distinguish between
734:, a family accepted by most linguists, with
3334:
3151:
2954:List of reduplicated Australian place names
2371:in this position, and those languages with
2274:something of the impression of the English
7730:
7657:
7643:
7635:
7398:
7389:
7253:
7145:
7004:
6857:
6784:
6676:
6516:
6437:
6125:
5956:
5594:
5454:
5447:
5419:
5405:
5397:
4945:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum – Culture
4870:Department of the Environment and Heritage
3761:
3759:
3628:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
3172:
2626:
2176:The other apical series is the retroflex,
1315:International Year of Indigenous Languages
5301:Finding the meaning of an Aboriginal word
4811:
4768:
4751:Harvey, Mark; Mailhammer, Robert (2017).
4733:
4451:
4416:
4380:
2929:List of Aboriginal Australian group names
1470:Learn how and when to remove this message
4145:Glynn-McDonald, Rona (15 January 2021).
3096:
2525:
2051:has all this, as well as three rhotics.
1642:
569:
150:are also currently learned by children.
74:Indigenous peoples of mainland Australia
5278:The AIATSIS map of Aboriginal Australia
5019:Languages of the World: An Introduction
4132:
4120:
4088:
4076:
4064:
4052:
4033:
3945:. Adelaide: Adelaide University Press.
3449:
3425:
3129:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
2999:
2980:
2934:List of Australian Aboriginal languages
2074:, which has an inventory more like its
375:(~ 100; shared with Northern Territory)
181:Languages with more than 100 speakers:
72:, perhaps as many as 13, spoken by the
5316:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages
5192:from the original on 28 September 2018
5124:"Aboriginal languages deserve revival"
4208:
4197:
3617:
3401:
3084:
3021:
2959:Living Archive of Aboriginal Languages
1503:features across the entire continent.
1373:, who works in collaboration with the
484:(~ 100; shared with Western Australia)
122:First Nations Peoples social groupings
5079:from the original on 24 December 2016
5040:from the original on 22 December 2019
5000:from the original on 25 December 2019
4920:from the original on 22 December 2019
4879:from the original on 26 December 2019
4568:from the original on 21 December 2019
4528:from the original on 22 December 2019
4488:from the original on 23 December 2019
4257:"Oates, Lynette F. (Lynette Frances)"
4001:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3973:from the original on 27 November 2020
3868:from the original on 27 February 2020
3838:from the original on 27 February 2020
3808:from the original on 30 December 2019
3674:"Aboriginal Languages Act 2017 No 51"
3564:
3371:from the original on 11 December 2019
3346:
3183:
3181:
3133:from the original on 13 November 2020
3108:
3072:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3006:
1647:
1645:
1581:clauses, but not marked as either in
1545:systems; a widespread pattern is for
1361:languages, and some languages of the
124:and a similar number of languages or
7:
4820:from the original on 7 November 2021
4777:from the original on 17 January 2020
4608:from the original on 1 December 2019
4444:Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics
4339:from the original on 3 February 2019
4267:from the original on 7 November 2021
4237:from the original on 13 October 2020
4186:from the original on 7 November 2021
3919:from the original on 23 October 2020
3462:Hallett, Chandler & Lalonde 2007
2924:Australian Aboriginal sign languages
2469:clusters lost the nasal element if C
2295:. That is, these consonants are not
2138:(, , , , ) not found further south.
1614:. For the distinction between ,
1035:Oyster Bay-Big River-Little Swanport
176:National Indigenous Languages Survey
5330:http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=1002
5325:(Northern Territory languages only)
4840:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
4357:"The riddle of Tasmanian languages"
3505:"First Speech: Hon Linda Burney MP"
3310:
3298:
3259:from the original on 16 August 2020
818:East New Guinea Highlands languages
4846:from the original on 30 March 2018
4707:from the original on 11 March 2016
4648:from the original on 17 April 2021
4361:Proceedings of the Royal Society B
4157:from the original on 29 March 2021
3684:from the original on 29 March 2018
3577:Grant, Stan; Rudder, John (2014),
3534:Battin, Jacqueline (21 May 2018).
3229:from the original on 1 August 2020
3199:from the original on 6 August 2020
2415:) position, and are most commonly
2008:occur at all four coronal places.
1514:of the standard language, but the
25:
5273:Aboriginal Languages of Australia
5242:Simpson, Jane (21 January 2019).
5162:Australian Journal of Linguistics
4834:Marchese, David (28 March 2018).
4302:from the original on 28 June 2018
4263:, National Library of Australia,
3778:from the original on 28 June 2019
3744:from the original on 26 June 2019
3714:from the original on 14 June 2019
3654:from the original on 26 June 2019
3515:from the original on 26 June 2019
1894:
1885:
1867:
1860:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1803:
1796:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1533:, many Australian languages have
1369:. The project is co-ordinated by
1122:Previously established families:
808:facing the Torres Strait and the
27:Indigenous languages of Australia
5106:from the original on 3 June 2019
3546:from the original on 30 May 2019
3485:from the original on 4 June 2019
3121:Morse, Dana (13 November 2020).
2903:
2802:
2781:
2760:
2739:
2718:
2697:
2676:
2655:
1992:and only a few languages with a
1416:
788:that hypothesised, by analysing
8368:Australian Aboriginal languages
8084:South Australian Pidgin English
7523:South Australian Pidgin English
5218:Australian Aboriginal languages
3579:A grammar of Wiradjuri language
3438:McConvell & Thieberger 2001
3414:McConvell & Thieberger 2001
3390:McConvell & Thieberger 2001
2521:International Phonetic Alphabet
2391:), in the middle of the word. C
1606:International Phonetic Alphabet
1319:United Nations General Assembly
1317:(IYIL2019), as declared by the
8324:Australian Irish Sign Language
5368:CHIRILA, Yale Pama-Nyungan Lab
211:(~ 10; shared with Queensland)
205:(~ 20; shared with Queensland)
86:Western Torres Strait language
1:
8028:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
7518:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
5393:, State Library of Queensland
5094:Wyles, Dwayne (2 June 2019).
5057:. In Romaine, Suzanne (ed.).
4675:10.1080/01419870.2017.1334938
2242:. (The stop is often spelled
1541:systems. These are typically
1375:National Library of Australia
1339:Aboriginal Languages Act 2017
1327:Grammar of Wiradjuri language
1270:Australian Aboriginal English
1205:(approximately 270 languages)
779:Australian Aboriginal kinship
6893:Malak-Malak (Nguluk Wanggar)
5375:Gambay - First Languages Map
5280:(recorded ranges; full view
5232:Resources in other libraries
5175:10.1080/07268602.2011.532859
4744:10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.02.001
3323:Harvey & Mailhammer 2017
2969:Macro-Pama–Nyungan languages
2789:Australian Capital Territory
2555:'earth, dirt, ground; land'
2238:Finally, the palatal series
1988:, but a complete absence of
1400:, a unit working out of the
136:grouping of the Central and
59:The Indigenous languages of
8070:Port Jackson Pidgin English
7513:Port Jackson Pidgin English
6875:Pungu Pungu (Kandjerramalh)
5385:State Library of Queensland
4800:Journal of Language Contact
4227:"Lynette Oates (1921–2013)"
2964:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
1179:Macro-Gunwinyguan languages
170:Living Aboriginal languages
8384:
6652:Kungarakany (Koongurrukuñ)
5310:Social Justice Report 2009
5063:Cambridge University Press
5024:Cambridge University Press
4592:Cambridge University Press
4552:Cambridge University Press
4512:Cambridge University Press
4507:The Languages of Australia
3603:A new Wiradjuri dictionary
2500:
1331:A new Wiradjuri dictionary
1329:was published in 2014 and
80:The term can include both
29:
8333:
8101:Major immigrant languages
8077:Queensland Kanaka English
7919:? (5-6 families/isolates)
7733:
6787:
6713:Eastern (Goulburn Island)
6342:
6095:
6076:Wilson River (Wangkumara)
5880:Yimidhirr–Yalanji–Yidinic
5597:
5227:Resources in your library
5152:; Walsh, Michael (2011).
4984:John Benjamins Publishing
4663:Ethnic and Racial Studies
4147:"First Nations languages"
2585:
2562:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
1893:
1891:
1884:
1757:
1664:
1659:
1652:
1531:morphosyntactic alignment
1524:Aboriginal sign languages
1287:on 25 August 1999 in the
1274:Australian Kriol language
1264:During the period of the
1163:Newly proposed families:
430:19 languages (~ 28,100):
104:languages, in particular
77:the "Australian family".
8315:Indigenous Sign Language
6949:Matngele (Werret/Dakayu)
6423:(Kurnindirri, southwest)
5264:Aboriginal Australia map
4813:10.1163/187740911x558798
4770:10.1163/187740911x558798
4101:Fergus, Anelisa (2019).
2438:), such as anticipatory
2169:, though the Australian
1920:There is almost never a
1569:, though splits between
1551:first and second persons
1425:This section includes a
1299:House of Representatives
333:Manytjilyitjarra (~ 100)
312:17 languages (~ 8,000):
8219:Major foreign languages
7883:? (3 families/isolates)
6792:Gulumoerrgin (Larrakia)
5526:Central New South Wales
5360:23 October 2020 at the
5053:Walsh, Michael (1991).
4978:; Koch, Harold (eds.).
4904:Oxford University Press
4794:; Round, Erich (2011).
3509:Commonwealth Parliament
3479:Parliament of Australia
3349:, pp. xvii, xviii.
3287:O'Grady & Hale 2004
2057:prenasalised consonants
1602:phonetic transcriptions
1593:Phonetics and phonology
1454:more precise citations.
1398:Kaurna Warra Pintyanthi
1293:
990:South-Eastern Tasmanian
984:North-Eastern Tasmanian
767:Maritime Southeast Asia
275:5 languages (~ 1,800):
238:4 languages (~ 3,900):
8346:Indigenous Australians
8339:Aboriginal Australians
7666:Languages of Australia
7272:Southwestern Tasmanian
7266:Northwestern Tasmanian
6556:(Kunwinjku, Gunwinggu)
6386:(Ganggalida, Nyangga)
5287:Languages of Australia
4373:10.1098/rspb.2012.1842
3708:NSW Aboriginal Affairs
3404:, pp. 4590, 4593.
2919:Aboriginal Australians
2357:
2260:Postalveolar consonant
1957:places of articulation
1599:This section contains
1402:University of Adelaide
1221:Northeastern Tasmanian
1089:Presumptive isolates:
722:
56:
48:
45:Pama–Nyungan languages
32:Languages of Australia
8308:Australian Aboriginal
7705:Australian Aboriginal
6870:Batjamalh (Wadjiginy)
6862:Wagaydyic (Anson Bay)
6853:Daly River Sprachbund
6083:Bulloo River (Galali)
5602:Western Torres Strait
5428:Australian Aboriginal
5321:14 March 2018 at the
5059:Language in Australia
4722:Cognitive Development
4472:Bloomsbury Publishing
4427:10.1353/lan.2012.0081
3798:"Digital Daisy Bates"
3738:Royal Australian Mint
3644:"Wiradjuri Resources"
3605:, Restoration House,
3163:UNESCO atlas (online)
2642:Torres Strait Islands
2329:
2072:Torres Strait Islands
1587:nominative–accusative
1347:Royal Australian Mint
1309:Preservation measures
1251:Quaternary glaciation
1243:Aboriginal Tasmanians
573:
191:3 languages (~ 600):
138:Great Victoria Desert
110:Torres Strait Islands
54:
42:
8091:Torres Strait Creole
7473:Torres Strait Creole
7385:Aboriginal Englishes
7149:Western (Nyulnyulic)
6045:Arabana–Wangkangurru
5517:Anewan (Nganyaywana)
5136:on 23 September 2009
4892:McConvell, Patrick;
4331:(23 December 2011).
4233:. 12 December 2016.
3255:. 16 February 2015.
3225:. 19 February 2016.
2515:, or more rarely by
2202:retroflex consonants
2149:The alveolar series
2136:aspirated consonants
1926:fricative consonants
1336:The New South Wales
1185:Greater Pama–Nyungan
1083:Australian Languages
90:genetic relationship
18:Australian languages
7410:Roper River Kriol (
7361:Southeast Tasmanian
7250:family-level groups
5496:New South Wales P–N
5150:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
5120:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
4632:Pacific Linguistics
4367:(1747): 4590–4595.
4321:1 July 2017 at the
3993:Zuckermann, Ghil'ad
3941:Amery, Rob (2016).
3862:Digital Daisy Bates
3858:"Technical details"
3832:Digital Daisy Bates
3802:Digital Daisy Bates
3464:, pp. 392–399.
3325:, pp. 470–515.
3195:. 6 November 2018.
3048:, pp. 253–254.
2619:Demographics (2016)
2023:, which has labial
1905:Segmental inventory
1567:ergative–absolutive
1203:Pama–Nyungan proper
757:Proto-Indo-European
753:Cape York Peninsula
732:Pama–Nyungan family
195:Yugambeh-Bundjalung
152:Bilingual education
82:Tasmanian languages
7691:Western Australian
7327:Lhotsky/Blackhouse
7291:Northern Tasmanian
6513:Gunwinyguan proper
6347:Proto-Pama–Nyungan
6210:Ngarna/Warluwarric
5960:Arandic–Thura–Yura
5784:Guwa–Yanda ?
5122:(26 August 2009).
5065:. pp. 27–48.
4986:. pp. 69–92.
4693:(September 2014).
4231:Wycliffe Australia
3416:, pp. 17, 61.
2864:Margaret Heffernan
2663:Northern Territory
2612:) for velar nasal
2445:proto-Pama–Nyungan
2369:consonant clusters
2207:The dental series
2142:Coronal consonants
1986:palatal consonants
1976:). There are also
1968:), and its shape (
1427:list of references
1363:Northern Territory
1359:Western Australian
1323:Wiradjuri language
1301:on 31 August 2016
1266:Stolen Generations
1215:Northern Tasmanian
736:Robert M. W. Dixon
723:
425:Northern Territory
199:Bundjalung (~ 100)
57:
49:
8355:
8354:
7997:
7996:
7917:Macro-Gunwinyguan
7858:Language families
7632:
7631:
7628:
7627:
7499:
7498:
7448:Mornington Island
7424:Kimberley Kriol (
7375:
7374:
7321:Tyerrernotepanner
7220:
7219:
7053:
7052:
6985:
6984:
6847:
6846:
6749:
6748:
6680:Central (Warrkbi)
6666:
6665:
6612:
6611:
6432:Macro-Gunwinyguan
6355:
6354:
6338:
6337:
6303:Kanyara–Mantharta
6117:
6116:
6028:Northern (Palku)
5948:
5947:
5762:Bidyara–Gungabula
5586:
5585:
5213:Library resources
5072:978-0-521-33983-4
5033:978-1-107-17114-5
5014:Pereltsvaig, Asya
4993:978-9-027-29511-8
4964:O'Grady, Geoffrey
4913:978-0-195-53728-4
4790:Hunter, Jessica;
4691:Goldsworthy, Anna
4641:978-0-858-83538-2
4601:978-1-108-02504-1
4561:978-0-521-47378-1
4521:978-0-521-29450-8
4481:978-1-408-10214-5
4453:10.1121/2.0001004
4314:Bowern, C. 2011.
4298:. 28 March 2018.
4207:Missing or empty
3952:978-1-925261-24-0
3612:978-0-86942-150-5
3588:978-0-86942-151-2
3277:Dixon 2002: 48,53
2890:Rachel Nordlinger
2824:Notable linguists
2821:
2820:
2684:Western Australia
2616:
2615:
2578:'this, this one'
1990:uvular consonants
1902:
1901:
1480:
1479:
1472:
1227:Eastern Tasmanian
1069:
1068:
996:Western Tasmanian
307:Western Australia
112:, as well as the
102:Eastern Trans-Fly
66:language families
16:(Redirected from
8375:
8348:
8341:
8326:
8317:
8310:
8303:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8257:
8250:
8243:
8236:
8229:
8211:
8204:
8197:
8190:
8183:
8176:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8141:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8093:
8086:
8079:
8072:
8065:
8058:
8051:
8044:
8037:
8030:
8023:
7990:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7935:
7928:
7920:
7912:
7905:
7898:
7891:
7884:
7876:
7868:
7848:
7841:
7834:
7825:
7818:
7811:
7804:
7797:
7790:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7731:
7714:
7707:
7700:
7698:South Australian
7693:
7686:
7659:
7652:
7645:
7636:
7479:Cape York Creole
7437:Westside Kriol (
7403:Australian Kriol
7399:
7390:
7254:
7185:Eastern (Dyukun)
7146:
7005:
6858:
6801:Limilngan–Wulna?
6785:
6677:
6517:
6438:
6126:
5957:
5888:Guugu Yimidihirr
5595:
5455:
5448:
5421:
5414:
5407:
5398:
5349:50 Words Project
5251:
5248:The Conversation
5201:
5199:
5197:
5191:
5158:
5145:
5143:
5141:
5132:. Archived from
5115:
5113:
5111:
5088:
5086:
5084:
5049:
5047:
5045:
5009:
5007:
5005:
4959:
4929:
4927:
4925:
4888:
4886:
4884:
4878:
4867:
4855:
4853:
4851:
4829:
4827:
4825:
4815:
4786:
4784:
4782:
4772:
4747:
4737:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4686:
4657:
4655:
4653:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4497:
4495:
4493:
4457:
4455:
4438:
4420:
4394:
4384:
4348:
4346:
4344:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4276:
4275:
4274:
4272:
4253:
4247:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4176:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4142:
4136:
4130:
4124:
4123:, pp. 9–10.
4118:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4098:
4092:
4086:
4080:
4074:
4068:
4062:
4056:
4050:
4037:
4031:
4020:
4012:
3989:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3938:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3909:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3884:
3878:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3824:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3772:The Conversation
3763:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3740:. 8 April 2019.
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3623:
3615:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3574:
3568:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3501:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3453:
3447:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3356:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3335:Pereltsvaig 2017
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3308:
3302:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3245:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3155:
3152:Goldsworthy 2014
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3118:
3112:
3106:
3100:
3094:
3088:
3082:
3076:
3070:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3043:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3019:
3010:
3004:
2988:
2985:
2913:
2911:Australia portal
2908:
2907:
2906:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2787:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2724:
2722:
2721:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2627:
2526:
2453:
2449:
2373:fortis and lenis
2310:
2306:
2258:fricatives (see
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2090:, the sibilants
2089:
2085:
2081:
2070:, spoken in the
1922:voicing contrast
1912:
1898:
1889:
1871:
1864:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1643:
1621:
1617:
1561:marking and for
1508:avoidance speech
1475:
1468:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1450:this section by
1441:inline citations
1420:
1419:
1412:
1392:, spoken by the
1381:Language revival
1296:
1241:the case of the
906:Mangarrayi-Maran
853:
814:William A. Foley
715:
702:
689:
680:
671:
662:
652:
643:
634:
624:
614:
605:
596:
587:
578:
146:from north-east
21:
8383:
8382:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8358:
8357:
8356:
8351:
8344:
8337:
8329:
8322:
8313:
8306:
8299:
8288:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8253:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8225:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8179:
8172:
8165:
8158:
8151:
8144:
8137:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8096:
8089:
8082:
8075:
8068:
8061:
8054:
8047:
8040:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:mixed languages
8010:
7993:
7981:
7974:
7967:
7959:
7952:
7945:
7938:
7931:
7923:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7879:
7871:
7864:
7853:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7821:
7814:
7807:
7800:
7793:
7786:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7725:
7717:
7710:
7703:
7696:
7689:
7682:
7668:
7663:
7633:
7624:
7576:
7538:Mixed languages
7532:
7528:Pidgin Ngarluma
7495:
7465:
7459:
7417:Bamyili Kriol (
7383:
7381:
7380:New Indigenous
7371:
7356:Little Swanport
7336:
7323:(North Midland)
7301:
7277:
7274:(Toogee) ?
7249:
7241:
7216:
7180:
7171:Djabirr-Djabirr
7135:
7104:
7081:
7049:
7026:
7003:
6981:
6977:Ngan’gityemerri
6958:
6935:
6902:
6879:
6843:
6817:
6796:
6773:
6745:
6729:
6708:
6662:
6640:
6608:
6605:(Enindhilyagwa)
6570:
6542:
6508:
6469:
6426:
6411:(Garrwa, north)
6395:
6351:
6334:
6283:
6237:
6204:
6113:
6091:
6015:
5944:
5907:
5875:
5833:
5720:
5715:Flinders Island
5686:Southwest Paman
5615:
5582:
5551:
5491:
5443:
5435:
5425:
5362:Wayback Machine
5339:
5323:Wayback Machine
5289:, as listed by
5241:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5221:
5220:
5216:
5209:
5207:Further reading
5204:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5156:
5148:
5139:
5137:
5118:
5109:
5107:
5093:
5082:
5080:
5073:
5052:
5043:
5041:
5034:
5012:
5003:
5001:
4994:
4962:
4935:
4923:
4921:
4914:
4896:, eds. (1997).
4894:Evans, Nicholas
4891:
4882:
4880:
4876:
4865:
4858:
4849:
4847:
4833:
4823:
4821:
4789:
4780:
4778:
4750:
4735:10.1.1.134.3386
4719:
4710:
4708:
4689:
4660:
4651:
4649:
4642:
4622:Evans, Nicholas
4620:
4611:
4609:
4602:
4582:Dixon, R. M. W.
4580:
4571:
4569:
4562:
4550:. Vol. 1.
4542:Dixon, R. M. W.
4540:
4531:
4529:
4522:
4502:Dixon, R. M. W.
4500:
4491:
4489:
4482:
4460:
4441:
4418:10.1.1.691.3903
4397:
4351:
4342:
4340:
4335:. Anggarrgoon.
4327:
4323:Wayback Machine
4305:
4303:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4240:
4238:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4206:
4196:
4189:
4187:
4178:
4177:
4170:
4160:
4158:
4144:
4143:
4139:
4131:
4127:
4119:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4087:
4083:
4075:
4071:
4067:, pp. 7–8.
4063:
4059:
4051:
4040:
4032:
4023:
4009:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3976:
3974:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3953:
3940:
3939:
3932:
3922:
3920:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3896:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3871:
3869:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3839:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3811:
3809:
3796:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3732:
3731:
3727:
3717:
3715:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3678:NSW Legislation
3672:
3671:
3667:
3657:
3655:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3616:
3613:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3518:
3516:
3503:
3502:
3498:
3488:
3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3460:
3456:
3448:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3374:
3372:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3345:
3341:
3333:
3329:
3321:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3262:
3260:
3247:
3246:
3242:
3232:
3230:
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3173:Zuckermann 2009
3171:
3167:
3162:
3158:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3120:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3095:
3091:
3087:, p. 4593.
3083:
3079:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3052:
3044:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2982:
2977:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2826:
2803:
2801:
2782:
2780:
2761:
2759:
2747:New South Wales
2740:
2738:
2726:South Australia
2719:
2717:
2698:
2696:
2677:
2675:
2656:
2654:
2621:
2505:
2499:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2321:
2289:alveolo-palatal
2276:palato-alveolar
2144:
1907:
1698:Alveolo-palatal
1629:
1628:
1627:
1595:
1589:case marking.
1559:accusative case
1539:absolutive case
1476:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1445:
1431:related reading
1421:
1417:
1410:
1408:Common features
1390:Kaurna language
1383:
1371:Nick Thieberger
1367:South Australia
1311:
1238:
1075:
1070:
972:Limilngan-Wulna
900:Iwaidjan Proper
842:
834:
822:Sahul continent
802:
763:Johanna Nichols
748:Kenneth L. Hale
728:
721:
713:
711:
700:
698:
687:
685:
678:
676:
669:
667:
660:
658:
650:
648:
641:
639:
632:
630:
622:
620:
612:
610:
603:
601:
594:
592:
585:
583:
576:
568:
285:Guugu Yimidhirr
254:Yankunytjatjara
233:South Australia
186:New South Wales
172:
144:Yolŋu languages
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8381:
8379:
8371:
8370:
8360:
8359:
8353:
8352:
8350:
8349:
8342:
8334:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8320:
8319:
8318:
8304:
8296:
8294:
8293:Sign languages
8290:
8289:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8265:
8258:
8251:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8222:
8220:
8216:
8215:
8213:
8212:
8205:
8198:
8191:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8163:
8156:
8149:
8142:
8135:
8134:
8133:
8126:
8112:
8104:
8102:
8098:
8097:
8095:
8094:
8087:
8080:
8073:
8066:
8059:
8056:Light Warlpiri
8052:
8045:
8042:Gurindji Kriol
8038:
8031:
8024:
8016:
8014:
7999:
7998:
7995:
7994:
7992:
7991:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7957:
7950:
7943:
7936:
7929:
7925:Marrku–Wurrugu
7921:
7913:
7906:
7899:
7892:
7885:
7877:
7869:
7861:
7859:
7855:
7854:
7852:
7851:
7850:
7849:
7846:Djambarrpuyngu
7842:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:Pitjantjatjara
7819:
7812:
7802:Western Desert
7798:
7791:
7784:
7777:
7770:
7763:
7760:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
7756:
7749:
7742:
7734:
7728:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7708:
7701:
7694:
7687:
7679:
7677:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7662:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7639:
7630:
7629:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7622:
7621:Murdi Language
7619:
7613:
7607:
7601:
7595:
7590:
7584:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7574:
7568:
7558:
7553:
7551:Gurindji Kriol
7548:
7546:Light Warlpiri
7542:
7540:
7534:
7533:
7531:
7530:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7509:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7497:
7496:
7494:
7493:
7487:
7484:Lockhart River
7481:
7476:
7469:
7467:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7451:
7445:
7442:
7439:Victoria River
7435:
7429:
7426:Fitzroy Valley
7422:
7415:
7407:
7405:
7396:
7387:
7382:languages and
7377:
7376:
7373:
7372:
7370:
7369:
7364:
7358:
7353:
7346:
7344:
7338:
7337:
7335:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7318:
7317:(Northeastern)
7311:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7287:
7285:
7279:
7278:
7276:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7260:
7251:
7243:
7242:
7240:
7239:
7234:
7228:
7226:
7222:
7221:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7143:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7133:
7127:
7121:
7114:
7112:
7106:
7105:
7103:
7102:
7097:
7091:
7089:
7083:
7082:
7080:
7079:
7074:
7069:
7063:
7061:
7055:
7054:
7051:
7050:
7048:
7047:
7042:
7036:
7034:
7028:
7027:
7025:
7024:
7019:
7013:
7011:
7002:
7001:
6995:
6993:
6987:
6986:
6983:
6982:
6980:
6979:
6974:
6968:
6966:
6960:
6959:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6945:
6943:
6937:
6936:
6934:
6933:
6931:Marramaninjsji
6928:
6923:
6918:
6912:
6910:
6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6889:
6887:
6881:
6880:
6878:
6877:
6872:
6866:
6864:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6845:
6844:
6842:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6825:
6823:
6819:
6818:
6816:
6815:
6810:
6804:
6802:
6798:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6775:
6774:
6772:
6771:
6766:
6760:
6758:
6755:Marrku–Wurrugu
6751:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6743:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6730:
6728:
6727:
6722:
6716:
6714:
6710:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6699:
6689:
6683:
6681:
6674:
6668:
6667:
6664:
6663:
6661:
6660:
6655:
6648:
6646:
6645:Other isolates
6642:
6641:
6639:
6638:
6633:
6627:
6625:
6614:
6613:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6606:
6600:
6594:
6589:
6584:
6578:
6576:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6568:
6562:
6557:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6543:
6541:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6507:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6488:
6483:
6477:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6468:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6446:
6444:
6435:
6428:
6427:
6425:
6424:
6418:
6417:(Wanji, south)
6412:
6405:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6393:
6387:
6381:
6376:
6365:
6363:
6357:
6356:
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6321:
6320:
6307:
6306:
6305:
6300:
6291:
6289:
6288:South-West P–N
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6266:
6261:
6251:
6245:
6243:
6242:Desert Nyungic
6239:
6238:
6236:
6235:
6234:
6233:
6230:
6222:
6214:
6212:
6206:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6201:
6200:
6186:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6170:
6160:Dhuwal–Dhuwala
6156:
6149:
6142:
6134:
6132:
6123:
6119:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6111:
6104:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6090:
6089:
6088:
6087:
6079:
6069:
6068:
6067:
6060:
6050:
6049:
6048:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6025:
6023:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6012:
6011:
6004:
5997:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5976:
5963:
5961:
5954:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5936:
5935:
5928:
5915:
5913:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5905:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5871:
5868:Lower Burdekin
5858:
5851:
5843:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5828:Lower Burdekin
5825:
5824:
5823:
5815:
5801:
5800:
5799:
5792:
5782:
5774:
5773:
5772:
5765:
5755:
5754:
5753:
5743:
5742:
5741:
5730:
5728:
5722:
5721:
5719:
5718:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5700:Southern Paman
5697:
5696:
5695:
5683:
5682:
5681:
5678:Mbarrumbathama
5674:
5662:
5661:
5660:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5638:
5629:Northern Paman
5625:
5623:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5608:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
5598:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5559:
5557:
5553:
5552:
5550:
5549:
5548:
5547:
5540:
5533:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5513:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5492:
5490:
5489:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5461:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5388:
5378:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5352:
5346:
5338:
5337:External links
5335:
5334:
5333:
5326:
5313:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5284:
5275:
5270:
5261:
5252:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5223:
5222:
5211:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5169:(1): 111–127.
5146:
5129:The Australian
5116:
5090:
5089:
5071:
5050:
5032:
5010:
4992:
4976:Bowern, Claire
4960:
4951:(1): 323–446,
4933:
4930:
4912:
4889:
4856:
4830:
4806:(1): 106–140.
4792:Bowern, Claire
4787:
4763:(4): 470–515.
4748:
4728:(3): 392–399.
4717:
4687:
4669:(2): 303–323.
4658:
4640:
4624:, ed. (2003).
4618:
4600:
4578:
4560:
4538:
4520:
4498:
4480:
4458:
4439:
4411:(4): 817–845.
4399:Bowern, Claire
4395:
4353:Bowern, Claire
4349:
4329:Bowern, Claire
4325:
4312:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4277:
4248:
4218:
4168:
4137:
4125:
4113:
4093:
4081:
4069:
4057:
4038:
4021:
4007:
3984:
3958:
3951:
3930:
3904:
3879:
3849:
3819:
3789:
3755:
3725:
3695:
3665:
3650:. 6 May 2018.
3635:
3611:
3593:
3587:
3569:
3557:
3526:
3496:
3466:
3454:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3351:
3339:
3337:, p. 278.
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3270:
3240:
3210:
3177:
3165:
3156:
3144:
3113:
3101:
3089:
3077:
3062:
3050:
3038:
3026:
3011:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2892:
2887:
2885:Nicholas Evans
2882:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2854:R. M. W. Dixon
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2830:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2777:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2756:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2693:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2651:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2634:
2631:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2599:
2598:'person, man'
2596:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2566:
2560:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2546:
2544:Pitjantjatjara
2540:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2501:Main article:
2498:
2495:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2320:
2317:
2229:denti-alveolar
2143:
2140:
2068:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
2035:; "retroflex"
1940:, typically a
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1892:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1856:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1747:
1740:
1733:
1726:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1622:⟩, see
1598:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1478:
1477:
1435:external links
1424:
1422:
1415:
1409:
1406:
1382:
1379:
1310:
1307:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1224:
1218:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1182:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1001:
1000:
999:
993:
987:
981:
978:Marrku-Wurrugu
975:
969:
963:
957:
951:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
909:
903:
897:
891:
885:
879:
873:
867:
860:
859:
851:
841:
835:
833:
830:
801:
798:
775:Nicholas Evans
727:
724:
712:
699:
686:
677:
668:
659:
649:
640:
631:
621:
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
567:
566:Classification
564:
563:
562:
561:
560:
544:
543:
542:
541:
540:
539:
533:
527:
521:
515:
509:
503:
497:
491:
488:Pitjantjatjara
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
440:Upper Arrernte
437:
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
412:
406:
400:
394:
388:
382:
379:Pitjantjatjara
376:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
334:
331:
325:
319:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
294:
288:
282:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
260:Pitjantjatjara
257:
251:
245:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
220:
214:
213:
212:
206:
200:
171:
168:
134:Western Desert
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8380:
8369:
8366:
8365:
8363:
8347:
8343:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8325:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8311:
8309:
8305:
8302:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8291:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8263:
8259:
8256:
8252:
8249:
8245:
8242:
8238:
8235:
8231:
8228:
8224:
8223:
8221:
8217:
8210:
8206:
8203:
8199:
8196:
8192:
8189:
8185:
8182:
8178:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8164:
8161:
8157:
8154:
8150:
8147:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8131:
8127:
8124:
8120:
8119:
8117:
8113:
8110:
8106:
8105:
8103:
8099:
8092:
8088:
8085:
8081:
8078:
8074:
8071:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8057:
8053:
8050:
8046:
8043:
8039:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8013:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7988:
7984:
7980:
7977:
7973:
7970:
7966:
7963:(4 families?)
7962:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7944:
7941:
7937:
7934:
7930:
7926:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7911:
7907:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7893:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7881:Darwin Region
7878:
7874:
7870:
7867:
7863:
7862:
7860:
7856:
7847:
7843:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7829:
7824:
7820:
7817:
7813:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7796:
7792:
7789:
7785:
7782:
7778:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7767:Murrinh Patha
7764:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7732:
7729:
7727:
7720:
7713:
7712:Torres Strait
7709:
7706:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7688:
7685:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7653:
7648:
7646:
7641:
7640:
7637:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7593:Nunga English
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7565:Tennant Creek
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7543:
7541:
7539:
7535:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7470:
7468:
7464:Northeastern
7462:
7455:
7452:
7449:
7446:
7443:
7440:
7436:
7433:
7430:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7416:
7413:
7409:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7400:
7397:
7395:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7378:
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:(Paredarerme)
7351:
7348:
7347:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7313:
7312:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7288:
7286:
7284:
7280:
7273:
7270:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7244:
7238:
7235:
7233:
7230:
7229:
7227:
7223:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7144:
7142:
7138:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7107:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7084:
7078:
7075:
7073:
7070:
7068:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7056:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7037:
7035:
7033:
7029:
7023:
7020:
7018:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7010:
7006:
7000:
6997:
6996:
6994:
6992:
6988:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6972:Murrinh-patha
6970:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6964:Southern Daly
6961:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6946:
6944:
6942:
6938:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6914:
6913:
6911:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6890:
6888:
6886:
6885:Northern Daly
6882:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6867:
6865:
6863:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6826:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6799:
6793:
6790:
6789:
6786:
6783:
6780:
6779:Darwin Region
6776:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6717:
6715:
6711:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6684:
6682:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6669:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6643:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6604:
6601:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6573:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6555:
6554:Bininj Kunwok
6552:
6551:
6549:
6545:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6518:
6515:
6511:
6504:
6501:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6391:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6362:
6358:
6348:
6345:
6344:
6341:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6318:
6317:
6313:
6312:
6311:
6308:
6304:
6301:
6299:
6296:
6295:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6286:
6280:
6277:
6272:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6256:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6240:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6220:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6207:
6199:
6198:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6191:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6168:
6167:Djambarrpuyŋu
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6148:
6147:
6143:
6141:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6133:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6110:
6109:
6105:
6103:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6094:
6085:
6084:
6080:
6078:
6077:
6073:
6072:
6070:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6047:
6046:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6030:
6029:
6027:
6026:
6024:
6022:
6018:
6010:
6009:
6008:Adnyamathanha
6005:
6003:
6002:
5998:
5996:
5995:
5991:
5990:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5981:
5977:
5975:
5974:
5970:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5938:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5903:
5899:
5897:
5896:
5892:
5890:
5889:
5885:
5884:
5882:
5878:
5869:
5866:
5865:
5864:
5863:
5859:
5857:
5856:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5826:
5821:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5769:Margany–Gunya
5766:
5764:
5763:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5731:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5707:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5692:Kuuk Thayorre
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5679:
5675:
5673:
5672:
5668:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5630:
5627:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5610:
5609:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5573:Gumbaynggiric
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5560:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5538:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5528:
5527:
5524:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5510:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5483:
5481:
5478:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5458:Victorian P–N
5456:
5453:
5449:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5433:
5429:
5422:
5417:
5415:
5410:
5408:
5403:
5402:
5399:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5372:
5369:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5256:
5253:
5249:
5245:
5240:
5239:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5206:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5172:
5168:
5164:
5163:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5135:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5121:
5117:
5105:
5101:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5078:
5074:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5051:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5020:
5015:
5011:
4999:
4995:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4950:
4946:
4942:
4938:
4937:Mitchell, Rod
4934:
4931:
4919:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4875:
4871:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4706:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4659:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4567:
4563:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4543:
4539:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4508:
4503:
4499:
4487:
4483:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4462:Dalby, Andrew
4459:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4410:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4354:
4350:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4252:
4249:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4222:
4219:
4214:
4201:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4156:
4152:
4151:Common Ground
4148:
4141:
4138:
4135:, p. 10.
4134:
4129:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4114:
4106:
4105:
4097:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4082:
4078:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4061:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4019:
4018:9780199812776
4015:
4010:
4008:9780199812790
4004:
4000:
3999:
3994:
3988:
3985:
3972:
3968:
3962:
3959:
3954:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3935:
3931:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3905:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3837:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3729:
3726:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3696:
3683:
3679:
3675:
3669:
3666:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3614:
3608:
3604:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3530:
3527:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3500:
3497:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3463:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3446:
3443:
3440:, p. 96.
3439:
3434:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3395:
3392:, p. 16.
3391:
3386:
3383:
3370:
3366:
3363:. 4.1. Jena:
3362:
3355:
3352:
3348:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:
3289:, p. 69.
3288:
3283:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3244:
3241:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3211:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3169:
3166:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3148:
3145:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3111:, p. 43.
3110:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3097:Mitchell 2015
3093:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3078:
3075:, p. 27.
3074:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3039:
3035:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3009:, pp. 2.
3008:
3003:
3000:
2994:
2984:
2981:
2974:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2879:Lynette Oates
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2849:Arthur Capell
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2839:Claire Bowern
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2800:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2737:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2716:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2695:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2607:
2605:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2590:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2491:breathy voice
2488:
2484:
2483:voice quality
2479:
2476:
2460:
2455:
2446:
2441:
2428:
2422:
2418:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2356:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2031:; "alveolar"
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1916:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1859:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:
1795:
1792:
1788:
1785:
1781:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1635:
1625:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1474:
1471:
1463:
1460:December 2019
1453:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1313:2019 was the
1308:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1286:
1285:Aden Ridgeway
1281:
1279:
1278:lingua franca
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1256:
1255:Claire Bowern
1252:
1248:
1244:
1235:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:Darwin Region
1171:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1079:Claire Bowern
1077:According to
1073:Bowern (2011)
1072:
1065:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1002:
998:(2) (extinct)
997:
994:
992:(2) (extinct)
991:
988:
986:(2) (extinct)
985:
982:
980:(2) (extinct)
979:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:Southern Daly
958:
955:
954:Northern Daly
952:
950:(2) (extinct)
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
926:(3) (extinct)
925:
922:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
874:
871:
868:
865:
862:
861:
858:Families (23)
857:
856:
855:
854:
850:
848:
847:
839:
836:
831:
829:
827:
826:Torres Strait
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
799:
797:
794:
791:
787:
782:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
758:
754:
749:
744:
742:
737:
733:
725:
719:
710:
706:
697:
693:
684:
675:
666:
665:Darwin Region
656:
647:
638:
628:
618:
609:
600:
591:
582:
572:
565:
558:
555:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
537:
534:
531:
528:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
486:
483:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:Murrinh Patha
468:
465:
462:
459:
456:
453:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
429:
428:
426:
423:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
328:Ngaanyatjarra
326:
323:
320:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
308:
305:
298:
295:
292:
291:Kuuk Thaayore
289:
286:
283:
280:
277:
276:
274:
273:
271:
268:
261:
258:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
239:
237:
236:
234:
231:
224:
221:
218:
215:
210:
207:
204:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
190:
189:
187:
184:
183:
182:
179:
177:
169:
167:
165:
161:
160:Murrinh-patha
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
118:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
71:
67:
62:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
7947:Pama–Nyungan
7875:(5 families)
7739:Anindilyakwa
7723:
7444:Barkly Kriol
7367:Bruny Island
7307:Northeastern
7293:(Tommeginne)
7077:Gajirrawoong
6941:Eastern Daly
6908:Western Daly
6603:Anindilyakwa
6314:
6310:Kartu–Nhanda
6268:
6254:Ngumpin–Yapa
6217:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6172:
6165:
6158:
6151:
6144:
6137:
6106:
6099:
6081:
6074:
6064:Yandruwandha
6062:
6055:
6043:
6031:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5978:
5971:
5930:
5923:
5900:
5895:Kuku Yalanji
5893:
5886:
5860:
5853:
5846:
5817:
5809:
5794:
5787:
5776:
5767:
5760:
5748:
5736:
5713:
5704:
5690:
5676:
5669:
5658:Umbindhamuic
5648:Middle Paman
5633:
5606:
5568:Bandjalangic
5542:
5535:
5515:
5507:
5484:
5465:Lower Murray
5451:Southeastern
5441:Pama–Nyungan
5427:
5247:
5217:
5196:12 September
5194:. Retrieved
5166:
5160:
5138:. Retrieved
5134:the original
5127:
5108:. Retrieved
5099:
5081:. Retrieved
5058:
5042:. Retrieved
5018:
5002:. Retrieved
4979:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4922:. Retrieved
4898:
4881:. Retrieved
4861:
4848:. Retrieved
4822:. Retrieved
4803:
4799:
4779:. Retrieved
4760:
4756:
4725:
4721:
4711:12 September
4709:. Retrieved
4698:
4666:
4662:
4650:. Retrieved
4626:
4610:. Retrieved
4586:
4570:. Retrieved
4546:
4530:. Retrieved
4506:
4490:. Retrieved
4466:
4443:
4408:
4402:
4364:
4360:
4341:. Retrieved
4304:. Retrieved
4293:
4269:, retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4230:
4221:
4209:|title=
4188:. Retrieved
4159:. Retrieved
4150:
4140:
4133:Butcher 2018
4128:
4121:Butcher 2018
4116:
4103:
4096:
4089:Butcher 2018
4084:
4079:, p. 7.
4077:Butcher 2018
4072:
4065:Butcher 2018
4060:
4055:, p. 9.
4053:Butcher 2018
4036:, p. 8.
4034:Butcher 2018
3996:
3987:
3975:. Retrieved
3961:
3942:
3921:. Retrieved
3907:
3895:. Retrieved
3891:
3888:"Background"
3882:
3870:. Retrieved
3861:
3852:
3840:. Retrieved
3831:
3822:
3810:. Retrieved
3801:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3771:
3746:. Retrieved
3737:
3728:
3716:. Retrieved
3707:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3677:
3668:
3656:. Retrieved
3647:
3638:
3602:
3596:
3578:
3572:
3560:
3548:. Retrieved
3539:
3529:
3517:. Retrieved
3508:
3499:
3487:. Retrieved
3478:
3469:
3457:
3450:Forrest 2017
3445:
3433:
3428:, p. 1.
3426:Forrest 2017
3421:
3409:
3397:
3385:
3373:. Retrieved
3354:
3342:
3330:
3318:
3306:
3294:
3282:
3273:
3261:. Retrieved
3252:
3243:
3231:. Retrieved
3222:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3192:
3168:
3159:
3147:
3135:. Retrieved
3126:
3116:
3104:
3092:
3080:
3060:, p. 3.
3053:
3041:
3036:, p. 2.
3029:
3002:
2983:
2869:Luise Hercus
2859:Kenneth Hale
2827:
2622:
2602:
2592:
2572:
2568:
2549:
2535:Translation
2509:Latin script
2506:
2487:creaky voice
2480:
2456:
2440:assimilation
2429:
2358:
2330:
2322:
2319:Phonotactics
2313:
2292:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2206:
2197:
2186:postalveolar
2181:
2177:
2175:
2170:
2166:
2154:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2065:
2060:
2044:
2043:; and velar
2040:
2039:; "palatal"
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2013:otitis media
2010:
1994:glottal stop
1954:
1919:
1908:
1640:languages.
1630:
1618:and ⟨
1600:
1583:intransitive
1563:third person
1528:
1505:
1501:phonological
1494:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1457:
1446:Please help
1438:
1387:
1384:
1352:
1345:In 2019 the
1344:
1337:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1312:
1303:Linda Burney
1282:
1276:as the only
1263:
1259:
1239:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1005:Isolates (9)
948:Eastern Daly
876:Western Daly
864:Pama-Nyungan
844:
843:
837:
803:
785:
783:
771:Austronesian
761:
745:
729:
718:Pama–Nyungan
629:(4 families)
545:
536:Anindilyakwa
337:Martu Wangka
279:Kuku Yalanji
248:Adyamathanha
242:Ngarrindjeri
180:
175:
173:
142:
119:
94:Pama–Nyungan
79:
58:
36:
8035:Cocos Malay
8021:Angloromani
7832:Yolŋu Matha
7588:Neo-Nyungar
7561:Wumpurrarni
7556:Modern Tiwi
7475:(Yumplatok)
7297:Port Sorell
7268:(Peerapper)
6926:Marrithiyel
6921:Merranunggu
6916:Marri Ngarr
6692:Garig–Ilgar
6371:(register:
6197:Ganhalpuyŋu
6139:Dhaŋu–Djaŋu
6033:Pitta-Pitta
5919:Kalkatungic
5556:North Coast
5537:Barranbinja
5140:1 September
4906:Australia.
4757:Diachronica
4700:The Monthly
3897:7 September
3402:Bowern 2012
3375:30 December
3361:"Glottolog"
3137:13 November
3085:Bowern 2012
3022:Bowern 2011
2881:(1921–2013)
2844:Gavan Breen
2834:Barry Blake
2497:Orthography
2475:pre-stopped
2221:interdental
2211:are always
2086:, alveolar
2049:Wangganguru
2027:; "dental"
1950:approximant
1452:introducing
1355:Daisy Bates
1017:Kungarakany
870:Gunwinyguan
810:Arafura Sea
786:Diachronica
696:Gunwinyguan
391:Walmatjarri
355:Nyangumarta
349:Yinjibarndi
297:Wik Mungkan
148:Arnhem Land
8262:Indonesian
8209:Vietnamese
7940:Nyulnyulan
7781:Walmajarri
7724:Indigenous
7684:Australian
7432:Daly River
7363:(Nuenonne)
7350:Oyster Bay
7315:Pyemmairre
7176:Nimanburru
7141:Nyulnyulan
7120:(Northern)
7100:Gooniyandi
6839:Bugurnidja
6822:Umbugarlic
6725:Manangkari
6597:Nunggubuyu
6582:Rembarrnga
6567:(Ngalkbun)
6560:Kunbarlang
6503:Mangarrayi
6486:Warndarang
6442:Maningrida
5988:Thura–Yura
5925:Kalkatungu
5578:Waka–Kabic
5531:Wiradhuric
5503:Yuin–Kuric
5486:Bungandidj
5291:Ethnologue
5083:2 November
4652:15 October
4271:13 October
4241:13 October
4190:7 November
4161:7 November
3977:17 October
3923:17 October
3872:26 January
3842:26 January
3812:26 January
3565:Wyles 2019
3347:Dixon 2002
3263:6 February
3233:6 February
3203:6 February
3109:Dalby 2015
3073:Walsh 1991
3058:Dixon 1980
3046:Dixon 2011
3034:Evans 2003
3007:Dixon 2002
2874:David Nash
2705:Queensland
2517:diacritics
2291:affricate
2256:Circassian
2240:ty, ny, ly
2233:t, d, n, l
2209:th, nh, lh
2190:prepalatal
2182:rd, rn, rl
2178:rt, rn, rl
2167:t, d, n, l
2041:ty, ny, ly
2037:rt, rn, rl
2029:th, nh, lh
2021:Kalkatungu
1984:and often
1917:to give .
1649:Peripheral
1579:transitive
1575:tripartite
1555:nominative
1553:) to have
1496:Sprachbund
1150:Nyulnyulan
1112:(moribund)
1060:(moribund)
1054:(moribund)
1025:(moribund)
912:Maningrida
882:Nyulnyulan
840:4.1 (2019)
812:. In 1986
806:New Guinea
790:noun class
657:(offshore)
581:Nyulnyulan
559:(~ 20,000)
530:Nunggubuyu
397:Gooniyandi
270:Queensland
223:Gamilaraay
130:endangered
114:Papuan Tip
106:Meriam Mir
88:, but the
8123:Cantonese
7983:Yangmanic
7976:Worrorran
7961:Tasmanian
7795:Warumungu
7726:languages
7676:varieties
7616:Cherbourg
7563:English (
7454:Kowanyama
7247:Tasmanian
7132:(Western)
7126:(Eastern)
7124:Ngarinyin
7110:Worrorran
7072:Miriwoong
7022:Jaminjung
6829:Umbugarla
6808:Limilngan
6618:Yangmanic
6587:Ngalakgan
6460:Ndjébbana
6455:Gurr-goni
6421:Gunindiri
6390:Mingginda
6379:Kayardild
6316:Yinggarda
6270:Warumungu
6174:Gupapuyŋu
6146:Ritharrŋu
6108:Paakantyi
5932:Yalarnnga
5855:Warrgamay
5839:Dyirbalic
5811:Dharumbal
5757:Southern
5733:Northern
5671:Umbuygamu
5665:Lamalamic
5563:Durubalic
5509:Dhanggati
5475:Gippsland
5470:Yotayotic
5444:subgroups
5434:languages
5432:Tasmanian
5183:145627187
5044:30 August
5004:30 August
4968:Hale, Ken
4957:1440-4788
4883:30 August
4824:30 August
4730:CiteSeerX
4683:149318200
4612:30 August
4572:30 August
4532:30 August
4492:30 August
4413:CiteSeerX
2995:Citations
2529:Language
2459:nasalized
2421:obstruent
2399:, or at C
2381:deletions
2377:lenitions
2325:syllables
2279:affricate
2198:underside
2194:subapical
2082:, dental
1966:retroflex
1948:, and an
1934:sibilants
1915:unrounded
1705:Obstruent
1688:Retroflex
1488:ownership
1333:in 2010.
1247:ethnocide
1229:(extinct)
1223:(extinct)
1217:(extinct)
1156:Worrorran
1106:(extinct)
1100:(extinct)
1052:Wadjiginy
1048:(extinct)
1046:Umbugarla
1037:(extinct)
1031:(extinct)
1019:(extinct)
1013:(extinct)
936:Yangmanic
888:Worrorran
846:Glottolog
838:Glottolog
720:(3 areas)
619:(2 areas)
590:Worrorran
538:(~ 1,500)
514:(~ 1,000)
508:(~ 1,800)
506:Kunwinjku
478:(~ 2,000)
472:(~ 2,000)
458:Warumungu
448:(~ 2,300)
442:(~ 4,500)
436:(~ 1,000)
415:Miriwoong
330:(~ 1,000)
322:Wangkatha
217:Wiradjuri
126:varieties
61:Australia
8362:Category
8276:Japanese
8130:Mandarin
7910:Jarrakan
7903:Iwaidjan
7896:Giimbiyu
7788:Warlpiri
7746:Arrernte
7571:Alyawarr
7490:Napranum
7283:Northern
7232:Giimbiyu
7225:isolates
7212:Ngumbarl
7156:Nyulnyul
7130:Worrorra
7118:Wunambal
7059:Jarrakan
6898:Tyerraty
6834:Ngurmbur
6734:Southern
6672:Iwaidjan
6658:Gaagudju
6631:Wardaman
6538:Uwinymil
6529:(Djauan)
6392:(Minkin)
6298:Ngayarda
6294:Pilbara
6225:Southern
6071:Eastern
6052:Central
6040:Western
5980:Kaytetye
5973:Arrernte
5862:Nyawaygi
5806: ?
5745:Eastern
5738:Warrongo
5706:Mbabaram
5653:Umpilaic
5591:Northern
5544:Muruwari
5358:Archived
5319:Archived
5187:Archived
5104:Archived
5100:ABC News
5077:Archived
5038:Archived
5016:(2017).
4998:Archived
4970:(2004).
4924:29 March
4918:Archived
4874:Archived
4850:30 March
4844:Archived
4818:Archived
4781:29 March
4775:Archived
4705:Archived
4646:Archived
4606:Archived
4584:(2011).
4566:Archived
4544:(2002).
4526:Archived
4504:(1980).
4486:Archived
4464:(2015).
4404:Language
4391:23015621
4355:(2012).
4343:30 March
4337:Archived
4319:Archived
4300:Archived
4295:BBC News
4265:archived
4235:Archived
4200:cite web
4184:Archived
4155:Archived
3995:(2020).
3971:Archived
3917:Archived
3892:Nyingarn
3866:Archived
3836:Archived
3806:Archived
3776:Archived
3742:Archived
3712:Archived
3682:Archived
3652:Archived
3620:citation
3581:, Rest,
3544:Archived
3513:Archived
3483:Archived
3369:Archived
3311:BBC 2018
3299:ABC 2018
3257:Archived
3227:Archived
3197:Archived
3131:Archived
3127:ABC News
2897:See also
2810:Tasmania
2768:Victoria
2532:Example
2513:digraphs
2417:sonorant
2159:alveolar
2006:laterals
1978:bilabial
1930:lenition
1759:Sonorant
1683:Alveolar
1673:Bilabial
1616:/ /
1612:Help:IPA
1547:pronouns
1535:ergative
1484:usership
1236:Survival
1144:Jarrakan
1138:Iwaidjan
1116:Wardaman
1098:Giimbiyu
1011:Gaagudju
930:Jarrakan
924:Giimbiyu
832:Families
800:External
781:system.
726:Internal
694:, incl.
683:Giimbiyu
674:Iwaidjan
646:Wardaman
608:Jarrakan
520:(~4,200)
464:Gurindji
452:Kaytetye
446:Warlpiri
343:Panyjima
209:Githabul
203:Yugambeh
156:Warlpiri
84:and the
70:isolates
8283:Spanish
8269:Italian
8234:Chinese
8195:Tagalog
8188:Spanish
8181:Punjabi
8167:Maltese
8153:Italian
8116:Chinese
8007:creoles
8003:Pidgins
7987:Wagiman
7985:(incl.
7954:Tangkic
7889:Garrwan
7866:Bunuban
7816:Pintupi
7809:Luritja
7753:Burarra
7674:English
7573:English
7505:Pidgins
7466:creoles
7419:Barunga
7412:Ngukurr
7394:Creoles
7342:Eastern
7258:Western
7207:Nyigina
7087:Bunuban
7045:Wambaya
7040:Ngarnka
7032:Ngurlun
7017:Nungali
6999:Jingulu
6781: ?
6764:Wurrugu
6757: ?
6741:Amurdag
6687:Iwaidja
6654: ?
6636:Wagiman
6622:Wagiman
6599:(Wubuy)
6575:Eastern
6565:Dalabon
6547:Central
6520:Western
6505: ?
6499: ?
6493: ?
6465:Nakkara
6450:Burarra
6434: ?
6401:Garrwan
6384:Yukulta
6361:Tangkic
6325:Mirning
6319: ?
6273: ?
6259:Ngumpin
6249:Marrngu
6219:Yanyuwa
6122:Western
6086: ?
5994:Wirangu
5967:Arandic
5953:Central
5870: ?
5848:Dyirbal
5830: ?
5822: ?
5814: ?
5804:Kingkel
5781: ?
5520: ?
5512: ?
5268:AIATSIS
5259:AIATSIS
4435:4375648
4382:3479735
4306:21 July
4282:Sources
3782:26 June
3748:26 June
3718:26 June
3688:26 June
3658:26 June
3550:26 June
3519:26 June
3489:26 June
2709:13,474
2688:10,251
2667:34,956
2564:Wajarri
2301:Yanyuwa
2297:palatal
2284:or the
2213:laminal
2155:d, n, l
2151:t, n, l
2059:at all
2053:Yanyuwa
2033:t, n, l
1996:. Both
1974:laminal
1961:coronal
1938:rhotics
1911:/i,u,a/
1813:Lateral
1710:Plosive
1666:Laminal
1654:Coronal
1634:Arandic
1604:in the
1571:animate
1516:lexicon
1512:grammar
1448:improve
1211:Western
1197:Garawan
1191:Tangkic
1126:Bunuban
1110:Wagiman
1058:Wageman
1023:Laragia
966:Garrwan
942:Bunaban
918:Tangkic
709:Tangkic
705:Garawan
637:Wagiman
599:Bunuban
551:Creoles
532:(~ 300)
526:(~ 100)
524:Djinang
512:Burarra
502:(~ 400)
496:(~ 100)
494:Iwaidja
482:Pintupi
466:(~ 400)
460:(~ 300)
454:(~ 100)
434:Luritja
417:(~ 200)
411:(~ 200)
405:(~ 200)
399:(~ 100)
393:(~ 300)
387:(~ 100)
385:Kukatja
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351:(~ 400)
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324:(~ 300)
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