521:) cover almost 10% of the mainland. Incorporating several mountain ranges which extend 3,700 km (2,300 mi) the Highlands run parallel to the east coast of the mainland; covering Queensland, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. The highlands were formed around 80 million years ago, and are some of the oldest and most prominent in the world. This area is very rugged and primarily consists of a series of tablelands and plateaus. The highlands are much more prominent toward the south east of the mainland and form the Southern Highlands, which are located across (south) New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria. These Southern highlands
47:
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693:
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1166:) over recent decades. In 2021, approximately 28.9% of the mainland's total electricity generation was from renewable energy sources with South Australia at 66.5% renewable energy generation, Victoria at 33.4%, Western Australia at 31.5%, New South Wales at 26.0% and Queensland at 19.6%. The majority of this renewable energy was generated through
1399:
222:. Its population is about 25.9 million, 98% of Australia's total population. Mainland Australia has a variety of climatic regions, ranging from tropical rainforests and deserts to cool temperature rainforests to snow-covered mountains. It is in these mainland regions that much of Australia's native
320:
groups (nations) each with unique cultures, beliefs and languages inhabited territories on the mainland. Currently, Indigenous people living on the mainland make up 2.4% of the total
Australian population, encompassing over 250
724:
The
Australian mainland is host to some of the world's largest open-cut and underground mines. Across the mainland states (besides the ACT), there are over 350 operating mines, producing 19 useful
533:
Occupying approximately 25% of the
Australian mainland, the Central Lowlands (and Deserts) are low-lying with an average height of under 200 metres (660 ft) above sea level. It is home to the
260:. Antarctica's separation from Australia began roughly 85 million years ago, at a rate of a few millimetres per year. It took over 30 million years (53 million years ago), toward the end of the
377:
what we now know to be as (mainland) Australia. The most famous and well documented expedition of
Australia occurred 164 years after Janszoon's journey, through British navigator and explorer
1344:) was to be established on land given by New South Wales, however it must be at least 100 miles (160 km) from Sydney. This territory would contain the official capital of Australia, and
449:. Over millions of years, the shifting of these tectonic plates has seen the Australian mainland undergo many physical changes. Mountain ranges and seas have come and gone, and the forces of
437:
patterns across the mainland. Toward the barren centre of the mainland, the rainfall pattern is concentric and sparse, whereas there is higher intensity rainfall toward the mainland's
1321:. However, the location of the capital sparked years of negotiating between politicians in New South Wales and Victoria, the two most prominent states, who each wanted their capital,
1200:
has often been looked over due to the state's small size and general isolation. This is observed through the states and territories of mainland
Australia representing 146 of the 151
183:
The term is typically used when referring to the relationship between
Tasmania and the other Australian states, in that people not from Tasmania are referred to as mainlanders.
2540:
381:. He documented the first interaction of the Eastern Australian coastline, and on 23 April 1770, Cook made the first recorded observation of Indigenous Australians at nowadays
1188:
Australian political decisions are typically deliberated and enacted within the limits of homeland (mainland
Australia) soil. Despite Tasmania being one of Australia's six
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589:
period), there lay a great inland sea, stretching over one quarter of the mainland. The evaporation of this ocean left behind what we now know as the
Western Plateau. The
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2328:
1559:
637:. Much of the Western Plateau receives minimal rainfall and thus appears red in colour. Conversely, the Northern Plateau experiences heavy rainfall throughout the
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1526:
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which is up to 3.6 billion years old. Despite this, the
Plateau is a huge area of tablelands, averaging 500m above sea level in some parts. It is home to
505:, due to its hospitable conditions. Some sources refer to the Coastal Plains as the entire coastline of the mainland, outspreading beyond the East Coast.
2113:
278:
around 35,000 years ago, sea levels (around
Australia) dropped by 120 metres (390 ft), developing a continuous stretch of land between what is now
304:
occupied mainland Australia up to 50,000 to 60,000 years ago, well before the last ice-age. Although an exact figure has not been decided on, numerous
2134:
Bowler, James; Wasson, Robert (1984). "Glacial age environments of inland Australia. Late Cainozoic Palaeoclimates of the Southern Hemisphere".
286:. Over the next 6,000 years the ice gradually melted, increasing sea-levels, cutting off Papua New Guinea and Tasmania from mainland Australia.
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resources. Most of Australia's oil and gas exploration occurs off the mainland. However, on the mainland, the abundance of minerals (and thus
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1862:
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1244:
145:
1979:
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2015:
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The land mass covers 7,591,608 km (2,931,136 sq mi), about 98.7% of the area of the country of Australia and 1.5% of
429:
is one of its defining features. Despite being surrounded by ocean, approximately 20% of the Australian mainland is classified as
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Along the Eastern seaboard of the mainland are the Coastal Plains; a narrow strip of land along the East coast of Australia from
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The Australian mainland's various geology and climate, has led to the increased utilisation of renewable energy (
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studies all confirm that Aboriginal Australians are one of the oldest living populations in the world outside of
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on a number of occasions from maps of Australia, reinforcing the divide between Tasmania and the mainland. The
665:. It was these processes which over millions of years has led to the accumulation of Australia's main known
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down South. The lowest point on the mainland is found in this division at Lake Eyre, at 50m below sea level.
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After years of debate to no avail, the two states decided on a compromise that met the requirements of the
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1283:. In 1911, the Northern Territory was transferred from South Australia to the Commonwealth and formed a
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31:
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2004:
Swanson, Louise; Kriewaldt, Jeana; Ford, Nicole; Bowden, Karen; Harrison, Adrian (18 November 2016).
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Clarkson, Chris; Arnold, Lee (2017). "Human occupation of northern Australia by 65,000 years ago".
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Veevers, J.J.; McElhinny, M.W. (July 1976). "The separation of Australia from other continents".
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385:. This journey, coupled with numerous other reports, ultimately led the British to establish a
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left Tasmania off the map of Australia during the opening ceremony, as did the designs of the
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2005:
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1613:"Australia, the Island Continent: How Contradictory Geography Shapes the National Imaginary"
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This article is about the main landmass of the Australian continent. For the continent, see
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1957:
1918:
Dutch Discoveries of Australia: Shipwrecks, treasures and early voyages off the West Coast
1352:) was built. In 1909, this compromise was agreed upon and was finally legislated in 1911.
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267:, for Australia to fully separate from Antarctica and set course for where we see the two
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divisions spread throughout the mainland states and territories; the Coastal Plains, the
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1813:
1701:
1628:
641:(November to April), due to its more tropical location compared to the Western Plateau.
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corporateName=National Museum of Australia; address=Lawson Crescent, Acton Peninsula.
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journeyings to Terra Australis throughout the 17th and 18th century, progressively
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214:'s surface. It is sometimes described as an island, in which case it would be the
17:
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662:
622:
605:. Over one-third of the mainland, the Plateaus are made of one stable block of
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for South Land, which was hypothesised on the notion there must be land in the
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Australia's separation from the other continents resulted in a long period of
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in 1606, as he sailed around Australia's north coast arriving in present-day
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745:
732:. These mines allow Australia to be one of the world's largest producers of
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for more than half the year during the winter due to their higher altitude.
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133:
78:
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788:. Some of the largest mines on the Australian mainland are listed below:
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1590:"Area of Australia - States and Territories | Geoscience Australia"
493:. This division is host to some of the mainland's major cities, namely,
316:
on the Australian mainland in the late 18th century, over 500 different
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1898:"Indigenous Australians: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people"
1363:
territory was added to the Australian Capital Territory to ensure the
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761:
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2270:"Worsley Alumina Refinery & Boddington Bauxite Mine Site Tour"
1783:"The weather and climate of Australia at the Last Glacial Maximum"
1300:
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established five colonies on the Australian mainland, and one in
333:
The first documented encounter of the Australian mainland was by
1934:
Great Southern Land: The maritime exploration of Terra Australis
1233:
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833:
781:
769:
757:
737:
434:
317:
940:
853:
820:
674:
670:
305:
1174:, proportionally contributing 35.9% and 38.3% respectively.
2288:"Rio Tinto cleared to expand West Angelas iron ore project"
1359:
was officially named as the capital of Australia. In 1915,
140:, can be used in a geographic sense to exclude surrounding
1874:
1872:
1656:
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2393:
2391:
2108:
2106:
2055:"Landforms: Major Landforms and Divisions of Australia"
1863:"DNA confirms Aboriginal culture one of Earth's oldest"
1743:"National Museum of Australia - Separation of Tasmania"
1683:
1681:
1679:
441:
and coastal areas. Australia lies on the middle of the
1220:. All six colonies were constitutionally connected to
1787:
School of Earth Sciences, the University of Melbourne
689:
much of these natural occurring resources overseas.
2372:
2370:
681:) has formed the basis of Australia's dependence on
1329:respectively, to become the new country's capital.
553:). The Central Lowlands incorporates three primary
513:Approximately 100 km (62 mi) inland, the
91:
86:
70:
62:
57:
2233:"Super mines: Australia's biggest mining projects"
148:. Generally, the term is applied to the states of
461:. These physical changes developed four primary
2226:
2224:
2222:
445:and as a result is not influenced by any severe
2258:. Western Australia: Newmont. 31 December 2020.
2275:. Western Australia: South32. 6 December 2018.
1958:"Cook's Journal: Daily Entries, 22 April 1770"
1313:in 1901, it was always assumed the Australian
248:period, 130 million years ago, Australia (and
2209:"Cannington Silver and Lead Mine, Queensland"
1275:. In 1901, the six states were united as the
593:and Northern Plateaus incorporate nearly all
469:, the Central Lowlands (and Deserts) and the
66:7,591,608 km (2,931,136 sq mi)
8:
2461:National Film and Sound Archive of Australia
1999:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1766:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
39:
2541:Metropolitan or continental parts of states
1348:would sit in Melbourne until the city (now
585:Approximately 144 to 65 million years ago (
2307:"Renewable Energy Investment in Australia"
457:have formed much of the mainlands current
341:. These explorations led way to the term '
45:
38:
1829:
27:Main landmass of the Australian continent
2114:"Australian Landforms and their History"
1915:Sigmond, J.P.; Zuiderbaan, L.H. (1979).
790:
433:. This is due to the extremely variable
1668:. Australian Government. Archived from
1488:
1456:
792:Major mines on the Australian mainland
2179:. Australian Government. 4 March 2018.
2093:"Australia: The Land Where Time Began"
1904:. Australian Government. 12 July 2020.
1759:
1730:. Australian Government. October 2021.
1533:. Tasmanian Government. Archived from
2435:"Federation and the National Capital"
2305:de Atholia, Timothy (19 March 2020).
2123:. Australian Government. 15 May 2014.
1554:
1552:
1531:Department of State Growth, Transport
7:
2329:"Clean Energy Australia Report 2022"
1861:Curnoe, Darren (23 September 2011).
128:. The landmass also constitutes the
2191:"Peak Downs/Caval Ridge Coal Mines"
1440:States and territories of Australia
1038:Kalgoorlie Consolidated Gold Mines
581:Western Plateau, Northern Territory
357:. This encounter led several other
218:–more than three times the size of
2481:. ACT Government. 1 November 2019.
2455:Coombes, Jennifer (8 March 2013).
2378:"Documenting a Democracy - Places"
1463:Parts of New South Wales, such as
25:
1445:European exploration of Australia
545:lie some desert mountain ranges (
132:of the territory governed by the
2327:Clean Energy Council Australia.
1503:. Hydro Tasmania. Archived from
1397:
1383:
902:5.25 km (multiple tunnels)
353:to balance the land mass in the
2417:"Defining Moments - Federation"
971:450 km (multiple tunnels)
2457:"The Naming of Canberra, 1913"
2403:Parliamentary Education Office
2382:Museum of Australian Democracy
1978:Young, Emma (6 October 2011).
1243:These colonies formed the six
999:40 km (multiple tunnels)
467:Eastern and Southern highlands
443:Indo-Australian tectonic plate
1:
2475:"A quick history of Canberra"
2399:"The Federation of Australia"
2286:Zhou, Vanessa (13 May 2019).
2091:Monroe, M (21 October 2016).
1150:Renewable energy in Australia
912:Bravus Mining and Resources (
471:Western and Northern Plateaus
2421:National Museum of Australia
2405:. Commonwealth of Australia.
1728:Australian Antarctic Program
1710:10.1016/0012-8252(76)90003-9
1592:. Ga.gov.au. 12 January 2001
1564:National Museum of Australia
1435:List of islands of Australia
1425:Natural history of Australia
1342:Australian Capital Territory
240:Natural history of Australia
170:Australian Capital Territory
1611:McMahon, Elizabeth (2010).
312:. Prior to the arrival of
300:It has been estimated that
136:, and the term, along with
126:Australian offshore islands
2557:
2442:National Capital Authority
2252:Newmont 2020 Annual Report
2231:Casey, JP (7 March 2019).
2173:"Australian Mineral Facts"
2059:The Australian Environment
1980:"Earthquakes in Australia"
1662:"The Australian Continent"
1294:
1181:
1147:
717:
565:toward the centre and the
485:Eastern coast of Australia
421:The Australian mainland's
406:
400:
293:
237:
29:
2010:(4 ed.). Jacaranda.
1936:. Australian Government.
1932:Pearson, Michael (2005).
1467:, are part of the mostly
1277:Commonwealth of Australia
1052:5.25 km (360m deep)
417:Physical map of Australia
389:in Australia, firstly at
185:Tasmania has been omitted
134:Commonwealth of Australia
75:
53:
44:
2444:. Australian Government.
2423:. Australian Government.
2363:. Australian Government.
2032:"Landforms of Australia"
1886:. Australian Government.
1865:. Australian Geographic.
1637:10.1177/1206331209358224
1560:"Separation of Tasmania"
1527:"Ex-interstate vehicles"
1232:, with their respective
2438:(Government Fact Sheet)
2361:Parliament of Australia
2159:Parliament of Australia
1334:Australian Constitution
1236:subject to the laws of
201:2014 Commonwealth Games
189:1982 Commonwealth Games
2536:Geography of Australia
2336:Clean Energy Australia
2074:"Great Dividing Range"
1781:Hope, Pandora (2005).
1430:Geography of Australia
1306:
1279:, under a new federal
1224:, each with their own
710:
659:terrigenous deposition
582:
541:deserts and closer to
491:Queensland to Victoria
486:
418:
403:Geography of Australia
296:Aboriginal Australians
216:largest island by area
2155:"The minerals sector"
2153:Knights, P; Hood, M.
2117:(Government Document)
1984:Australian Geographic
1690:Earth-Science Reviews
1566:. NMA. Archived from
1304:
1202:members in Parliament
1184:Politics of Australia
695:
580:
484:
416:
339:Cape York, Queensland
329:European colonization
302:Australian Aborigines
138:continental Australia
32:Australia (continent)
2531:Culture of Australia
2177:Geoscience Australia
2121:Geoscience Australia
1305:Location of Canberra
567:Murray-Darling Basin
559:Carpentaria Lowlands
557:: in the North, the
519:Great Dividing Range
409:Climate of Australia
197:Australian Swim Team
174:Jervis Bay Territory
146:external territories
110:Australian continent
2503: /
2357:"Number of Members"
1822:10.1038/nature22968
1814:2017Natur.547..306C
1724:"Antarctic Geology"
1702:1976ESRv...12..139V
1629:2010SpCul..13..178M
1570:on 30 December 2014
1497:"A quick look back"
1469:submerged continent
1212:From 1788 to 1859,
1063:Hancock Prospecting
793:
720:Mining in Australia
697:Super Pit gold mine
523:experience snowfall
355:Northern Hemisphere
351:Southern Hemisphere
252:) separated from a
142:continental islands
41:
18:Australian mainland
1921:. Adelaide: Rigby.
1420:Flora of Australia
1415:Fauna of Australia
1355:On 12 March 1913,
1307:
1265:Northern Territory
1238:British Parliament
791:
711:
631:Great Sandy Desert
599:Northern Territory
583:
487:
419:
178:Northern Territory
102:Mainland Australia
40:Mainland Australia
2237:Mining Technology
2213:Mining Technology
2099:. Kangaroo Press.
1808:(7663): 306–310.
1617:Space and Culture
1291:Capital selection
1257:Western Australia
1141:
1140:
1127:Western Australia
1099:Western Australia
1068:Western Australia
1042:Western Australia
1015:Western Australia
987:Western Australia
809:Minerals produced
744:(aluminium ore),
708:Western Australia
645:Natural resources
595:Western Australia
543:Central Australia
515:Eastern Highlands
509:Eastern Highlands
447:tectonic activity
168:, as well as the
166:Western Australia
99:
98:
16:(Redirected from
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1405:Geography portal
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1391:Australia portal
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1317:would be on the
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627:Victorian Desert
611:metamorphic rock
529:Central Lowlands
282:, Australia and
280:Papua New Guinea
199:uniform for the
112:, excluding the
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1507:on 18 July 2016
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1249:New South Wales
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1208:State formation
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1089:Worsley Alumina
946:South Australia
826:New South Wales
722:
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575:
573:Western Plateau
555:drainage basins
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517:(including the
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335:Willem Janszoon
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150:New South Wales
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1747:www.nma.gov.au
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1672:on 1 May 2022.
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1623:(2): 178–187.
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477:Coastal Plains
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635:Gibson Desert
632:
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601:and parts of
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2469:
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2420:
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2381:
2360:
2351:
2339:. Retrieved
2335:
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2313:
2300:
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2264:
2251:
2245:
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2203:
2194:
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2135:
2129:
2120:
2096:
2086:
2077:
2067:
2058:
2035:
2026:
2006:
1983:
1973:
1963:21 September
1961:. Retrieved
1952:
1933:
1927:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1880:"Our people"
1856:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1786:
1776:
1750:. Retrieved
1746:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1693:
1689:
1670:the original
1665:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1594:. Retrieved
1584:
1572:. Retrieved
1568:the original
1563:
1539:. Retrieved
1535:the original
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1500:
1491:
1459:
1365:Commonwealth
1354:
1331:
1308:
1281:constitution
1242:
1211:
1187:
1153:
1137:267 km
1117:Yandicoogina
1074:Underground
1073:
1028:212 km
1023:
991:Underground
966:
963:
958:
930:447 km
897:
891:Underground
871:688 km
836:
723:
701:Kalgoorlie's
663:rift valleys
648:
584:
532:
512:
488:
420:
387:penal colony
383:Brush Island
332:
299:
276:last ice-age
273:
243:
209:
182:
137:
124:, and other
104:is the main
101:
100:
87:Demographics
77:
36:
2510: /
2341:8 September
2097:austhrutime
1831:2440/107043
1596:28 November
951:Underground
936:Olympic Dam
843:12 km
704:Golden Mile
623:Finke River
274:During the
114:Aru Islands
2525:Categories
2507:27°S 133°E
2310:(Bulletin)
2142:: 183–208.
2078:Britannica
1943:0642551855
1483:References
1361:Jervis Bay
1346:Parliament
1311:Federation
1295:See also:
1269:Queensland
1226:parliament
1182:See also:
1148:See also:
1144:Renewables
1005:Boddington
920:Queensland
908:Carmichael
887:Queensland
877:Cannington
859:Queensland
849:Peak Downs
718:See also:
657:and thick
639:wet season
619:Kata Tjuta
587:Cretaceous
547:MacDonnell
459:topography
451:weathering
407:See also:
401:See also:
391:Botany Bay
379:James Cook
367:Portuguese
294:See also:
290:Prehistory
269:continents
262:Palaeocene
250:Antarctica
246:Cretaceous
238:See also:
154:Queensland
118:New Guinea
95:25,895,442
92:Population
2007:Geoactive
1848:205257212
1645:131158261
1473:Zealandia
1338:territory
1327:Melbourne
1285:territory
1122:Rio Tinto
1072:Open cut
1046:Open cut
1019:Open cut
982:Rio Tinto
924:Open cut
830:Open cut
746:manganese
687:exporting
563:Lake Eyre
503:Melbourne
397:Geography
314:Europeans
256:known as
220:Greenland
79:Australia
58:Geography
2512:-27; 133
2316:(March).
2314:Bulletin
1840:28726833
1762:cite web
1752:12 April
1501:Basslink
1375:See also
1357:Canberra
1350:Canberra
1319:mainland
1297:Canberra
1273:Tasmania
1253:Victoria
1218:Tasmania
1198:Tasmania
1194:colonies
1178:Politics
1134:Iron ore
1131:Open cut
1103:Open cut
1079:Iron ore
1058:Roy Hill
1034:Fimiston
864:Open cut
734:iron ore
730:minerals
633:and the
597:and the
551:Musgrave
495:Brisbane
463:landform
325:groups.
323:language
284:Tasmania
258:Gondwana
193:Brisbane
162:Victoria
130:mainland
122:Tasmania
106:landmass
2038:. 2014.
1810:Bibcode
1698:Bibcode
1625:Bibcode
1574:24 July
1541:24 July
1511:24 July
1369:seaport
1315:capital
1222:Britain
1214:Britain
1190:British
1107:Bauxite
1094:South32
1024:Copper
1010:Newmont
995:Diamond
967:Silver
960:Uranium
882:South32
786:diamond
778:uranium
742:bauxite
667:mineral
655:erosion
607:igneous
591:Western
539:Simpson
455:erosion
439:tropics
427:climate
423:geology
375:mapping
371:British
363:Spanish
271:today.
234:History
205:Glasgow
108:of the
2195:Thiess
2014:
1940:
1902:IATSIS
1846:
1838:
1802:Nature
1643:
1367:had a
1323:Sydney
1309:After
1245:states
1230:courts
977:Argyle
956:Copper
895:Silver
774:copper
766:cobalt
762:silver
754:copper
750:nickel
714:Mining
683:mining
679:metals
651:uplift
629:, the
625:, the
621:, the
499:Sydney
431:desert
310:Africa
176:, and
164:, and
2498:133°E
2332:(PDF)
2273:(PDF)
2256:(PDF)
1844:S2CID
1641:S2CID
1451:Notes
1340:(the
1172:solar
1164:hydro
1156:solar
1049:Gold
1022:Gold
964:Gold
927:Coal
914:Adani
898:Lead
868:Coal
812:Size
803:State
800:Owner
726:rocks
615:Uluru
535:Sturt
359:Dutch
347:Latin
265:epoch
228:fauna
224:flora
212:Earth
2495:27°S
2343:2022
2012:ISBN
1965:2011
1938:ISBN
1836:PMID
1768:link
1754:2021
1598:2018
1576:2016
1543:2016
1513:2016
1325:and
1271:and
1234:laws
1228:and
1170:and
1168:wind
1162:and
1160:wind
838:Gold
834:Coal
806:Type
797:Mine
784:and
782:opal
770:lead
758:gold
738:coal
728:and
673:and
609:and
549:and
537:and
501:and
453:and
435:rain
425:and
369:and
318:clan
226:and
144:and
63:Area
1826:hdl
1818:doi
1806:457
1706:doi
1633:doi
1471:of
941:BHP
854:BHP
821:BHP
706:in
699:on
675:gas
671:oil
661:in
345:',
306:DNA
203:in
191:in
2527::
2477:.
2459:.
2440:.
2419:.
2401:.
2390:^
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2369:^
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2105:^
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1992:^
1982:.
1900:.
1882:.
1871:^
1842:.
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1764:}}
1760:{{
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1967:.
1946:.
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1712:.
1708::
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1635::
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1600:.
1578:.
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1475:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
