Australian raven - Knowledge (XXG)

1412: 1495:), and devote a substantial amount of time to look for nests and eggs to eat. They have also been known to take golf balls from fairways, possibly mistaking them for eggs. Ravens use their bill rather than their feet to explore or turn items on the ground (rocks or sticks) over or hold or snatch food while flying. They have also been recorded using fence posts as anvils to bash snails against before eating them. Australian ravens most often eat food where they find it unless taking food back for nestlings. Occasionally they have been observed caching carrion or a killed animal in a hole nearby to store it. They can pack shredded meat in their mouth under their tongue. Australian ravens have adapted well to eating food scraps in urban areas, such as school playgrounds, rubbish tips, bins outside supermarkets or restaurants, abattoirs, piggeries and farmyards. In one isolated study, they were observed feeding on nectar from eucalypt flowers. Australian ravens sometimes forage in 1139:/)) with the last note drawn out. It uses this call to communicate with other Australian ravens in the area. When giving this call, the species has a horizontal posture, holding its head forward and body parallel to the ground, while perched on a prominent position. It ruffles its hackles and lowers its tail, and sometimes holds its beak open between calls. In contrast, the little raven and forest raven hold their bodies in an upright posture. This call becomes louder if trespassers encroach upon the Australian raven's territory. The five Australian species are very difficult to tell apart, with the call being the easiest way to do so, although the drawing-out of the final note—long held to be solely recorded for the Australian raven—has been recorded for the other species and is hence not diagnostic. 1010: 1308:

birds of prey, foxes or even people. They generally mate for life, though occasionally one male has been found to be mated with two females in adjacent territories. If the female dies, the male Australian raven maintains the territory and finds another mate, while if the male bird is lost, the female abandons the territory. No courtship behaviour has been observed, and species that mate for life often lack elaborate courting displays. Once they begin breeding at three years of age, they live another four to five years on average. During this time they produce two surviving young each year on average. The longest-lived Australian raven recorded is an adult (of at least 3 years of age) that was banded and recaptured alive 12 years and 5 months later.

1119:. The bill is shorter and shallower; its base can be pinkish and the tip can be light grey. The plumage is more ruffled and softer in appearance, lacks the glossy highlights and often having a brown tinge. The bare skin on the throat is pink in birds that have recently left the nest. Eye colour varies with age, gradually lightening from juvenile to adult. Nestlings up to four months old have blue-grey irises, juveniles aged from four to fifteen months have dark brown irises, and immature birds have hazel irises with an inner blue rim around each pupil until age two years and ten months. Immature birds older than one year develop hackles, while some pink remains in the gape until the bird is two or three years of age. 1603:. Research in the 1950s and 60s showed that 64% of Australian ravens perished in their first year of life. Immature birds are most at risk of dying. The Australian raven is a peaceful bird, showing no aggression toward humans or other birds without reason. However, the Australian raven is frequently blamed for the loss of young lambs. Scientific observation in the country's southeast showed that the killing of healthy lambs was rare, but that sick animals were predisposed to being attacked. Australian ravens mostly eat faeces (often from the lamb's anus), afterbirth or stillborn lambs. Newborn lamb faeces is nutritious, containing around 21–44% protein, 9–37% fat and 10–30% carbohydrate. It has the consistency of 1321:

this is unusual for a bird species with a wide range and has postulated that breeding is initiated by day length. Rarely, breeding can take place in May, June or October. Australian ravens generally nest in tall trees, never near to the ground as some species do. The nest also functions as a lookout post and so tall or emergent trees are selected. The ravens occasionally nest on buildings, telegraph poles, or tall windmills which allow the species to occupy areas lacking in tall trees. Windmills may have assisted the spread of the species in North Queensland and the Northern Territory. The highest recorded corvid nest in Australia was found atop the

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bases are not normally visible when observing birds in the field, but can sometimes be seen on a windy day if the feathers are ruffled. Unlike the other four species, the Australian raven has a bare patch of skin under and extending to beside, the bill. This can be hard to discern in the field. The three species of raven are more heavily set with a broader chest than the two crow species, with the forest raven the stockiest of all. Relative size of species is only useful when two species can be seen side by side, as the overlap in size is large and the difference in size small.

1349: in) thick, into the tree fork to make a platform. Thinner sticks and rootlets are used to make the bowl before the bowl is lined with feathers. Both birds build the nest, with the female taking over the lining of the nest while the male brings her material. New nests are built each year generally, as the re-use of old ones might spread disease or parasites—nests become caked with faeces as the nestlings grow and the parents cannot keep up with its removal. Furthermore, old nests often disintegrate within twelve months due to their exposed locations. The female develops a 1061: 925:. The Australian raven is also somewhat closely related to the Torresian and little crow, although not as closely related as it is to the other raven species. Initial single gene genetic analysis of the genus using mitochondrial DNA showed the three raven species to belong to one lineage and the two crows to another. The genetic separation between species is small and there was a suggestion the little raven may be nested within the Australian raven, though the authors conceded more genetic work was needed. Subsequent multigene analysis using 1081: 1242:

more open areas. Similarly, in inland Australia it can share a range with the little crow, as the two do not appear to compete. However, the ranges of similar-sized forest raven and Torresian crow only narrowly overlap with the Australian raven as all three compete with each other. In central and western regions, Australian ravens and Torresian crows vie for the scattered uncommon trees and outcrops, and only one or the other are found there. It co-occurs with the forest raven in northeastern New South Wales from

1052: 943:. As the climate became cooler and drier, the aridity of central Australia split them entirely. Furthermore, the eastern birds diverged into nomadic little ravens and, in forested refuges, forest ravens. As the climate eventually became warmer, the western birds spread eastwards and almost outcompeted forest ravens on mainland Australia. Rowley noted that the western subspecies of the Australian raven had features intermediate between the eastern subspecies of Australian and little ravens. 31: 1072: 988:. It is less specialised in its habitat, as it does not share its distribution with the little raven, and does not appear to correlate with the range of sheep. The western subspecies has a slightly lower-pitched call than that of the eastern subspecies, with similarities to calls of the little raven. Of smaller size overall, it has a more slender bill and shorter hackles. There is otherwise no difference in plumage. Intermediate birds are found in the 101: 247: 76: 947: 1483:). Most mammals are eaten as carrion, as many species are too large for the raven to kill, though young rabbits are a frequent prey item. Australian ravens drink water frequently, up to ten times a day in hot weather. Birds have been observed dunking pieces of meat in water before eating them, as well as doing the same with hard biscuits to make them soggy and soft. 1403:

with the parents for three to four months after that. They follow their parents and beg for food for the first month outside the nest but are feeding themselves by the third month. Young birds are often attacked when they enter neighbouring territories, and melees ensue as their parents try to defend them and herd them back.

414:. The Australian raven is territorial, with pairs generally bonding for life. Breeding takes place between July and September, with almost no variation across its range. The nest is a bowl-shaped structure of sticks sited high in a tree, or occasionally in a man-made structure such as a windmill or other building. 338:. Measuring 46–53 centimetres (18–21 in) in length, it has an all-black plumage, beak and mouth, as well as strong, greyish-black legs and feet. The upperparts of its body are glossy, with a purple-blue, greenish sheen; its black feathers have grey bases. The Australian raven is distinguished from the 1039:

appearance. The upper third of the upper mandible, including the nares and nasal groove, is covered with bristles, which can be up to 3 cm (1.2 in) long. The heavy-set beak is tipped with a slight hook, and is longer than the bird's head. The wings are long and broad, with the longest of its ten

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at the same time. Their eyes begin opening at 5 to 6 days of age and are fully open by 11 to 12 days, by which time their feathers begin emerging. At 14 days, their primary feathers begin emerging, and they are fully feathered by 35–36 days old. They leave the nest at 40–45 days of age, and stay

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of the eggs is done solely by the female over roughly 20 days. Incubation is intermittent initially, becoming constant by the time the third or fourth egg is laid. Only one brood is raised per year, though a second clutch may be laid if the first clutch is lost early in the season. Late clutches

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with rounded tips, while the other four species of Australian corvids have bifurcate tips, though this can be difficult to see in the field. The hackles are also longer than those of the other four species; when they are raised (such as when the bird is calling), they give the bird an unusual bearded

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Australian ravens begin breeding once they are three years old. Breeding season is from July to September, with no substantial difference in timing across its range around the country despite it inhabiting a range of diverse climates and habitats across 19 degrees of latitude. Rowley has pointed out

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Australian ravens generally walk when moving around on the ground, though do hop when hurrying. They preen themselves frequently, particularly when roosting in the middle of the day. They also engage in allopreening, where birds will preen each other's head and neck. This takes place particularly in

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infection as these bacteria are present on raven bills. Ravens bring some benefits to agricultural areas as they clean away carrion and eat insects that are potentially damaging to crops. In areas of Western Australia, the species is classified as a Declared Pest of Agriculture under the provisions

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and often sticks to the lamb's hindquarters or tail. The raven bites a sleeping lamb's tail, holding on and walking behind it when it wakes up. A healthy lamb would respond by running away or butting the bird, but a sick one might not respond and be attacked further as it alerts the bird that it is

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forest, and farmland adjacent to trees. It is also found in heath and mangroves. In areas where it occurs with the little raven, namely over much of central New South Wales, Victoria and into South Australia, the Australian raven is restricted to more forested areas while the latter species prefers

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Measuring 46–53 cm (18–21 in) in length with a 100 cm (39 in) wingspan and weighing around the 650 g (1.43 lb), the Australian raven is Australia's largest species of corvid. The adult Australian raven is an all black-bird with a black beak, mouth and tongue and sturdy

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Difficulties in distinguishing Australian corvids has hampered understanding of seasonal movements. The Australian raven is thought to be largely sedentary, with most movement of over 16 km (9.9 mi) due to flocks of non-breeding subadult birds. Juvenile birds leave their parents and join

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Nests are generally large and untidy, consisting of a bowl or platform of sticks lined with grasses, barks, and feathers that can be up to 5 cm (2.0 in) thick. As they are relatively heavy, they are built on larger forks in trees rather than out in the canopy. Building the nest is often

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A single breeding pair and their brood can occupy a territory of up to around 120 hectares (300 acres) and remains there year-round, though groups of ravens may enter this area to forage. Australian ravens will defend their territory by chasing, dive-bombing and occasionally striking the backs of

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The Australian raven can be distinguished from the two species of crow occurring in Australia by the grey base of the feathers, which is white in the latter species. The demarcation between pale and black regions on the feather is gradual in the ravens and sharply delineated in the crows. Feather

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Australian ravens are intelligent birds, and like many other corvids have innovative methods of seeking out food. Foraging takes place in the early morning or late afternoon; birds rest in the hotter part of the day. Food is taken mainly from the ground, birds either finding objects while flying

1166:: a pair often makes a low murmuring sound when preening each other while roosting, and members of a flock carry on with a quiet chattering while at rest. Birds make a call and answer sequence if temporarily out of sight of one another while foraging. Birds in flocks make a single high-pitched 1291: 929:

by Jønsson and colleagues in 2012 showed the eastern and western subspecies of the Australian raven to form two clades, almost as genetically distinct as the forest and little raven are to each other. This led the authors to propose that the subspecies be recognised as separate species.

1143: 663:, though did not appear until the 1920s. Southern crow was considered by the RAOU before Australian raven was adopted as the official name for the species in 1926. The term "crow" is colloquially applied to any or all species of Australian corvid. The Australian raven was called 1353:—a patch of bare skin on the bird's underparts that reddens and becomes much more extensive from around three weeks before the first egg is laid. The skin itself is oedematous and wrinkled, and does not get re-feathered until December after the breeding season has finished. 49: 3221: 965:, the nominate or eastern subspecies, is found across most of eastern Australia. Its range is also highly correlated with the presence of sheep. This is thought to be because of the frequency of dead animals, which can be an important source of food. Ornithologist 1426:

The Australian raven is omnivorous, though eats more meat than smaller corvids. Its diet in summer contains a high proportion of insects, while more plant items are eaten in autumn. Flesh makes up over half its diet in winter. Invertebrates commonly eaten include

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The preferred habitat of the Australian raven includes open woodlands and transitional zones, in addition to cities and towns; it has adapted well to human settlements and other urban environments, and is a commonly sighted bird in several major cities, including

1512:—given the name raven circovirus or RaCV—was isolated from an Australian raven suffering from feather lesions in 2006. It has affinities with canary circovirus (CaCV) and pigeon circovirus (PiCV). Its clinical significance is unknown. A species of 50: 2006: 969:

held that the eastern subspecies was expanding eastwards before European colonisation, and that this suggested it was of younger origin than the western subspecies, which appears static. The advent of agriculture facilitated further

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had described the south-seas raven in 1781, with loose throat feathers and being found in "the Friendly Isles" in the South Seas, but did not give it a binomial name. The place is thought to be Tonga. Gmelin gave it the name

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feeder, the Australian raven eats a wide variety of plant and animal material, from fruits and seeds to lizards, chicks of other bird species, and small mammals; they will also scour waste bins and disposal sites for human

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Ian Rowley proposed that the common ancestor of the five species diverged into a tropical crow and temperate raven sometime after entering Australia from the north, which molecular evidence indicates occurred in the early

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with any of the other four species of Australian corvids. Sometimes they are aggressive with little ravens if both are at a food source and drive them off, though not if the smaller species greatly outnumber the larger.

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flocks when they are four or five months old. Smaller flocks of 8–30 birds stay within an area of around 260 square kilometres, while larger flocks of up to 300 birds may travel hundreds of kilometres seeking food.

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epoch around 4 million years ago. The raven diverged into the ancestor of the forest and little ravens in the east and Australian raven in the west, this split occurring around 2 million years ago in the early

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Their lofty locations makes monitoring of Australian raven nests difficult. A clutch can comprise up to six eggs, though usually four or five are laid, with five being the most common number. Measuring 45 by 30 mm

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autumn, winter and spring, and is important in pair bonding. Either member may initiate it, generally by landing near the other bird, shuffling next to its mate, then bending its head forward and presenting its nape.

1411: 1034:. The plumage is glossy with a blue-purple to a blue-green sheen, greenish over the ear coverts, depending on the light. The underparts are not glossy. The Australian raven has throat feathers (hackles) that are 1295: 1385: in), eggs are pale green or bluish-green and splotched with darker olive, brown and blackish markings. Eggs are quite variable, and thus which Australian corvid laid them cannot be reliably identified. 1292: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1398:; that is, they are born helpless, naked and blind, and remain in the nest for an extended period. They have pink skin until 5 days of age, when feathers under the skin turn it grey. They lose their 1149: 2018: 648:

checklist listed three species (Australian raven, Torresian crow and little crow), with the little raven recognised as a fourth species in 1967 and forest raven in 1970. Stresemann described

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The Australian raven can be found in a wide range of natural and modified habitats. It requires available water and trees (or buildings) to roost in or perch on. Preferred habitats include

1147: 3400: 644:, as he believed there was intergradation between all characteristics such as iris colour, colour of feather bases and plumage. This was hotly disputed by Mathews. The official 5648: 3299: 5779: 1571:) has been recorded killing adults; other birds of prey are seen as threats, yet there is no evidence they have successfully preyed on the ravens. The introduced 358:

and young birds have brown, dark irises until about fifteen months of age, at which point their irises become hazel-coloured, with an inner blue rim around each

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have poor survival rates, possibly due to chicks getting dehydrated on hot days as the year progresses or being eaten by wedge-tailed eagles. The chicks are

1984:"Das Stiftungsfest der naturforschenden Gesellschaft des Osterlandes in Altenburg, am 5 Julius 1843, und Etwas über die Vögel Griechenlands und Australiens" 1293: 1599:

Australian ravens sometimes die by being shot or poisoned—generally by farmers. Despite their fondness for roadkill, fewer ravens are hit by vehicles than

1840:"A Description of the Australian Birds in the Collection of the Linnean Society; with an Attempt at Arranging them According to their Natural Affinities" 1146: 2060:

Systema naturae per regna tria naturae :secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis /Caroli a Linné

5622: 1043:(usually the seventh but occasionally the eighth) almost reaching the end of the tail when the bird is at rest. The tail is rounded or wedge-shaped. 5661: 2402: 1162:

The volume, pitch, tempo and order of notes can be changed depending on the message the Australian raven intends to convey. There is a variety of

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n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Australian raven (Corvus coronoides) (Passeriformes: Corvidae) (Linnaeus, 1758) in Western Australia".

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time-consuming initially as the birds try (and often fail) to wedge sticks, which are 30–60 cm (12–24 in) long and 0.6–1.2 cm (

3414: 3344: 2913: 2317: 2220: 1891: 1619:, meaning that shooting on private land in rural areas is legal, although should be considered only after other options have been exhausted. 2017:. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from 5769: 2745: 1579:) competes with the Australian raven for carrion and can drive it off. It may also kill young birds that it catches on the ground. The 1170:

while flying over another territory as a transit call to signify they are just passing through. An Australian raven will give a longer

438:, and have been blamed for the killing of lambs; however, this is an exceedingly rare occurrence, as the ravens are likely seeking the 3466: 519: 2645: 2934:

Rowley, Ian; Braithwaite, L.W.; Chapman, Graeme S. (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. III. Breeding seasons".

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in central Queensland. It is found throughout New South Wales, though is uncommon in the northeast of the state. It is rare in the

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in 1943 from a single specimen, now thought to have been an unusual Australian raven or an Australian raven/Torresian crow hybrid.

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Aboriginal mythology: An A–Z Spanning the History of the Australian Aboriginal People from the Earliest Legends to the Present Day

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overhead or by walking along and looking. However, they occasionally feed in trees—Australian ravens forage eucalypt foliage for

1098: 1637: 1243: 1136: 1132: 593:, calling it the north-western crow and recording its range as northwestern Australia. In the same work he listed the raven as 659:(IOC). Alternative names sometimes seen include southern raven, southern crow and Kelly, the last thought to have alluded to 5666: 501:) of Europe, though they noted it was larger with a longer bill. They did not give it a common name. The location where the 2980:

Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. IV. Nesting and the rearing of young to independence".

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Lambing takes place in late winter, with stillbirth rates around 20%, so there is a supply of carrion around farming areas.

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von Brandenstein; Carl Georg (1977). "Aboriginal Ecological Order in the South-West of Australia – Meaning and Examples".

1673: 3310: 1496: 556: 5560: 5508: 3618: 1983: 1728: 1195: 431: 1696:, "the Watcher" and was wily and unpredictable. Noongar people were socially divided into two moieties or kinships: 5692: 2236: 1873: 1685:. Legends relating to Crow have been observed in various Aboriginal language groups and cultures across Australia. 5096: 5087: 3857: 1246:

northwards. The Australian raven has adapted very well to human habitation in some cities and is the most common

493:/είδος "shape" or "form". The two naturalists regarded the Australian raven as very similar in appearance to the 581:

in 1912, naming it the southwestern crow and noting that it was smaller than the nominate subspecies. He called

3797: 1206:, being replaced there by the little raven. It occurs across Victoria and eastern South Australia, through the 100: 39: 5023: 4043: 1751:

Rowley and colleagues recorded iris colour changes of all five Australian corvid species raised in captivity.

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Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. II. Social Organization and Behaviour".

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was isolated from this species, its only known host. Tick infestation is rare in the Australian raven, with

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from ewes that may have recently given birth. Additionally, ravens aid in environmental "cleanup"—much like

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The Australian raven's closest relatives are the other two species of raven occurring in Australia: the

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Mathews, Gregory M. (1911). "Alterations in the Nomenclature of "Handbook of the Birds of Australia"".

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on other continents—by helping rid the area of potentially dangerous pathogens which could deploy on

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Rowley, Ian; Vestjens, W.J.M. (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. V. Food".

5653: 5713: 5679: 5583: 5243: 5189: 5153: 5041: 5032: 4682: 4546: 4458: 4371: 4308: 4299: 4100: 4090: 3572: 3452: 3410: 3340: 3194: 3147: 2909: 2383: 2313: 2216: 2200:. Vol. 15 (XV ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 261. 1887: 1600: 1524: 1183: 1094: 1051: 904: 5718: 5339: 5261: 5198: 5129: 5014: 4655: 4591: 4362: 3687: 3369: 3266: 3186: 3137: 3090: 3038: 2989: 2943: 2901: 2868: 2749: 2691: 2453: 2444:

Rowley, Ian (1973). "The Comparative Ecology of Australian Corvids. VI. Why five species?".

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Haring, Elisabeth; Däubl, Barbara; Pinsker, Wilhelm; Kryukov, Alexey; Gamauf, Anita (2012).

2373: 2363: 2290: 2176: 2139: 2108: 1964: 1851: 1808: 1488: 1386: 1227: 1191: 1190:), but it is rarer and more scattered in the north, with isolated sightings in Cape York at 637: 597:, with a type specimen from Gosford and listing its range as New South Wales. He listed the 471: 367: 286: 215: 5539: 1467:

are rarely eaten. Australian ravens have been reported killing birds of such size as young

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lumped all Australian corvids plus other species as far as India into a single species,

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corrected this in 1912 after re-examining the type specimen, clarifying the species as

502: 351: 2784: 2063:. Vol. v. 1, pt. 1. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 365. 1071: 585:

the eastern crow, listing its range as New South Wales, and described what is now the

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farm animals (or other deceased mammals and birds), even scavenging newborn mammalian

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Juveniles resemble adults, but lack throat hackles, and sometimes have a pink fleshy

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Rowley, Ian (1971). "Movements and longevity of ravens in south-eastern Australia".

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as a junior homonym—in 1788, Gmelin had used the same binomial name to describe the

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recognised two species, but recorded that the feather bases of the type specimen of

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in South Australia westwards into Western Australia where its northern limits are

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Liu, Dandan; Brice, Belinda; Elliot, Aileen; Ryan, Una; Yang, Rongchang (2019). "

633:—to preserve the stability of the name. This has been followed by later authors. 48: 5635: 5480: 5297: 5180: 5074: 5059: 4963: 4784: 4573: 4555: 4521: 4503: 4449: 4211: 3633: 1610: 1448: 1440: 1350: 1274:. Its large range, abundance and increasing population mean it is classified as 1238: 1199: 1035: 1023: 940: 926: 422: 5471: 3190: 5726: 5415: 5225: 5144: 5111: 4992: 4945: 4936: 4700: 4485: 4431: 3946: 3600: 3512: 3506: 3142: 3121: 1538:

flies have been recorded yet little-researched, and an infestation by the fly

1509: 1395: 966: 946: 524: 506: 451: 427: 418: 383: 1455:), which are important in feeding nestlings. Australian ravens sometimes eat 478:'s early notes on the species from the Sydney district. Its specific epithet 5357: 5312: 5288: 5252: 5171: 4889: 4766: 4757: 4709: 4353: 2368: 2240: 1677: 1645: 1464: 1452: 1436: 1432: 1399: 1391: 1322: 1263: 997: 981: 660: 386:

are recognised, which differ slightly in their vocalisations, and are quite

355: 335: 325: 152: 112: 3198: 3151: 2407:(Aves: Passeriformes: Corvidae) – a first survey based on museum specimens" 2387: 430:, such as various produce, meats, seafood, eggs, etc. The ravens living in 3430: 2144: 1182:

The Australian raven is common throughout eastern Australia, and southern

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with a downward inflection to signify its return to the nest to its mate.

5705: 5465: 5120: 4864: 4802: 4075: 3904: 3830: 3534: 3494: 3488: 3476: 2403:"Genetic divergences and intraspecific variation in corvids of the genus 1514: 1416: 1271: 1267: 1251: 1247: 1234: 935: 535:'s 1788 name, which predated Vigors and Horsfield's description. In 1877 411: 407: 399: 328: 162: 132: 3381: 5627: 5521: 4812: 4008: 3590: 3271: 3254: 3042: 2993: 2947: 2872: 2695: 2457: 1968: 1689: 1604: 1572: 1555:) preys on adult, nestling, and fledgling Australian ravens, while the 447: 443: 343: 3309:. Perth, Western Australia: West Australian Government. Archived from 3094: 4249: 4147: 3769: 3554: 3399:

Higgins, Peter Jeffrey; Peter, John M.; Cowling, S. J., eds. (2006).

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Changes in eye colour. Clockwise from upper left: Juvenile with dark

1014: 395: 172: 122: 5640: 5601: 5442: 3435: 1839: 1463:) from the edges of dams. Unusually for a ground-feeding omnivore, 5596: 3073:

Richardson, K.C. (1988). "Are Australian Corvids Nectarivorous?".

1468: 1410: 1289: 1259: 1141: 1008: 945: 455: 403: 359: 5614: 1270:

it is replaced by the little raven, and by the Torresian crow in

4239: 3500: 2344:"Brains, tools, innovation and biogeography in crows and ravens" 2342:

Jønsson, Knud A.; Fabre, Pierre-Henri; Irestedt, Martin (2012).

2091:

Ogilvie-Grant, William Robert (1912). "The Crows of Australia".

1116: 668: 655:"Australian raven" has been designated the official name by the 331: 142: 5446: 4861: 4072: 3531: 3448: 3298:

Department of Environment and Conservation (12 December 2007).

1105:. Maturing bird with white irises with slight blue ring, Nowra. 4982: 4926: 3894: 1784: 1782: 1186:(the populations being connected by a narrow strip across the 1127:

The territorial call of the Australian raven is a slow, high

362:, this lasting until they are roughly 2.5 to 3 years of age. 346:, which are prominent in mature birds. Older individuals and 3122:"Identification of a novel circovirus in Australian ravens ( 3120:

Stewart, Meredith E.; Perry, Ross; Raidal, Shane R. (2006).

342:, and other related corvids, by its long chest feathers, or 2414:

Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research

1692:

people of southwestern Australia, the Australian raven was

2241:"Crows, mudnesters, melampittas, Ifrit, birds-of-paradise" 2005:

Australian Biological Resources Study (12 February 2010).

517:

in 1845, later determined to be this species. In his 1865

3056: 3054: 3052: 3009: 3007: 3005: 3003: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2808: 2806: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2598: 2596: 2594: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2563: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2527: 2525: 2523: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 370:

described the Australian raven in 1827, its species name

354:, while the younger birds' eyes display blue inner rims; 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1905: 1903: 563:(raven, and incorporating little and forest ravens) and 505:

was collected is not recorded, but thought to be in the

3402:

Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds

613:

Gould to be preoccupied; French-American ornithologist

3255:"An evaluation of predation by 'crows' on young lambs" 1214:

into Western Australia, across the state north to the

976:, the western subspecies, occurs from the head of the 1617:

Agriculture and Related Resources Protection Act 1976

1030:

is long, and the feet large and strong. It has white

1838:

Vigors, Nicholas Aylward; Horsfield, Thomas (1827).

527:

recognised only one species of corvid in Australia,

5455: 5406: 5310: 5142: 5109: 5072: 4990: 4980: 4934: 4924: 4887: 4878: 4810: 4801: 4247: 4237: 4155: 4144: 4098: 4089: 4034: 4025: 3999: 3944: 3902: 3892: 3828: 3777: 3766: 3740: 3709: 3631: 3598: 3589: 3552: 3545: 2613: 2611: 1814:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22706033A94047450.en 3409:. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. 2908:. Kenmore Hills, Queensland: self. p. 384. 2046:. Vol. 1. London: Benj. White. p. 369. 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 1218:. It is found on some offshore islands such as 531:, which he called the white-eyed crow. He used 3024: 3022: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2957: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2439: 2437: 2435: 1608:vulnerable. Wounded lambs can also succumb to 3460: 2312:. Canberra, ACT: self-published. p. 53. 2215:. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO. p. 609. 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1844:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 623:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 8: 2128:"A Reference-List to the Birds of Australia" 1833: 1831: 466:The Australian raven was first described by 3248: 3246: 2748:. Rottnest Island Authority. Archived from 2194:Vaurie, Charles (1962). Mayr, Ernst (ed.). 2080:. Vol. v.1. London: self. p. 475. 59:An audio recording of an Australian raven. 5443: 4987: 4931: 4884: 4875: 4858: 4807: 4244: 4152: 4095: 4086: 4069: 4031: 3899: 3774: 3595: 3549: 3542: 3528: 3467: 3453: 3445: 3307:Department of Agriculture and Food website 245: 74: 46: 29: 20: 3270: 3141: 2377: 2367: 2213:Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines 2143: 1812: 1704:, or members of the Australian raven and 2896: 2894: 1158:) produces an amusing variety of sounds. 3285: 3107: 3060: 3013: 2885: 2841: 2829: 2812: 2770: 2732: 2715: 2602: 2585: 2573: 2554: 2531: 2514: 2493: 2481: 2211:Schodde, Richard; Mason, I. J. (1999). 1919: 1778: 1721: 1101:, Sydney. Adult with all-white irises, 1022:black or grey-black legs and feet. The 2906:Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs 1629:Crow (Australian Aboriginal mythology) 862:Australian raven (western subspecies) 849:Australian raven (eastern subspecies) 5780:Taxa named by Nicholas Aylward Vigors 3438:at eBird (Cornell Lab of Ornithology) 3300:"Fauna Note No. 16: Australian Raven" 2648:from the original on 1 September 2007 2247:. International Ornithologists' Union 1439:(which ravens behead before eating), 374:highlighting its similarity with the 7: 3431:An Australian Raven call (two birds) 3339:. London: Thorsons. pp. 35–36. 2268:"Popular Names for Australian Birds" 1299:Rush Creek, SE Queensland, Australia 1198:, and becoming more common south of 954:, Perth, WA, showing smaller hackles 609:in 1911 as the name after declaring 5755:IUCN Red List least concern species 1800:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 842: 796: 789: 718: 711: 703: 696: 657:International Ornithologists' Union 605:as subspecies. Mathews had erected 555:) the "raven". Scottish naturalist 3374:10.1002/j.1834-4461.1977.tb01286.x 2077:Handbook to The birds of Australia 1856:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x 1676:, the other being the more sombre 690:Evolution of Australasian corvids 520:Handbook to the Birds of Australia 482:"crow-shaped" is derived from the 16:Passerine bird native to Australia 14: 3436:Explore Species: Australian Raven 2057:Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). 1672:) and was regarded as one of two 577:described the western subspecies 2426:10.1111/j.1439-0469.2012.00664.x 2197:Check-list of Birds of the World 1982:Brehm, Christian Ludwig (1845). 1955:(Aves: Corvidae) in Australia". 1079: 1070: 1059: 1050: 99: 2239:; Donsker, David, eds. (2021). 1951:Rowley, Ian (1970). "The Genus 1789:BirdLife International (2016). 1133:near-open front unrounded vowel 958:Two subspecies are recognised: 1097:. Immature with hazel irises, 1: 3619:Black racket-tailed treepie ( 2011:Vigors & Horsfield, 1827" 1882:(Abridged ed.). Oxford: 2245:World Bird List Version 11.2 2126:Mathews, Gregory M. (1912). 2009:Corvus coronoides coronoides 1652:and ancestral being. In the 1563:) also takes nestlings, and 1415:Australian raven scavenging 1156:Corvus coronoides coronoides 986:mulga-eucalypt boundary line 557:William Robert Ogilvie-Grant 474:in 1827, when they reported 5097:White-throated Magpie-jay ( 5088:Black-throated magpie-jay ( 3858:Yellow-billed blue magpie ( 2783:Birdlife Australia (2014). 2043:A General Synopsis of Birds 2015:Australian Faunal Directory 1026:is fully feathered and the 5796: 5770:Endemic birds of Australia 3798:Indochinese green magpie ( 3191:10.1007/s00436-019-06378-8 2746:"Birds of Rottnest Island" 2640:Australian Museum Online. 1626: 1544:was recorded in one nest. 1451:(especially of the family 1226:. It is a rare vagrant to 1017:. Shows bare skin on neck. 625:(ICZN) Code and discarded 434:are often associated with 4874: 4857: 4085: 4068: 3541: 3527: 3483: 3475:Extant species of family 3143:10.1080/03079450600597345 1587:) has been recorded as a 1585:Scythrops novaehollandiae 1194:, Windmill Creek and the 860: 847: 840: 816: 801: 794: 787: 762: 738: 723: 716: 709: 701: 683:Evolution and systematics 260: 253: 244: 228: 223: 201: 194: 96:Scientific classification 94: 72: 63: 58: 45: 37: 28: 23: 3849:Red-billed blue magpie ( 3750:Ratchet-tailed treepie ( 2348:BMC Evolutionary Biology 2266:Alexander, W.B. (1933). 1807:: e.T22706033A94047450. 1595:Relationship with humans 1178:Distribution and habitat 621:under Article 24 of the 583:C. coronoides coronoides 40:Kurnell, New South Wales 5775:Birds described in 1827 5024:Woodhouse's scrub jay ( 4719:Hispaniolan palm crow ( 4044:Stresemann's bushcrow ( 3867:Sri Lanka blue magpie ( 3679:White-bellied treepie ( 3259:CSIRO Wildlife Research 3239:(subscription required) 3126:) with feather disease" 3031:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2982:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2936:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2861:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2684:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2446:CSIRO Wildlife Research 2369:10.1186/1471-2148-12-72 1957:CSIRO Wildlife Research 1884:Oxford University Press 1879:A Greek-English Lexicon 1736:in the 13th edition of 1541:Passeromyia longicornis 1504:Parasites and predators 589:as another subspecies, 533:Johann Friedrich Gmelin 468:Nicholas Aylward Vigors 364:Nicholas Aylward Vigors 5322:Silvery-throated jay ( 5006:California scrub jay ( 4583:Eastern carrion crow ( 4176:Yellow-billed magpie ( 3978:Turkestan ground jay ( 3969:Mongolian ground jay ( 3807:Bornean green magpie ( 3728:Bornean black magpie ( 3719:Malayan black magpie ( 2308:Troy, Jakelin (1993). 1561:Hieraaetus morphnoides 1473:Eolophus roseicapillus 1423: 1300: 1159: 1018: 978:Great Australian Bight 955: 537:Richard Bowdler Sharpe 511:Christian Ludwig Brehm 5163:Purplish-backed jay ( 4908:Azure-winged magpie ( 4468:Eastern jungle crow ( 4423:Slender-billed crow ( 4327:New Caledonian crow ( 4221:Black-rumped magpie ( 4167:Black-billed magpie ( 3960:Xinjiang ground jay ( 3876:White-winged magpie ( 3789:Common green magpie ( 3670:Black-faced treepie ( 3407:Boatbill to Starlings 3179:Parasitology Research 2145:10.5962/bhl.part.1694 2040:Latham, John (1781). 1870:Liddell, Henry George 1623:In Indigenous culture 1581:channel-billed cuckoo 1531:Amblyomma triguttatum 1414: 1298: 1153: 1012: 949: 636:German ornithologist 591:C. coronoides cecilae 543:were white. He named 5394:White-collared jay ( 5376:Black-throated jay ( 5349:White-throated jay ( 5331:Black-collared jay ( 4776:Thick-billed raven ( 4749:White-necked raven ( 4601:Brown-necked raven ( 4477:Indian jungle crow ( 4128:Kashmir nutcracker ( 4119:Clark's nutcracker ( 4110:Spotted nutcracker ( 3987:Iranian ground jay ( 3840:Taiwan blue magpie ( 3816:Javan green magpie ( 3253:Rowley, Ian (1969). 3228:on 17 September 2007 3175:Isospora coronoideae 2791:. Birdlife Australia 2618:Birds in Backyards. 2132:Novitates Zoologicae 2074:Gould, John (1865). 1710:Cacatua tenuirostris 1497:mixed-species flocks 1103:University of Sydney 785:raven ancestor 5244:Bushy-crested jay ( 5190:Plush-crested jay ( 5154:Black-chested jay ( 5042:Transvolcanic jay ( 5033:Florida scrub jay ( 4683:White-necked crow ( 4547:Mesopotamian crow ( 4459:Large-billed crow ( 4372:White-billed crow ( 4309:Bougainville crow ( 4300:Brown-headed crow ( 3573:Red-billed chough ( 3087:1988EmuAO..88..122R 2360:2012BMCEE..12...72J 2310:The Sydney language 2287:1933EmuAO..33..110A 2173:1911EmuAO..10..317M 2105:1912EmuAO..12...44. 1706:long-billed corella 1534:recorded. Lice and 1518:—given the name of 1000:in South Australia. 707:crow ancestor 675:inhabitants of the 489:/κορόνη "crow" and 462:Taxonomy and naming 66:Conservation status 5548:BirdLife-Australia 5340:Azure-hooded jay ( 5262:White-tailed jay ( 5199:Curl-crested jay ( 5015:Island scrub jay ( 4656:Chihuahuan raven ( 4592:Fan-tailed raven ( 4363:Long-billed crow ( 4282:Australian raven ( 3688:Sumatran treepie ( 3335:Mudrooroo (1994). 3272:10.1071/CWR9690153 3043:10.1071/CWR9730131 2994:10.1071/CWR9730091 2948:10.1071/CWR9730067 2873:10.1071/CWR9710049 2789:Birds in Backyards 2696:10.1071/CWR9730025 2642:"Crows and Ravens" 2620:"Australian Raven" 2458:10.1071/CWR9730157 2021:on 4 November 2014 1969:10.1071/CWR9700027 1601:Australian magpies 1549:wedge-tailed eagle 1424: 1421:wedge-tailed eagle 1301: 1160: 1019: 956: 547:as the "crow" and 187:C. coronoides 5742: 5741: 5732:Corvus-coronoides 5714:Open Tree of Life 5514:Corvus_coronoides 5501:Corvus_coronoides 5487:Corvus coronoides 5457:Corvus coronoides 5449:Taxon identifiers 5440: 5439: 5436: 5435: 5432: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5235:Azure-naped jay ( 5217:White-naped jay ( 4976: 4975: 4920: 4919: 4853: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4845: 4844: 4797: 4796: 4692:Cuban palm crow ( 4685:C. leucognaphalus 4665:Tamaulipas crow ( 4649:C. brachyrhynchos 4233: 4232: 4194:Oriental magpie ( 4185:Eurasian magpie ( 4140: 4139: 4064: 4063: 4060: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4021: 4020: 3923:Lanceolated jay ( 3888: 3887: 3851:U. erythrorhyncha 3762: 3761: 3652:Bornean treepie ( 3643:Andaman treepie ( 3585: 3584: 3416:978-0-19-553996-7 3346:978-1-85538-306-7 3222:"Predatory Birds" 3124:Corvus coronoides 3095:10.1071/MU9880122 2915:978-0-646-42798-0 2902:Beruldsen, Gordon 2319:978-0-646-11015-8 2222:978-0-643-10293-4 1893:978-0-19-910207-5 1793:Corvus coronoides 1716:Explanatory notes 1525:Ixodes holocyclus 1489:Christmas beetles 1461:Cherax destructor 1296: 1184:Western Australia 1151: 1095:Hyde Park, Sydney 915: 914: 907:based on Jønsson 905:Phylogenetic tree 898: 897: 889: 888: 880: 879: 871: 870: 829: 828: 775: 774: 751: 750: 432:eastern Australia 321:Corvus coronoides 312: 311: 307: 300: 290: 283:Corvus difficilis 280: 270: 205:Corvus coronoides 89: 52: 24:Australian raven 5787: 5735: 5734: 5722: 5721: 5709: 5708: 5696: 5695: 5683: 5682: 5670: 5669: 5657: 5656: 5644: 5643: 5631: 5630: 5618: 5617: 5605: 5604: 5592: 5591: 5579: 5578: 5569: 5568: 5556: 5555: 5553:australian-raven 5543: 5542: 5530: 5529: 5527:1D45897E674A6EAE 5517: 5516: 5504: 5503: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5444: 5418:G. cyanocephalus 5280:Violaceous jay ( 5246:C. melanocyaneus 5081: 5051:Unicolored jay ( 4999: 4988: 4932: 4899:Iberian magpie ( 4885: 4876: 4869: 4859: 4808: 4778:C. crassirostris 4745: 4741:Tropical African 4643: 4639:Central American 4618: 4543: 4461:C. macrorhynchos 4419: 4389: 4336:Torresian crow ( 4302:C. fuscicapillus 4269: 4245: 4203:Maghreb magpie ( 4153: 4130:N. multipunctata 4112:N. caryocatactes 4096: 4087: 4080: 4070: 4032: 3953: 3900: 3775: 3697:Rufous treepie ( 3610:Hooded treepie ( 3596: 3550: 3543: 3529: 3469: 3462: 3455: 3446: 3420: 3386: 3385: 3357: 3351: 3350: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3315: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3250: 3241: 3240: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3224:. Archived from 3217: 3211: 3210: 3185:(8): 2399–2408. 3170: 3164: 3163: 3145: 3117: 3111: 3105: 3099: 3098: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3047: 3046: 3026: 3017: 3011: 2998: 2997: 2977: 2952: 2951: 2931: 2920: 2919: 2898: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2876: 2856: 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2816: 2810: 2801: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2785:"Torresian Crow" 2780: 2774: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2719: 2713: 2700: 2699: 2679: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2615: 2606: 2600: 2589: 2583: 2577: 2571: 2558: 2552: 2535: 2529: 2518: 2512: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2479: 2462: 2461: 2441: 2430: 2429: 2411: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2381: 2371: 2339: 2324: 2323: 2305: 2299: 2298: 2295:10.1071/MU933110 2272: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2181:10.1071/MU910317 2156: 2150: 2149: 2147: 2123: 2117: 2116: 2113:10.1071/MU912044 2088: 2082: 2081: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2037: 2031: 2030: 2028: 2026: 2002: 1996: 1995: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1948: 1923: 1917: 1898: 1897: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1786: 1761: 1758: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1734:Corvus australis 1726: 1712:) respectively. 1674:moiety ancestors 1660:he was known as 1481:Sturnus vulgaris 1384: 1383: 1379: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1362: 1348: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1297: 1228:Lord Howe Island 1152: 1131:(similar to the 1083: 1074: 1063: 1054: 1041:primary feathers 996:and vicinity of 963:C. c. coronoides 843: 797: 790: 719: 712: 704: 697: 687: 686: 638:Erwin Stresemann 611:Corvus australis 553:Corone australis 529:Corvus australis 472:Thomas Horsfield 368:Thomas Horsfield 316:Australian raven 305: 303:Corone australis 295: 293:Corvus australis 285: 275: 265: 249: 232:C. c. coronoides 207: 104: 103: 83: 78: 77: 54: 53: 33: 21: 5795: 5794: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5786: 5785: 5784: 5745: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5730: 5725: 5717: 5712: 5704: 5701:Observation.org 5699: 5691: 5686: 5678: 5673: 5665: 5660: 5652: 5647: 5639: 5634: 5626: 5621: 5613: 5608: 5600: 5595: 5587: 5582: 5574: 5572: 5564: 5559: 5551: 5546: 5538: 5533: 5525: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5499: 5494: 5485: 5484: 5479: 5470: 5469: 5464: 5451: 5441: 5424: 5402: 5385:Turquoise jay ( 5367:Beautiful jay ( 5306: 5273:C. sanblasianus 5201:C. cristatellus 5138: 5130:Steller's jay ( 5105: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5035:A. coerulescens 4997: 4996: 4972: 4966:P. internigrans 4916: 4880: 4870: 4867: 4841: 4832:Western jackdaw 4822:Daurian jackdaw 4793: 4738: 4728:Sinaloan crow ( 4674:Jamaican crow ( 4658:C. cryptoleucus 4647:American crow ( 4632: 4611: 4532: 4495:Collared crow ( 4470:C. levaillantii 4412: 4393:Hawaiian crow ( 4382: 4329:C. moneduloides 4291:Bismarck crow ( 4258: 4229: 4146: 4136: 4081: 4078: 4052: 4027: 4017: 3995: 3951: 3950: 3940: 3884: 3860:U. flavirostris 3824: 3768: 3758: 3736: 3705: 3627: 3581: 3564:Alpine chough ( 3537: 3523: 3479: 3473: 3442: 3427: 3417: 3405:. Vol. 7: 3398: 3395: 3390: 3389: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3347: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3319: 3317: 3313: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3252: 3251: 3244: 3238: 3231: 3229: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3130:Avian Pathology 3119: 3118: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3059: 3050: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3012: 3001: 2979: 2978: 2955: 2933: 2932: 2923: 2916: 2900: 2899: 2892: 2884: 2880: 2858: 2857: 2848: 2840: 2836: 2828: 2819: 2811: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2752:on 14 June 2012 2744: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2722: 2714: 2703: 2681: 2680: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2616: 2609: 2601: 2592: 2584: 2580: 2572: 2561: 2553: 2538: 2530: 2521: 2513: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2480: 2465: 2443: 2442: 2433: 2409: 2400: 2399: 2395: 2341: 2340: 2327: 2320: 2307: 2306: 2302: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2223: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2193: 2192: 2188: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2125: 2124: 2120: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2073: 2072: 2068: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2039: 2038: 2034: 2024: 2022: 2004: 2003: 1999: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1950: 1949: 1926: 1918: 1901: 1894: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1837: 1836: 1829: 1819: 1817: 1788: 1787: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1764: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1746: 1739:Systema naturae 1727: 1723: 1718: 1631: 1625: 1597: 1506: 1409: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1330: 1318: 1290: 1288: 1224:Kangaroo Island 1220:Rottnest Island 1212:Nullarbor Plain 1204:Australian Alps 1188:Nullarbor Plain 1180: 1142: 1125: 1109: 1108: 1107: 1106: 1099:Centennial Park 1086: 1085: 1084: 1076: 1075: 1066: 1065: 1064: 1056: 1055: 1007: 974:C. c. perplexus 899: 890: 881: 872: 830: 776: 752: 685: 595:Corvus marianae 587:Australian crow 575:Gregory Mathews 464: 390:, genetically. 340:Australian crow 301: 291: 281: 273:Corvus marianae 271: 237:C. c. perplexus 219: 209: 203: 190: 98: 90: 79: 75: 68: 47: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5747: 5746: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5736: 5723: 5710: 5697: 5684: 5671: 5658: 5645: 5632: 5619: 5606: 5593: 5580: 5570: 5557: 5544: 5531: 5518: 5505: 5492: 5477: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5438: 5437: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5425: 5423: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5396:C. viridicyana 5391: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5355: 5346: 5337: 5328: 5324:C. argentigula 5318: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5300:C. yucatanicus 5295: 5286: 5277: 5271:San Blas jay ( 5268: 5259: 5250: 5241: 5232: 5223: 5214: 5208:Purplish jay ( 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5140: 5139: 5137: 5136: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5103: 5094: 5084: 5082: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5057: 5048: 5044:A. ultramarina 5039: 5030: 5026:A. woodhouseii 5021: 5012: 5008:A. californica 5002: 5000: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4970: 4961: 4955:Siberian jay ( 4952: 4942: 4940: 4929: 4922: 4921: 4918: 4917: 4915: 4914: 4905: 4895: 4893: 4882: 4872: 4871: 4862: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4829: 4818: 4816: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4791: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4725: 4716: 4707: 4698: 4689: 4680: 4676:C. jamaicensis 4671: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4629: 4628: 4622:Common raven ( 4619: 4608: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4565:Carrion crow ( 4562: 4553: 4544: 4529: 4528: 4519: 4513:Banggai crow ( 4510: 4501: 4492: 4483: 4474: 4465: 4456: 4447: 4441:Palawan crow ( 4438: 4429: 4420: 4415:Tropical Asian 4409: 4408: 4402:Mariana crow ( 4399: 4395:C. hawaiiensis 4390: 4385:Pacific island 4379: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4345:Forest raven ( 4342: 4333: 4324: 4318:Little raven ( 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4255: 4253: 4242: 4235: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4228: 4227: 4223:P. bottanensis 4218: 4209: 4205:P. mauritanica 4200: 4191: 4182: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4150: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4083: 4082: 4073: 4066: 4065: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4046:Z. stresemanni 4040: 4038: 4036:Zavattariornis 4029: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4015: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3966: 3956: 3954: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3938: 3929: 3925:G. lanceolatus 3920: 3914:Eurasian jay ( 3910: 3908: 3897: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3846: 3836: 3834: 3826: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3756: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3725: 3721:P. leucopterus 3715: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3703: 3694: 3690:D. occipitalis 3685: 3681:D. leucogastra 3676: 3667: 3661:Grey treepie ( 3658: 3654:D. cinerascens 3649: 3639: 3637: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3593: 3587: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3580: 3579: 3575:P. pyrrhocorax 3570: 3560: 3558: 3547: 3539: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3472: 3471: 3464: 3457: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3433: 3426: 3425:External links 3423: 3422: 3421: 3415: 3394: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3352: 3345: 3327: 3290: 3288:, p. 702. 3278: 3242: 3212: 3165: 3112: 3110:, p. 700. 3100: 3081:(2): 122–123. 3065: 3063:, p. 701. 3048: 3018: 3016:, p. 710. 2999: 2953: 2921: 2914: 2890: 2888:, p. 707. 2878: 2846: 2844:, p. 708. 2834: 2832:, p. 699. 2817: 2815:, p. 698. 2802: 2775: 2773:, p. 695. 2763: 2737: 2735:, p. 697. 2720: 2718:, p. 696. 2701: 2659: 2632: 2607: 2605:, p. 694. 2590: 2588:, p. 693. 2578: 2576:, p. 711. 2559: 2557:, p. 691. 2536: 2534:, p. 713. 2519: 2517:, p. 712. 2498: 2496:, p. 714. 2486: 2484:, p. 692. 2463: 2431: 2393: 2325: 2318: 2300: 2258: 2228: 2221: 2203: 2186: 2151: 2118: 2083: 2066: 2049: 2032: 1997: 1974: 1924: 1922:, p. 690. 1899: 1892: 1861: 1827: 1777: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1698:waardarng-maat 1633:In Australian 1627:Main article: 1624: 1621: 1596: 1593: 1589:brood parasite 1520:I. coronoideae 1505: 1502: 1408: 1405: 1317: 1314: 1287: 1284: 1216:Wooramel River 1208:Eyre Peninsula 1196:Mitchell River 1179: 1176: 1124: 1121: 1088: 1087: 1078: 1077: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1058: 1057: 1049: 1048: 1047: 1046: 1045: 1006: 1003: 1002: 1001: 990:Eyre Peninsula 971: 913: 912: 901: 900: 896: 895: 892: 891: 887: 886: 883: 882: 878: 877: 874: 873: 869: 868: 865: 864: 859: 856: 855: 852: 851: 846: 841: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 827: 826: 823: 822: 815: 812: 811: 808: 807: 800: 795: 793: 788: 786: 782: 781: 778: 777: 773: 772: 769: 768: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 749: 748: 745: 744: 741:torresian crow 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 722: 717: 715: 710: 708: 702: 700: 695: 692: 691: 684: 681: 661:the Kelly Gang 615:Charles Vaurie 569:Torresian crow 515:Corvus affinis 463: 460: 344:throat hackles 310: 309: 263:Corvus affinis 258: 257: 251: 250: 242: 241: 240: 239: 234: 226: 225: 221: 220: 210: 199: 198: 192: 191: 184: 182: 178: 177: 170: 166: 165: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 92: 91: 73: 70: 69: 64: 61: 60: 56: 55: 43: 42: 35: 34: 26: 25: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5792: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5689: 5685: 5681: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5646: 5642: 5637: 5633: 5629: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5421: 5419: 5414: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5392: 5390: 5388: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5361: 5356: 5354: 5352: 5347: 5345: 5343: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5329: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5314: 5309: 5303: 5301: 5298:Yucatan jay ( 5296: 5294: 5292: 5287: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5264:C. mystacalis 5260: 5258: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5238: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5219:C. cyanopogon 5215: 5213: 5211: 5210:C. cyanomelas 5206: 5204: 5202: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5188: 5186: 5184: 5181:Cayenne jay ( 5179: 5177: 5175: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5152: 5151: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5113: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5080:(Magpie-Jays) 5077: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5063: 5062:A. wollweberi 5060:Mexican jay ( 5058: 5056: 5054: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5036: 5031: 5029: 5027: 5022: 5020: 5018: 5013: 5011: 5009: 5004: 5003: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4964:Sichuan jay ( 4962: 4960: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4949: 4948:P. canadensis 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4923: 4913: 4911: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4894: 4892: 4891: 4886: 4883: 4877: 4873: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4837: 4833: 4830: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4815: 4814: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4790: 4788: 4785:Somali crow ( 4783: 4781: 4779: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4751:C. albicollis 4747: 4744: 4742: 4737: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4712:C. ossifragus 4708: 4706: 4704: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4610: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4603:C. ruficollis 4599: 4597: 4595: 4594:C. rhipidurus 4590: 4588: 4586: 4585:C. orientalis 4581: 4579: 4577: 4576:C. frugilegus 4572: 4570: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4559: 4556:Hooded crow ( 4554: 4552: 4550: 4549:C. capellanus 4545: 4542: 4540: 4539:North African 4536: 4531: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522:Violet crow ( 4520: 4518: 4516: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4504:Piping crow ( 4502: 4500: 4498: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4479:C. culminatus 4475: 4473: 4471: 4466: 4464: 4462: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4450:Flores crow ( 4448: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4434:C. samarensis 4430: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4411: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4347:C. tasmanicus 4343: 4341: 4339: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4284:C. coronoides 4280: 4278: 4276: 4273:Little crow ( 4271: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4236: 4226: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4212:Asir magpie ( 4210: 4208: 4206: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4165: 4164: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4121:N. columbiana 4117: 4115: 4113: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4077: 4071: 4067: 4049: 4047: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4033: 4030: 4024: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4006: 4004: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3971:P. hendersoni 3967: 3965: 3963: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3952:(Ground jays) 3949: 3948: 3943: 3937: 3935: 3932:Lidth's jay ( 3930: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3916:G. glandarius 3912: 3911: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3878:U. whiteheadi 3874: 3872: 3870: 3865: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3819: 3818:C. thalassina 3814: 3812: 3810: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3781: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3765: 3755: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3700: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3686: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3646: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3635: 3630: 3624: 3622: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3526: 3520: 3519:Passeriformes 3516: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3458: 3456: 3451: 3450: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3368:(3): 169–86. 3367: 3363: 3356: 3353: 3348: 3342: 3338: 3331: 3328: 3316:on 2014-11-29 3312: 3308: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3287: 3282: 3279: 3273: 3268: 3265:(2): 153–79. 3264: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3208: 3204: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3125: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3104: 3101: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3040: 3037:(1): 131–55. 3036: 3032: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3010: 3008: 3006: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2988:(1): 91–129. 2987: 2983: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2897: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2882: 2879: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2790: 2786: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2764: 2751: 2747: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2678: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2647: 2643: 2636: 2633: 2621: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2452:(1): 157–69. 2451: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2420:(3): 230–46. 2419: 2415: 2408: 2406: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2315: 2311: 2304: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2281:(2): 110–11. 2280: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2259: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2224: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2204: 2199: 2198: 2190: 2187: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2167:(5): 317–26. 2166: 2162: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2122: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2070: 2067: 2062: 2061: 2053: 2050: 2045: 2044: 2036: 2033: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2010: 2001: 1998: 1993: 1990:(in German). 1989: 1985: 1978: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1874:Scott, Robert 1871: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1828: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1757: 1754: 1748: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1722: 1715: 1713: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702:marrnetj-maat 1699: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1684: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1630: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1612: 1606: 1602: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1577:Vulpes vulpes 1574: 1570: 1569:Ninox strenua 1566: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1545: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1516: 1511: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1493:Anoplognathus 1490: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1388: 1354: 1352: 1326: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1285: 1283: 1281: 1280:IUCN Red List 1277: 1276:Least Concern 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Port Stephens 1240: 1236: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1164:contact calls 1157: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1123:Vocalisations 1122: 1120: 1118: 1113: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1073: 1062: 1053: 1044: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1004: 999: 995: 994:Gawler Ranges 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 972: 968: 964: 961: 960: 959: 953: 948: 944: 942: 937: 931: 928: 924: 920: 910: 906: 903: 902: 894: 893: 885: 884: 876: 875: 867: 866: 863: 858: 857: 854: 853: 850: 845: 844: 838: 837: 834: 833: 825: 824: 821: 820: 814: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 799: 798: 792: 791: 784: 783: 780: 779: 771: 770: 767: 766: 760: 759: 756: 755: 747: 746: 743: 742: 736: 735: 732: 731: 728: 727: 726:bismarck crow 721: 720: 714: 713: 706: 705: 699: 698: 694: 693: 689: 688: 682: 680: 678: 674: 670: 667:by the local 666: 662: 658: 653: 651: 650:C. difficilis 647: 643: 642:C. coronoides 639: 634: 632: 631:black nunbird 628: 624: 620: 619:first reviser 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 570: 566: 562: 561:C. coronoides 558: 554: 550: 546: 545:C. coronoides 542: 541:C. coronoides 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 521: 516: 512: 508: 504: 503:type specimen 500: 496: 492: 488: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 461: 459: 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 424: 423:opportunistic 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 391: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 330: 327: 323: 322: 317: 308: 304: 298: 294: 288: 284: 278: 274: 268: 264: 259: 256: 252: 248: 243: 238: 235: 233: 230: 229: 227: 222: 217: 213: 208: 206: 200: 197: 196:Binomial name 193: 189: 188: 183: 180: 179: 176: 175: 171: 168: 167: 164: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153:Passeriformes 151: 148: 147: 144: 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 102: 97: 93: 87: 82: 81:Least Concern 71: 67: 62: 57: 44: 41: 36: 32: 27: 22: 19: 5456: 5417: 5416:Pinyon jay ( 5407: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5368: 5359: 5351:C. mirabilis 5350: 5342:C. cucullata 5341: 5333:C. armillata 5332: 5323: 5311: 5299: 5290: 5282:C. violaceus 5281: 5272: 5263: 5254: 5245: 5237:C. heilprini 5236: 5227: 5226:Tufted jay ( 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5174:C. caeruleus 5173: 5164: 5155: 5143: 5131: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5089: 5073: 5061: 5052: 5043: 5034: 5025: 5017:A. insularis 5016: 5007: 4998:(Scrub jays) 4991: 4965: 4957:P. infaustus 4956: 4947: 4946:Canada jay ( 4935: 4909: 4900: 4888: 4879:Azure-winged 4835: 4826:C. dauuricus 4825: 4811: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4740: 4739: 4729: 4720: 4711: 4702: 4701:Cuban crow ( 4693: 4684: 4675: 4667:C. imparatus 4666: 4657: 4648: 4638: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4613: 4612: 4602: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4538: 4534: 4533: 4524:C. violaceus 4523: 4514: 4505: 4497:C. torquatus 4496: 4488:C. splendens 4487: 4486:House crow ( 4478: 4469: 4460: 4452:C. florensis 4451: 4442: 4433: 4432:Small crow ( 4424: 4414: 4413: 4403: 4394: 4384: 4383: 4374:C. woodfordi 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4293:C. insularis 4292: 4283: 4281: 4274: 4264: 4260: 4259: 4248: 4222: 4214:P. asirensis 4213: 4204: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4168: 4156: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4099: 4045: 4035: 4026:Stresemann's 4010: 4000: 3988: 3979: 3970: 3962:P. biddulphi 3961: 3945: 3933: 3924: 3915: 3903: 3877: 3868: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3808: 3800:C. hypoleuca 3799: 3791:C. chinensis 3790: 3778: 3751: 3741: 3730:P. aterrimus 3729: 3720: 3710: 3699:D. vagabunda 3698: 3689: 3680: 3672:D. frontalis 3671: 3662: 3653: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3612:C. cucullata 3611: 3599: 3574: 3565: 3553: 3511:Superorder: 3441: 3406: 3401: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3336: 3330: 3318:. 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Retrieved 2244: 2231: 2212: 2206: 2196: 2189: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2138:: 171–455 . 2135: 2131: 2121: 2099:(1): 44–45. 2096: 2092: 2086: 2076: 2069: 2059: 2052: 2042: 2035: 2023:. Retrieved 2019:the original 2014: 2008: 2000: 1991: 1987: 1977: 1963:(1): 27–71. 1960: 1956: 1952: 1920:Higgins 2006 1878: 1864: 1850:: 170–331 . 1847: 1843: 1818:. Retrieved 1804: 1798: 1792: 1756: 1747: 1737: 1733: 1724: 1709: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1687: 1680: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1654:Kulin nation 1650:culture hero 1632: 1616: 1609: 1598: 1584: 1576: 1568: 1565:powerful owl 1560: 1557:little eagle 1553:Aquila audax 1552: 1546: 1539: 1529: 1523: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1492: 1485: 1480: 1472: 1460: 1449:caterpillars 1441:grasshoppers 1425: 1355: 1327: 1319: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1275: 1232: 1181: 1171: 1167: 1161: 1155: 1128: 1126: 1114: 1110: 1020: 973: 962: 957: 951: 932: 923:forest raven 919:little raven 916: 908: 861: 848: 819:forest raven 817: 804:little raven 802: 763: 739: 724: 677:Sydney Basin 664: 654: 649: 641: 635: 627:C. australis 626: 610: 606: 603:forest raven 599:little raven 594: 590: 582: 578: 573: 564: 560: 552: 549:C. australis 548: 544: 540: 528: 518: 514: 498: 495:carrion crow 490: 486: 479: 476:George Caley 465: 416: 392: 379: 376:carrion crow 371: 320: 319: 315: 313: 302: 292: 282: 272: 262: 261: 236: 231: 204: 202: 186: 185: 173: 18: 5636:iNaturalist 5481:Wikispecies 5408:Gymnorhinus 5358:Dwarf jay ( 5289:Green jay ( 5253:Brown jay ( 5192:C. chrysops 5172:Azure jay ( 5165:C. beecheii 5132:C. stelleri 5123:C. cristata 5053:A. unicolor 4868:(continued) 4836:C. monedula 4769:C. capensis 4767:Cape crow ( 4758:Pied crow ( 4730:C. sinaloae 4721:C. palmarum 4710:Fish crow ( 4515:C. unicolor 4443:C. pusillus 4354:Grey crow ( 4275:C. bennetti 4178:P. nuttalli 4169:P. hudsonia 4091:Nutcrackers 4079:(continued) 4001:Ptilostomus 3842:U. caerulea 3809:C. jefferyi 3752:T. temnurus 3711:Platysmurus 3663:D. formosae 3634:Dendrocitta 3566:P. graculus 3555:Pyrrhocorax 3393:Cited texts 3320:13 November 2756:25 November 2237:Gill, Frank 1820:12 November 1729:John Latham 1656:in central 1611:Clostridium 1536:hippoboscid 1351:brood patch 1325:in Sydney. 1239:sclerophyll 1237:-dominated 1200:Rockhampton 1129:ah-ah-aaaah 1005:Description 950:Subspecies 941:Pleistocene 927:nuclear DNA 765:little crow 607:C. marianae 436:sheep farms 350:have white 224:Subspecies 5749:Categories 5727:Xeno-canto 5387:C. turcosa 5369:C. pulchra 5228:C. dickeyi 5183:C. cayanus 5156:C. affinis 5145:Cyanocorax 5121:Blue jay ( 5112:Cyanocitta 5099:C. formosa 5090:C. colliei 4993:Aphelocoma 4981:New World 4937:Perisoreus 4787:C. edithae 4703:C. nasicus 4694:C. minutus 4506:C. typicus 4404:C. kubaryi 4365:C. validus 4356:C. tristis 4320:C. mellori 4265:Melanesian 4261:Australian 4196:P. sericea 3989:P. pleskei 3980:P. panderi 3893:Old World 3645:D. bayleyi 3601:Crypsirina 3513:Neognathae 3507:Neornithes 3505:Subclass: 2795:18 October 2251:26 October 2025:4 November 1768:References 1635:Aboriginal 1510:circovirus 1465:earthworms 1437:centipedes 1433:millipedes 1396:nidicolous 1387:Incubation 1036:lanceolate 967:Ian Rowley 565:C. cecilae 525:John Gould 513:described 509:district. 507:Parramatta 480:coronoides 440:afterbirth 428:food waste 419:omnivorous 384:subspecies 372:coronoides 356:hatchlings 334:native to 287:Stresemann 5378:C. pumilo 5313:Cyanolyca 5075:Calocitta 4910:C. cyanus 4890:Cyanopica 4614:Holarctic 4567:C. corone 4558:C. cornix 4145:Holarctic 4101:Nucifraga 4009:Piapiac ( 3934:G. lidthi 3869:U. ornata 3487:Kingdom: 3232:12 August 3207:195193276 2652:12 August 2625:12 August 2354:(1): 72. 2007:"Species 1994:: 323–58. 1773:Citations 1678:eaglehawk 1646:trickster 1638:mythology 1477:starlings 1453:Noctuidae 1400:egg tooth 1392:altricial 1323:AWA Tower 1286:Behaviour 1264:Melbourne 1154:A raven ( 1013:Adult in 998:Lake Eyre 982:Shark Bay 952:perplexus 617:acted as 579:perplexus 499:C. corone 452:stillborn 388:divergent 380:C. corone 348:subadults 336:Australia 326:passerine 216:Horsfield 181:Species: 119:Kingdom: 113:Eukaryota 5680:22706033 5654:10862008 5615:45518685 5540:22706033 5535:BirdLife 5472:Q1584072 5466:Wikidata 5255:C. morio 4901:C. cooki 4865:Corvidae 4803:Jackdaws 4760:C. albus 4624:C. corax 4535:Eurasian 4311:C. meeki 4076:Corvidae 4028:bushcrow 3905:Garrulus 3831:Urocissa 3767:Oriental 3742:Temnurus 3621:C. temia 3591:Treepies 3535:Corvidae 3495:Chordata 3493:Phylum: 3489:Animalia 3477:Corvidae 3382:40330292 3199:31222390 3160:21073432 3152:16595298 2904:(2003). 2646:Archived 2388:22642364 1876:(1980). 1742:in 1788. 1658:Victoria 1515:Isospora 1417:roadkill 1316:Breeding 1272:Brisbane 1268:Adelaide 1252:Canberra 1235:eucalypt 984:and the 936:Pliocene 444:vultures 412:Brisbane 408:Adelaide 400:Canberra 306:(Gmelin) 255:Synonyms 163:Corvidae 159:Family: 133:Chordata 129:Phylum: 123:Animalia 109:Domain: 86:IUCN 3.1 5628:2482524 5602:ausrav1 5576:ausrav1 5522:Avibase 5360:C. nana 5291:C. ynca 4881:magpies 4863:Family 4813:Coloeus 4743:species 4641:species 4616:species 4541:species 4425:C. enca 4417:species 4387:species 4338:C. orru 4267:species 4187:P. pica 4148:magpies 4074:Family 4011:P. afer 3947:Podoces 3770:magpies 3546:Choughs 3533:Family 3517:Order: 3499:Class: 3362:Oceania 3083:Bibcode 2379:3480872 2356:Bibcode 2283:Bibcode 2169:Bibcode 2101:Bibcode 1694:Waardar 1690:Noongar 1688:To the 1615:of the 1605:treacle 1573:red fox 1457:yabbies 1445:cicadas 1429:spiders 1419:with a 1407:Feeding 1380:⁄ 1366:⁄ 1344:⁄ 1334:⁄ 1278:on the 970:spread. 448:carrion 382:). Two 324:) is a 277:Mathews 169:Genus: 149:Order: 139:Class: 84: ( 5765:Ravens 5760:Corvus 5719:808257 5693:108826 5667:559495 4574:Rook ( 4250:Corvus 3413: 3380: 3343: 3205: 3197: 3158: 3150: 2912: 2405:Corvus 2386: 2376: 2316: 2219: 1953:Corvus 1890: 1682:Bunjil 1664:(also 1475:) and 1469:galahs 1256:Sydney 1248:corvid 1135:(IPA:/ 1091:irises 1032:irises 1028:tarsus 1015:Sydney 909:et al. 487:corone 456:faeces 396:Sydney 352:irises 329:corvid 299:, 1788 297:Gmelin 289:, 1943 279:, 1911 269:, 1845 218:, 1827 214:& 212:Vigors 174:Corvus 5706:75446 5649:IRMNG 5597:eBird 5573:BOW: 5566:53146 4925:Grey 4635:North 4240:crows 4238:True 3780:Cissa 3378:JSTOR 3314:(PDF) 3303:(PDF) 3203:S2CID 3156:S2CID 2410:(PDF) 2271:(PDF) 1670:Waang 1644:is a 1262:; in 1260:Perth 1024:tibia 911:2012 673:Darug 665:wugan 491:eidos 484:Greek 404:Perth 360:pupil 267:Brehm 38:Near 5688:NCBI 5675:IUCN 5662:ITIS 5641:8040 5623:GBIF 5589:YNHK 5561:BOLD 4983:jays 4927:jays 4637:and 4537:and 4263:and 4158:Pica 3895:jays 3501:Aves 3411:ISBN 3341:ISBN 3322:2014 3234:2007 3195:PMID 3148:PMID 2910:ISBN 2797:2014 2758:2011 2654:2007 2627:2007 2384:PMID 2314:ISBN 2253:2021 2217:ISBN 2027:2014 1988:Isis 1888:ISBN 1822:2021 1805:2016 1700:and 1666:Wahn 1642:Crow 1547:The 1528:and 1447:and 1394:and 1266:and 1258:and 1222:and 1210:and 1192:Coen 1117:gape 921:and 671:and 669:Eora 646:RAOU 601:and 551:(as 470:and 421:and 410:and 366:and 332:bird 314:The 143:Aves 5610:EoL 5584:CoL 5509:AFD 5496:ADW 3370:doi 3267:doi 3187:doi 3183:118 3138:doi 3091:doi 3075:Emu 3039:doi 2990:doi 2944:doi 2869:doi 2692:doi 2454:doi 2422:doi 2374:PMC 2364:doi 2291:doi 2275:Emu 2177:doi 2161:Emu 2140:doi 2109:doi 2093:Emu 1965:doi 1852:doi 1809:doi 1668:or 1662:Waa 1371:by 1250:in 1172:caa 1168:caa 571:). 458:. 417:An 5751:: 5729:: 5716:: 5703:: 5690:: 5677:: 5664:: 5651:: 5638:: 5625:: 5612:: 5599:: 5586:: 5563:: 5550:: 5537:: 5524:: 5511:: 5498:: 5483:: 5468:: 3376:. 3366:47 3364:. 3305:. 3263:14 3261:. 3257:. 3245:^ 3201:. 3193:. 3181:. 3154:. 3146:. 3134:35 3132:. 3128:. 3089:. 3079:88 3077:. 3051:^ 3035:18 3033:. 3021:^ 3002:^ 2986:18 2984:. 2956:^ 2940:18 2938:. 2924:^ 2893:^ 2865:16 2863:. 2849:^ 2820:^ 2805:^ 2787:. 2723:^ 2704:^ 2688:18 2686:. 2662:^ 2644:. 2610:^ 2593:^ 2562:^ 2539:^ 2522:^ 2501:^ 2466:^ 2450:18 2448:. 2434:^ 2418:50 2416:. 2412:. 2382:. 2372:. 2362:. 2352:12 2350:. 2346:. 2328:^ 2289:. 2279:33 2277:. 2273:. 2243:. 2175:. 2165:10 2163:. 2136:18 2134:. 2130:. 2107:. 2097:12 2095:. 2013:. 1986:. 1961:15 1959:. 1927:^ 1902:^ 1886:. 1872:; 1848:15 1846:. 1842:. 1830:^ 1803:. 1797:. 1781:^ 1648:, 1640:, 1591:. 1508:A 1443:, 1435:, 1431:, 1282:. 1254:, 1230:. 1093:, 992:, 679:. 523:, 450:, 406:, 402:, 398:, 5420:) 5398:) 5389:) 5380:) 5371:) 5362:) 5353:) 5344:) 5335:) 5326:) 5302:) 5293:) 5284:) 5275:) 5266:) 5257:) 5248:) 5239:) 5230:) 5221:) 5212:) 5203:) 5194:) 5185:) 5176:) 5167:) 5158:) 5134:) 5125:) 5101:) 5092:) 5064:) 5055:) 5046:) 5037:) 5028:) 5019:) 5010:) 4968:) 4959:) 4950:) 4912:) 4903:) 4838:) 4834:( 4828:) 4824:( 4789:) 4780:) 4771:) 4762:) 4753:) 4732:) 4723:) 4714:) 4705:) 4696:) 4687:) 4678:) 4669:) 4660:) 4651:) 4626:) 4605:) 4596:) 4587:) 4578:) 4569:) 4560:) 4551:) 4526:) 4517:) 4508:) 4499:) 4490:) 4481:) 4472:) 4463:) 4454:) 4445:) 4436:) 4427:) 4406:) 4397:) 4376:) 4367:) 4358:) 4349:) 4340:) 4331:) 4322:) 4313:) 4304:) 4295:) 4286:) 4277:) 4225:) 4216:) 4207:) 4198:) 4189:) 4180:) 4171:) 4132:) 4123:) 4114:) 4048:) 4013:) 3991:) 3982:) 3973:) 3964:) 3936:) 3927:) 3918:) 3880:) 3871:) 3862:) 3853:) 3844:) 3820:) 3811:) 3802:) 3793:) 3754:) 3732:) 3723:) 3701:) 3692:) 3683:) 3674:) 3665:) 3656:) 3647:) 3623:) 3614:) 3577:) 3568:) 3468:e 3461:t 3454:v 3419:. 3384:. 3372:: 3349:. 3324:. 3275:. 3269:: 3236:. 3209:. 3189:: 3162:. 3140:: 3097:. 3093:: 3085:: 3045:. 3041:: 2996:. 2992:: 2950:. 2946:: 2918:. 2875:. 2871:: 2799:. 2760:. 2698:. 2694:: 2656:. 2629:. 2460:. 2456:: 2428:. 2424:: 2390:. 2366:: 2358:: 2322:. 2297:. 2293:: 2285:: 2255:. 2225:. 2183:. 2179:: 2171:: 2148:. 2142:: 2115:. 2111:: 2103:: 2029:. 1992:5 1971:. 1967:: 1896:. 1858:. 1854:: 1824:. 1811:: 1795:" 1791:" 1708:( 1583:( 1575:( 1567:( 1559:( 1551:( 1491:( 1479:( 1471:( 1459:( 1382:4 1378:1 1375:+ 1373:1 1368:4 1364:3 1361:+ 1359:1 1357:( 1346:2 1342:1 1339:– 1336:4 1332:1 1137:æ 567:( 497:( 378:( 318:( 88:)

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