1008:
401:
356:
248:
237:
190:
1661:
61:
423:
367:
281:
270:
259:
203:
885:
987:
917:
444:
382:
337:
326:
315:
304:
293:
216:
1174:
1100:
3710:
3699:
1159:
1133:, which would be very costly to overrun. His absence in France had made the country vulnerable to attack. His actions in Italy were being criticised in France. He did not want Cavour and Piedmont to gain too much power, mostly at the expense of his men. He feared involvement of the German states. Most of
760:
Cavour, being unable to get French help unless the
Austrians attacked first, provoked Vienna by a series of military maneuvers close to the border. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859. Austria mobilised on 9 April 1859 and issued an ultimatum on 23 April demanding the complete demobilisation
630:
in
January 1859. Sardinia mobilised its army on 9 March 1859, and Austria mobilized on 9 April. On 23 April, Austria delivered an ultimatum to Sardinia demanding its demobilization. Upon Sardinia's refusal, the war began on 26 April. Austria invaded Sardinia three days later, and France declared war
1198:
The
Austrians were left to look on in frustration at the French failure to carry out the terms of the treaty. Austria had emerged triumphant after the suppression of liberal movements in 1849, but its status as a great power on the European scene was now seriously challenged and its influence in
1421:
970:
Napoleon III crossed the Ticino river after the Battle of
Turbigo and entered Lombardy. He advanced with part of his force and sent many other troops to the north to flank the Austrians. The Austrians planned a resistance before Milan, however they were defeated at the
709:
after the
Crimean War, Cavour attempted to bring attention to efforts for Italian unification. He found Britain and France to be sympathetic but refusing to go against Austrian wishes, as any movement towards Italian independence would threaten Austria's territory of
725:
brought widespread sympathy for the
Italian unity and had a profound effect on Napoleon III himself, who now was determined to help Piedmont against Austria to defuse the wider revolutionary activities, which governments in Italy might later allow to happen. After a
1447:
1149:
and the surrounding territory, was transferred from
Austria to France, which would immediately cede the territories to Sardinia. The rulers of Central Italy, who had been expelled by revolution shortly after the beginning of the war, were to be restored.
912:
in no specific direction until he crossed it to begin the offensive. Unfortunately for him, very heavy rains began to fall, which allowed the
Piedmontese to flood the rice fields in front of his advance and slowed his army's march to a crawl.
1189:
The agreement, made by
Napoleon behind the backs of his Sardinian allies, led to great outrage in Piedmont-Sardinia, and Cavour resigned in protest. However, the Villafranca terms never took effect. Although they were reaffirmed by the final
1007:
1413:
1253:
also mobilized 132,000 men, but never joined the fighting. The weaknesses laid bare during the mobilization caused the
Prussian Army to initiate military reforms. These reforms were the basis for Prussia's rapid victories over
1443:
772:
The French Army for the Italian campaign had 170,000 soldiers, 2,000 horsemen and 312 guns, half of the whole French army. The army, under the command of Napoleon III, divided into five corps: the I Corps, led by
1194:
in 11 November, the agreement had become a dead letter. The central Italian states were occupied by Piedmont, which would not restore the previous rulers, and France was unwilling to force them to do so.
1921:
904:. The Austrian forces counted on a swift victory over the weaker Sardinian Army before French forces could arrive in Piedmont. However, Count Gyulai, the commander of the Austrian troops in
482:
1052:
against the Piedmontese part of the opposing army. It was successful, but the entire Austrian army retreated after the breakthrough at Solferino and withdrew back into the Quadrilateral.
1044:
A French corps held off three Austrian corps all day at Medole and kept them from joining the larger battle around Solferino, where, after a day-long battle, the French broke through.
948:
forced the Austrians to halt their advance on 9 May and to fall back on 10 May. Napoleon III left Paris on 10 May, landed at Genoa on 12 May and arrived in Alessandria on 14 May.
1122:
After the Battle of Solferino, a cease fire was agreed on 8 July. The two emperors met on 11 July at Villafranca di Verona and the armistice was signed on the following day - the
804:
Napoleon III participated in the war and showed up on the battlefield in the belief that it would motivate the French people during the war. That would prove successful.
2769:
714:. Private talks between Napoleon III and Cavour after the conference identified Napoleon as the most likely candidate to aid Italy although he was still uncommitted.
857:
475:
2801:
873:
3432:
2784:
798:
1333:
3734:
3396:
2326:
1660:
864:, was given 10,000 rifles and ammunition by Napoleon III. Napoleon III, with his unwavering and very genuine sympathy, also sent a military mission to
3530:
1712:
790:
468:
3744:
3437:
1377:
963:'s division, part of the French I Corps under marshal d'Hilliers. The Austrians retreated after 9 hours of combat when the Sardinian Cavalry under
3002:
2130:
1799:
1278:
Micheal Clodfelter. "Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000", 4th Edition. 2017. Page 181.
653:
Austria ceded Lombardy to France, which, in turn, gave it to Sardinia. Exploiting the collapse of Austrian power in Italy, Sardinia annexed the
2214:
1586:
634:
The Austrian invasion was stopped by the arrival of French troops in Piedmont that had begun in late April. The Austrians were defeated at the
3680:
2843:
1490:
1179:
893:
3749:
3477:
2752:
2560:
1794:
31:
3759:
2669:
1615:
600:
371:
207:
2806:
2135:
2094:
3525:
3110:
2570:
2331:
2109:
2099:
1026:
During the retreat, the Austrians won one of their only victories of the war, when Karl von Urban defeated Giuseppe Garibaldi at the
2757:
2732:
2575:
2104:
1809:
1779:
1734:
745:
to France in return. The secret alliance served both countries by helping with the Sardinian-Piedmontese plan of unification of the
690:
654:
618:, France agreed to support Sardinia's efforts to expel Austria from Italy in return for territorial compensation in the form of the
144:
60:
807:
The Sardinian Army had about 70,000 soldiers, 4,000 horsemen and 90 guns. It was divided into five divisions, led by Castelbrugo,
3129:
2410:
2296:
1607:
782:
2706:
1630:
1134:
3253:
3165:
3012:
3007:
2838:
1669:
3201:
2789:
2266:
2068:
1977:
1876:
1824:
694:
1303:(Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990); Arnold Blumberg, "Russian Policy and the Franco-Austrian War of 1859",
774:
1129:
Napoleon III signed the armistice with Austria at Villafranca for a combination of reasons. The Austrians had retreated to
3452:
3283:
3170:
2701:
2696:
1722:
794:
2848:
3211:
3150:
3135:
2987:
2301:
1992:
1687:
75:
1525:
Carter, Nick. "Hudson, Malmesbury and Cavour: British Diplomacy and the Italian Question, February 1858 to June 1859."
1444:""Un nizzardo su quattro prese la via dell'esilio" in seguito all'unitĂ d'Italia, dice lo scrittore Casalino Pierluigi"
3555:
3273:
3119:
2901:
2811:
2711:
2597:
2565:
2250:
2171:
1749:
1625:
952:
832:
506:
263:
1226:. This latter move was vehemently opposed by Italian national hero Garibaldi, a native of Nice, and directly led to
3739:
3610:
3238:
3058:
2965:
2938:
2873:
2747:
2281:
2207:
2078:
1829:
1784:
1650:
1579:
1227:
836:
666:
148:
3640:
3406:
3329:
3293:
2311:
2276:
2271:
2063:
1789:
1325:
980:
960:
734:
on 21 July 1858, Napoleon III and Cavour signed a secret treaty of alliance against Austria on 28 January 1859.
697:
to attempt to establish relations with other European powers, partially through Piedmont's participation in the
3655:
3645:
3625:
3595:
3550:
3248:
3090:
3022:
2992:
2972:
2853:
2529:
2494:
2291:
1697:
647:
297:
125:
884:
828:
3754:
3535:
3298:
3155:
3125:
3100:
3017:
2977:
2916:
2815:
2580:
2550:
2042:
2032:
1769:
986:
731:
727:
615:
52:
3233:
3221:
2997:
2982:
2674:
2316:
2073:
1640:
1211:
1037:
and decided that they should counterattack along the river Chiese. The two armies met accidentally around
702:
678:
658:
319:
241:
151:
541:
3540:
3467:
3447:
3361:
3310:
3068:
3048:
2858:
2452:
2420:
2306:
2286:
2200:
2114:
1886:
1717:
1572:
1369:
1123:
1094:
820:
711:
101:
842:
The Austrian Army fielded more men with 220,000 soldiers, 824 guns and 22,000 horsemen. It was led by
3391:
3206:
3095:
3073:
2727:
2625:
2509:
2377:
1866:
1595:
1231:
754:
737:
France would help Piedmont-Sardinia, if attacked, to fight against Austria if Piedmont-Sardinia gave
596:
400:
355:
247:
236:
195:
3675:
3665:
3620:
3386:
3351:
3346:
3063:
2684:
2620:
2540:
2161:
2156:
2151:
1947:
1754:
1707:
1692:
1677:
1259:
1255:
1191:
1115:
1107:
1070:
1061:
1038:
995:
861:
824:
778:
764:
The first French troops entered Piedmont on 25 April, and France declared war on Austria on 3 May.
761:
of the Sardinian Army. When it was not heeded, Austria started a war against Sardinia on 26 April.
643:
608:
551:
531:
516:
252:
70:
48:
916:
3650:
3635:
3615:
3472:
3413:
3366:
3288:
3145:
3115:
3105:
3080:
3053:
2960:
2953:
2889:
2645:
2640:
2357:
2012:
2002:
1931:
1896:
1739:
1250:
1103:
1056:
1045:
1027:
990:
546:
521:
330:
285:
274:
1957:
1239:
964:
3600:
3590:
3462:
3376:
3341:
3268:
3258:
3036:
2906:
2820:
2650:
2630:
2604:
2592:
2387:
2382:
2367:
2362:
2347:
2176:
2166:
1987:
1967:
1819:
1486:
1243:
972:
945:
901:
746:
635:
627:
536:
526:
109:
951:
Napoleon then took the command of the operations of the war, whose first major clash was the
3670:
3492:
3442:
3423:
3418:
3371:
3278:
3216:
3196:
3184:
3140:
2943:
2923:
2911:
2774:
2742:
2655:
2372:
2235:
2227:
1997:
1911:
1906:
1891:
1871:
1845:
1759:
1744:
1235:
1111:
1066:
1000:
812:
511:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3457:
3381:
3243:
2762:
2660:
2545:
2445:
2352:
2037:
2007:
1926:
1814:
1505:
1207:
816:
604:
443:
381:
336:
325:
314:
303:
292:
221:
155:
1173:
1099:
3713:
3660:
3630:
3575:
3482:
3356:
3303:
3263:
2933:
2928:
2779:
2679:
2635:
2587:
2489:
2457:
2415:
2392:
2027:
2022:
2017:
1972:
1962:
1804:
1645:
1619:
1315:, Ph.D. diss. (Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, 1952).
1203:
1164:
956:
909:
808:
750:
662:
623:
619:
341:
169:
159:
1564:
3728:
3585:
3226:
2796:
2484:
2462:
2321:
1916:
1901:
1881:
1850:
1702:
1073:, and the Piedmontese-French Navy landed 3,000 soldiers and conquered the islands of
846:
843:
722:
718:
460:
308:
17:
3703:
3510:
3315:
3085:
2689:
2555:
2504:
2479:
2058:
1952:
1729:
1635:
1218:) were annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia, and France took its deferred rewards of
1215:
1130:
976:
786:
66:
1559:
1551:
3605:
3545:
3515:
2868:
2499:
1982:
1764:
937:
869:
698:
1520:
2863:
2472:
2181:
1049:
941:
1202:
The next year, with French and British approval, the central Italian states (
1110:
to major victories against vastly-superior Austrians, such as the battles of
1682:
1048:
with the Austrian VIII Corps was separated from the main force and defended
865:
669:
and the Papal Legations, on 22 March 1860. Two days later, Sardinia ceded
3520:
3505:
3500:
3401:
2435:
2430:
1082:
975:
on 5 May, which caused Gyulai to retreat east of the river Mincio to the
929:
905:
897:
639:
140:
105:
1414:"La seconda Guerra d'Indipendenza e la spedizione dei Mille – Sapere.it"
2535:
2467:
1530:
1158:
1146:
1034:
1020:
3160:
1402:, Presentazione di Arnaldo Mauri, Think ADV, Conselve, 2010, p. 411.
1142:
1074:
925:
2440:
2223:
1219:
1138:
1098:
1016:
1006:
985:
933:
915:
742:
706:
670:
165:
2192:
646:
on 24 June resulted in the end of the war and the signing of the
2948:
2425:
1223:
1078:
979:, where he was relieved of his post as commander by the Emperor
753:. It also weakened Austria, a fiery adversary of Napoleon III's
738:
674:
2196:
1568:
1558:
old interpretations but useful on details; vol 1 goes to 1859;
1055:
Meanwhile, in the north of Lombardy, the Italian volunteers of
936:
from 7 May onward. The Franco-Sardinian move to strengthen the
464:
1517:
The War in Italy: the Second Italian War of Independence, 1859
1354:
R. W. Seton-Watson, Cambridge University Press, May 21, 2015,
1182:, whose participation in the war was decisive for the victory
1019:
and slowly marched further east to finish off Austria before
693:, recognized their need for allies. That led Prime Minister
1262:, which led to a united Germany under Prussian dominance.
689:
The Piedmontese, following their defeat by Austria in the
30:"Franco-Austrian War" redirects here. For other uses, see
860:
also supported the Franco-Italian alliance. Their ruler,
721:, an Italian, led an attempt on Napoleon III's life. The
1167:, who led the Sardinian troops in the Battle of Palestro
27:
1859 conflict between Sardinia (with France) and Austria
1470:
Preußische Militärfrage und die Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
1472:. Hamburg 1865 (MeiĂźner); reprint Berlin 1974 (Dietz).
1033:
The Austrians found out that the French had halted at
1510:
A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859
1301:
A Carefully Planned Accident: The Italian War of 1859
872:. As a result, Austria had to keep 30,000 troops in
607:
in 1859 and played a crucial part in the process of
3491:
3328:
3183:
3035:
2888:
2831:
2720:
2707:
Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia
2613:
2522:
2403:
2340:
2259:
2243:
2234:
2144:
2123:
2087:
2051:
1940:
1859:
1838:
1668:
1606:
1512:(Susquehanna University Press. 1990). pp. 238.
1041:, which precipitated a confused series of battles.
1313:The Diplomacy of the Austro-Sardinian War of 1859
908:, was very cautious and marched around the river
868:. Encouraged, Cuza formed a new military camp at
967:arrived, which made Gyulai even more cautious.
955:on 20 May, between the Austrian IX Corps led by
1537:The origins of the Italian wars of independence
858:United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
41:
1234:. The annexation of Nice to France caused the
2208:
1580:
1544:The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61
1326:"Second War of Italian Independence, 1859–61"
476:
92:(2 months, 2 weeks and 2 days)
8:
1141:, excluding only the Austrian fortresses of
959:(under the general command of Stadion) and
888:Major sites of the Austro-Sardinian War 1859
642:, where the Franco-Sardinian victory at the
3334:
3189:
3041:
2894:
2240:
2215:
2201:
2193:
1587:
1573:
1565:
483:
469:
461:
38:
1713:Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
1238:, or the emigration of a quarter of the
883:
876:, which could ill be spared from Italy.
2131:Anniversary of the Unification of Italy
1800:Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861
1271:
1230:, which would complete the preliminary
1286:
1284:
924:The Austrians, under Gyulai, captured
799:Auguste Regnaud de Saint-Jean d'Angély
791:Napoléon Joseph Charles Paul Bonaparte
585:Seconda guerra d'indipendenza italiana
1450:from the original on 19 February 2020
1311:, 2 (1954): 137–53; Arnold Blumberg,
7:
2753:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
2095:Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna)
1795:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy
1424:from the original on 1 February 2021
681:as compensation for its assistance.
448:: c. 23,000 killed or died of wounds
405:: c. 11,000 killed or died of wounds
32:Franco-Austrian War (disambiguation)
2136:National Unity and Armed Forces Day
983:, who assumed the command himself.
831:, were also present. It was led by
3735:Second Italian War of Independence
2110:Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin)
2100:Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan)
1775:Second Italian War of Independence
1553:The Life and Times of Cavour vol 1
1400:In Adriatico nel secondo millennio
1380:from the original on 25 April 2021
1370:"La Seconda guerra d'indipendenza"
1336:from the original on 13 April 2021
894:Marshal François Certain Canrobert
565:Second Italian War of Independence
494:Second Italian War of Independence
42:Second Italian War of Independence
25:
2105:Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome)
1810:Third Italian War of Independence
1780:United Provinces of Central Italy
1735:First Italian War of Independence
1015:The Piedmontese-French army took
789:, and the V Corps, led by prince
691:First Italian War of Independence
655:United Provinces of Central Italy
3709:
3708:
3697:
1659:
1228:Garibaldi's expedition to Sicily
1172:
1157:
823:. Two volunteer formations, the
614:A year prior to the war, in the
442:
421:
399:
380:
365:
354:
335:
324:
313:
302:
291:
279:
268:
257:
246:
235:
214:
201:
188:
59:
3745:1859 in the Kingdom of Sardinia
3438:Orders, decorations, and medals
1550:Thayer, William Roscoe (1911).
2069:Francis II of the Two Sicilies
1877:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1825:Italian entry into World War I
1560:volume 2 online covers 1859–62
1546:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).
695:Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour
1:
1922:Annibale Santore di Santarosa
1374:www.150anni-lanostrastoria.it
1305:The Journal of Modern History
783:François Certain de Canrobert
638:on 4 June and pushed back to
1993:Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi
1688:Revolutions during the 1820s
411:2,040 disease related deaths
76:Jean-Louis-Ernest Meissonier
3750:1859 in the Austrian Empire
3478:Water supply and sanitation
2902:Italian geographical region
2770:Monarchy and the World Wars
2712:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
2598:War of the Sicilian Vespers
2251:Timeline of Italian history
2172:Revisionism of Risorgimento
1750:Sicilian revolution of 1848
1631:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1626:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1483:Wie wird man schnell reich?
1356:A History of the Roumanians
833:Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy
775:Achille Baraguey d'Hilliers
3776:
3397:Inventions and discoveries
2807:Fall of the Fascist regime
2790:Fourth War of Independence
2748:Expedition of the Thousand
2738:Second War of Independence
2079:Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
1785:Expedition of the Thousand
1651:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
1092:
1065:defeated the Austrians at
837:Alfonso Ferrero la Marmora
829:Cacciatori degli Appennini
667:Duchy of Modena and Reggio
626:. The two states signed a
29:
3693:
3337:
3192:
3171:Security and intelligence
3044:
2897:
2758:Third War of Independence
2733:First War of Independence
2064:Franz Joseph I of Austria
1941:Literature and philosophy
1790:Dictatorship of Garibaldi
1657:
1485:Norderstedt 2011; S. 78;
1199:Italy severely weakened.
932:on 2 May and advanced on
502:
392:
347:
228:
180:
121:Franco-Sardinian victory
82:
58:
46:
2849:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus
2844:Institutional referendum
977:quadrilateral fortresses
902:military use of railways
781:; the III Corps, led by
648:Armistice of Villafranca
126:Armistice of Villafranca
3372:Emigration and diaspora
2581:Guelphs and Ghibellines
2566:the Sardinian Judicates
2043:Francesco Saverio Salfi
2033:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
892:The French Army, under
785:, the IV Corps; led by
777:; the II Corps, led by
90:26 April – 12 July 1859
53:French-Habsburg rivalry
3760:France–Italy relations
3254:Science and technology
3202:Italian regions by GDP
3003:Marine protected areas
2675:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
2074:Klemens von Metternich
1641:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1596:Unification of Italy (
1542:Schneid, Frederick C.
1529:40#2 (1997): 389–413.
1212:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
1119:
1012:
1004:
921:
889:
659:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
229:Commanders and leaders
3453:Public administration
2561:the Holy Roman Empire
2115:Tricolour Flag Museum
1887:Federico Confalonieri
1718:Republic of San Marco
1519:(1860), illustrated;
1102:
1095:Villafranca Armistice
1023:could get involved.
1011:Battle of San Martino
1010:
989:
919:
900:in the first massive
887:
825:Cacciatori delle Alpi
723:assassination attempt
631:on Austria on 3 May.
595:), was fought by the
393:Casualties and losses
78:, oil on canvas, 1863
3681:World Heritage Sites
3136:Council of Ministers
2874:Coronavirus pandemic
2272:Currency and coinage
1770:Plombières Agreement
1330:www.historyofwar.org
1232:Unification of Italy
1180:Patrice de Mac-Mahon
1137:, with its capital,
1124:Peace of Villafranca
953:Battle of Montebello
920:Battle of Montebello
755:French Second Empire
717:On 14 January 1858,
657:, consisting of the
616:Plombières Agreement
597:Second French Empire
573:Austro-Sardinian War
320:Ferdinand Maximilian
47:Part of the wars of
18:Austro-Sardinian War
3212:Automotive industry
3151:Metropolitan cities
2697:Early Modern period
2670:Kingdom of Sardinia
2621:Italian city-states
2162:Italian nationalism
2157:Italian irredentism
2152:Altare della Patria
1948:Giovanni Arrivabene
1755:Ten Days of Brescia
1708:Revolutions of 1848
1693:Revolutions of 1830
1678:Rimini Proclamation
1616:Kingdom of Sardinia
1527:Historical Journal
1468:Engels, Friedrich.
1062:Hunters of the Alps
996:Hunters of the Alps
862:Alexandru Ioan Cuza
779:Patrice de MacMahon
644:Battle of Solferino
609:Italian Unification
601:Kingdom of Sardinia
581:Italian War of 1859
577:Franco-Austrian War
71:Battle of Solferino
49:Italian unification
3274:Telecommunications
2641:Maritime republics
2013:Alessandro Manzoni
2003:Francesco Lomonaco
1932:Victor Emmanuel II
1897:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1740:Five Days of Milan
1608:Pre-unitary states
1290:Clodfelter, p. 181
1242:to Italy, and the
1214:, and part of the
1120:
1104:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1057:Giuseppe Garibaldi
1046:Ludwig von Benedek
1028:Battle of Treponti
1013:
1005:
922:
890:
821:Domenico Cucchiari
589:Sardinischer Krieg
567:, also called the
331:Ludwig von Benedek
286:Alfonso La Marmora
275:Giuseppe Garibaldi
264:Victor Emmanuel II
147:and later annexes
3740:Conflicts in 1859
3722:
3721:
3689:
3688:
3324:
3323:
3259:Southern question
3179:
3178:
3111:Political parties
3059:Foreign relations
3031:
3030:
2884:
2883:
2605:Kingdom of Naples
2593:Kingdom of Sicily
2190:
2189:
2177:Southern question
1988:Vincenzo Gioberti
1968:Felice Cavallotti
1867:Massimo d'Azeglio
1820:Law of Guarantees
1515:Bossoli, Carlo .
1491:978-3-8423-7334-1
1299:Arnold Blumberg,
1260:France in 1870-71
1131:the Quadrilateral
973:Battle of Magenta
946:Casale Monferrato
856:The newly-formed
797:was commanded by
747:Italian Peninsula
677:to France at the
636:Battle of Magenta
628:military alliance
593:Campagne d'Italie
560:
559:
459:
458:
418:25,720 casualties
176:
175:
139:Sardinia annexes
110:Austrian Littoral
16:(Redirected from
3767:
3712:
3711:
3704:Italy portal
3701:
3700:
3641:National symbols
3335:
3190:
3042:
2895:
2775:Kingdom of Italy
2702:Napoleonic Italy
2241:
2217:
2210:
2203:
2194:
1998:Giacomo Leopardi
1978:Giuseppe Ferrari
1912:Bettino Ricasoli
1907:Giuseppe Mazzini
1892:Francesco Crispi
1872:Agostino Bertani
1846:Cockade of Italy
1830:Impresa di Fiume
1760:Belfiore martyrs
1745:Sortie on Mestre
1663:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1535:Coppa, Frank J.
1506:Blumberg, Arnold
1493:
1479:
1473:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1297:
1291:
1288:
1279:
1276:
1249:During the war,
1192:Treaty of ZĂĽrich
1176:
1161:
1001:Battle of Varese
928:on 30 April and
813:Giovanni Durando
712:Lombardy–Venetia
703:peace conference
497:
495:
485:
478:
471:
462:
447:
446:
426:
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424:
404:
403:
385:
384:
370:
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102:Lombardy–Venetia
84:
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63:
39:
21:
3775:
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3770:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3765:
3764:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3698:
3685:
3656:Public holidays
3487:
3433:Life expectancy
3320:
3175:
3091:Law enforcement
3027:
2880:
2827:
2816:Social Republic
2780:Colonial Empire
2763:Capture of Rome
2716:
2609:
2518:
2411:Ancient peoples
2399:
2336:
2297:Historic states
2255:
2230:
2221:
2191:
2186:
2140:
2119:
2083:
2047:
2038:Antonio Rosmini
2008:Goffredo Mameli
1958:Giosuè Carducci
1936:
1927:Ruggero Settimo
1855:
1834:
1815:Capture of Rome
1664:
1655:
1602:
1593:
1549:
1502:
1500:Further reading
1497:
1496:
1481:Lohner, Henry.
1480:
1476:
1467:
1463:
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1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1425:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1368:Administrator.
1367:
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1362:
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1349:
1339:
1337:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1298:
1294:
1289:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1256:Austria in 1866
1240:Niçard Italians
1208:Duchy of Modena
1187:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1168:
1162:
1097:
1091:
944:bridges around
882:
835:, supported by
817:Enrico Cialdini
770:
768:Opposing forces
687:
679:Treaty of Turin
605:Austrian Empire
561:
556:
498:
493:
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215:
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112:
91:
64:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3773:
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3763:
3762:
3757:
3755:1859 in France
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3726:
3720:
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3706:
3694:
3691:
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3687:
3686:
3684:
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3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
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3435:
3430:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3411:
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3409:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
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3364:
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3325:
3322:
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3319:
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3313:
3308:
3307:
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3296:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3264:Stock exchange
3261:
3256:
3251:
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3236:
3231:
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3224:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3193:
3187:
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3180:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3166:Municipalities
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3126:Prime Minister
3123:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3061:
3056:
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3039:
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3032:
3029:
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3025:
3020:
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3010:
3008:National parks
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3000:
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2926:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2917:Climate change
2909:
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2898:
2892:
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2682:
2680:Duchy of Savoy
2677:
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2664:
2663:
2658:
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2638:
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2610:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2588:Lombard League
2585:
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2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
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2548:
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2538:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2510:Western Empire
2502:
2497:
2495:Roman conquest
2492:
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2475:
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2465:
2460:
2455:
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2428:
2423:
2416:Italic peoples
2407:
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2222:
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2205:
2197:
2188:
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2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
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2146:
2142:
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2139:
2138:
2133:
2127:
2125:
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2120:
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2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2055:
2053:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2028:Carlo Pisacane
2025:
2023:Silvio Pellico
2020:
2018:Ippolito Nievo
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1973:Vincenzo Cuoco
1970:
1965:
1963:Carlo Cattaneo
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1805:Roman Question
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:Roman Republic
1720:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1646:Duchy of Parma
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1620:House of Savoy
1612:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1592:
1591:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1523:
1513:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1474:
1461:
1446:(in Italian).
1435:
1404:
1391:
1360:
1347:
1317:
1292:
1280:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1244:Niçard Vespers
1204:Duchy of Parma
1178:
1171:
1170:
1165:Manfredo Fanti
1163:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1093:Main article:
1090:
1087:
1077:(Lussino) and
957:Karl von Urban
881:
878:
809:Manfredo Fanti
795:Imperial Guard
769:
766:
751:House of Savoy
728:covert meeting
686:
683:
663:Duchy of Parma
624:County of Nice
620:Duchy of Savoy
558:
557:
555:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
503:
500:
499:
490:
488:
487:
480:
473:
465:
457:
456:
439:
427:: 1,533 killed
409:17,054 wounded
395:
394:
390:
389:
377:
350:
349:
345:
344:
342:Karl von Urban
288:
253:P. de MacMahon
231:
230:
226:
225:
210:
183:
182:
178:
177:
174:
173:
172:from Sardinia.
149:Habsburg-ruled
143:from Austria,
137:
131:
130:
129:
128:
118:
114:
113:
100:
98:
94:
93:
88:
80:
79:
56:
55:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3772:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
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3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3730:
3715:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3490:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3219:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3127:
3124:
3121:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2859:Years of Lead
2857:
2855:
2854:Economic Boom
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2797:Fascist Italy
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2743:Niçard exodus
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
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2124:National days
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2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
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1999:
1996:
1994:
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1989:
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1923:
1920:
1918:
1917:Aurelio Saffi
1915:
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1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1902:Daniele Manin
1900:
1898:
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1893:
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1882:Celso Ceretti
1880:
1878:
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1852:
1851:Flag of Italy
1849:
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1704:
1703:Neo-Guelphism
1701:
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1471:
1465:
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1423:
1419:
1418:www.sapere.it
1415:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1398:Luigi Tomaz,
1395:
1392:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1358:, pp. 302-303
1357:
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1236:Niçard exodus
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1125:
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1081:(Cherso), in
1080:
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896:, moved into
895:
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863:
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854:
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845:
844:Field Marshal
840:
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729:
724:
720:
719:Felice Orsini
715:
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700:
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684:
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569:Sardinian War
566:
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496:
486:
481:
479:
474:
472:
467:
466:
463:
452:
445:
440:
435:
431:1,268 missing
429:3,572 wounded
415:
407:1,128 missing
402:
397:
396:
391:
383:
378:
373:
357:
352:
351:
346:
343:
338:
332:
327:
321:
316:
310:
309:Ferenc Gyulay
305:
299:
298:Franz Josef I
294:
289:
287:
276:
265:
254:
249:
243:
238:
233:
232:
227:
223:
211:
209:
197:
185:
184:
179:
171:
167:
164:France gains
161:
157:
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150:
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142:
138:
133:
132:
127:
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73:
72:
68:
62:
57:
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40:
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33:
19:
3541:Architecture
3511:Quattrocento
3468:Social class
3448:Prostitution
3362:Demographics
3284:Trade unions
3227:Central Bank
3069:Human rights
3049:Constitution
2832:Contemporary
2802:World War II
2737:
2690:Italian Wars
2614:Early modern
2556:Papal States
2534:Italy under
2480:Ancient Rome
2059:Pope Pius IX
1953:Cesare Balbo
1860:Main leaders
1774:
1730:Quadrilatero
1636:Papal States
1598:Risorgimento
1597:
1552:
1543:
1536:
1526:
1516:
1509:
1482:
1477:
1469:
1464:
1452:. Retrieved
1438:
1426:. Retrieved
1417:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1382:. Retrieved
1373:
1363:
1355:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1274:
1248:
1216:Papal States
1201:
1197:
1188:
1128:
1121:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1032:
1025:
1014:
994:
969:
950:
923:
891:
874:Transylvania
855:
848:
841:
806:
803:
787:Adolphe Niel
771:
763:
759:
736:
716:
688:
652:
650:on 12 July.
633:
613:
603:against the
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
562:
492:
450:
433:
413:
242:Napoleon III
181:Belligerents
120:
67:Napoleon III
65:
36:
3606:Italophilia
3566:Coat of arm
3516:Cinquecento
3392:Immigration
3342:Aristocracy
3207:Agriculture
3101:Nationality
3074:LGBT rights
2988:Earthquakes
2869:Mani pulite
2785:World War I
2728:Unification
2721:Late modern
2685:Renaissance
2530:Middle Ages
2523:Middle Ages
2500:Roman Italy
2267:Citizenship
1983:Ugo Foscolo
1765:Crimean War
1698:Young Italy
1521:online free
1412:Sapere.it.
981:Franz Josef
938:Alessandria
699:Crimean War
134:Territorial
3729:Categories
3676:Traditions
3666:Television
3651:Philosophy
3616:Literature
3556:Cathedrals
3526:Settecento
3387:Healthcare
3352:Corruption
3347:Censorship
3106:Parliament
3064:Government
2864:Maxi Trial
2812:Resistance
2541:Ostrogoths
2473:Messapians
2358:Villanovan
2348:Prehistory
2341:Prehistory
2182:Third Rome
1266:References
1108:volunteers
1050:Pozzolengo
993:leads his
749:under the
732:Plombières
685:Background
591:; French:
587:; German:
583:(Italian:
507:Montebello
3636:Mythology
3611:Libraries
3531:Ottocento
3473:Terrorism
3414:Languages
3367:Education
3289:Transport
3239:Companies
3146:Provinces
3116:President
3081:Judiciary
3054:Elections
2966:Volcanoes
2961:Volcanism
2954:Apennines
2939:Mountains
2907:Peninsula
2890:Geography
2821:Civil War
2546:Byzantium
2453:Etruscans
2388:Canegrate
2383:Golasecca
2368:Rinaldone
2363:Terramare
2353:Neolithic
2167:Redshirts
2052:Opponents
1683:Carbonari
1116:San Fermo
1039:Solferino
991:Garibaldi
965:De Sonnaz
866:Bucharest
701:. In the
579:, or the
552:Solferino
542:Melegnano
532:Boffalora
517:San Fermo
386:: 198,000
360:: 128,000
3714:Category
3601:Internet
3591:Folklore
3521:Seicento
3506:Trecento
3501:Duecento
3463:Religion
3424:Regional
3402:Italians
3377:Gambling
3269:Taxation
3096:Military
3037:Politics
2839:Republic
2626:Florence
2551:Lombards
2490:Republic
2436:Samnites
2431:Picentes
2373:Apennine
2332:Railways
2312:Military
2260:By topic
2244:Overview
2228:articles
1670:Timeline
1531:in JSTOR
1448:Archived
1428:30 March
1422:Archived
1384:30 March
1378:Archived
1340:30 March
1334:Archived
1135:Lombardy
1106:led his
1083:Dalmatia
930:Vercelli
906:Lombardy
898:Piedmont
870:Ploiești
827:and the
640:Lombardy
622:and the
599:and the
547:Treponti
522:Palestro
388:824 guns
374:: 56,000
372:Sardinia
362:312 guns
348:Strength
208:Sardinia
145:occupies
141:Lombardy
108:and the
106:Piedmont
97:Location
51:and the
3671:Theatre
3646:Palaces
3626:Museums
3596:Gardens
3581:Fashion
3571:Cuisine
3551:Castles
3493:Culture
3443:Poverty
3419:Italian
3330:Society
3311:Welfare
3279:Tourism
3249:Exports
3217:Banking
3197:Economy
3185:Economy
3141:Regions
3023:Valleys
2993:Islands
2973:Beaches
2944:Prealps
2924:Geology
2912:Climate
2576:Normans
2536:Odoacer
2485:Kingdom
2468:Ligures
2404:Ancient
2378:Nuragic
2327:Postage
2302:Judaism
2292:Genetic
2282:Fashion
2277:Economy
2236:History
2088:Museums
1839:Symbols
1539:(1992).
1251:Prussia
1147:Legnago
1035:Brescia
1021:Prussia
999:in the
847:Ferenc
537:Magenta
527:Turbigo
455:Unknown
438:Unknown
376:90 guns
222:Austria
152:Tuscany
136:changes
69:at the
3702:
3576:Design
3561:Cinema
3536:Anthem
3458:Racism
3407:People
3382:Health
3244:Energy
3234:Brands
3161:Comune
3156:Cities
3018:Rivers
2978:Canals
2661:Amalfi
2646:Venice
2505:Empire
2446:Veneti
2421:Latins
2393:Latial
2226:
1489:
1454:14 May
1143:Mantua
1112:Varese
1075:Losinj
1067:Varese
926:Novara
910:Ticino
851:Gyulay
793:. The
665:, the
661:, the
575:, the
571:, the
512:Varese
219:
196:France
193:
160:Emilia
156:Modena
117:Result
3661:Sport
3631:Music
3621:Media
3483:Women
3357:Crime
3222:Banks
2998:Lakes
2983:Caves
2934:Flora
2929:Fauna
2651:Genoa
2636:Milan
2631:Siena
2571:Arabs
2458:Celts
2441:Umbri
2317:Music
2287:Flags
2224:Italy
2145:Other
1220:Savoy
1139:Milan
1089:Peace
1017:Milan
961:Forey
934:Turin
743:Savoy
707:Paris
671:Savoy
451:Total
434:Total
414:Total
166:Savoy
74:, by
3586:Flag
3316:Wine
3304:road
3299:rail
3130:List
3120:List
2949:Alps
2814:and
2656:Pisa
2426:Osci
2322:Name
2307:LGBT
1487:ISBN
1456:2021
1430:2018
1386:2018
1342:2018
1258:and
1224:Nice
1222:and
1145:and
1114:and
1079:Cres
1071:Como
1069:and
940:and
849:Graf
819:and
741:and
739:Nice
675:Nice
673:and
563:The
170:Nice
168:and
158:and
87:Date
3546:Art
3294:air
3086:Law
1059:'s
1030:.
880:War
801:.
730:at
705:at
3731::
1508:.
1420:.
1416:.
1376:.
1372:.
1332:.
1328:.
1309:26
1307:,
1283:^
1246:.
1210:,
1206:,
1126:.
1085:.
942:Po
853:.
839:.
815:,
811:,
757:.
611:.
154:,
104:,
3132:)
3128:(
3122:)
3118:(
2216:e
2209:t
2202:v
1622:)
1618:(
1600:)
1588:e
1581:t
1574:v
1556:.
1458:.
1432:.
1388:.
1344:.
1118:.
1003:.
484:e
477:t
470:v
453::
436::
416::
162:.
34:.
20:)
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